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THE  fORMAN  SERIES  IM  MODERN  LANGUAGE. 

k  Complete  Course  in  German. 

By  JAMES  H.  WORMAN,  A.M. 

EMBKACINQ 

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This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated 
below  and  is  subject  to  an  overdue  fine 
as  posted  at  the  Circulation  Desk. 


THE 


Amerioam  Botanist 


FtORIST  : 


INCLUDING    LESSONS 


STRUCTURE,  LIFE,  AND  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS 


TOGETHER  "WITH 


A    SIMPLE   ANALYTICAL   FLORA, 


DESCRIPTIVE  OF  THE  NATIVE  AND  CULTIVATED  PLANTS 

GROWING  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  DFVISION 

OF  THE  AMERICAN  UNION. 


BY 

ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.  M., 

AUTHOR    OP    THE     CLASS-BOOK     OP    BOTANY,     ETC. 


A.    S.    BAENES    &    COMPANY, 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 
1871. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1870,  by 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  CO., 

In  the  Clerk'8  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 

Southern  District  of  New  York. 


PREFACE 


In  preparing  the  present  work,  it  was  our  purpose  to  furnisli  the  student 
in  Botany  with  a  complete  manual  within  the  compass  of  an  ordinary  duo- 
decimo volume.  To  this  end,  we  have  revised  the  introductory  treatise 
and  recorded  the  principles  of  the  Science  in  fewer  words,  occupying  but 
two-thirds  the  space  so  used  in  the  Class-Book.  "We  have  thus  made  room 
for  the  introduction  of  a  series  of  Synoptkal  Tables — a  feature  entirely  new 
— exhibiting  the  principles  contained  in  the  several  chapters  at  a  single 
glance,  and  in  their  combined  relations.  In  the  preparation  of  these  tables 
we  have  received  important  aid  from  Prof  S.  A.  Norton,  of  Mount  Au- 
burn Seminary,  Cincinnati.  They  are  intended  for  the  blackboard,  and 
we  are  confident  that  both  teacher  and  pupil  will  find  them  an  essential 
aid  both  to  the  understanding  and  memory. 

Our  new  Flora  will  be  found  a  phenomenon  in  brevity.  Within  the 
space  of  426  duodecimo  pages,  in  fair  leaded  type,  we  have  recorded  and 
defined  nearly  4,500  species — all  the  known  Flowering  and  Fern-like  plants, 
both  native  and  cultivated  (not  excepting,  the  Sedges  and  Grasses),  grow- 
ing in  the  Atlantic  half  of  the  country.  This  conciseness  has  been  attained, 
not  by  the  omission  of  anything  necessary  to  the  complete  definition  and 
prompt  recognition  of  eveiy  species,  but  simply  by  avoiding  repetitions.  In 
the  final  definition  of  the  species  (see,  for  example,  B.  bulbosus,  the  Bulbous 
Buttercup,  p.  20)  we  give  but  one,  two,  three,  rarely  4  lines.  This  cannot, 
of  course,  mclude  its  full  portraitm-e.  It  includes  only  those  few  features 
which  have  not  already  been  given  elsewhere,  and  which  here  serve  to 
distinguish  the  E.  bulbosns  from  the  two  preceding  species  with  which  it 
stands  grouped  in  the  table.  But  the  full  portraiture  of  R.  bulbosus  (and 
of  every  species)  will  nevertheless  be  found  in  the  Flora.  Some  of  its  fea- 
tures are  given  under  its  genus.  Ranunculus  ;  some  under  its  Order ;  some 
under  its  Cohort ;  others  under  its  Class,  its  Province,  and  its  Sub-kingdom. 


2  PREFACE. 

Moreover,  all  along  the  path  of  its  analysis  tlirough  the  tables  its  charac- 
ters are  announced  and  recognize^l ;  so  that  if  all  the  statements  descrip- 
tive of  B.  bulboms  were  collected,  we  should  have  nearly  a  half-page  of 
text,  and  no  important  character  left  unnoticed. 

Between  the  cultivated  exotics  and  the  wild  native  or  naturalized  species 
constituting  our  own  flora,  a  distinction  is  made  in  the  type.  The  names 
of  the  latter  are  expressed  in  full-face,  Roman  for  the  species,  and  Italic 
for  the  varieties.    The  names  of  the  exotics  are  in  sjiall  capit^sxs. 

The  geographical  limits  of  the  present  flora  are  the  same  as  those 
adopted  in  the  Class-Book ;  viz.,  all  the  States  of  the  American  Union 
lying  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  This  will  necessarily  include  so  many 
of  the  plants  of  the  States  bordering  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, that  the  book  may  be  regarded  as  well  adapted  to  those  States  also. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  acknowledge  my  obligations  to  the  friends 
whose  names  occur  below  and  in  many  other  parts  of  our  work,  for  their 
contributions  of  new  and  rare  plants,  and  for  valuable  information  con- 
cerning them ;— first,  and  especially,  to  Prof  Thos.  C.  Porter,  of  Lafayette 
College  ;  to  E.  L.  Haxkenson,  Newark,  N.Y. ;  to  Johk  Wolf,  Canton,  111. ; 
to  Chs.  H.  Peck,  Albany,  N.  Y. ;  to  Wm.  R.  Girard,  Esq.,  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y. ;  to  N.  CoLMAif,  Iowa ;  to  Rev.  J.  H.  Carruth,  Kansas ;  to  Dr. 
W.  Matthews,  Dakota ;  to  H.  I^Iapes,  Michigan,  &c.,  &c. 

And  as  a  just  tribute  to  the  memory  of  my  lamented  wife,  I  would  add 
that  whatever  is  new  and  peculiar  in  the  plan  of  the  present  Flora,  that 
on  which  its  definite  conciseness  depends,  is  due  to  lier  alone.  She  first 
indicated  the  method,  and  for  years  assiduously  advocated  its  adoption. 


Cxjjus  Koirnsn  ac  memorle  cARissr\LE, 

HOC  OPUS,  IN  medio  DOLORE  AC  DESIDERIO  CONFECTUM, 
DEDICAT  CONJTJX. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS: 

TOGETHER  WITH   A   SYLLABUS  OF   THE   MORE   PRACTICAL    SUBJECTS, 

DESIGNED   AS   EXERCISES   ON   THE   BLACKBOARD, 

PRELnilNARY  TO  THE  LESSONS. 


N.  B.— Wo  give  the  SjUiibus  of  but  a  few  Chapters,  and  of  fewer  entire,  in  order  that  the  pupil 
may  exercise  his  own  skill  in  supplying  the  deficiencies.  The  teacher  should  require  this. 
The  abbreviation  (Ac.)  indicates  a  table  unfinished. 

INTRODUCTION..: Page  9 

Chapter  I.    Aids  to  the  Study  of  Botany 9 

Chapter  H.    Departments  of  Science 11 

*  Existence,  individually ;  (§  13) 

a  As  an  inorganic  mass,  is A  Mineral. 

6  As  an  organic  body,— endowed  with  life A  Plant. 

—endowed  with  life  and  perception An  Animal. 

*  Existence,  collectively.  Nature.    (§  12),  &c. 

*  Existence,  objectively,  Science.    (§  16-18),  &C. 

*  Departments  of  Botany.    (§  19-23),  &c. 

*  Classification.    (§  27-30),  &c. 

*  Nomenclature.    (§  25,  26) 

a  Local  appellatives  in  common  use Trivial  Names. 

b  Universal  appellatives  adopted  in  Science Latin  Names. 

—The  name  of  the  Genus Generic. 

—The  name  of  the  Species Specific. 

—The  name  of  the  Individual Proper. 

Chapter  HI.    Stages  of  Plant  Life 14 

First  Stage  ;  asleep  in  the  Seed Embryo. 

Second  Stage;  development.— a  Awakening  and  beginning  to  grow..  Germination. 

— b  Developing  leaves  and  branches Vegetation. 

Third  Stage  ;  leaves  transformed  to  flowers Flowering. 

Fourth  Stage ;  maturity.— c  Flowers  maturing  into  fruit Fructification. 

— (I  Fruit  ripe  and  the  plant  exhausted.    Hybernation.    Death. 

Chapter  TV.    Term  of  Plant  Life 16 

§  Plant  fniiting  but  once,  and— a  dying  in  its  fii-st  year (I)  Annual  Herb. 

— d  dying  after  its  second  year @  Biennial  Herb. 

— c  dying  after  many  years Monocarpic. 

§  Plant  fruiting  more  than  once  (perennial), 

a  With  annual  stems,  is  a  -y  PerennialHerb. 

b  With  perennial  stems  becoming  woody. 

1,  If  lower  than  or  equalling  the  human  stature Undershrub. 

2,  If  taller,  7  to  20  feet  high Shrub. 

3,  If  still  taller,  with  a  distinct  trunk A  Tree 

+  Trees  with  annual  foliage,  shed  in  Autumn Deciduotis 

f  Trees  with  perennial  foliage Evergrecp 


4  CONTENTS. 

PART  FIRST.-STEUCTURAL  BOTANY,  OR  ORGANOGRAPHY 19 

Chapter  I.    The  Flower.    It  may  consist  of, 19 

a  The  leafy  Envelopes,  or  Perianth,  in  2  whorls  or  sets. 

1,  The  outer  circle,  of  Sepals,  usually  green Calyx. 

2,  The  inner  circle,  of  Petals,  usually  colored Corolla. 

b  The  Essential  Organs,  also  in  2  whorls  or  sets. 

3,  An  outer  set,  of  Stamens,  within  the  corolla Androecium. 

4,  The  inner  and  central  set,  of  Pistils Gynoecium. 

e  The  base,  or  platform  on  which  these  organs  stand Torus. 

Chapter  n.    Plan  of  the  Flower.— The  Typical  Flower, 21 

1,  Consisting  of  4  whorled  sets  of  organs,  is Complete. 

2,  Each  set  having  the  same  number  of  parts Symmetrical. 

3,  The  parts  composing  each  set  uniform Regular. 

4,  All  the  parts  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other Free. 

5,  Parts  of  adjacent  sets  alternating  in  position Alternate. 

Chapters  III.  and  IV.    Anomalous  Flowers.    Deviations  from  the  Type 23 

1,  Variations  in  the  Radical  Number From  1/  to  v'. 

2,  Deficiencies,  rendering  the  flower 

a  Incomplete.— Corolla  wanting Apetalous. 

—Corolla  and  calyx  both  wanting Naked. 

b  Imperfect.— The  stamens  wanting ?  Pistillate. 

— The  pistils  -wanting i  Staminate. 

e  Unsymmctrical,  from  the  suppression  of  a  part  of  some  set. 
d  Organs  opposite,  from  the  suppression  of  some  entire  set. 
%  Redundancies. 

a  Organs  increased  in  number,— by  multiples Multiplication. 

—by  clusters Chorisis. 

b  Appendages.— Horn-like  nectaries  projecting  backward Spurs. 

—Attached  to  the  inside  of  the  petals Scales. 

—Enlarged  scales Crown. 

—Glandular  bodies Glands. 

4,  Union  of  Parts. 

a  By  Cohesion.— Petals  united Gamopetalous,  or  Monopetalons. 

—Stamens  united Monadelphous. 

—Pistils  united Compound. 

J>  By  Adhesion.— Parts  blended  with  the  Calyx Perigynous. 

—Parts  blended  with  the  Ovary Epigynous. 

6,  Irregularities.— Torus  lengthened,  excavated,  &c. 

—Like  organs,  becoming  unequal  in  size,  &c. 

Chapter  V.    Of  the  Floral  Envelopes,  or  Perianth 30 

Chapter  VI.    Forms  of  the  Perianth 34 

1,  Dialypetalous,  or  Polypetalous. 

*  Regular. — a  Four  long-clawed  petals  spreading  at  right-angles. .CrnciferouB. 

— b  Five  short-clawed  spreading  petals Rosaceous. 

—c  Five  spreading  petals  on  long  erect  claws.... Caryophyllaceous. 
— d  A  6-leaved  gradually  spreading  perianth Liliaceous. 

*  Irregular.— e  Five  petals,  2  pairs  and  an  odd  one Papilionaceous. 

— /  Six  petals,  one  of  them  lip-like Orchidaceous. 

8,  Gamopet^lo^8,  or  Monopetalous.    (§  102) 

*  Regular.— a  Tube  very  short,  border  flat,  spreading Rotate. 

— b  Tube  very  short,  border  wide,  concave,  Cup-form,  «S:c.,  &c. 

*  Irregular.— c  Cylindrical  tube  split  down,  &c.    (§  103) 
i  Transformations  of  the  Perianth.    (§  104-108) 

1,  In  the  Compositae.    A  circle  of  dry  scales  or  bristles Pappus 

8,  In  the  Bog-Rushes.    A  circle  of  C  (more  or  less)  bristles Seta. 


CONTENTS.  5 

•  ■ 

3,  In  the  Sedges  (Carices).    A  bottle-shaped  envelope Perigyninm. 

4,  In  the  Grasses.    Chaff-like  coverings Glunus,  and  Pales. 

Chapter  VII.    Attributes  of  the  Essential  Organs.— Parts 39 

1,  In  respect  to  Number.— a  &c.    (§  118,  two  conditions.) 

2,  In  position.— a  On  the  torus,  free  from  all  other  organs Hypogynous, 

—b  Adherent  to  the  calyx,  &c.    (§  119,  four  other  conditions.) 

3,  In  cohesions.- a  United  into  one  set,  &c.    (§  120,  five  modes.) 

Chapter  YIII.    The  Pistils.— Its  Parts  (§  125) 43 

1,  The  simple  ovary,— ct  encloses  a  single  cavity Its  Cell. 

—b  produces  little  buds  becoming  seeds Ovules. 

— c  and  two  fleshy  ridges  bearing  the  ovules Placentae. 

2,  The  compound  ovary- a  may  contain  as  many  cells  as  carpels. 

~b  must  have  2  (or  a  double)  placentfe  in  each  cell. 
— c  and  an  equal  number  of  ovules  in  each  cell. 

3,  The  number  of  carpels  in  a  compound  ovary  is  known— 

1,  By  the  number  of  distinct  styles,  if  any 

2,  By  the  number  of  distinct  stigmas. 

3,  By  the  number  of  the  cells  ;  or  if  there  be  but  one, 

4,  By  the  number  of  external  lobes,  angles,  or  sutures. 

Chapter  IX.    The  Ovules 48 

Chapter  X.    The  Fruit.— Pericarp. — Dehiscence 50 

Chapter  XI.    Forms  of  the  Pericarp.    (See  Syllabus,  §  150) 53 

Chapter  XII.    The  Seed  58 

Chapter  Xm.    Germination 63 

Chapter  XIV.    The  Root,  or  Descending  Axis.— Forms 66 

*  Axial  Roots,  or  Tap  Roots,  having  the  main  axis  developed. 

1,  The  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees,  branching Ramous. 

2,  Tuberous  tap-roots.— a  Shaped  like  a  spindle  (Beet) Fusiform. 

—b  Shaped  like  a  cone  (Carrot) Conical. 

—c  Shape  rounded  or  depressed  (Turnip) Napiform. 

*  Inaxial  Roots,  having  only  the  branches  developed. 

3,  Root  consisting  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions Fibrous. 

4,  Root  fibro-tuberous.— a  Some  of  the  fibres  thickened Fasciculate. 

— b  Fibres  abruptly  knotted Nodulous. 

— c  The  knots  at  regular  intervals Moniliform. 

— d  Fibres  bearing  little  tubers Tubercular. 

Chapter  XV.    Of  the  Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis 71 

Chapter  XA'^I.    Forms  of  the  Leaf-Stems,  aerial,  caulescent 75 

1,  Jointed,  or  hollow  stems  of  Grasses,  Sedges,  Canes Culm. 

2,  The  stout  woody  stem  of  Trees,  covered  with  bark Trunk. 

3,  The  woody,  simple  columns  of  Palms,  &c.,  without  bark Caudex. 

4,  Weak,  slender  stems,  climbing  or  trailing Vine. 

Chapter  XVII.    Forms  of  Scale-Stems,  acaulescent 78 

1,  Slender,  prostrate,  rooting,  on  or  in  the  ground Creeper. 

2,  Fleshy,  thick,  rooting,  mostly  under  ground Rhizome. 

3,  Swollen  with  starch,  underground,  with  buds  (eyes) Tuber. 

4,  Bulbous,  solid,  with  thin  scales,  under  ground Corm. 

5,  Bulbous,  consisting  mostly  of  thick  scales Bulb. 

Chapter  X\ail.    The  Leaf-Bud.    Vernation  (and  Estivation,  Chap.  XXIV) 82 

*  Separate  :  regarding  a  single  leaf  (petal  or  sepal)  in  bud. 

1,  Leaf  flat,  neither  folded  nor  rolled  in  the  bud Open. 

2,  Bent  forward,  apex  toward  the  base Reclined. 

3,  Folded  on  the  axis Conduplicate. 

4,  Folded  in  plaits  like  a  fan Plicate. 

5,  Rolled  on  its  axis  downward Circinate, 


CONTENTS. 

6,  Rolled  with  its  axia,— a  from  one  edge  into  a  scroll Convolat«. 

— b  from  both  edges  inward Involute, 

— c  from  both  edges  backward RcTolute, 

*  General ;— regarding  the  whole  bud. 

1,  Edges  meeting,  Valvate,— with  the  margins  straight Valvale. 

—with  the  margins  involute Induplicate. 

—with  the  margins  revolute Reduplicate. 

2,  One  edge  overlapping,  each  leaf  oblique Twisted  or  Contorted. 

8,  Both  edges  overlapping.  Imbricate. 

a  Conduplicate  leaves,  alternately— embracing Equitant. 

—half  embracing Obvohite. 

b  Leaves  in  threes,  one  of  them  exterior Triquetrous. 

c  Leaves  in  fives,  two  of  them  exterior Quiucuncial. 

d  Each  leaf  or  petal  embracing  all  those  within Convolute. 

e  Exterior  petal  largest  (Sweet  Pea) Vexillary. 

4,  Gamopetalous  corolla  folded  in  plaits,— plaits  straight Plicate. 

—plaits  oblique Supervolute. 

Chapter  SIX.    Of  the  Leaf.— Phyllotaxy 87 

Chapter  XX.    Morphology  of  the  Leaf.-  §  Venation 91 

1,  Veins  simple  and  parallel,  as  in  the  Endogens Parallel-veined. 

2,  Veins  dividing  without  uniting  again,  as  in  Ferns Fork-veined. 

3,  Veins  netted^  as  in  the  Exogeus,  viz. : 

a  Larger  veins  arranged  as  in  a  feather Pinni-veined. 

b  Larger  veins  5  to  9,  arranged  as  the  fingers Palmi-veined. 

c  Larger  veins  only  3,  arranged  as  the  fingers Triple-veined. 

§  Special  Veins. 

1,  In  feather-veined  leaves,— the  chief  vein  forming  the  axis Mid-vein. 

—lateral  branches  of  the  mid-vein Veinlets. 

—the  branches  of  the  veinlets Veinulets. 

8,  In  palmi-veined  leaves,  or  triple-veined  ;— 

a  The  coequal  veins  running  through  the  blade,  are    Veins. 

b  The  branches  of  the  veins,  are  (as  in  feather-veined) Veinlets. 

Chapter  XXI.    Forms  of  Leaves.    (Morphology,  continued) 93 

*  Pinni-veined  Leaves. 

a  Lower  veinlets  longer  than  the  upper. 

1,  Outline  of  an  egg Ovate. 

8,  Outline  of  a  lance,  or  narrow-ovate Lanceolate. 

3,  Form  of  the  Greek  letter  a Deltoid. 

b  The  middle  veinlets  longest,  lower  and  upper  equal. 

4,  Circular,  or  nearly  so Orbicular. 

5,  Outline  of  an  elliptic  spring Elliptical. 

6,  Egg-shaped,  with  equal  rounded  ends Oval. 

7,  Narrowly  oval,  with  obtuse  ends Oblong. 

e  The  upper  veinlets  longest. 

8,  Inversely  ovate,  narrower  at  the  base Obovate. 

9,  Inversely  lanceolate,  narrower  at  the  base Oblanceolate. 

10,  Obtuse  at  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base Spatulate. 

11,  Shaped  like  a  wedge,  the  point  at  base Cuneate. 

d  Lowest  veinlets  longest  and  recurved. 

12,  A  re-entering  angle,  or  sinus,  at  base.    Heart-shaped Cordate. 

13,  Basc-Iobes  ear-shaped Auriculate. 

14,  Base-lobes  arrow-shaped Sagittate. 

15,  Base-lobes  turned  outward Hastate. 

*  Dissected  Forms. 

a  Pinnately  cut  or  divided. 


CONTENTS.  7 

1,  With  regular  lateral  segments Pinnatifld. 

2,  With  segments  recurved  or  hooked Runcinate. 

3,  Terminal  segment  enlarged Lyrate, 

4,  Segments  many  and  narrow Pinnatisect, 

5,  Segments  and  sinuses  rounded Sinuate. 

6  Palmately  cut  or  lobed. 

6,  Lobes  only  3 . . .  Trilobate. 

7,  Lobes  5  or  more Palmately-lobed. 

8,  Lobes  deeply  divided Palmatcly-parted. 

9,  Side-lobes  again  2-lobed Pedate. 

Chapter  XXII.    Forms  of  Compound  Leaves. 

*  Pinnately  compound. 

a  Once  compounded,  consisting  of— 

1,  Two  leaflets  opposite  and  equal Binate. 

2,  Three  leaflets,  the  odd  one  petiolulate Pinnately-trifoliate. 

3,  Four  or  more  equal  leaflets,  all  in  pairs Equally  pinnate. 

4,  Five  or  more  equal  leaflets,  all  but  one  in  pairs Odd-pinuate. 

5,  Alternate  leaflets  smaller Interruptedly  pinnate. 

6  Twice  compounded,  consisting  of— 

6,  Nine  leaflets  (or  3  trifoliate  leaves) Biternate, 

7,  Fifteen  or  more  leaflets  (3  pinnate  leaves) Bipinnate, 

c  Thrice  compounded,  having  27  leaflets Triternate,  «fec 

d  Irregularly  much  compounded Decompound. 

*  Palmately  compounded,  consisting  of— 

10,  Three  equal  leaflets  all  alike  sessile  (Clover) Palmi-trifoliute. 

11,  Five  or  7  leaflets,  all  equally  sessile Digitate. 

Chapter  XXIII.    Transformations  of  the  Leaf 106 

Chapter  XXIV.    Metamorphosis  of  the  Flower.    (See  Chap.  XVIII) 110 

Chapter  XXV.    Inflorescence.— Special  Forms 114 

§  E\'olution.— «  One  flower  only  from  a  bud Solitary. 

— b  From  axillary  buds,  the  lowest  first  opening Centripetal. 

— c  From  terminal  buds,  the  central  first Centrifugal. 

§  Special  Forms  of  Inflorescence. 

♦  Centripetal,  or  Indefinite. 

a  Flowers  sessile— 1,  along  a  slender  rachis Spike. 

—2,  along  a  thick  fleshy  rachis Spadii. 

—3,  on  an  extremely  short  rachis Head. 

-A,  Spike  of  imperfect  fls. caducous  together.  ..Am^ent. 
ft  Flowers  borne  on  pedicels. 

5,  Along  the  sides  of  a  lengthened  rachis Raceme, 

6,  Along  a  short  rachis,  the  lower  pedicels  lengthened .Corymb. 

7,  Clustered  on  an  extremely  short  rachis Umbel. 

C  The  pedicels  themselves  branched,— 8  loosely Panicle. 

—9  compactly Thyrse. 

•  Centrifugal,  or  Definite. 

1,  Clusters  open,  loose,  of  various  forms Cyme. 

2,  Clusters  compact,  terminal Fascicle. 

3,  Clusters  compact,  axillary  and  opposite Verticils 

4,  Cj-me.  unilateral,  unrolling  as  it  develops Scorpoid  Raceniie. 

PART  SECOND.-PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY 123 

Chapter  L    Of  the  Vegetable  Cell '. 123 

Chapter  II.    Of  the  Vegetable  Tissues 127 

Chapter  III.    The  Epidermal  System   130 

Chapter  IV.    The  Ligneou?  Svstem 132 


CONTENTS. 

Chapter  V.    The  Ligneous  System,  continued 137 

Chapter  VI.    Vegetation,  or  the  Physiology  of  Plant  Life 140 

Chapter  VII.    Fertilization 142 

Chapter  VIII.    Absorption; 145 

*  By  the  root. 

«  The  root  absorbs  inorganic  matter,  from  the  soil,  viz.— 1,  Water. 

—2,  Carbon. 

—3,  Mineral  Salts. 
b  The  rt.  absorbs  organic  matter,  from  mould  &  refuse.— 1,  Nitrates. 

— 2,  Ammonia. 

*  By  the  pfreen  parts,  from  the  Atmosphere,  viz — 1,  Water. 

—2,  Oxygen. 
—3,  Carbonic  Acid. 
— i.  Ammonia. 
Chapter  IX.    Circulation  ; 147 

*  Of  the  Crude  Sap,  upward  through  the  wood,— To  the  Leaves. 

*  Of  the  True  Sap,  returning,  downward,— a  to  the  incipient  leaves. 

— b  to  the  cambium  layer. 
— c  to  the  medullary  rays. 
—d  to  the  roots. 
Chaiter  X.    Transpiration  and  Respiration 149 

*  Transpiration  through  the  Stomata,  of. —Water. 

*  Respiration,  (  Absorbing  COj. 

1,  In  the  Green  Parts,- a  in  the  sunshine ■<  Retaining  C. 

'  Exhaling  O. 

—b  in  darkness —Absorbing  O. 

— Consuming  C. 
—Exhaling  COj. 

2,  In  the  roots,  flowers,  &c.,  at  aU  times —Absorbing  O, 

—Consuming  C. 
—Exhaling  CO^. 

PART  THIRD,— SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY 153 

Chapter  I.    General  Principles  of  Classification 153 

Chapter  II.    The  Natural  System 155 

Chapter  III.    Botanical  Analysis 160 

Chapter  IV.    Rules  for  Nomenclature 163 

INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY 165 


INTEODUOTION". 


CHAPTER    I. 

AIDS  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  BOTANT. 

1.  The  proper  season  for  the  commencement  of  the  study 
of  Botany  in  schools,  is  late  in  winter,  at  the  opening  of  the  first 
session  after  New- Year's.  The  class  will  thus  be  prepared  be- 
forehand, by  a  degree  of  acquaintance  with  first  principles,  for 
the  analysis  of  the  earliest  Spring-flowers — the  Blood- root.  Liv- 
erwort, Spring-beauty,  Sweet  Mayflower,  Erigenia,  and  the  Vio- 
lets. We  have  arranged  the  topics  of  the  present  treatise  with 
a  special  view  to  the  convenience  of  the  learner  in  this  respect, 
beginning  with  that  which  is  the  first  requisite  in  analysis — the 
Flower. 

2.  Specimens  of  leaves,  stems,  roots,  fruit,  flowers,  etc.,  in  unlimited  supply  are  re- 
quisite during  the  whole  course.  lu  the  ahsence  of  the  living,  let  the  dried  specimens  of 
the  herbarium  be  consulted.  Crayon  sketches  upon  the  blackboard,  if  truthful,  are  always 
good  for  displaying  minute  or  obscure  forms.  In  the  city,  classes  in  Botany  may  employ, 
at  small  expense,  a  collector  to  supply  them  daily  with  fresh  specimens  from  the  country. 
Moreover,  the  gardens  and  conservatories  will  furnish  to  such,  an  abundant  supply  of  cul- 
tivated species  for  study  and  analysis,  with  almost  equal  advantage,— since  the  present 
M'ork  embraces,  together  with  the  native  flora,  all  exotics  which  are  in  any  degree  com- 
mon in  cultivation. 

3.  An  Herbarium  (Latin,  Jiortus  siccus,  or  h.  s.)  is  a  col- 
lection of  botanic  specimens,  artificially  dried,  protected  in 
papers,  and  systematically  arranged.  Herbaria  are  useful  in 
many  %cays ; — («)  for  preserving  the  knowledge  of  rare,  or 
inaccessible,  or  lost  species  ;  (5)  for  exchanges,  enabling  one  to 
possess  the  flora  of  other  countries  ;  (c)  for  refreshing  one's 
memory  of  early  scenes  and  studies ;    (f?)  for  aiding  in  more 


10  INTEODUCTION. 

exact  researches  at  leisure ;   (e)  for  the  comparison  of  species 
with  species,  genus  with  genus,  etc. 

4.  Apparatus.  For  collecting  botanic  specimens,  a  strong 
knife  for  digging  and  cutting  is  needed,  and  a  close  tin  box, 
fifteen  inches  in  length,  of  a  portable  form.  Enclosed  in  such 
a  box,  with  a  little  moisture,  specimens  will  remain  fresh  a  week. 

5.  Specimens  for  the  herbarium  should  represent  the  leaves, 
flowers,  and  fruit — and,  if  herbaceous,  the  root  also.  Much 
care  is  requisite  in  so  drying  them  as  to  preserve  the  natural 
aj)pearance,  form,  and  color.  The  true  secret  of  this  art  con- 
sists in  extracting  the  moisture  from  them  before  decomposition 
can  take  place. 

6.  The  drying-press,  to  be  most  eflicient  and  convenient, 
should  consist  of  a  dozen  quires  of  unsized  paper,  at  least  11  x  14 
inches  folio  ;  two  sheets  of  wire-gauze  (same  size)  as  covers, 
stiffened  by  folded  edges ;  and  three  or  four  leather  straps  a 
yard  in  length,  with  buckles.  When  in  use,  suspend  this  press 
in  the  wind  and  sunshine  ;  or,  in  rainy  weather,  by  the  fire.  In 
such  circumstances,  specimens  dry  well  without  once  changing. 
But  if  boai'ds  be  used  instead  of  wire-gauze,  the  j^apers  must  be 
changed  and  dried  daily.  Succulent  plants  may  be  immersed  in 
boiling  water  before  pressing,  to  hasten  their  desiccation. 

1.  The  lens,  either  single,  double,  or  triple,  is  almost  indis- 
pensable in  analysis.  In  viewing  minute  flowers,  or  parts  of 
flowers,  its  use  cannot  be  too  highly  appreciated.  Together 
with  the  lens,  a  needle  inserted  in  a  handle,  a  penknife,  and 
tweezers  are  required  for  dissection. 

8.  The  compound  microscope  is  undoubtedly  a  higher  aid 
in  scientific  investigation  than  any  otlier  instrument  of  human 
invention.  It  is  like  the  bcstowment  of  a  new  sense,  or  the 
opening  of  a  new  world.  Through  this,  almost  solely,  all  our 
knowledge  of  the  cells,  the  tissues,  gx-owth,  fertilization,  etc.,  is 
derived.  The  skilful  use  of  this  noble  instrument  is  itself  an  art, 
which  it  is  no  part  of  our  plan  to  explain.  For  such  informa- 
tion the  student  is  referred  to  the  works  of  Carpenter  and  Quekett. 

9.  On  the  preparation  of  botanical  subjects  for  examination  we  remark  briefly.  The 
field  of  view  is  necessarily  small,  and  only  minute  portions  of  objects  can  be  t=een  at 
once.  The  parts  are  to  be  brought  under  inspection  successively  by  the  movements  of 
the  stage. 


DEPARTMENTS   OF   SCIENCE.  11 

10.  The  tissnes  of  leaves,  etc.,  are  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.  They  are  to  be  di- 
vided by  tlie  razor  or  scalpel  into  extremely  thin  parings  or  cuttings.  Such  cuttings  may 
be  made  by  liolding  the  leaf  between  the  two  halves  of  a  split  cork.  They  are  then  made 
vret  and  viewed  upon  glass.  The  stomata  are  best  seen  in  the  epidermis  stripped  off;  but 
in  the  Sorrel-leaf  (Oxalis  violacea)  they  appear  beautifully  distinct  upon  the  entire  leaf. 
(§  397,  Fig.  49T.) 

11.  Woody  tissues,  etc.,  may  be  viewed  either  as  opaque  or  transparent.  Sections  and 
cuttings  should  be  made  in  all  directions,  and  attached  to  the  glass  by  water,  white  of 
e^g,  or  Canada  balsam.  To  obtain  the  elementary  cells  separately  for  inspection,  the 
fragment  of  wood  maybe  macerated  in  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid  added  to  a  grain  of  chlo- 
rate of  potassa.    Softer  structures  may  be  macerated  simply  in  boiling  water. 

Review  of  the  Chapter.—!.  Advantage  of  beginning  the  study  in  early  spring.  2.  Speci- 
mens for  illustration.  How  to  obtain  them  m  the  city.  3.  The  herbarnim.  Uses  of  it. 
4.  Apparatus  for  collecting.  5.  Good  specimens.  Secret  of  preparing  them.  6.  The 
drying-press.    7.  The  use  of  lenses.    8.  Of  the  microscope,  etc. 


CHAPTER   II. 

DEPARTMEXTS    OF    SCIFXCE. 

12.  Three  great  departments  in  nature  are  universally  recog- 
nized, commonly  called  the  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  king- 
doms. The  first  constitutes  the  Inorganic^  the  other  two  the 
Organic  World. 

13.  A  mineral  is  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter — that  is,  without 
distinction  of  parts  or  organs.  A  stone,  for  example,  may  be 
broken  into  any  number  of  fragments,  each  of  which  will  retain 
all  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  original  body,  so  that  each 
fragment  will  still  be  a  stone. 

14.  A  plant  is  an  organized  body,  endowed  with  vitality  but 
not  with  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  each  of  which  is 
essential  to  the  completeness  of  its  being.  A  Tulip  is  composed 
of  organs  which  may  be  separated  and  subdivided  indefinitely, 
but  no  one  of  the  fragments  alone  will  be  a  complete  plant. 

15.  Animals,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies  endowed  with 
vitality,  and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  com- 
plete in  itself;  but  they  are  elevated  above  either  plants  or  min- 
erals by  their  power  of  perception. 

16.  Physics  is  the  general  name  of  the  science  which  treats  of 
the  mineral  or  inorganic  world. 

1*7.  Zoology  relates  to  the  animal  kingdom. 


12  INTRODUCTION. 

18.  Botany  is  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  in- 
cludes the  knowledge  of  the  forms,  organs,  structure,  growth, 
and  uses  of  plants,  together  with  their  history  and  classification. 
Its  several  dej^artments  correspond  to  the  various  subjects  to 
which  they  relate.     Thus, 

1 9.  Structural  Botany^  or  Organography,  treats  of  the  special 
organs  of  plants  as  compared  "with  each  other,  answering  to 
Comparative  Anatomy  in  the  science  of  Zoology.  Morphology 
is  a  term  often  used  in  a  similar  sense ;  but  it  especially  relates 
to  the  mutual  or  typical  transformations  wliich  the  organs  un- 
dergo in  the  course  of  development. 

20.  Elementary  Botany  treats  of  the  elementary  tissues — the 
organic  elements  out  of  which  the  A'egetable  fabric  is  constructed. 

21.  Physiological  Botany  is  that  department  which  relates  to 
the  vital  action  of  the  several  organs  and  tissues,  including  both 
the  vital  and  chemical  ph-enomena  in  the  germination,  growth, 
and  reproduction  of  plants.  It  has,  therefore,  a  direct  and  prac- 
tical bearing  upon  the  labors  of  husbandry  in  the  propagation 
and  culture  of  plants,  both  in  the  garden  and  in  the  field. 

22.  Systematic  Botany  arises  from  the  consideration  of  plants 
in  relation  to  each  other.  It  aims  to  arrange  and  classify  plants 
into  groups  and  families,  according  to  their  mutual  affinities 
and  relative  rank,  so  as  to  constitute  of  them  all  one  unbroken 
series  or  system. 

23.  Descriptive  Botany,  or  Phytology,  is  the  art  of  expressing 
the  distinctive  characters  of  species  and  groups  of  plants  with 
accuracy  and  precision,  in  order  to  their  complete  recognition. 
A  Flora  is  a  descriptive  work  of  this  kind,  embracing  the  plants 
of  some  particular  country  or  district. 

24.  Finally,  in  its  extended  sense,  Botany  comprehends  also  the  knowledge  of  the  rela- 
tions of  plants  to  the  other  departments  of  nature— particnlarly  to  mankind.  The  ulti- 
mate aim  of  its  researches  is  the  development  of  the  boundless  resources  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  for  our  sustenance  and  protection  as  well  as  education  :  for  the  healing  of  our 
diseases  and  the  alleviation  of  our  wants  and  woes.  This  branch  of  botanical  science  is 
called  Applied  Botany,  including  several  departments— as  Medical  Botany,  or  Pharmacy; 
Agricultural  Botany,  or  Chemistry ;  Pomology,  etc. 

25.  The  name  of  a  plant  or  other  natural  object  is  twofold, — ■ 
the  trivial  or  jDojDular  name,  by  which  it  is  generally  known  in 
the  country;  and  the  Latin  name,  by  which  it  is  accurately 


DEPAETMENTS  OF  SCIENCE.  '  13 

designated  in  science  throughout  the  woi-ld.  For  example, 
Strawberry  is  the  popular  name,  and  Fragaria  vesca  the  Latin 
or  scientific  name,  of  the  same  plant.  In  elementary  treatises, 
like  the  present,  for  the  sake  of  being  readily  understood,  plants 
are  usually  called  by  their  popular  names.  Yet  we  earnestly 
recommend  the  learner  to  accustom  himself  early  to  the  use  of 
the  more  accurate  names  employed  in  science. 

26.  The  Latin  name  of  a  plant  is  always  double — generic  and 
sjDCcific.  Thus  Fragaria  is  generic,  or  the  name  of  the  genus  of 
the  plant — vesca  is  specific,  or  the  name  of  the  species. 

27.  A  Species  embraces  all  such  individuals  as  may  have 
originated  from  a  common  stock.  Such  individuals  bear  an 
essential  resemblance  to  each  other  as  well  as  to  their  common 
parent,  in  all  their  parts.  For  example,  the  White  Clover  (Tri- 
folium  repens)  is  a  species  embracing  thousands  of  contemporary 
individuals  scattered  over  our  hills  and  plains,  all  of  common 
descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of  their  own  kind  from 
their  seed. 

28.  To  this  law  of  resemblance  in  plants  of  one  common  origin 
there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.  Individuals  descended  from 
tlie  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  difiering  in  color,  or  fruit 
diifering  in  flavor,  or  leaves  difiering  in  form,  etc.  Such  plants 
are  called  Varieties.  They  are  never  permanent,  but  exhibit  a 
constant  tendency  to  revert  to  their  original  type.  Varieties 
occur  chiefly  in  species  maintained  by  cultivation,  as  the  Apple, 
Potato,  Rose,  Dahlia.  They  also  occur  more  or  less  in  native 
plants  (as  Hepatica  triloba),  often  rendering  the  limits  of  the 
species  extremely  doubtful.  They  are  due  to  the  different  cir- 
cumstances of  climate,  soil,  and  culture  to  which  they  are  sub- 
jected, and  continue  distinct  only  until  left  again  to  multiply 
spontaneously  from  seed  in  their  own  proper  soil,  or  some  other 
change  of  circumstances. 

29.  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species  closely  related  to  each 
other  in  the  structure  of  their  flowers  and  fruit,  and  having  more 
points  of  resemblance  than  of  diflference  throughout.  Thus,  the 
genus  Clover  (Trifolium)  includes  many  species,  as  the  White 
Clover  (T.  repens),  the  Red  Clover  (T.  j)ratense),  the  Buflalo 
Clover  (T.  reflexum),  etc.,  agreeing  in  floral  structure  and  gen- 


14  ■  INTRODUCTION. 

eral  aspect  so  obviously  that  the  most  hasty  observer  would 
notice  their  relationship.  So  in  the  genus  Pinus,  no  one  would 
hesitate  to  include  the  White  Pine,  the  Pitch  Pine,  the  Long- 
leafed  Pine  (P.  strobus,  rigida,  and  palustris),  any  more  than  we 
would  fail  to  observe  their  diiFerences. 

30.  Tlius  individuals  are  grouped  into  species,  and  species 
are  associated  into  genera.  These  groups  constitute  the  bases 
of  all  the  systems  of  classification  in  use,  whether  by  artificial  or 
natural  methods. 

i?e»i«o.— 12.  Three  Kingdoms  of  Nature ?  13.  A  mineral?  Illustrate.  14.  A  plant? 
Illustrate.  15.  An  animal?  16.  Define  Physics.  17.  Zoology.  IS.  Define  Botany.  19. 
Organography,  Morpholoary.  20.  Elementary  Botany.  21.  Physiological  Botany.  23. 
Systematic  Botany.  2.3.  Phytology.  24.  Applied  Botany.  25.  Names.  26.  Latin  names. 
27.  A  Species.    Illustrate.    23.  Varieties.    29.  What  is  a  Genus  ? 


CHAPTER    III. 

THE   FOUR   STAGES    OF   PLANT   LIFE. 

31.  in  its  earliest  stage  of  life,  the  plant  is  an  embryo  sleeping 
in  the  seed.  It  then  consists  of  two  parts,  the  radicle  or  rootlet, 
and  the  2)lumule.  Both  may  be  seen  in  the  Pea,  Bean,  or  Acorn. 
Besides  the  embryo,  the  seed  contains  also  its  food  in  some  form, 
provided  for  its  first  nourishment. 

32.  At  length  the  genial  warmth  and  moisture  of  the  Spring 
awakens  the  embryo,  and  it  begins  to  feed  and  grow.  The  radi- 
cle protrudes  the  slender  rootlet  (fig.  2,  r),  which  turns  down- 
ward, seeking  the  dark  damp  earth,  avoiding  the  air  and  light, 
and  forms  the  root  or  desce^iding  axis.  The  plumule,  taking  the 
opposite  direction  (fig.  3,  ^),  ascends,  seeking  the  air  and  light, 
and  expanding  itself  to  their  influence.  This  constitutes  the 
stem  or  ascending  axis,  bearing  the  leaves.  Thus  the  acorn 
germinates,  and  the  Oak  enters  upon  the  second  stage  of  its 
existence. 

33.  At  first  the  ascending  axis  is  merely  a  hud,  that  is,  a  grow- 
ing point  clothed  with  and  protected  by  little  scales,  the  rudi-: 
ments  of  leaves.  As  the  growing  point  advances  and  its  low^er 
scales  gradually  expand  into  leaves,  new  scales  successively  ap- 
pear above.     Thus  the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 


THE  rOUB  STAGES  OF  PLANT  LIFE. 


15 


34.  By  the  growth  of  the  terminal  bud,  the  axis  is  simply 
lengthened  in  one  direction,  an  undivided  stem.  But  besides 
this,  buds  also  exist,  ready  formed,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  one 
in  each.  These  axillary  buds,  a  j^art  or  all  of  them,  may  grow 
and  develop  like  the  terminal  bud,  or  they  may 
always  sleep,  as  in  the  simple-stemmed  Mullein  or 
Palm.  But  in  growing  they  become  branches,  and 
these  branches  may,  in.  turn,  generate  buds  and 
branchlets  in  the  axils  of  their  own  leaves  in  like 
manner.  By  the  continued  repetition  of  this  simple 
process,  the  vegetable  fabric  arises,  ever  advancing 
in  the  direction  of  the  growing  points, 
itself  with  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  en- 
larging the.  volume  of  its  axis,  until  it 
reaches  the  limit  of  being  assigned  by  its 
Creator. 

33.  Reared  by  this  process  alone,  the  plant  consists  of 
such  organs  only  as  were  designed  for  its  own  individual 
nourishment— roots  to  absorb  its  food,  stem  and 
branches  to  transmit  it,  and  leaves  to  digest  it. 
These  are  called  organs  of  nutrition.  But  the 
divine  command  which  caused  the  tribes  of  vege- 
tation in  their  diversified  beauty  to  spring  from 
the  earth,  required  that  each  plant  should  have  its 
"  seed  within  itself"  for  the  perpetuation  of  its 
kind.  (See.  1 ;  II.) 

36.  In  the  third  stage  of 
vegetation,  therefore,  a  change 
occurs  in  the  development  of 
some  of  the  buds.  The  grow- 
ing point  ceases  to  extend  it- 
self as  hitherto,  and  still 
remains  a  point,  expand- 
ing its  scales  in  crowded 
whorls,  each  successive 
whorl  undergoing  a 
gradual  transformation,  departing  more  and  more  from  the 
original  type — the  leaf.  Thus,  instead  of  a  leafy  branch,  the 
ordinary  product  of  the  bud,  a  flower  is  the  result. 

37.  Hence  a  flower  may  be  considered  as  a  transformed  branch, 


Acorn   (seed  of  Quercxm  puhi.^ln's) 

perniinating  ;  1.  section  showing  the 

radicle  (r)  which  is  to  become    the 

root,  and  the  two  cotyledons  (r)  which 

,  the  radicle  r,  descending  ;  3  and  4,  the 

,  descending,  and  the  plumule  (p)  ascendins. 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

having  the  leaves  croAvded  together  by  the  non-development  of 
the  axis,  moulded  into  more  delicate  forms  and  tinged  with  more 
brilliant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature,  but  to  fulfil 
the  impoi'tant  ofiice  of  reproduction. 

38.  Lastly  comes  fruit-bearing,  the  fourth  stage  of  plant  life, 
for  which  the  flower  has  prepared  the  way.  The  Avork  and  bloom 
of  the  floAver  are  soon  accomplished,  its  deciduous  parts  fall,  and 
the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  are  directed  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  ^:)is^i7  into  the  perfect //-iw't. 

i?«'j«<;.— 31.  First  stage  of  plant  life.  Contents  of  a  seed.  32.  Second  stage.  Tendency 
of  the  radicle.— Of  the  plumule.  .33.  Structure  of  the  first  bud.  How  does  it  grow? 
34.  AVhat  it  develops  ?  Other  buds.  AVhence  the  branches  arise.  36.  Origin  of  the 
flower.    S7.  AA'hat  then  is  its  nature  ?    38.  Fourth  stage. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

TERM    OK   PEPaOD    OF    PLANT   LIFE. 

39.  FloAvering  and  fruit-bearing  is  an  exhausting  process.  If 
it  occur  Avithin  the  first  or  second  year  of  the  life  of  the  plant, 
it  generally  proves  the  fatal  event.  In  all  other  cases  it  is 
either  immediately  j^receded  or  folloAved  by  a  state  of  needful 
rejDOse.  Noav  if  flowering  be  prevented  by  nipping  the  buds, 
the  tender  annual  may  become  perennial,  as  in  the  florist's  Tree- 
mignonette. 

40.  We  distinguish  plants,  as  to  their  term  of  life,  into  the  an- 
nual ( ® ),  the  biennial  ((D),  and  the  perennial  ( 2X ).  An  annual 
((D)  herb  is  a  plant  whose  entire  life  is  limited  to  a  single  season. 
It  germinates  from  the  seed  in  Spring,  attains  its  growth,  blos- 
soms, bears  fruit,  and  dies  in  Autumn ;  as  the  Flax,  Corn, 
Morning-glory. 

41.  A  biennial  hevT)  ((D)  is  a  plant  Avhicli  germinates  and  vege- 
tates, bearing  leaA'es  only  the  first  season,  blossoms,  bears  fruit, 
and  dies  the  second ;  as  the  Beet  and  Turnip.  Wheat,  Rye,  etc., 
are  annual  plants ;  but  Avhen  sown  in  Autumn  they  have  the  habit 
of  biennials,  in  consequence  of  the  prevention  of  flowering  by 
the  sudden  cold. 


TEEM   OR  PERIOD   OF  PLANT  LIFE.  17 

43.  Monocarinc  Jm-bs.  The  Century-plaut  (Agave),  the  Talipot-palm,  etc.,  are  so  called. 
They  vegetate,  bearing  leaves  only,  for  many  years,  accumulating  materials  and  strength 
for  one  mighty  eflbrt  in  fructification,  which  being  accomplished,  they  die.  In  some 
species  the  term  of  life  depends  on  climate  alone.  The  Castor-bean  (Ricinus)  is  an  annual 
herb  In  the  Northern  States,  a  shrub  in  the  Southern,  and  a  tree  of  large  size  in  its  native 
India.    So  Petunia,  annual  in  our  gardens,  is  perennial  at  home  (in  Brazil). 

43.  Perennial  plants  are  such  as  have  an  indefinite  duration 
of  life,  nsnally  of  many  years.  They  may  be  either  herbaceous 
or  woody.  Herbaceous  perennials,  or  perennial  herbs  (2^),  are 
plants  whose  parts  are  annual  above  ground  and  perennial  below. 
In  other  words,  their  roots  or  subterranean  stems  live  from  year 
to  j^car,  sending  up  annually,  in  Spring,  flowering  shoots  Avhich 
perish  after  they  have  ripened  their  fruit  in  Autumn ;  as  the  Lily, 
Dandelion,  Hop. 

44.  Woodi/  2^6re)inials  usually  vegetate  several  years,  and  at- 
tain well-nigh  their  ordinary  stature  before  flowering ;  thence- 
forward they  fructify  annually,  resting  or  sleeping  in  winter. 
They  are  known  as  trees  (5),  shrubs  (t>),  bushes,  and  under- 
shrubs  (b) — distinctions  founded  on  size  alone. 

45.  A  shrub  (h)  is  a  diminutive  tree,  limited  to  eighteen  or 
twenty  feet  in  stature,  and  generally  dividing  into  branches  at 
or  near  the  surface  of  the  gi-ound  (Alder,  Quince).  If  the 
woody  plant  be  limited  to  a  still  lower  growth,  say  about  the 
human  stature,  it  is  called  a  bush  (Snowball,  Andromeda).  If 
still  smaller,  it  is  an  uiidershrub  (b)  (Whortleberry). 

46.  A  tree  (b)  is  understood  to  attain  to  a  height  many  times 
greater  than  the  human  stature,  with  a  permanent  woody  stem, 
whose  lower  part,  the  trunk,  is  unbranched. 

47.  As  to  age,  some  trees  live  only  a  few  years,  rapidly  attaining  their  growth  and  rap- 
idly decaying,  as  the  Peach ;  others  have  a  longevity  exceeding  the  age  of  man  ;  and  some 
species  outlive  many  generations.  Age  may  be  estimated  by  the  number  of  wood-circles 
or  rings  seen  in  a  cross-section  of  the  trunk  (§403),  each  ring  being  (very  generally)  aix 
annual  growth.  Instances  of  great  longevity  are  on  record.  See  Class  Book  of  Botany, 
§§  99, 100.  The  monarch  tree  of  the  world  is  that  Californian  Cedar— Sequoj-a  gigantea. 
One  which  had  fallen  measured  26  feet  in  diameter,  and  363  in  length !  The  wood-cir- 
cles of  this  specimen  are  unusually  thick,  yet  count  up  to  1,330  yeai-s.  Among  those  yet 
standing  (a.  d.  1SC6),  are  many  of  even  greater  dimensions,  as  beautiful  in  form  as  they 
are  sublime  in  height— the  growth,  probably,  of  more  than  2,000  years. 

48.  Trees  are  again  distinguished  as  deciduous  (b)  and  ever- 
green (b) — the  former  losing  their  foliage  in  Autumn,  and  re- 
maining naked  until  the  following  Spring ;  the  latter  retaining 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

their  leaves  and  verdure  throughout  all  seasons.  The  Fir  tribe 
(Coniferse)  includes  nearly  all  the  evergreens  of  the  North : 
those  of  the  South  are  far  more  numerous  in  kind — e.  g.,  the 
Magnolias,  the  Live-oaks,  Holly,  Cherry,  Palmetto,  etc. 

Review.— Z9.  Wh.it  of  flowering  and  fruiting  ?  When  do  they  prove  fatal  ?  An  experi- 
ment. 40.  Define  an  annual  herb.  41.  A  biennial  herb.  42.  Monocarpic  herbs.  What 
of  the  Castor-bean  ?  43.  Perennial  plants.  Herbaceous  perennials.  44.  Woody  peren- 
nials. 45.  Shrub.  Bush.  Undershrub.  46.  A  tree.  47.  The  age  of  trees.  How  ascer- 
tained. The  "  monarch"  of  trees.  Relate  its  age  and  dimensions.  48.  Distinctions  in 
reference  to  verdure. 


PAUT  riEST. 

STKUCTUKAL  BOTAl^Y;    OE,  OEGANOGKAPHT. 


CHAPTER    I. 

THE    FLO  WEE. 

49.  The  flower  is  the  immediate  agent  in  the  production  of 
the  seed  with  its  embryo,  and  to  this  end  its  whole  structure  is 
designed.  Moreover,  its  superior  beauty  atti-acts  earliest  atten- 
tion, and  an  intimate  knowledge  of  its  organism  is  the  first  re- 
quisite in  analysis  and  classification, 

50.  The  flower  may  consist  of  the  following  members — the 
floral  envelopes  and  the  essential  floral  organs.  The  floral  envel- 
ojies  consist  of  one  or  more  circles  or  ichorls  of  leaves  surrounding 
the  essential  organs.  The  outer  of  these  whorls  is  called  the 
calyx ;  and  the  other,  if  there  be  any,  the  corolla.  The  calyx 
may,  therefore,  exist  without  the  corolla ;  but  the  corolla  cannot 
exist  without  the  calyx. 

51.  Calyx  is  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  cup.  It  is  applied 
to  the  external  envelope  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of 
leaves  with  their  edges  distinct  or  united,  usually  green,  but 
sometimes  highly  colored.  The  leaves  or  pieces  composing  the 
calyx  are  called  sepals. 

52.  Corolla  is  a  Latin  word  signifying  a  little  crown,  applied 
to  the  interior  envelope  of  the  flower.  It  consists  of  one  or  more 
circles  of  leaves,  either  distinct  or  united  by  their  edges,  usually 
of  some  other  color  than  green,  and  of  a  more  delicate  texture 
than  the  calyx.     Its  leaves  are  called  petals. 


20 


STEUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


53.  Perianth  (■^'s^i,  around,  avdog,  flower)  is  a  word  in  com- 
mon use  to  designate  the  floral  envelopes  as  a  whole,  without 
distinction  of  calyx  and  corolla.  It  is  used  in  description,  espe- 
cially when  these  two  envelopes  are  so  similar  as  not  to  be  readily 
distinguished,  as  in  the  Tuli25,  Lily,  and  the  Endogens  generally ; 
also  whei-e  only  one  envelope  exists,  as  in  Phytolacca,  Elm,  etc. 

54.  The  essential  floral  organs  stand  within  the  circles  of  the 
perianth,  and  are  so  called  because  they  are  the  immediate  in- 
struments in  perfecting  the  seed,  and  thus  accomplishing  the  final 
purposes  of  the  flower.  These  organs  are  of  two  kinds,  perfectly 
distinct  in  position  and  ofiice — viz.,  the  stamens  and  the  pistils. 

55.  The  stamens  are  those  thread-like  organs  situated  just 
within  the  perianth  and  around  the  pistils.  Their  number  varies 
from  one  to  a  hundred  or  moi-e ;  but  the  most  common  number 
IS,  five.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  androecium. 

56.  The  pistils  (called  also  carpels)  occupy  the  centre  of  the 
flower  at  the  absolute  terminus  of  the  floAvering  axis.  They  are 
sometimes  numerous,  often  apparently  but  one.  always  destined 
to  bear  the  seed.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  gynoecium. 


5,  Flower  of  the  Strawberry.     6,  Flower  of  tlie  Pink.    7,  Flower  of  the  Lily  (Lilium  superbum).    Tha 
pupil  will  point  out  the  parts. 


57.  The  torus  or  receptacle  is  the  axis  of  the  flowei-,  situated 
at  the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk.  It  commonly  appears  a  flat- 
tened or  somewhat  convex  disk,  whose  centre  corresponds  to  the 
apex  of  the  axis.  On  this  disk,  as  on  a  platfonn,  stand  the  floral 
organs  above  described,  in  four  concentric  circles.     The  gynoe- 


PLAN   OF  THE  FLOWEE.  Ul 

cium  (pistils)  occupies  the  centre;  the  androecium  encircles  it; 
the  corolla  is  next  without ;  and  the  calyx  embraces  the  whole, 

Jievieiv.—49.  Agency  of  the  Flower.  50.  Memhers.  What  are  the  Floral  envelopes? 
Which  is  the  calyx?  The  corolla?  51.  The  calyx  defined.  The  sepals.  52.  The  corolla 
defined.  Petals.  53.  What  of  the  perianth  ?  54.  The  essential  organs.  55.  The  sta- 
mens. Another  name.  56.  The  pistils.  Their  collective  name.  57.  The  torus.  Order 
of  the  whole. 


CHAPTER   II. 

PLAK    OF   THE    FLOWER. 

58.  Such,  in  general,  is  the  organization  of  the  flower.  It  is 
simple  enough  in  theory ;  and  in  most  of  the  plants  with  which 
he  meets,  the  student  will  easily  recognize  these  several  organs 
by  name.  But,  in  truth,  flowers  vary  in  form  and  fashion  to  a 
degree  almost  infinite.  Each  organ  is  subject  to  transformations, 
disguises,  and  even  to  entire  extinction ;  so  that  the  real  nature 
of  the  flower  may  become  an  intricate  and  perplexing  study. 

59.  But  we  shall  soon  see  that  in  all  these  variations  there  is 
method.  They  are  never  capricious  or  accidental,  however  much 
they  may  appear  sok  TJnitxj  in  diversity  is  characteristic  of  Na- 
ture in  all  her  departments,  and  eminently  so  in  the  flowers ; 
and  the  first  step  in  the  successful  study  of  them  is  to  discover 
that  unity — that  simple  idea  of  the  floral  structui'e  in  which  all 
its  diversities  harmonize.  Befoi-e  flowers  were  created,  that  idea 
or  type  was  conceived ;  and  to  possess  it  ourselves  is  a  near  ap- 
proach to  communion  with  the  Infinite  Author  of  Nature. 

60.  The  typical  flower,  one  that  exemplifies  the  full  idea 
of  the  floral  structure,  consists  of  four  different  circles  of  organs, 
as  before  described,  placed  circle  within  circle  on  the  torus,  and 
all  having  a  common  centre.  Such  a  flower  must  possess  these 
five  attributes — viz. :  It  must  be 

a,  Complete  ;  having  the  four  kinds  or  sets  of  organs  arranged 
in  as  many  concentric  circles.  That  it  is  perfect^  having  both 
kinds  of  the  essential  organs,  is  necessarily  included  under  its 
completeness. 

5,  Hec/idar ;  having  the  organs  of  the  same  name  all  similar 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


and  alike ;  that  is,  all  the  j^etals  of  one  pattern,  all  the  stamens 
alike  in  form,  size,  position,  etc. 

c,  Symmetrical ;  having  the  same  number  of  organs  in  each 
set  or  circle. 

d,  Alternating  in  respect  to  the  position  of  the  organs.  This 
implies  that  the  several  organs  of  each  set  stand  not  opposite  to, 
but  alternating  with  the  organs  of  the  adjacent  set ; — the  petals 
alternate  with  the  sepals  and  stamens ;  the  stamens  alternate 
with  the  petals  and  pistils. 

e,  That  the  organs  be  distinct,  all  disconnected  and  free  from 
each  other. 

61.  This  is  the  Type,  But  it  is  seldom  fully  realized  in  the 
flowers  as  they  actually  grow,  although  the  tendency  toward  it 
is  universah  Deviations  occur  in  every  imaginable  mode  and 
degree,  causing  that  endless  variety  in  the  floral  world  which  we 
never  cease  to  admire.  For  example,  in  our  pattern  flowers  (5, 
6,  7,)  the  pistils  seem  too  few  in  the  Pink  and  Lily,  and  the 
stamens  too  many  in  all  of  them. 

63.  The  flower  of  the  Flax  (10)  combines  very  nearly  all  the  conditions  above  specified. 
It  is  complete,  regular,  symmetrical.  Its  organs  are  alternate  and  all  separate  ;  and  (dis- 
regarding the  slight  cohesion  of  the  pistils  at  their  base)  this  flower  well  realizes  onr 
type.  Admitting  two  whorls  of  stamens  instead  of  one,  we  have  a  good  example  of  our 
type  in  Stone-crop  (Sedum  tematam),  a  little  fleshy  herb  of  our  woods.  Its  flowers  are 
both  4-parted  and  5-parted  in  the  same  plant.  See  also  the  12-parted  flowers  of  the  com- 
mon Houseleek. 


8    Flower  of  Crassula  lactea,  regular,  symmetrical,  orprans  distinct.    9,  Diaftram  showing  its  plan. 
10,  Flower  of  the  Scarlet  Flax.     11,  Diagram  of  its  plan. 

63.  The  flowers  of  Crassula  (8),  an  African  genus  sometimes 
cultivated,  afford  unexceptionable  examples,  the  sepals,  petals, 


STUDY  OF  ANOMALOUS  FLOWERS.  23 

stamens,  and  pistils  each  being  five  in  number,  regularly  alter- 
nating and  jDerfectly  separate. 

JievietP.—5S.  Whence  the  difficulties  in  the  study  of  flowers?  59.  A  grand  character- 
istic in  Nature.  First  step  in  the  study  of  the  flowers.  bO.  Define  the  typical  flower. 
Why  is  it  complete  ?  Why  regular?  Why  symmetrical  ?  How  alternating?  How  dis- 
tinct? (il.  Is  the  type  often  realized?  Whence  the  endless  variety ?  Faults  ia  Pink, 
Strawberry,  Lily.    di.  One  fault  of  Flax— of  Sedum.    63.  One  perfect  example. 


CHAPTER    III 


STUDY    OF    ANOMALOUS    FLOWERS. 


64.  Now  the  true  method  of  studying  the  flower 

is  by  comparing  it  with  this  type.  So  shall  we  be  able,  and 
ever  delighted,  to  learn  the  nature  of  each  organ  in  all  its  dis- 
guises of  form,  and  to  discern  the  features  of  the  general  plan 
even  under  its  widest  deviations.  The  more  important  of  them 
are  included  under  the  folloAving  heads,  which  will  be  considered 
in  order:  1,  Variations  of  the  radical  number  of  the  flower;  2, 
Deficiencies ;  3,  Redundancies ;  4,  Union  of  parts ;  5,  Irregular- 
ities of  development. 

65.  The  radical  number  of  the  flower  is  that  which  enu- 
merates the  parts  composing  each  whorl.  Here  nature  seems 
most  inclined  to  the  number  Jive,  as  in  Crassula,  Flax,  Rose, 
and  Strawberry.  It  varies,  however,  from  one  to  twelve,  and 
is  expressed  by  word  or  sign  as  follows :  di-merous,  or  2-parted 
(v^),  tri-merous  or  3-parted  (v^),  penta-raerous  or  5-parted  (v^), 
etc.  The  flow- 
ers of  Hippuris 
(12  )  are  1- 
parted,  having 
but  one  stamen 
and  one  pistil. 
Those  of  Cir- 
eaea  (13)  are 
2-parted,  hav- 
ing 2  sepals,  2  petals,  2  stamens,  etc.  Those  of  Xyris  (14)  are 
^,  having  all  the  parts  in  3s.     Xyris  is  one  of  the  Endogens. 


12,  Flower  of  Ilippu 


me-parted.     13,  Flower  of  Circ^a  Lutetiana,  ^. 
14,  Flower  of  Xyris,  v'- 


24 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


Trimerous  flowers  are  characteristic  of  this  great  group  of  Plants, 
while  pentamerous  flowers  commonly  distinguish  the  Exogens. 

G6.  Deficiencies  often  occur,  rendering  the  flower  incom- 
2)lete.  Such  flowers  lack  some  one  or  more  entire  sets  of  organs. 
When  only  one  of  the  floral  envelopes,  the  calyx,  exists,  the 
flower  is  said  to  be  apefaloiis  or  monochlamydeous  {x^a^k,  a 
cloak),  as  in  Elm,  Phytolacca.  These  terms  are  also  loosely  ap- 
plied to  such  plants  as  Rhubarb,  Anemone,  Liverwort,  Avhere  the 
pieces  of  the  perianth  are  all  similar,  although  in  two  or  three 
whorls.  When  the  perianth  is  wholly  wanting,  the  flower  is 
said  to  be  achlamydeous,  or  nalcecl,  as  in  Lizard-tail  (15). 


15,  Flower  of  Siiunirus  (Lizard-tail)— achlamydeous.    16,  Flower  of  Fraxinus  (Ash).    17,  Flower  of 
Salix  (Willow),  staminate— 18,  pistillate. 

6 "7,  Imperfect  floioers  are  also  of  frequent  occurrence.  They 
are  deficient  in  respect  to  the  essential  organs.  A  sterile  or 
staminate  flower  (denoted  thus  3  )  has  stamens  without  pistils. 
A  fertile  or  pistillate  flower  (?)  has  pistils  without  stamens. 
Such  flowers  being  counterparts  of  each  other,  and  botli  neces- 
sary to  the  perfection  of  the  seed,  must  exist  either  together 
upon  the  same  plant  or  upon  separate  plants  of  the  same  sjDccies. 
In  the  former  case  the  species  is  moncecious  (  §  ),  as  in  Oak  ;  in 


W,  Pistillate  flower  of  Balra-of-Gilead.     20,  Stamkiate.    21,  Begonia-a,  staminate;    6,  pistillate 


STUDY  OF  ANOMALOUS  FLOWERS.  2;> 

the  latter  case  dioecious  {$  $  ),  as  in  Willow.  The  term  diclinous, 
denoting  either  5"  or  5  $  without  distinction,  is  in  common  use. 

68.  ^  neutral  floicer  is  a  perianth  or  calyx  only,  having  neither 
stamens  nor  pistils.  Such  are  the  ray-flowers  of  many  of  the 
Composite,  and  of  the  cymes  of  Hydrangea,  Pligh-cranberry, 
etc.,  which  in  cultivation  may  all  become  neutral,  as  in  the 
Snow-ball. 

69.  Unsymmetrical  floioers.  The  term  symmetry,  as  used  in 
Botany,  refers  to  number  only.  A  flower  becomes  unsymmetri- 
cal by  the  pai-tial  development  of  any  set  or  circle  in  respect  to 
the  number  of  its  organs.  The  Mustard  family,  called  the  Cru- 
cifers,  afibrd  good  examples. 

TO.  The  flowers  of  Mustard,  Cress,  etc.,  are  understood  to  be  4-merou8  (4/).  The  sepals 
are  four,  petals  four,  but  the  stamens  are  six  and  the  styles  but  two.  The  stamens  are 
arranged  in  two  circles,  having  two  of  those  in  the  outer  circle  suppressed  or  reduced  to 
mere  glands.  Two  of  the  carpels  are  also  suppressed  (429).  In  the  Mint  family  and  the 
Figworts  one  or  three  of  the  stamens  are  generally  abortive.  Here,  while  the  flowers  are 
.y,  the  stamens  are  four  in  some  species  and  only  two  in  others.  The  missing  stamens, 
however,  often  appear  in  the  guise  of  slender  processes — the  rudiments  of  stamens — 
proving  in  an  interesting  manner  the  natural  tendency  to  S3'mmetry. 

71.  In  the  4/  flowers  of  Poppy,  the  sepals  are  but  two :  in  y  Spring-beauty  they  are  liiit 
two ;  in  both  cases  too  few  for  symmetry.  In  Larkspur  (2G)  the  ^'  flowers  have  but  four 
petals;  and  in  Monk's-hood  (20),  also  ^\  the  petals  are  apparently  but  two,  strangely  de- 
formed bodies.  A  careful  inspection,  however,  generally  reveals  the  other  three,  very 
minute,  in  their  proper  places,  as  displayed  in  the  cut. 

72.  "  Organs  opposite'''  is  a  condition  mucli  less  frequent  than 
"  organs  alternate,"  but  is  highly  interesting,  as  being  sometimes 
characteristic  of  whole  families.  Thus  in  the  Primrose,  Thrift, 
and  Buckthorn  fomilies,  the  stamens  always  stand  opposite  to 
the  petals ! 

73.  How  happens  this  ?  Among  the  Primworts  this  question 
is  solved  in  the  flowers  of  Lysimachia  and  Samolus,  where  we 


Diagrams.— 22,  Flower  of  Samolus,  showing  the  rutiinientary  stamens  alternating  with  the  perfect. 
IS,  Flower  of  a  Labiate  plant,  showing  the  place  of  the  deficient  stamen.  24,  Flower  of  Asanim— three 
eepals   twelve  stamens,  etc.     25,  Flower  of  Saxifrage— two  pistils,  ten  stamens,  etc. 


2G  STEUCTUKAL  BOTANY, 

find  a  circle  of  five  teeth  (abortive  filaments)  between  the  petals 
and  stamens,  alternating  with  both  sets,  thus  restoring  the  lost 
symmetry.  Hence  we  infer  that  in  such  cases  generally  a  circle 
of  alternating  organs  has  been  either  partially  or  wholly  sup- 
pressed. In  the  Buckthorn,  however,  a  different  explanation  has 
been  given. 

74.  Redundancy.  The  mxdtiplication  of  organs  is  exceed- 
ingly common,  and  usually  according  to  a  definite  plan.  The 
increase  takes  place,  as  a  rule,  by  circles,  and  consequently  by 
7nuUiples.  That  is,  e.  (/.,  the  stamens  of  a  <y  flower,  if  increased, 
will  be  so  by  3s ;  of  a  v^  flower  by  5s,  etc. — sometimes  to  the  ex- 
tent of  twenty  such  circles. 

73.  In  the  Crowfoot  family  the  stamens  are  ahnost  always  multiplied.  The  carpels  are 
also  generally  multiplied,  yet  often,  on  the  contrary,  diminished,  as  in  the  Pseony.  In 
Rosaceoe,  also,  the  stamens  are  generally  multiplied,  while  the  carpels  exist  in  all  condi- 
tions as  to  number.  Thus  in  Strawberry  they  are  multiplied,  in  the  Apple  they  are  regu- 
larly five,  in  Agrimony  reduced  to  two,  and  in  the  Cherry  to  one.  In  Magnolia  the  ^/ 
flowers  have  three  sepals  in  one  circle,  six  or  nine  petals  in  two  or  three  circles,  numer- 
ous stamens  and  carpels  in  many  circles  of  each.  In  the  4/  flowers  or  Blood-root  there 
are  two  sepals,  eight  petals,  twenty-four  stamens,  and  two  carpels. 

76.  Chonsis.  In  other  cases  the  organs  seem  to  be  increased  in  number  by  clusters, 
rather  than  by  circles,  as  when  in  the  same  circle  several  stamens  stand  in  the  place  of 
one— e.  g.,  in  Squirrel-corn,  St.  Johuswort,  Linden.  Such  cases  aftbrd  wide  scope  for  con- 
jecture. Perhaps  each  cluster  originates  by  division,  as  the  compound  from  the  simple 
leaf;  or  as  a  tuft  of  axillary  leaves  ;  or  thirdly,  by  a  partial  union  of  organs. 

lierieiv. —fji.  How  to  study  flowers.  Five  general  modes  of  deviation  from  the  Type. 
65.  The  radical  number.  How  expressed.  Give  examples.  66.  Incomplete  flowers. 
Apetalous  flowers.  Naked  flowers.  Examples.  67.  Imperfect  flowers.  The  sterile. 
The  fertile.  Monoecious.  Dioecious.  Examples.  68.  Neutral  flowers.  69.  Unsymmet- 
rical  flowers.  70.  Case  of  the  Mustard.  Case  of  the  Mint  tribe.  71.  Case  of  the  Poppy. 
Larkspur.  72.  Organs  opposite.  7.3.  How  explained.  74.  Law  of  the  multiplication  of 
organs.    Illustrate  this  in  Pinks,  Lilies,  Syringa,  Magnolia. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

ANOMALOUS   FLOWERS CONTINUED. 

77.  A2)X>endicular  organs  consist  of  spurs,  scales,  crown, 
glands,  etc.,  and  often  afford  excellent  distinctive  marks.  The 
old  term  rectory  was  indiscriminately  applied  to  all  such  organs, 
because  some  of  them  produced  honey. 

78.  Sjmrs  are  singular  pi'ocesses  of  the  flower,  tubular  and 
projecting  from  behind  it.     In  Columbine  each  petal  is  thiis 


STUDY  OF  ANOMALOUS  FLOWEBS. 


27 


spurred ; — in  Violet,  one  petal  only ;  in  Larkspur,  two  petals  and 
a  sepal,  the  simv  of  the  latter  inclosing  that  of  the  former.  The 
curved  spur  of  the  Jewel-weed  belongs  to  a  sepal  (27,  2  8). 

79.  Scales  are  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  corolla,  usually 
upon  the  claAV  of  the  petals,  as  in  Buttercups,  or  within  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  tube,  as  in  the  Borrageworts,  Similar  ap- 
pendages, when  enlarged  and  conspicuoiis,  constitute  a  croicn  in 
Catchfly,  Corn-cockle,  Narcissus.  See  also  the  staminal  croicn 
of  the  Silk-grass  (Asclepias,  fig.  532). 


26,  Flower  of  Delphinium  Consohda  (common  Larkspur),  displaying  s,  s,  ^,  s,  s,  the  Sve  sepals — a,  the 
upper  one  spurred ;  c,  the  corolla  of  four  petals,  here  uuited  into  one  and  produced  into  a  spur.  27,  Flower 
of  Impatiens  fulva  (Touch-me-not).  28,  Displaying,?,  s,  s,  y,  the  four  sepals,  y  being  saccate  and  spurred; 
p,  p,  the  two  petals,  both  double,  preserving  the  symmetry. 


80.  Glandular  bodies  are  often  found  upon  the  receptacle  in 
the  places  of  missing  stamens  or  carpels,  or  as  abortive  organs 
of  some  kind.  Examples  are  seen  in  the  Crucifers  and  Grape. 
In  Grass-Parnassus  they  are  stalked  and  resemble  stamens. 

81.  The  union  of  organs  in  some  way  occurs  in  almost 
every  flower ;  and,  more  perhaps  than  any  other  cause,  tends  to 
disguise  its  plan  and  origin.  The  separate  pieces  which  stood 
each  as  the  repi-esentative  of  a  leaf,  now,  by  a  gradual  fusion, 
lose  themselves  in  the  common  mass,  Nevertheless,  marks  of 
this  process  are  always  discernible,  either  in  parts  yet  remaining 
free,  or  in  the  seams  wdiere  the  edges  were  conjoined.  The 
floral  organs  may  unite  by  cohesion  or  adhesion. 

82.  Cohesion,  when  the  parts  of  the  same  whorl  are  joined 


28 


STKUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


together ;  as  the  sepals  of  the  Pink,  the  petals  of  Morning-glory, 
the  stamens  of  Mallows,  the  carpels  of  Poppy.  AdJtesion,  when 
the  parts  of  different  whorls  are  conjoined ;  as  the  stamens  Avith 
the  corolla  in  Phlox,  with  the  pistils  in  Milkweed,  Lady's-slip- 
per;  or  calyx  with  ovary,  in  Apple  or  Wintergreen  (Gaultheria). 
The  adjective  free  is  used  in  a  sense  opposite  to  adhesion,  im- 
plying that  the  organ  is  inserted  on  (or  grows  out  of)  the  recep- 
tacle, and  otherwise  separated  from  any  other  kind  of  organ. 
The  adjective  distinct  is  opposed  to  cohesion,  implying  that  like 
organs  are  sepai-ate  from  each  other.  More  of  this  in  another 
chapter. 


29,  Flower  of  Acnnitum  Napellus  displayed;  j,  »,  s,  s,  s,  the  five  sepals,  the  npper  one  hooded;  p.p,p, 
the  five  petals,  of  which  the  two  upper  are  nectaries  covered  by  the  hood,  and  the  three  lower  very 
minute.  30,  Flower  of  Catalpa,  21ipped,  5-lobed.  31,  Corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  two  perfect  sta- 
mens and  the  three  rudimcntarj-. 


83.  Irregular  development.  Our  typical  flower,  it  Avill 
be  remembered,  is  regular ;  and  observation  proves  that  all 
flowers  arc  actually  alike  regular  in  the  early  bud.  Those  in- 
equalities or  "  one-sided"  forms,  therefore,  which  characterize 
certain  flowers,  are  occasioned  by  subsequent  irregular  growth 
from  a  regular  type.  The  irregularity  of  flowers  occurs  in  a 
thousand  ways  and  modes ; — in  the  unequal  size  of  like  organs ; 
in  their  dissimilar  ybrms  ^r\di  j)Ositions  /  in  their  unequal  cohe- 
sions,  and  in  their  partial  si/pjyressions.  So  in  the  Violet  (50), 
Monk's-hood  (29),  Catalpa  (30),  the  Labiates  (69),  the  Pea  tribe 
(59),  etc. 

84.  The  torus,  or  receptacle,  is  sometimes  strangely  modified. 
In  the  little  Myosurus  (32),  in  some  Buttercups,  and  in  tho 


STUDY  OF  ANOMALOUS  FLOWERS. 


29 


Tulip-tree  we  find  a  lengthened  or  spindle-shaped  torus — length- 
ened according  to  the  nature  of  a  bi'anch  (§  35),  and  all  covered 
with  the  multiplied  pistils.  On  the  contrary,  we  have  in  the 
Rose  (35)  and  Lady's-mantle  (38),  an  excavated  torus,  within 
which  the  carpels  are  held,  while  the  other  organs  are  borne 
upon  its  elevated  rim. 


32,  Flower  (magnified)  of  Myosurus;  a  vertical  section  showing  its  elongated  torus,  etc.  33,  The 
same,  natural  size.  34,  Flower  of  Isopyrum  bitematum;  vertical  section,  showing  tlie  convex  orglubu- 
lar  torus,  etc.     35,  Flower  of  Rose,  showing  its  excavated  torus. 

85.  The  disk  is  a  portion  of  the  receptacle  raised  into  a  rim 
somewhere  in  the  midst  of  the  whorls.  It  is  found  between  the 
ovary  and  stamens  in  PjBony  and  Buckthorn.  It  bears  the  sta- 
mens in  Maj)le  and  Mignonette,  and  crowns  the  ovary  in  the 
Umbellifcrse. 


36,  Paeonia  Moutan,  showing  its  verv  larg 
rith  its  base  surrounded  by  the  disk,  'd  "" 
istil,  large  disk,  and  excavated  torus. 


disk  (if)  sheathing  the 


86.  Combined  deviations  are  quite  freqtient,  and  sometimes  obscure  the  typical  charac- 
ter of  the  flower  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require  close  observation  in  tracing  it  out.  The 
«ttidy  of  such  cases  is  full  of  both  amusement  and  improvement.    For  example,  the  ^ 


30 


STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


Poppy  has  suppression  in  the  calyx,  multiplication  in  the  stamens  and  carpe  s,  and  in 
the  latter  cohesion  also.  The  ^  Sage  has  cohesion  and  irregularity  in  the  calyx,  every 
kind  of  irregularity  in  the  corolla,  suppression  and  irregularity  in  the  stamens,  suppres- 
sion and  cohesion  in  the  pistils.  The  ^  Cypripedium  is  perfectly  symmetrical,  yet  has 
irregular  cohesion  in  the  calyx,  great  inequality  in  the  petals,  cohesion,  adhesion,  and 
metamorphosis  in  the  stamens,  and  cohesion  in  the  carpels. 

(In  this  way  let  the  papil  analyze  the  deviations  in  the  flower  of  Geranium,  Hollyhock, 
Moth-mullein,  Larkspur,  Sweetbrier,  Touch-me-not,  Petunia,  Snapdragon,  Violet,  Poly- 
gala,  Squirrel-corn,  Orchis,  Henbit,  Monk's-hood,  Calceolaria,  etc.) 

Review. — 77.  Mention  some  appendicular  organs.  78.  Wliat  are  spurs  in  Larkspur, 
etc.  ?  79.  Scales  in  Buttercups,  etc.  ?  Explain  the  cuts  20-28.— The  crown  in  Narcissus, 
etc.— In  Aselepias.  bO.  Appendages  in  Grass-Parnassus.  81.  Remarks  on  the  union  of 
organs.  How  detected?  82.  Distinguish  between  cohesion  and  adhesion. — Between 
free  and  distinct.  83.  What  of  flowers  in  the  early  bud  ?  Whence  irregularity  ?  Certain 
modes  of  irrtJgularity  mentioned.  Examples.  84.  Two  singular  modifications  of  the 
torus.  Explain  cuts  32-35.  85.  What  is  the  disk  ?— figs.  36-38.  86.  Trace  the  combined 
deviations  in  Poppy.— In  Cypripedium.— In  any  flower  at  hand. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    FLOP.AL    ENVELOPES,    OK    PERIANTH. 

87.  In  our  idea  of  the  ty^^ical  flower,  the  perianth  consists  of 
two  whorls  of  exijanded  floral  leaves  encircling  and  protecting 
the  more  delicate  essential  organs  in  their  midst.  As  a  rule,  the 
outer  circle,  calyx,  is  green  and  far  less  conspicuous  than  the 
inner  circle  of  highly  colored  leaves — the  corolla.  But  there  are 
many  excej^tions  to  this  rule.  Strictly  speaking,  the  calyx  and 
corolla  are  in  no  way  distinguishable  except  by  position.  The 
outer  circle  is  the  calyx,  whatever  be  its  form  or  color ;  and  the 
inner,  if  there  be  more  than  one,  is  the  corolla. 


Forms  o/ pe(a?«.— 39,  Buttercup,  showing  the  scale  at  base.  40,  Mignonette,  fringed  at  top.  tl,  Si- 
lene  stellata.  fringed  and  unguiculate.  42,  Flower  of  Osmorliiza  longistylis,  petals  inflected,  ii,  V  lower 
of  Mitella  diphylla,  petals  pectinate-pinnatlfid.    44,  Petal  of  Ccriistium  nutans.  2-clott. 


THE  FLORAL  ENYELOPES.  31 

88.  Both  blade  and  petiole  are  distinguishable  in  the  floral 
leaves,  especially  in  the  petals.  The  blade,  or  expanded  part,  is 
here  called  limb,  or  lamina ;  the  petiolar  part,  when  narrowed 
into  a  stalk,  is  called  the  claw.  In  form,  or  outline,  there  is  a 
general  resemblance  between  the  limb  and  the  leaf.  It  is  ovate, 
oval,  lanceolate,  obcordate,  orbicular,  etc.  In  margin  it  is  gen- 
erally entire.     (See  §  308.) 

89.  Some  peculiar  forms,  however,  should  be  noticed,  as  the 
bilobate  petal  of  the  Chickweed  (44),  the  pinnatifid  petal  of 
Miterwort  (43),  the  inflected  petal  of  the  Umbelliferte  (42),  the 
fan-shaped  petal  of  Pink,  the  fringed  (fimbriate)  petal  of  Cam- 
pion (Silene  stellata)  (40),  the  hooded  sepal  of  ISTapellus  (29), 
the  saccate  petal  of  Calceolaria,  Cypripedium  (71).  The  limb 
is,  moreover,  often  distorted  into  a  true  nectary,  spurred,  as 
already  shown  (§  78),  or  otherwise  deformed,  as  in  N'apellus, 
Coptis,  etc. 

90.  We  have  seen  that  the  floral  organs  are  often  in  A'arious 
ways  united.  Considering  their  crowded  state  in  the  flower,  we 
rather  wonder  that  they  do  not  always  coalesce  in  their  growth. 
The  calyx  with  united  sepals  was  called  by  the  early  botanists 
monoscjyalous ;  the  corolla  with  united  jietals  was  called  mono- 
2)etalous  (ixo'voj,  one — from  the  false  idea  that  such  an  organ  con- 
sisted of  a  single  piece  or  leaf!)  Opposed  to  these  terms  vv'ere 
l)olypetalous  ("ToXi;?,  many),  petals  distinct;  and  polysepalous^ 
sepals  distinct. 

91.  The  monosepalous  calyx,  or  monopetalous  corolla,  although 
thus  compounded  of  several  pieces,  is  usually  described  as  a  sim- 
ple organ,  wheel-shaped,  cup-shaj^ed,  tubular,  according  to  the 
degree  of  cohesion.  The  lower  part  of  it,  formed  by  the  united 
claws,  whether  long  or  short,  is  the  tiibe ;  the  upper  part,  com- 
posed of  the  confluent  laminae,  is  the  border,  or  limb ;  the 
ojjening  of  the  tube  above  is  the  throat. 

92.  The  border  is  either  lobed,  toothed,  crenate,  etc.,  by  the 
distinct  ends  of  the  pieces  composing  it,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Pink, 
the  calyx  and  corolla  of  Primula,  Phlox,  and  Bellwort,  or  it  may 
become,  by  a  complete  lateral  cohesion,  entire,  as  in  the  Morning- 
glory.  Here  the  compound  nature  of  the  organ  is  shown  by  the 
seams  alone. 


32 


STEUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


93.  A  terminal  cohesion,  where  summit  as  well  as  sides  are 
joined,  forming  a  ca}?  rather  than  cup,  rarely  occurs,  as  in  the 
calyx  of  the  garden  Escholtzia  and  the  corolla  of  the  Grape. 


45,  Flower  of  Saponaria  (Bouncing  BeO;  petals  and  claws  quite  distinct.  46,  Phlox;  claws  united, 
with  lamina  distinct.  47,  Spigelia  (Pink-root),  petals  still  further  united.  48,  Quamoclit  cocclnea; 
petals  united  throughout. 

94.  The  modes  of  adhesion  are  various  and  important,  fur- 
nishing some  of  the  most  valuable  distinctive  characters.  An 
organ  is  said  to  be  adherent  when  it  is  conjoined  with  some  dis- 
similar organ,  as  stamen  Avith  pistil.  All  the  organs  of  our 
typical  flower  are  described  as/ree. 


95.  The  term  hypogynous  (u-n-w,  under,  yuvi'i,  the  pistil)  is  an 
adjective  in  frequent  use,  denoting  that  the  organs  are  inserted 
into  the  torus  wilder^  or  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  or  pistil.  Or- 
gans so  situated  are,  of  course,  in  the  normal  condition  and  free^ 
there  being  no  adhesions.  Observe  and  explain  the  sections  of 
Jeficrsonia  and  Yiolet  (49,  50). 


THE   FLORAL  ENVELOPES. 


33 


96.  Perigynous  {-ks^I^  around)  is  a  term  applicable  to  the 
stamens  and  petals  only, 
and  implies  that  they  are 
(apparently)  inserted  on  the 
calyx  or  corolla  around  the 
free  ovary.  In  Phlox,  the 
stamens  are  perigynous  on 
the  corolla-tube.  In  Cher- 
ry and  Plum,  the  petals 
and  stamens  are  perigynous 

on    the    calyx-tube.       (See  H  gj 

51.) 

97.  Epigynoxis  (sifi,  upon)  denotes  that  the  organs  are  in- 
serted (apparently)  r</)o?i  the  ovary,  as  appears  in  Apple,  Pear, 
Caraway,  Sunflower.  (See  cuts  42,  51.)  The  common  phrases 
"  calyx  superior,"  "  ovary  inferior,"  have  the  same  signification 
as  "  calyx  epigynous,"  all  implying  the  apparent  insertion  of  the 
organs  upon  or  above   the   ovary.     In  this   condition  all  the 


Ribes  aurenm  and  (54)  Fuchsia  gracialis;  ovary  inferior  or  adiiereut,  stamens  and  petals  epigynoM 
(afrore  tlie  n(i/ieren<  ovary).    53,   Saxifraga  Virginiensis;  ovary  half-superior. 


organs,  or  at  least  the  calyx,  are  blended  with  the  ovary  to  its 
top.  Hence  the  phrases  "  ovary  adherent,"  or  "  calyx  adherent," 
have  also  the  same  meaning,  and  are  preferable,  because  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  fact.  (Explain  the  sections  of  Golden  Cur- 
rant and  Eai--drop— 52,  54.) 

2* 


34 


STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


98.  Calyx  inferior  or  free,  ovary  superior  or  free,  are  all 
phrases  of  the  same  import  as  calyx  hypogynous.  Between  the 
two  conditions,  calyx  superior  and  calyx  inferior,  there  are  nu- 
merous gradations,  of  which  one  only  is  defined,  to  wit,  calyx  half- 
superior,  as  exemplified  in  the  Mock-orange  and  Saxifrage  (53). 

Ueview. — 87.  The  type  once  more.  State  the  only  trne  distiEction  hetiveen  calyx  and 
corolla.  88.  What  part  in  the  floral  leaves  corresponds  to  blade  ?  What  part  to  petiole  ? 
General  forms.  89.  Several  peculiar  forms  mentioned.  90.  Why  should  the  floral  organs 
be  united  ?  What  absurdity  iu  the  word  monosepalmis.  etc.  ?  The  opposite  terms. 
01.  What  the  tube?— the  limb?  92.  Varieties  iu  the  degree  of  cohesion  (figs.  45^8). 
93.  How  in  Grape,  etc.?  94.  Define  adherent.  95.  Use  of  the  word  hypogynous?  96. 
Perigynous?  97.  Epigynoiis  ?  Two  equivalent  phrases.  98.  Calyx  half-superior.  Ex- 
plain figs.  49-54. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

FORMS    OF   THE    PERIANTH. 

99.  The  innumerable  forms  of  the  perianth,  whether  calyx  or 
corolla,  or  both,  are  first  to  be  distinguished  as  polypetalous 
or  GAMOPETALOUS,  and  secondly,  as  regular  or  irregular.  The 
POLTPETALOUS-re^?<for  forms  may  be  refeiTcd  to  the  four  types 
represented  in  the  drawings  below,  and  described  as  follows. 


FoTTna  of  corollas.— f&,  Cheiranthua  (Stock).    56,  Silene  regia  (Scarlet  Catchfly).    57,  Pyrus  coronaria. 
58,  Amaryllis  (Atamasco  Lilyj. 

100.  First,  Cruciform  {critcis,  of  a  cross)  or  cross-shaped 
corollas  consist  of  four  long-clawed  petals,  placed  at  right  angles 
to  each  other,  as  in  Mustard,  Wall-flower  (55).     2d,  Caryophyl- 


FORMS  OF  THE  PERIANTH. 


laceous  or  pink-like  corollas  consist  of  five  petals  with  long,  erect 
claws,  and  spreading  lamince;  as  in  the  Pink  (56),  3d,  Jiosa- 
ceous  or  rose-like  corollas  are  composed  of  five  short-clawed  open 
petals;  as  in  the  Rose  (fig.  57).  4th,  Liliaceous  flowers,  like 
the  Lilies,  consist  of  a  six-leaved  perianth ;  each  leaf  gradually 
sj^reading  so  as  to  resemble,  as  a  whole,  the  funnel-form  (58). 

101.  Polypetalous-irregular  forms  (59,  71)  may  generally 
be  referred  to  these  two  types — the  papilionaceous  and  the  or- 
chidaceous. The  Papilionaceous  i^papilio^  butterfly)  corolla  or 
flower  may  consist  of  five  dissimilar  petals,  designated  thus  :  the 
upper,  largest,  and  exterior  petal  is  the  banner  {yexilluni) ;  the 
two  lateral,  half-exterior,  are  the  wings  {alee) ;  the  two  lower, 
interior  petals,  often  united  at  their  lower  margin,  are  the  keel 
{carina).  The  flowers  of  the  Pea,  Locust,  Clovei-,  and  of  the 
.great  family  of  the  Leguminosaa  in  general  are  examples.  The 
Orchidaceous  is  a  form  of  the  perianth  peculiar  to  the  Orchis, 
and  to  that  large  and  singular  tribe  in  general.  It  is  a  G-parted 
double  perianth,  very  irregular,  characterized  chiefly  by  its  lip^ 
which  is  the  upper  petal  (lower  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary) 
enlarged  and  variously  deformed. 

61 


102.  Gamopetalous-regular  perianths  (62-67)  may  in- 
clude mainly  the  following  forms,  although  some  of  them  may 
become  irregular.  First,  Botate,  wheel-shaped,  or  star-shaped, 
is  a  form  with  tube  very  short,  if  any,  and  a  flat,  spreading  bor- 
der ;  as  the  calyx  of  Chickweed,  corolla  of  Trientalis,  Elder.  It 
is  sometimes  a  little  irregular,  as  in  Mullein.  2d,  Cup-shaped, 
with  pieces  cohering  into  a  concave  border,  as  in  the  calyx  of 


36 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


Mallows,  corolla  of  Kalmia,  etc.  3d,  Campanulate,  or  bell- 
shaped  ;  when  the  tube  widens  abruptly  at  base  and  gradually 
in  the  border,  as  in  the  Harebell,  Canterbury-bell.  4th,  Urceo- 
late,  urn-shaped ;  an  oblong  or  globular  corolla  with  a  narrow 
opening,  as  the  Whortleberry,  Heath.  5th,  Funnel-form  (in- 
fundibuliform),  narrow-tubular  below,  gradually  enlarging  to 
the  border,  as  Morning-glory.  6th,  Salver-form  (hypocrateri- 
form),  the  tube  ending  abruptly  in  a  horizontal  border,  as  in 
Phlox,  Petunia,  both  of  which  are  slightly  irregular.  7th,  Tubu- 
lar, a  cylindraceous  form  spi'eading  little  or  none  at  the  border ; 
as  the  calyx  of  the  Pink,  corolla  of  the  Honeysuckle.  It  is  often 
a  little  curved.  Tubular  flowers  are  common  in  the  Compositae, 
as  the  Thistle,  Sunflower,  when  they  are  often  associated  with 
the  next  form,  the  Ugulate. 


Fonnx  of  corollns.— 62,  Campanula  Americana;  rotate.    C3,  Campanula  divaricata.     64,  Andromeda; 
nrceolate.    65,  Convolvulus  (Morning-glory).    66,  Petunia.    67,   Lonicera  senipervirons  (Honeysuckle). 

68,  Dandelion:   ligiilate  corolla  (r),  5-toothed;   a,  five  anthers  united  into  a  tube  around  x,  the  style. 

69,  Synandra  grandiflora,  ringent,  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed.     70,  Linaria  (yellow  Snapdragon), 
personate.    71,  Cypripedium  acaule,  orchidaceous. 


103.  Gamopetalous-irregular  perianths  may  be  either  Ug- 
ulate or  labiate.  The  Ligulate  corolla  {ligula,  tongue)  is  formed 
as  if  by  sj^litting  a  tubular  corolla  on  one  side.  The  notches  at 
the. end  plainly  indicate  the  number  of  united  petals  composing 


FOIIMS   OF  THE   PERIANTH. 


37 


it,  as  also  do  the  parallel  longitudinal  seams.  (See  figs.  68,  69.) 
The  labiate,  bilabiate  or  lip-shaped,  resembling  the  mouth  of 
some  animal,  is  a  very  common  form,  resulting  from  the  unequal 
union  of  the  parts,  accompanied  with  other  irregularities.  In 
the  labiate  corolla  three  petals  unite  more  or  less  to  form  the 
lower  lip,  and  two  to  form  the  upper.  In  the  calyx,  Avhen  bila- 
biate, this  rule  is  reversed,  according  to  the  law  of  alternation 
of  organs ;  two  sepals  are  united  in  the  lower  lip  and  three  in 
the  upper,  as  seen  in  the  Sage  and  the  Labiate  Order  generally. 
Labiate  flowers  are  said  to  be  galeate  or  helmeted  when  the 
upper  lip  is  concave,  as  in  Catmint ;  ringent  or  gaping  when  the 
throat  or  mouth  is  wide  open  (69) ;  personate  or  masked  when 
the  thrqat  is  closed  as  with  Vi  j^cdate,  like  the  Snapdragon  (70). 

104.  Certain  reduced  forms  of  the  perianth  should  be  noticed 
in  this  place.  The  Pappus  (irofTr^roff,  grandfather,  alluding  to  his 
gray  hairs)  is  the  hair-like  calyx  of  the  florets  of  the  Compositse, 
and  other  kindred  Orders,  The  florets  of  this  Order  are  col- 
lected into  heads  so  compactly  that  the  calyxes  have  not  room 
for  expansion  in  the  ordinary  way.  The  pappus  is  commonly 
persistent,  and  often  increases  as  the  fruit  matures,  forming  a 
feathery  sail  to  waft  away  the  seed  through  the  air,  as  in  the 
Dandelion  and  Thistle.  It  varies  greatly  in  form  and  size,  as 
seen  in  the  cuts ;  sometimes  consisting  of  scales,  sometimes  of 
hairs,  again  of  feathers  or  bristles.  Sometimes  it  is  mounted 
on  a  stipe,  which  is  the  beak  of  the  fruit. 


Cypsela  {incorrectly  called  aclienium)  of  the  Compositfe,  with  various  forms  of  pappus.  72,  Eclipta 
procumbens.  no  pappus.  73,  Ambrosia  trifida.  74,  Helianthus  grosse-serratus,  pappus  2-awned.  7.5, 
Ageratum  conizoides,  pappus  of  five  scales.  76,  Mulgedium,  capillary  pappus— cypsela  slightly  ros- 
trate.   77,  Lactuca  elongata,  rostrate  cypsela. 


105.  Again:  the  calyx,  or  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  is  reduced  to 
a  mere  rim,  as  seen  in  the  Umbelliferte.  In  the  Amentaceous 
Orders,  the  whole  perianth  diminishes  to  a  shallow  cup,  as  in 


38 


STEUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


the  Poplar  and  Willow,  or  altogether  disaj^pears,  as  in  the  Birch, 
Ash,  and  Lizard-tail  (15,  Ifi). 

106.  Setse,  meaning  bristles  in  general,  is  a  term  specifically 
used  to  denote  the  reduced  perianth  of  the  sedges.  In  the  Bog- 
rush  (Scirpus)  there  is,  outside  the  stamens,  a  circle  of  six  setoe, 
representing  a  6-leaved  perianth  (78).  In  the  Cotton-grass 
(Eriphorum)  the  seta3  are  multiplied  and  persistent  on  the  fruit, 
becoming  long  and  cotton-like. 

107.  Ferigynium  is  the  name  given  to  the  urceolate  perianth 
of  Carex,  investing  the  ovary  but 
allowing  the  style  to  issue  at  its  sum- 
mit. It  is  composed  of  two  united 
sejDals,  as  indicated  by  the  two  teeth 
at  the  top  (79). 

108.  Glumes  and  pales  repre- 
sent the  floral  envelopes,  or  rather 
the  involucre  of  the  Grasses  (436). 
Their  alternating  arrangement  clearly 
distinguishes  them  from  a  perianth. 

109.  The  duration  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla  varies  widely,  and  is 
marked  by  certain  general  terms. 
It  is  caducous  when  it  falls  off  im- 
mediately, as  the  calyx  of  Poppy, 
corolla  of  Grape ;  deciduous  when  it  falls  with  the  stamens,  as 
in  most  plants  ;  and  persistejit,  if  it  remain  until  the  fruit  ripens, 
as  the  calyx  of  Apple.  If  it  continue  to  grow  after  flowering,  it 
is  accrescent ;  and  if  it  wither  Avithout  falling  off,  it  is  marescent. 

Review.— ^9.  Primary  distinctions  in  the  forms  of  the  perianth.  100.  Four  forms  of 
polypetalous-regular  perianths.  To  which  belongs  Stock?  Pink?  Apple?  Lily?  101. 
Two  forms  of  polypetalous-irregular— describe.  Explain  flgs.  59-61.  102.  Name  the 
seven  forms  of  gamopetalous-regular.  To  which  belongs  fig.  G'2  ?  63  ?  64  ?  6.5  ?  etc.  The 
flowers  of  Elder?  Kalmia?  Harebell?  103.  Describe  the  gamopetalous-irregular  forms, 
etc.  104.  What  is  pappus  ?  Describe  the  figures  72-77.  106.  Perianth  of  Bog-rush— 107. 
Of  Carex— 108.  Of  Grasses.  Point  out  the  glumes— The  pales.  109.  Define  caducous- 
Deciduous — Accrescent — Marescent. 


78,  Flower  of  Scirpus  lacustris,  ma^i- 
fied;  consisting  of  si.x  setit,  three  stamens, 
three  pistils  united,  except  the  stigmas. 
79,  Flower  of  Carex  rivularis  $  ,  with  17, 
its  glume,  jj,  its  bottle-shaped  peri^nium, 
2-toothed  at  top,  enveloping  the  tripla 
ovary;  stigmas,  three. 


THE  ESSENTIAL   ORGANS. 


39 


CHAPTER   VII. 

OF    THE    ESSENTIAL    ORGANS. THE    STAMEXS. 

110.  Within  the  safe  inclosure  of  the  floral  envelopes  stand 
the  essential  organs— the  stamens  and  iDistils— clearly  distingnish- 
able  from  the  perianth  by  their  more  slight  and  delicate  forms, 
and  from  each  other  by  various  marks.  In  the  complete  flower 
the  AXDRCECiuM  next  succeeds  the  corolla  in  the  order  of  position, 
being  the  third  set,  counting  from  the  calyx. 

111.  A  perfect  stamen  consists  of  two  parts — the  ^filament, 
corresponding  with  the  petiole  of  the  typical  leaf;  and  the  anther, 
answering  to  the  blade.  Within  the  cells  of  the  anther  the  pollen 
is  produced,  a  substance  essential  to  the  fertility  of  the  flower. 
Hence  the  anther  alone  is. the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 


80,  Andrcecitim  and  gynoecium  of  Frankenia  (after  Peyer).  81,  Stamen  (adiiate)  of  Mornins?-gIory. 
82,  Same  enlarged,  with  pollen  grains  discharged;  /,  filament;  a,  a,  anther,  2-lobed;  c,  top  of  the  con- 
nectile.  83,  Rannnoihis.  81,  Same,  cut  transversely.  85,  Iris,  cut  transversely  (extrorse).  86,  Ama- 
ryllis, versatile.    87,  Larkspur,  innate.    88,  Same,  cut. 

112.  The  filament  {filum,  a  thread)  is  the  stalk  supporting 
the  anther  at  or  near  its  top.  It  is  ordinarily  slender,  yet  sus- 
taining itself  with  the  anther  in  position.  Sometimes  it  is  capil- 
lary, and  pendulous  with  its  weight,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

113.  The  anther  is  regularly  an  oblong  body  at  the  summit 
of  the  filament,  composed  of  two  hollow  parallel  lobes  joined  to 
each  other  and  to  the  filament  by  the  connectile.  In  front  of 
the  connectile,  looking  toward  the  pistil,  there  is  usually  a  fur- 


40 


STKUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


row ;  on  its  back  a  ridge,  and  on  the  face  of  each  lobe  a  seam, 
the  usual  place  of  dehiscence  or  opening,  all  running  parallel 
with  the  filament  and  connectile. 

114.  The  stamen,  as  thus  described,  may  be  considered  regular  or  typical  in  form,  and 
is  well  exemplified  in  that  of  the  Buttercup  (fig.  83).  But  the  variations  of  structure  are 
as  remarkable  here  as  in  other  organs,  depending  on  such  circumstances  as,  1st,  the  at- 
tachment of  filament  to  anther.  This  may  occur  in  three  ways.  The  anther  is  said  to  be 
innate  when  it  stands  centrally  erect  on  the  top  of  the  filament ;  adnate  when  it  seems 
attached  to  one  side  of  the  filament ;  versatile  Avhen  connected  to  the  top  of  the  filament 
by  a  single  point  in  the  back.  2d,  The  modes  of  Dehiscence  or  opening,  are  also  three— 
viz.,  valvular,  where  the  seam  opens  vertically  its  whole  length,  which  is  the  usual  way ; 
porous,  where  the  cells  open  by  a  chink  or  pore,  usually  at  the  top,  as  in  Rhododendron 
and  Potato ;  opercular,  when  by  a  lid  opening  upward,  as  in  Sassafras,  Berberis  (92).  3d, 
The  facing  of  the  anther  is  also  an  important  character.  It  is  introrse  when  the  lines  of 
dehiscence  look  toward  the  pistil,  as  in  Violet ;  exfrorse  when  they  look  outward  toward 
the  corolla,  as  in  Iris.  4th,  The  connectile  is  usually  a  mere  prolongation  of  the  filament, 
terminating,  not  at  the  base,  but  at  the  top  of  the  anther.  If  it  fall  short,  the  anther  will 
be  emarginate.  Sometimes  it  outruns  the  anther,  and  tips  it  with  a  terminal  appendage 
of  some  sort,  as  in  Violet,  Oleander,  and  Paris.  Again,  its  base  may  be  dilated  into  spurs, 
as  in  two  of  the  stamens  of  Violet.  5th,  If  the  connectile  be  laterally  dilated,  as  we  see 
gradually  done  in  the  various  species  of  the  Labiate  Order,  the  lobes  of  the  anther  will 
be  separated,  forming  two  dimidiate  (halved)  anthers  on  one  filament,  as  in  Sage  and  Bru- 
nella.    Such  are,  of  course,  1-celled  (96). 

P 


Peculiar  fdrmK  <)/ stamens.— S9,  Pyrola  rotundifolia;  /),  dehiscence  by  pores  at  top.  99,  Vaccinium 
uligiiiosuiii;  p,  deliiscence.  91,  Berberis  aquifolium,  antliers  opening  (92)  by  valves  upward.  93,  An- 
ther of  Violet,  introrse,  with  an  appendage  at  top.  9i,  Oleander,  sagittate,  appendaged.  95,  Catalpa, 
lobes  of  autlicr  separated.  96,  Sage,  lobes  of  anther  widely  separated,  on  stipes;  /-,  barren  lobe  without 
pollen.    97,  Malva,  anther  1-celled.    98,  Ephedra  (after  Peyer),  anther  4-celled. 

115.  The  cells  of  the  anthers  are  at  first  commonly  Ibui-,  all 
parallel,  becoming  two  only  at  maturity.  In  some  plants  the 
four  are  retained,  as  in  the  anthers  of  Ephedra  (98).  In  others, 
as  Mallows,  all  the  cells  coalesce  into  one  (97). 

no.  Appendages  of  many  kinds  distinguish  the  stamens  of  difl'ereut  species.  In  the 
Ericaccie  there  are  horns,  spurs,  tails,  queues,  etc.  In  Onions  and  Garlic,  the  filament  is 
2  or  3  forked,  bearing  the  anther  on  one  of  the  tips.  Sometimes  a  pair  of  appendages 
appear  at  base,  as  if  stipulate.  It  is  often  conspicuously  clothed  with  hairs,  as  in  Trades- 
cantia.    (See  89-94,        .) 

117.  Staminodia,  or  sterile  filaments  with  abortive  anthers  or  none,  occur  singly  in 
many  of  the  Figworts  and  Labiates,  or  in  entire  whorls  next  within  the  petals,  alternat- 
ing with  them,  as  in  Loose-strife.  The  curious  fringes  of  the  Passion-flower  are  regarded 
as  composed  of  staminodia  (113). 


THE   ESSENTIAL  OEGANS. 


41 


118.  The  number  of  the  stamens  is  said  to  be  definite  when 
not  exceeding  twenty,  as  is  sometimes  definitely  expressed  by 
snch  terms  as  follow,  compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals — 
viz.,  monandrous^  having  one  stamen  to  each  flower;  dlandroiis, 
Avith  two  stamens ;  pentandrous,  with  five  stamens.  If  the  num- 
ber exceeds  twenty,  it  is  said  to  be  indefinite  (denoted  thus,  OO  ) 
or  x>olyandroxis. 


Essential  organa.— 99,  Rhododendron,  five  stamens  (■<;),  one  pistil  (p),  oblique  or  slightly  irregular.  100, 
Flower  of  i4!sculus  (Buckeye),  regular,  5-toothed  calyx  (c),  very  irregular  4  petalled  corolla,  seven  stamens 
unequal,  one  style  (i).    101,  Flower  of  Hydrastis ;  s,  sepals  deciduous. 

119.  The  position  or  insertion  of  the  stamens  (§  55  )  may 
be  more  definitely  stated  here  as  hyi^ogynous,  on  the  receptacle 
below  the  ovaries;  perigynous,  on  the  calyx  around  the  ovary; 


102,  Stamens  (diadelplious)  of  a  Leguminous  plant.     103,  Stamens  fsyngenesions)  of  a  Co 
filaments  distinct;  a,  anthers  united;  s,  stigmas  revolute,  etc.     101,  Tetradvnamou 
cifer.    105,  Gynandrous  column  of  Cypripediura;  o,  ovary;  r,  torus;  »,  steri"le  stamen; 
c,  stigma.     103,   Didynamous  stamens  of  Lophosperm\im. 


epipetcdous^  on  the  corolla,  as  in  Phlox ;  eplgynous^  on  the  ovary 
at  its  summit,  and  gynandrous  (/uv^),  pistil,  av(5'p£^,  stamens)  on 
the  pistil,  that  is,  when  the  stamens  are  adherent  to  the  style,  as 


42 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


in  Orchis.  Inequality  in  length  is  definitely  marked  in  two 
cases,  as  tetradynamous  (rsrpac:,  four,  (Jjva^i.c,  power)  Avhen  the  sta- 
mens are  six,  whereof  four  are  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in 
all  the  Crucifers ;  didynamoxis^  where  the  stamens  are  four,  two 
of  them  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  all  the  Labiates  (104, 106). 
120.  Cohesion  is  as  frequent  with  stamens  as  with  petals. 
They  are  monaddphous  (dtJsXcpo'jr,  a  brother)  Avhen  they  are  all 
united,  as  in  Mallow,  into  one  set  or  brotherhood  by  the  fila- 
ments ;  diadelplious  in  two  sets,  whether  equal  or  unequal,  as  in 
Pea,  Squirrel-corn;  polyadelphous,  many  sets,  as  in  St.  Johus- 
wort ;  and  synyenesious,  when  they  are  united  by  their  anthers, 
as  in  the  Composita?.  Finally,  the  absence  of  the  stamens  alto- 
gether, Avhether  by  abortion,  as  in  the  $  flowers  of  Veratrum, 
or  by  suppression,  as  in  Oak,  occurs  in  various  modes,  render- 
ing the  plant  moncEcious  (§),  dioecious  (5  ?),  or  polygamous 
(3  ^  ?),  as  already  explained  (§  67). 


121.  The  pollen  is  in  appearance  a  small,  yellow  dust,  con- 
tained in  the  cells  of  the  anther.  When  viewed  with  the  mi- 
croscope it  appears  as  grains  of  various  forms,  usually  spheroidal 
or  oval,  sometimes  triangular  or  polyhedral,  but  always  of  the 
same  foi-m  and  appearance  in  the  same  species.  Externally  they 
are  curiously,  and  often  elegantly  figured  with  stripes,  bands, 
dots,  cliecks,  etc.  Each  grain  of  pollen  is  a  membranous  cell  or 
sack  containing  a  fluid.  Its  coat  is  double — the  outer  is  more 
thi(;k  and  firm,  exhibitins;  one  or  more  breaks  where  the  inner 


THE   ESSENTL\L   ORG.INS. 


43 


coat,  which  is  very  thin  and  expansible,  is  uncovered.  In  the 
fluid  are  suspended 
molecules  of  incon- 
ceivable minuteness, 
said  to  possess  a  trem- 
ulous motion.  When 
the  membrane  is  ex- 
posed to  moistui-e,  it 
swells  and  bursts, 
discharging  its  con- 
tents. 

122.  In  the  Orchids 
and  Silkweed  tribe, 
the  pollen  grains  do 
not  separate  as  into  a 
dust  or  powder,  but 
all  cohere  into  masses 
called  POLLixiA,  accompanied  by  a  viscid  fluid. 

J?eview.—no.  Position  of  the  stamens.  111.  Members,  compared  with  a  leaf.  Pollen. 
The  lilameut.  11.3.  The  anther.  Oonnectile.  Dehiscence.  In  82,  point  ont  these 
parts.  114.  How  the  anther  is  attached  to  the  filament— 3  modes.  Of  dehiscence— 3 
modes.  Define  "anther  introrse"— "Anther  extrorse."  What  flarures  illustrate?  What 
are  dimidiate  anthers?  115.  The  cells  in  resrard  to  number.  Mention  some  appendages. 
What  are  staminodia?  118.  Define  the  terras  definite  and  indefinite,  as  applied  to  the 
stamens.  Define  the  terms  relating  to  position— To  inequalitj'  in  length.  120.  Four 
terms  relating  to  cohesion.  Three  terms  expressing  absence.  The  pollen  as  seen  under 
the  microscope.    Structure.    Pollinia. 


112,  Section  of  the  Passion-flower  (Passiflora  coerulea) ;  b.  bracts 
of  the  involucre;  s,  sepals;  p.  petals;  n,  a,  staminodia  or  sterile 
filaments;  c,  stipe;  o,  ovary;  d,  stamens;  t,  stigmas. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


or    THE    ESSENTIAL    ORGANS. THE    PISTILS. 


123.  The  GyncBcium  occupies  the  centre  of  the  flower,  at 
the  termination  of  the  axis.  It  consists  regularly  of  a  circle  of 
distinct  pistils  (§  60),  symmetrical  in  number  with  the  other 
circles.  It  is  subject  to  great  variation.  The  pistil  may  oe  dis- 
tinct and  simj^le,  as  in  Columbine,  or  coherent  in  vai-ious  degrees 
into  a  coinpoiind  body,  as  in  St.  Johnswort.  Also  instead  of 
being  free  and  superior,  as  it  regularly  should  be,  it  may  adhere 
to  the  other  circles,  as  already  explained    (§  97),   and  become 


44 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


inferior ;  that  is,  apparently  placed  below  the  flower,  as  in  the 
Currant  (52). 

124.  The  number  of  the  pistils  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
radical  of  the  flower.  They  may  be  increased  by  multiples, 
becoming  a  spiral  on  a  lengthened  receptacle,  as  in  Tulip-tree, 
or  still  remaining  a  circle,  as  in  Poppy.  On  the  other  hand,  they 
may  be  reduced  in  number  often  to  one,  as  in  Cherry  and  Pea. 
Certain  tei'ms  are  employed  to  denote  the  number  of  pistils  in 
the  flower,  such  as  nionogynous,  with  one  pistil ;  trigynous,  with 
three ;  polygynous^  with  many,  etc. 

125.  The  simple  pistil  may  usually  be  known  from  the 
compound,  by  its  one-sided  forms — having  two  sides  similar  and 

two  dissimilar.  If  the  pistils  appear  distinct,  they  are 
all  simple,  never  being  united  into  more  than  one  set, 
as  the  stamens  often  are.  The  parts  of  a  simple  pistil 
are  three — the  ovary  (o,  113)  at  base,  the  stigma  (s) 
at  the  summit,  and  the  style  (sty)  intervening.     Like 


S^J^ 


the  filament,  the  style  is  not  essential ;  and  when  it  is  Avanting, 
the  stigma  is  sessile  upon  the  ovary,  as  in  Anemone  (116).  In 
order  to  understand  the  relation  of  these  parts,  we  must  needs 
first  study — 

126.  The  morphology  of  the  pistil.  As  before  stated, 
the  pistil  consists  of  a  modified  leaf  called  a  cai'pel  [xap-rrhg, 
fruit),  or  carpellary  leaf  This  leaf  is  folded  together  toward 
the  axis,  so  that  the  upper  surface  becomes  the  inner,  while  the 


THE   ESSENTIAL   ORGANS. 


45 


loAver  becomes  the  outer  surface  of  the  ovary.  By  this  arrange- 
ment two  sutures  or  seams  will  be  formed — the  dorsal,  at  the 
back,  by  the  midvein ;  the  ventral,  in  front,  by  the  joined  mar- 
gins of  the  leaf  This  view  of  the  pistil  is  remarkably  confirmed 
and  illustrated  by  the  flowers  of  the  Double  Cherry  (124,  125), 
where  the  pistil  may  be  seen  in  every  degree  of  transition,  re- 
verting toward  the  form  of  a  leaf  This  carpellary  leaf  stands 
in  the  place  of  the  pistil,  having  the  edges  infolded  toward  each 
other,  the  midvein  prolonged  and  dilated  at  the  apex,  as  shown 
in  125. 

4r 


rie  lateral.     il8,  Simple  pistil  of  Crowfoot,  cut  to  show  the 

120,  Vertical  section  showing  the  ovnle  (o),  style  (.«),  stifrnm 

121,- Cross-section  of  the  same.    122,  Compound  pistil  of -Sprins-beaiity.    123,  Cross-section  of  the 

ine,  showing  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.    124,  Expanded  carpellary  leaf  of  the  Double  Cherry.    125,  The 

.me  partly  folded,  as  if  to  form  a  pistil. 


127.  The  placentae  are  usually  prominent  lines  or  ridges 
extending  along  the  ventral  suture  within  the  cell  of  the  ovary, 
and  bearing  the  ovules.  They  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two 
edges  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  and  are  consequently  closely  parallel 
Avhen  those  edges  are  united,  forming  one  double  placenta  in  the 
cell  of  each  ovary. 

128.  The  simple  carpel,  with  all  its  parts,  is  completely  exemplified  in  the  Pea-pod. 
When  this  is  laid  open  at  the  ventral  suture,  the  leaf  form  becomes  manifest,  with  the 
peas  (ovules)  arranged  in  an  alternate  order  along  each  margin,  so  as  to  form  but  one  row 
when  the  pod  is  closed.  In  the  pod  of  Columbine  (l^T),  the  ovules  form  two  distinct 
rows  ;  in  the  simple  Plum  carpel,  each  margin  bears  a  single  ovule  ;  and  in  the  one-ovuled 
Cherry,  only  one  of  the  margins  is  fruitful. 

129.  The  stigma  is  the  glandular  orifice  of  the  ovary,  communi- 
cating with  it  either  directly  or  through  the  tubiform  style.  It 
is  usually  globular  and  terminal,  often  linear  and  lateral,  but 
subject  to  great  variations  in  form.  It  is  sometimes  double  or 
halved,  or  2-lobed,  even  when  belonging  to  a  single  carpel  or  to 


46 


STRUCTUBAL  BOTANY. 


a  simple  style,  as  in  Linden,  where  these  carpels  are  surmounted 
by  three  pairs  of  stigmas. 

130.  The  compound  pistil  consists  of  the  united  cii'cle  of  pis- 
tils, just  as  the  monopetalous  corolla  consists  of  the  united  circle 
of  petals.  The  union  occurs  in  every  degree,  always  commencing 
at  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  proceeding  upward.  Thus  in  Col- 
umbine, we  see  the  carpels  (pistils)  quite  distinct ;  in  early  Saxi- 
frage, cohering  just  at  base ;  in  Pink,  as  far  as  the  top  of  the 
ovaries,  with  styles  distinct ;  in  Spring-beauty,  to  the  top  of  the 
styles,  with  stigmas  distinct ;  and  in  Rhododendron,  the  union 
is  complete  throughout. 


126,  Ovary  (follicle)  of  Larkspur,  composed  of  a  single  carpellary  leaf  127,  Ovaries  of  the  Columbi.ne, 
five,  coiitisuous  but  distinct.  128,  Compound  ovary  of  Hypericum,  of  carpels  united  below  witli  distinct 
styles.  129,  Ovarv  of  another  Hviiericum  uf  tbree  carpels  completely  united.  130,  Ovary  of  Flax;  car- 
pels five,  united  below,  distinct  above.     131,  Diantlius  (Pink).     132,  Saxifraga. 


131.  To  determine  the  number  of  carpels  in  a  compound  ovary 
is  an  important  and  sometimes  difficult  matter.  It  may  be 
known,  first,  by  the  number  of  the  styles ;  or,  by  the  number 
of  the  free  stigmas  (remembering  that  these  organs  are  liable  to 
be  halved — §  129) ;  or  3d,  by  the  lobes,  angles,  or  seams  of  the 
ovary ;  or  4th,  by  the  cells ;  or  5th,  by  the  jDlacentae.  But  in 
Dodecatheon,  etc.,  all  these  indications  fail,  so  perfect  is  the 
union,  and  we  are  left  to  decide  from  analogy  alone. 

132.  The  student  will  notice  two  very  diverse  modes  of  cohe- 
sion in  the  carpels  of  the  compound  ovary.  First  and  regularly, 
the  carpels  may  each  be  closed,  as  when  simple,  and  joined  by 
their  sides  and  fronts;  as  in  St.  Johnswort  (129)  and  Lily  (171). 
In  this  case,  he  may  prove  the  following  propositions.  1st.  The 
compound  ovary  will  have  as  many  cells  as  carpels.  2d.  The 
partitions  between  the  cells  will  be  double,  and  alternate  with 


THE  ESSENTIAL  ORGANS. 


47 


the  stigmas.  3d.  A  partition  dividing  the  cell  of  a  single  carpel 
must  be  a,  false  one;  as  occurs  in  Flax  (136).  4th.  The  Pla- 
centas, as  M'ell  as  the  ventral  suture,  Avill  be  axial. 

133.  Again:  the  carpels  may  each  be  open  and  conjoined  by 
their  edges,  as  are  the  petals  of  a  gamopetalous  coi'olla.  So  it 
is  in  the  ovary  of  Violet  (137)  and  Rock-rose  (139).  In  this 
case,  1st.  There  will  be  no  partition  (unless  a  false  one,  as  in  the 
Crucifers),  and  but  one  cell;  2d.  The  Placentce  will  be  parietal^ 
i.  €.,  on  the  wall  of  the  cell  {2^aries,  a  wall), 

134.  Between  the  two  conditions  of  axial  (or  central)  and  paj-ietal  placentce,  we  find  all 
degrees  of  transition,  as  illustrated  in  the  ditferent  species  of  St.  Johnswort  and  in 
Poppy,  where  the  inflected  margifjs  of  the  carpels  caiTy  the  placentse  inward,  well-nigh 
to  the  axis.  Moreover,  the  placentae  are  not  always  mere  marginal  lines,  but  often  wide 
spaces  covering  large  portions  of  the  walls  of  the  cell,  as  in  Poppy  and  Water-lily:  in 
ether  cases,  as  Datura  (168),  they  become  large  and  fleshy,  nearly  filling  the  cell. 


140 


133,  Samolus  Valerandi,  section  of  flower  showin 
riaceas.  135,  Ovary  of  Tuhp  136.  Cross-bection  oi 
of  Violet,  1-celled.  13S,  Ovary  of  Fuchsi.i,  4  cell, 
140,  Gentiaaaceie,  2-valvei,  l-celled. 


B  the  free  axial  placenta.  134,  Ovarv  of  Scropluila^ 
.i^ar^  of  Flax,  5-celled,  falsely  10-celled.  137.  Ovary 
■I     l.O,   Ov.iry  uf  Rock-ro»e,    1-celled,  5-can)elle<f. 


135.  A  free  axial  jylacenta,  without  partitions,  occurs  in  some 
compound  one-celled  ovaries,  as  in  the  Pink  and  Primrose  orders 
(133).  This  anomaly  is  explained  in  two  ways — first,  by  the 
obliteration  of  the  early  formed  partitions,  as  is  actually  seen  to 
occur  in  the  Pinks ;  secondly,  by  supposing  the  placenta  to  be, 
at  least  in  some  cases,  an  axial  rather  than  a  marginal  growth  ; 
that  is,  to  grow  from  the  point  of  the  axis  rather  than  from  the 
margin  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  for  in  Primrose  no  partitions  ever 
appear. 

136.  A  few  peculiar  forms  of  the  style  and  stigma  are  worthy  of  note  in  our  narrow 
limits,  as  the  lateral  style  of  Strawberry;  the  basilar  style  of  the  Labiat;T3  and  Borraga- 
worts ;  the  branching  style  of  Emblica,  one  of  the  Euphorbiaceje ;   also  the  globular 


48 


STRUCTURAL   BOTANY. 


Btigma  of  Mirabilis  ;  the  linear  stigma  of  Gyromia ;  the  feathery  stigma  of  Grasses ;  the 
filiform  stigma  of  Indian  com ;  the  lateral  stigma  of  Aster ;  the  petaloid  stigmas  of  Iris ; 
the  hooded  stigma  of  Violet  (141-149). 


PisMs.—Ul,  Symphytnm,  basilar  style,  ovary  4-parted.  142,  ?  Flower  of  Erablica  (Eupborbiaceae), 

branching  styles.     143,  Mirabilis  Jalapa,  fjlobular  stigma.  144,  Flower  of  Luzula,  stigmas  linear.    145, 

Feathery  stigmas  of  a  Grass.     146,  Stigmas  of  Aster.     147,  Kuraes.    148,  Poppy.     149,  Filiform  stigma 
of  Zea  Mays  (Corn). 

137.  In  the  Pine,  Cedar,  and  the  Coniferse  generally,  both  the 
style  and  stigma  are  wanting;  and  the  ovary  is  represented 
only  by  a  flat,  oj^en,  carpellary  scale,  bearing  the  naked  ovules 
at  its  base. 

Eeview. — 123.  What  the  Gynceeinm  regularly  consists  of  How  it  may  vary.  Varia- 
tions in  number.  What  is  the  meaning  of  trigynous,  etc.  ?  125.  How  to  know  the  simple 
pistil.  Its  members.  Which  is  non-essential  ?  Define  the  carpel.  How  it  is  folded. 
Proofs  of  the  theory.  Explain  by  figs.  124,  125.  Define  placentae.  The  Pea-pod  as  a 
simple  carpel.  Describe  the  stigma.  130.  Various  degrees  of  union  in  the  pistils.  Six 
signsindicating  the  number  of  carpels.  First  mode  of  cohesion.  Four  theorems.  Second 
mode.  Two  theorems.  Explain  the  free  axial  placenta.  Peculiar  forms  (141-149).  137. 
Stigma  in  the  Pine. 


CHAPTER   IX, 


THE    OVULES. 


138.  The  ovules  are  understood  to  be  transformed  buds,  des- 
tined to  become  seeds  in  the  fruit.  Their  development  from  the 
margins  and  inner  surface  of  the  carpel  favors  this  view ;  for  the 
oi"dinary  leaves  of  Bryophyllum  and  some  other  plants  do  habit- 
ually j^roduce  buds  at  their  margin  or  on  their  upper  surface ; 
and  in  the  Mignonette,  ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  trans- 
formed into  leaves. 

139.  The  number  of  ovules  in  the  ovary  varies  from  one  to 
hundreds.     Thus   in  Buttercups,  Compositje,  and  Grasses,  the 


THE  OVULES. 


49 


ovule  is  solitary  ;  in  Umbelliferge  it  is  also  solitaiy  in  each  of  the 
two  carpels ;  in  the  Pea  order  they  are  definite^  being  but  few ; 
in  Mullein  and  Poppy,  indefinite  (  00  ),  too  many  to  be  readily 
counted.  As  to  position,  the  ovule  is  erect  when  it  grows  up- 
ward from  the  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  Compositse;  ascending^ 
when  it  turns  upwai-d  from  the  side  of  the  cell ;  horizontal^  when 
neither  turning  upward  nor  downward ;  pendulous,  when  turned 
downward;  and  suspended,  when  growing  directly  downward 
from  the  top  of  the  cell,  as  in  Birch  (158-161). 


150,  Pistil  of  Celosia;  the  pericarp  detached,  showing  the  yming  ovules.  151,  Flower  of  Rhubarb; 
pericarp  removed,  showing  the  young  ovule.  152,  A  similar  ovule  (orthotropnus)  of  Polygonum.  153, 
The  same,  full  grown;  foramen  at  top.  154,  Section  showing  its  two  coats,  nucleus,  and  sac.  155,  Ana- 
tropous  ovule,  as  of  Columbine;  a,  foramen.  1.56,  Section  of  same.  157,  Campylotropous  ovule,  as  of 
Bean;  «,  foramen.  158,  Section  of  a  Cherry;  ovule  anatropous,  suspended.  159,  Section  of  carpel  of 
Ranunculus;  ovule  ascending.     16l),  Senecio;  ovule  erect.     161,  Hippuris;  ovule  pendulous. 


140.  The  ovule  at  the  time  of  flowering  is  soft  and  pulj^y, 
consisting  of  a  nucleus  Avithin  two  coats,  suj^ported  on  a  stalk. 
The  stalk  is  called  funiculus  ;  the  point  of  its  juncture  with  the 
base  of  the  nucleus  is  the  chalaza.  The  nucleus  was  first  formed  ; 
then  the  tegtnen,  or  inner  coat,  grew  up  from  the  chalaza  and 
covered  it ;  and  lastly  the  outer  coat,  the  testa,  invested  the 
whole.  Both  coats  remain  open  at  the  top  by  a  small  orifice, 
the  foramen. 

141.  In  most  cases  the  ovule,  in  the  course  of  its  growth, 
changes  position — curving  over  in  various  degrees  upon  its 
lengthening  funiculus  or  upon  itself  When  no  such  curvature 
exists,  and  it  stands  straight,  as  in  the  Buckwheat  order,  it  is 

4 


50  STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

orthotropous.  It  is  andtropous  when  completely  inverted.  In 
this  state  a  portion  of  the  funiculus  adheres  to  the  testa,  forming 
a  ridge  called  raphe,  reaching  from  the  chalaza  to  the  hilum.  It 
is  campylotropous  when  curved  upon  itself.  In  this  state  the 
foramen  is  brought  near  to  the  chalaza,  and  both  are  next  the 
placenta,  as  in  the  Pinks  and  Crucifer^ ;  and  ampKitropous  when 
half  inverted,  so  that  its  axis  becomes  parallel  with  the  placenta, 
as  in  Mallow.  Here  the  raphe  exists,  but  is  short.  In  campylo- 
tropous there  is  no  raphe. 

142.  The  ovule  contains  no  young  plant  (embryo)  yet ;  but  a 
cavity,  the  embryo  sac,  is  already  provided  to  receive  it  just 
within  the  upper  end  of  the  nucleus. 

The  relations  of  the  ovule  to  the  pollen  grain  will  be  more  suitably  discussed  hereafter, 
under  the  head  of  fertilization.  We  briefly  remark  here  that  the  immediate  contact  of 
the  two  is  brought  about,  at  the  time  of  flowering,  by  special  arrangements ;  and  that,  as 
the  undoubted  result  of  their  combined  action,  the  embryo  soon  after  originates  in  the 
embryo  sac. 

Review. —\^S.  Nature  of  the  ovules.  1-30.  How  many?  Five  terms  indicative  of  their 
position.  What  is  funiculus?— Chalaza?  How  the  ovule  develops.  An  orthotropous 
ovule.  Anatropous.  Two  other  similar  terms.  142.  What  provision  for  the  coming 
embryo  ?    Relation  to  the  pollen  grain. 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE    FRUIT, PERICARP. 

14.3.  After  having  imbibed  the  pollen  which  the  anthers  have 
discharged,  the  pistil  or  its  ovary  continues  its  growth  and  en- 
largement, and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the  peculiar 
fruit  of  the  plant.  The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properly  speaking, 
the  ovary  brought  to  perfection. 

144.  As  to  the  other  organs  of  the  flower,  having  accomplished  their  work— the  fertiliza- 
tion of  the  ovary— they  soon  wither  and  fall  away.  Some  of  them,  however,  often  persist, 
to  protect  or  become  blended  with  the  ripening  fruit.  Thus  the  tube  of  the  mperior 
calyx  (§  97)  always  blends  with  the  ovary  in  fruit ;  as  in  Currant,  Cucumber,  Apple,  etc. 
In  Conipositie.  the  persistent  limb  enlarges  into  the  pappus  of  the  fruit.  In  Buttercups, 
the  fruit  is  beaked  with  the  short,  persistent  style.  In  Clematis  and  Geum,  it  is  caudate 
(tailed)  with  the  long,  growing  style.  In  the  Potato  tribe,  Labiats,  and  many  others,  the 
inferior  calyx  continues  to  vegetate  like  leaves  until  the  fniit  ripens.  In  some  cases  the 
fruit,  so  called,  consists  of  the  receptacle  and  ovaries  blended ;  as  in  Blackberry  and 
Strawberry.  Again— in  Mulberry,  Fig,  and  Pint-apple,  the  whole  inflorescence  is  con- 
solidated into  the  matured  fruit. 


THE  FRUIT. 


51 


145.  As  a  rule,  the  structure  of  the  fruit  agrees  essentially 
with  that  of  the  ovary.  In  many  cases,  however,  the  fruit  un- 
dergoes such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  the  ovary 
as  to  disguise  its  real  structure.  An  early  examination,  there- 
fore, is  always  moi'e  reliable  in  its  results  than  a  late  one.  For 
example,  the  Oak-acorn  is  a  fruit  with  but  one  cell  and  one 
seed,  although  its  ovary  had  three  cells  and  six  ovules  !  This 
singular  change  is  due  to  the  non-development  of  live  of  its 
ovules,  while  the  sixth  grew  the  more  rapidly,  obliterated  the 
partitions  by  pressing  them  to  the  -wall,  and  filled  the  whole 
space  itself.  Similar  changes  characterize  the  Chestnut,  Hazel- 
luit,  and  that  whole  Order.  The  ovary  of 
the  Birch  is  2-celled,  2-ovuled ;  but 
suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ov 
fruit  becomes  1 -celled  and  1-seeded. 


162  Section  of  the  ovary  of  an  Acorn,  3-ceIled,  6-ovuled.  163,  Section  of  ovarv  of  Birch,  L'-celled 
2-ovule(J  m,  ^  ertical  section  of  the  same  in  fruit.  165,  Pericarp  of  Mi-nonette  open  soon  after  llow- 
eriiig.    166,  ^akea  seed  of  Taxus  Canadeusis,  surrounded,  not  covered,  by  the  fleshy  pericarp. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  cells  are  sometimes  multiplied  in  the  fruit  by  the  formation  of 
false  partitions.  Thus  the  pod  of  Thornapple  (Datura)  becomes  4-cellcd  from  a  2-celled 
ovary;  and  the  longer  pods  of  some  Leguminous  plants  have  cross-partitions  formed 
between  the  seeds. 

146.  The  Pericarp.  The  fruit  consists  of  the  pericarp  and 
the  seed.  The  pericarp  (fftpi,  around)  is  the  envelope  of  the 
seeds,  consisting  of  the  carpels  and  whatever  other  parts  they 
may  be  combined  with.  It  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  sub- 
stance when  mature,  being  then  either  dry,  as  the  Pea-pod,  or 
succulent^  as  the  Currant.  Dry  pericarps  are  membranous,  or 
coriaceous  (leathery),  or  v^oochj.  Succulent  pericarps  may  be 
either  wholly  so,  as  the  Grape,  or  partly  so,  as  the  Peach  and 
other  stone  fruit. 

147.  With  very  few  exceptions  the  pericarp  encloses  the  seed 
while  maturing.     In  Mignonette   (105),  however,  it  opens,  ex- 


52 


STEUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


posing  the  seed,  immediately  after  flowering.  The  membranous 
pericarp  of  Cohosh  (Leontice)  falls  away  early,  leaving  the  seed 
to  ripen  naked.  In  Yew  (Taxus)  the  seed  is  never  enclosed 
w^holly  by  its  fleshy  pericarp  ;  but  in  most  of  the  other  Coni- 
ferae,  the  close-pressed,  carpellary  scales  cover  the  seeds.  One- 
seeded  fruits,  like  those  of  Butter-cups,  etc.,  are  liable  to  be 
mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 


Capsule,  167,  of  Scrnplmlaria,  2-collp.1:  168,  of  Datura  Stramonium;  160,  of  Iris;  170,  sliowiiiR  its  mode 
of  dehisceuce  (loeulicidiil).  171,  of  Colcliicmii,  3-celled.  172,  Regma,  ripe  fruit  of  tJeraiiium,  the  carpels 
(cocci)  separating  from  the  axis  and  bonding  upward  on  the  elastic  styles. 


148.  Dehiscence.  The  fleshy  pericarp  is  always  indehiscent. 
Its  seeds  are  liberated  only  by  its  decay,  or  bursting  in  germi- 
nation. So  also  in  many  cases  the  dry  pericarp,  as  the  acorn. 
But  more  commonly  the  dry  fruit,  when  arrived  at  maturity, 
opens  in  some  way,  discharging  its  seeds.  Such  fruits  are  de- 
hiscent. Dehiscence  is  either  valvular,  porous,  or  circumscissile  ; 
valvular,  when  the  pericarp  opens  vertically  along  the  sutures, 
forming  regular  parts  called  valves.  These  valves  may  separate 
quite  to  the  base,  or  only  at  the  top,  forming  teeth,  as  in  Chick- 
weed.     We  notice  four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence,  viz. : 

1,  jSatural,  when  it  takes  place  at  the  sutures  of  any  1-celled 
pericarp,  as  Columbine,  Pea,  Violet. 

2,  Sept'tcidal  {se^yhon,  partition,  c(edo,  to  cut),  Avhen  it  takes 
place  through  the  dissepiments  (which  are  double,  §  132).  The 
carpels  thus  separated  may  open  severally  by  sutures  (Mallows), 
or  remain  indehiscent,  as  in  Vervain. 

3,  LocuVicidal  {IocuIks,  a  cell,  ccedo,  to  cut),  when  cacli  carpel 


FOKMS  OF  THE  PERICARP. 


53 


opens  at  its  dorsal  suture  directly  into  the  cell  (Evening  Prim- 
rose, Lily).  Here  the  dissepiments  come  away  attached  to  the 
middle  of  the  valves. 

4.  Sept'if  raged  {septum^  and  frango,  to  break),  when  the  valves 
separate  from  the  dissepiments  which  remain  still  united  in  the 
axis  (Convolvulus.) 


DeUisceuce;  173,  septicidal;  174,  loculicidal;  175,  seiitifraga!. 

149.  Porous  dehiscence  is  exemplified  in  the  Poppy,  Avhere 
the  seeds  escape  by  orifices  near  the  top  of  the  fruit.  It  is  not 
common.  Circuniscissile  (circumscindo,  to  cut  around),  when 
the  top  of  the  ovary  opens  or  falls  off  like  a  lid,  as  in  Jefierso- 
uia,  Henbane,  Plantain.  Some  fruits,  as  the  Gerania  and  Um- 
belliferge,  are  furnished  with  a  cm-pophore^  that  is,  a  slender  col- 
umn from  the  receptacle— a /wsZ/brm  torus^  prolonged  through 
the  axis  of  the  fruit,  supporting  the  carpels. 

Bei-iew.—WZ.  Origin  of  the  frait.  Death  of  the  flower.  What  parts  may  survive?— In 
Apple?  Geiim?  Potato?  Strawberry?  1-15.  A  rule  aud  an  exception.  Instance  in  Oaii— 
Birch.  What  change  in  Thornapp'le  ?  146.  Constituents  of  the  fruit.  Etymology  of 
pericarp.  Texture.  147.  Open  pericarps.  148.  What  is  dehiscence  and  indehiscencc. 
Three  general  modes  of  dehiscence.  Four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence.  149.  Define 
Porous  dehiscence— Cireumscissile.    What  is  a  carpophore  ?    Illustrate  by  172,  177, 


CHAPTER   XI. 


FORMS    OF    THE    PERICABP- 


150.  The  morphology  of  the  pericarp  is  exceedingly  diversified ;  but  it  will  suffice  the 
learner  at  first  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  leading  forms  only,  such  as  are  indicated  in 
the  following  synopsis  and  more  definitely  described  afterward. 

The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  principal  forms  of  Pericarps,  for  the  blackboard. 


54 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


§  1.  Free  Fruits  (JoTined  by  a  single  Flower). 

Pericarps  iiiddilscent. 

t  With  usually  but  one  seed,  and 
X  Uniform,  or  1-coated. 

1.  Separated  from  the  seed. 

2.  Inflated,  often  brealcing  away. 

3.  Inseparable  from  the  seed. 

4.  Invested  with  a  cnpule  (involncre). 

5.  Having  winged  appendages. 
X  Double  or  triple-coated,  fleshy  or  fibrous. 

6.  Three-coated.    Stone  cell  entire. 

7.  Two-coated.    Stone  cell  2-parted. 

8.  Drupes  aggregated, 
t  With  two  or  more  seeds, 

X  Immersed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  mass. 

9.  Rind  membranous. 

10.  Rind  leathery,  separable. 

11.  Rind  hard,  crustaceous. 
X  12.  Inclosed  in  distinct  cells. 

Pericarps  deliiscent. 

t  13.  Dehiscence  circumscissile,  seeds  oo  . 
+  Dehiscence  valvular  or  porous  ; 
X  Simple,  or  1-carpelled, 

14.  Opening  by  the  ventral  suture. 

1.5.  Opening  by  both  sutures. 

16.  Legume  jointed. 
X  Compound  pericarps ; 

17.  Placentae  parietal  with  two  cells. 

Silique  short. 

18.  Placentae  parietal  only  when  1-celIed. 

19.  Capsule  with  carpophore  and  elastic  styles. 


Achenium  (Buttercups). 
Utricle  (Pigweed). 
Caryopsis  (Grasses). 
Glans  (Oak). 
.  (Ash). 


Drupe  (Cherrj-). 
Tryma  (Walnut). 
Etasrio  (Raspberry). 


Berry  (Gooseberry). 
Hesperidium  (Orange). 
Pepo  (Squash). 
Pome  (Apple). 


Py.xis  (Henbane). 


Follicle  (Columbine). 
Legume  (Pea). 
Loment  (Desmodium). 

Silique  (Mustard). 
Silicle  (Shepherd's  Purse). 
Capsule  (Flax). 
Regma  (Geranium). 


§  2.  Confluent  Fruits  {formed  of  an  Inflorescence). 


*  20.  With  open  carpels  aggregated  into  a  cone. 

*  21.  With  closed  carpels  aggregated  into  a  mass. 


Strobile  (Pine). 
Sorosis  (Pineapple.) 


151.  T\\Q  achenium  is  a  small,  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp,  free 
from  the  one  seed  which  it  contains,  and  tipped  with  the  remains 
of  the  style  (Buttercups,  Lithospermum), 

The  double  acheninm  of  the  Umbellifera*,  supported  on  a  carjtopTtore,  is  called  cremo- 
carp  (177).  The  2-carpelled  acheninm  of  the  Composite,  nsnally  crowned  with  a  pappue", 
is  called  CJjpsela  (178). 

The  acheuia  are  often  mistaken  for  seed*.  In  the  Labiatre  and  Borrageworls  they  are 
associated  in  fours  (141).  In  Geum,  Anemone,  etc.,  they  are  collected  in  heads.  The 
rich  pulp  of  the  Strawberry  consists  wholly  of  the  overgrown  receptacle,  which  bears  the 
dry  achenia  on  its  surface  (184). 

152.  The  utricle  is  a  small,  thin  pericarp,  fitting  loosely  upon 
its  one  seed,  and  often  opening  transversely  to  discharge  it 
(Pigweed,  Prince's  Feather). 


FORMS  OP  THE  PERICARP. 


55 


153.  Cari/opsis,  the  grain  or  fruit  of  the  Grasses,  is  a  thin,  dry, 
1-seeded  pericarp,  inseparable  from  the  seed. 

154.  Sama7'a ;   dry,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  furnished  with  a 
membranous  wing  or  wings  (Ash,  Elm,  Maple). 


176,  Acheuia  of  Anemone  tluilictroides.  177,  Cremocarp  of  Archangelica  officinalis,  its  lialvcs  (racro- 
cnrps)  separated  and  suspended  on  the  carpophore.  178,  Cspsela  of  Thistle  with  its  plumons  pappus. 
179,  Utricle  of  Chenopodium  (Pigweed).  180,  Caryopsis  of  Wheat.  181,  Sarn.ara  of  Elm.  182,  Glans  of 
Beech.     183,  Drupe  of  Prunus.    18i,  Fruit  of  Fragaria  Indica,  a  fleshy  torus  like  the  Strawberry. 

155.  Glaus,  or  7iiit ^'  hard,  dry,  indehiscent,  commonly  1-seeded 
by  suppression  (§145),  and  invested  with  a  persistent  involucre 
called  a  cupiile,  either  solitary  (Acorn,  Hazelnut)  or  several 
together  (Chestnut,  Beechnut). 

156.  Drupe,  stone-fruit;  a  3-coated,  1-celled,  indehiscent  peri- 
carp, exemplified  in  the  Cherry  and  Peach.  The  outer  coat 
(epidermis)  is  called  the  epicarp ;  the  inner  is  the  nucleus  or 
endocarp,  hard  and  stony ;  the  intervening  pulp  or  fleshy  coat 
is  the  sarcocarp  (capf,  flesh).  These  coats  are  not  distinguish- 
able in  the  ovary. 

157.  Tryma,  a  kind  of  dryish  drupe,  2-coated;  the  epicarp 
fibro-fleshy  (Butternut)  or  woody  (Hickory) ;  the  nucleus  bony, 
with  its  cell  often  deeply  2-parted  (Cocoanut). 

158.  Etcsrio,  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  numerous  little 
drupes  united  to  each  other  (Raspberry)  or  to  the  fleshy  recep- 
tacle (Blackberry). 

159.  Berry,  a  succulent,  thin-skinned  pericarp,  holding  the 
seeds  loosely  imbedded  in  the  j)ulp  (Currant,  Grape). 

160.  Hesperidium,  a  succulent,  many-carpelled  fruit;  the  rind 


56 


STBUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


thick,  leathery,  separable  from  the  pulpy  mass  withm  (Orange, 
Lemon). 

161.  Pepo^  an  indehisceut,  comjDOund,  fleshy  fruit,  with  a 
hardened  rind  and  parietal  placentae  (Melon). 

162.  The  pome  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp,  formed  of 
the  permanent  calyx,  containing  several  cartilaginous  (Apple) 
or  bony  (Haw)  cells. 

163.  The  pyxis  is  a  many-seeded,  dry  fruit,  opening  like  a  lid 
by  a  circumscissile  dehiscence  (Plantain,  Henbane,  Jefiersonia), 

164.  The  follicle  is  a  single  carpel,  1-celled,  many-seeded, 
opening  at  the  ventral  suture  (Columbine,  Larkspur,  Silk-grass). 


fiiu.'*.— 185.  Etairio  of  Rubus  strigosiis  (Blackberry).    186,  Pcpo:  section  of  Cucumber.     187,  Ber 

firape.    1S8,  Pome,  Cratiegus  (Haw).     189,  P.vxis  of  Jeffersonia.     190,  Legu  

Desmodium.     192,  Silique  of  Mustard.  193,  Silicle  of  Capsella. 


[  lyucumoer.     lo/.  o^xiyy 
of  Pea.     191,  Lomeut  of 


165.  The  legume,  or  pod,  is  a  single  carpel,  1-celled,  usually 
splitting  into  two  valves,  but  bearing  its  1 — (X)  seeds  along  the 
ventral  suture  only,  in  one  row,  as  in  the  Bean  and  all  the 
Leguminosa?.  It  is  sometimes  curved  or  coiled  like  a  snail-shell 
(Medicago).  The  loment  is  a  jointed  pod,  separating  across 
into  1-seeded  portions  (Desmodium). 

166.  Silique.  This  is  also  a  pod,  linear,  2-carpelled,  2-valved, 
2-celled  by  a  false  dissepiment  extended  between  the  two  parie- 
tal placentae.     To  this  false  dissepiment  on  both  sides  of  both 


FORMS   OF   THE   PERICARP. 


57 


edges  tlie  seeds  ai-e  attached  (Mustard).  The  silicle  is  a  short 
silique,  nearly  as  wide  as  long  (Shepherd's  Purse).  The  silique 
and  silicle  are  the  peculiar  fruit  of  all  the  Cruciferae. 

167.  Capsule  (casket.)  This  term  includes  all  other  forms  of 
dry,  dehiscent  fruits,  compound,  opening  by  as  many  valves  as 
there  are  carpels  (Iris),  or  by  twice  as  many  (Chickweed),  or  by 
pores  (Poppy). 

168.  The  Begma  is  a  kind  of  capsule  like  that  of  the  Gera- 
nium, Avhose  dehiscent  carpels  separate  elastically,  but  still 
remain  attached  to  the  cai-pophore. 

169.  Strobile^  or  Cone,'  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  a 
conical  or  oval  mass  of  imbricated  scales,  each  an  open  carpel 
(  2  flower),  bearing  seeds  on  its  inner  side  at  base,  %.  €.,  axillary 
seeds  (Pine  and  the  Gymnosperms  generally).  The  Cone  {syn- 
carpium.,  tfuv,  together)  of  the  Magnolia  tribe  is  a  mass  of  con- 
fluent, closed  pericarps  on  a  lengthened  torus  (Cucumber  Ti-ee). 


IW,  strobile  of  Fiiius.     195,  The  Fig  (srconus).     196.  Sorosis  of  Mulberry.     197,  Hip  of  Rosa,  athe:i 
nearly  enclosed  in  the  leathery  calyx  tube. 


170.  The  J^iff  (syconus)  is  an  aggregate  fruit,  consisting  of 
numerous  seed-like  pericarps  enclosed  within  a  hollow,  fleshy 
receptacle,  where  the  flowers  were  attached. 

171.  Other  confluent  fruits  {Sorosis)  consist  of  the  entire  in- 
florescence developed  into  a  mass  of  united  pericarps,  as  in  the 
Mulberry,  Osage-orange,  Pineapple. 

Seview.—loO.  Name  the  first  division  of  fruits.  Free  fruits,  how  siihdividecl  ?  Name 
the  five  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  1-coated  fruits.  How  do  we  distinguish  them  ?  Name  the 
three  indcliiscent,  1-seeded,  several-coated  fruits.  Diflference  between  drupe  and  tryma? 
— Etterio?  Name  the  four  indehiscent,  several-seeded  fruits.  How  does  pome  differ 
from  the  others?  Are  the  dehiscent  pericarps  fleshy  or  dry?  Distinofuish  the  Pyxis. 
Name  three  simple  fruits  which  open  by  valves.  Distinguish  them.  Name  four  com- 
pound,  opening  fruits.  What  is  the  fruit  of  Mustard,  etc.  ?  Find  all  the  figures.  The 
subdivision  of  confluent  fruits,  etc.,  etc. 


58 


STKUCTUEAL  BOTANY, 


CHAPTER    XII. 


THE    SEED, 


172.  The  ser'd  is  the  perfected  ovule,  having  an  embryo 
formed  within,  whicli  is  the  rudiment  of  a  new  plant  similar  in 
all  respects  to  the  original.  The  seed  consists  of  a  nucleus  or 
kernel  invested  with  the  integuments  or  coverings.  The  outer 
covering  is  the  testa,  the  inner  the  tegmen,  as  in  the  ovule.  The 
latter  is  thin  and  delicate,  often  indistinguishable  from  the  testa. 

1V3.  The  testa  is  either  membranous  (papery),  coriaceous 
(leathery),  crustac6K>us  (horny),  bony,  woody,  or  fleshy.  Its 
surface  is  generally  smooth,  sometimes  beautifully  polished,  as 
in  Columbine,  Indian-shot  (Canna),  and  often  highly  colored, 
as  in  the  Bean ;  or  it  may  be  dull 
and  rough.  It  is  sometimes  winged, 
as  in  Catalpa,  and  sometimes  clothed 
with  long  hairs,  as  in  Silk-grass 
(Asclepias).  Such  a  vesture  is  called 
the  Coma.  Cotton  is  the  coma  of 
the  Cotton-seed, 


1T4.  The  coma  must  not  be  confounded  with 
the  pappus  (§  104),  which  is  a  modification  of  the 
calyx,  appended  to  the  pericarp,  and  not  to  the 
bced,  as  in  the  achenia  of  the  Thistle,  Dandelion, 
and  other  Compositse.  Its  intention  in  the  econ- 
omy of  the  plant  cannot  be  mistaken ;  serving 
like  the  pappus  to  secure  the  dispersion  of  the 
seed,  while  incidentally  as  it  were,  in  the  case  of 
the  Cotton-seed,  it  furnishes  clothing  and  em- 
ployment to  a  large  portion  of  the  human  race. 

175.  XUe  aril  is  an  occasional  appendage,  par- 
tially or  wholly  investing  the  seed.  It  originates 
after  fertilization,  at  or  near  the  hilnm,  where  the 
sued  is  attached  to  its  stalk  (funiculus).  Fine  ex- 
amples are  seen  in  the  gashed  covering  of  ths  Nutmeg,  called  mace,  and  in  the  scarlet 
coat  of  the  seed  of  Stafi-tree.  In  the  seed  of  Polj-gala,  etc.,  it  is  but  a  small  scale,  entire 
or  9-cleft,  called  canmcle. 

176.  The  position  of  the  seed  in  the  pericarp  is,  like  that  of  the  ovule,  erect,  ascending, 
pendulous,  etc.  (§  149).  Likewise  in  respect  to  its  inversions,  it  is  orthotropous,  andtro- 
pons,  amphitropov.s,  and  campylotj'opous  (§  141),  terms  already  defined.  The  anatropona 
is  by  far  the  most  common  condition. 


1S8,  Aril  of  Xutme?  fmacp).  190.  i^ec^l  of 
Catalpa.  2U0,  Seed  of  Willow.  201,  ,Sepd 
of  Cotton. 


THE   SEED. 


59 


177.  The  hilum  is  the  scar  or  mark  left  in  the  testa  of  the 
seed  by  its  se2:)aration  from  the  funiculus.  It  is  commonly  called 
the  eye,  as  in  the  Bean.  In  orthotropous  and  campylotropous 
seeds,  the  hilum  corresponds  with  the  chalaza  (§  140).  In  other 
conditions  it  does  not ;  and  the  raphe  (§  141)  extends  between 
the  tAvo  points,  as  in  the  ovules.  The  foramen  of  the  ovule  is 
closed  up  in  the  seed,  leaving  a  slight  mark — the  micropyle. 

203  201 

^  r""^        /•     ^  205 


202,  Seed  of  Water  Lily  (XympliEca),  cnlHrged  section;  «?/>.,  albnmen;  o,  the  embryo  contained  in  tbe 
embryo-sac;  .«,  tegmen;  />,  testa;  r,  raphe;  ur,  aril;  m,  orifice;  /,  funiculus.  203,  Seed  of  Bean.  204, 
.Same,  one  cotyledon  witli  the  leafy  embryo.  205,  Seed  of  Apple.  206,  One  cotyledon  showing  the 
rnphe  and  enibrvo.  207,  Fruit  of  Mirabilis;  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring.  208,  Onion;  embryo  coiled. 
209,  Convolvulus;  leafv  embryo  folded.  210,  Embrvo  of  Cuscuta.  211,  Typha.  212,  Ranunculus. 
213,  Hop. 

178.  The  seed-kernel  may  consist  of  two  parts,  the  embryo 
and  albumen,  or  of  the  embrj-o  only.  In  the  former  case  the 
seeds  are  albuminous ;  in  the  latter,  exalbuminous ,  a  distinction 
of  great  importance  in  systematic  botany. 

179.  The  albumen  is  a  starchy  or  farinaceous  substance 
accompanying  the  embryo  and  serving  as  its  first  nourishment 
in  germination.  Its  qualities  are  wholesome  and  nutritious, 
eveii  in  poisonous  plants.  Its  quantity,  when  comjiared  with 
the  embrj'o,  varies  in  every  possible  degree ;  being  excessive 
(Ranunculacese),  or  about  equal  (Violacese),  or  scanty  (Convol- 
vulaceie),  or  none  at  all  (Leguminoste).  In  texture  it  is  mealy 
in  Wheat,  mucilaginous  in  Mallows,  oily  in  Ricinus,  horny  in 
Coffee,  ruminated  in  Nutmeg  and  Pawpaw,  ivory-like  in  the 
Ivory-palm  (Phytelephas),  fibrous  in  Cocoanut,  where  it  is  also 
hollow,  enclosing  the  milk. 

180.  The  embryo  is  an  organized  bodj',  the  rudiment  of 
the  future  plantj  consisting  of  root  {radicle),  stem-bud  (phcmule), 


60 


STBUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


and  leaves  [cotyledons).  But  these  parts  are  sometimes  quite 
unclistinguishable  until  germination,  as  in  the  Orchis  tribe. 
The  Radicle  is  the  descending  part  of  the  embryo,  always  point- 
ing toward  the  micropyle,  the  true  vertex  of  the  seed.  The 
Plumide  is  the  germ  of  the  ascending  axis,  the  terminal  bud, 
located  between  or  at  the  base  of  the  Cotyledons.  These  are 
the  seed-lobes,  the  bulky  farinaceous  part  of  the  embryo,  des- 
tined to  become  the  first  or  seminal  leaves  of  the  young  plant. 
The  nutritive  matter  deposited  in  the  seed  for  the  early  suste- 
nance of  the  germinating  embryo,  is  found  more  abundant  in  the 
cotyledons  in  proportion  as  there  is  less  of  it  in  the  albumen — 
often  wholly  in  the  albumen  (Wheat),  again  all  absorbed  in  the 
bulky  cotyledons  (Squash). 

181.  The  number  of  the  cotyledons  is  variable;  and  upon  this 
circumstance  is  founded  the  most  important  subdivision  of  the 
Flowering  Plants.  The  monocotyledons  are  plants  bearing 
seeds  with  one  cotyledon ;  or  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute 
or  abortive.  Such  plants  are  also  called  Endogens,  because 
their  stems  grow  by  internal  accretions  (§  421).  Such  are  the 
Grasses,  the  Palms  and  Lilies,  whose  leaves  are  mostly  con- 
structed with  parallel  veins. 


214,  Dicotyledonous  (Bean).  215,  Monocotyledonous  (Wheat).  216,  Polycotyledonous  (Pine).  217, 
Acotyledonous  (zoospore  of  one  of  the  Confervae).  (r,  r,  r,  radicle;  p,  p,  p,  plumule;  c,  c,  c,  cotyledon; 
a,  albumen.) 


182.  The  dicotyledons  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  two 
cotyledons.  These  are  also  called  Exogens,  because  their  stems 
grow  by  external  accretions ;  including  the  Bean  tribe,  Melon 
tribe,  all  our  forest  trees,  etc.     These  are  also  distinguished  at  a 


THE   SEED.  61 

glance  by  the  structure  of  their  leaves,  which  are  ntt-veined 
(§  280).  More  than  two  cotyledons  are  found  in  the  seeds  of 
Pine  and  Fir;  while  the  Dodder  is  almost  the  only  known  exam- 
ple of  an  embryo  with  no  cotyledon. 

183.  The  position  of  the  embryo,  whether  with  or  without 
albumen,  is  singularly  varied  and  interesting  to  study.  It  may 
be  straight,  as  in  Cat-tail  and  Violet,  or  curved  in  various  de- 
grees (Moonseed  and  Pink),  or  coiled  (Hoj^),  or  rolled  (Spice- 
bush),  or  hent  angularly  (Buckwheat),  or  folded  (Crucifer?e). 
In  the  last  case  two  modes  are  to  be  specially  noticed.  1,  In- 
cumbent, when  the  cotyledons  fold  over  so  as  to  bring  the  back 
of  one  against  the  radicle  (Shepherd's  Purse) ;  2,  accumbent, 
when  the  edges  touch  the  radicle  (Arabis). 

184.  A  few  plants,  as  the  Onion,  Orange,  and  ConifcriP,  occasionally  have  two  or  even 
several  embryos  in  a  seed ;  while  all  the  Cryptogamia  or  flowerless  plants  have  n-o  em- 
bryo at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  are  reproduced  from  spores — bodies  analogous  to  the  pol- 
len-grains of  flowering  plants  CJIT). 

185.  Vitality  of  the  seed.  After  the  embryo  has  reached 
its  wonted  growth  in  the  ripened  seed,  it  becomes  suddenly  inac- 
tive and  torpid,  yet  still  alive.  In  this  condition  it  is,  in  fact,  a 
living  plant,  safely  packed  and  sealed  up  for  transportation. 
This  suspended  vitality  of  the  seed  may  endure  for  years,  or 
even,  in  some  species,  for  ages.  The  seeds  of  Maize  and  Rye 
have  been  known  to  grow  when  30  to  40  years  old;  Kidney- 
beans  when  100;  the  Raspberry  after  1700  years  (Lindley). 
Seeds  of  JVIountain  Potentilla  (P.  tridentata)  were  known  to  us 
to  germinate  after  a  slumber  of  60  years.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  seeds  of  some  species  are  short-lived,  retaining  vitality  hardly 
a  year  (Coffee,  Magnolia). 

18(5.  TSie  dispersion  of  seeds  over  wide,  and  often  to  distant  regions,  is  efl'ected 
by  special  agencies,  in  which  the  highest  Intelligence  and  Wisdom  are  clearly  seen.  Some 
seeds  made  buoyant  by  means  of  the  coma  or  pappus,  already  mentioned,  are  wafted  afar 
by  the  winds,  bej-ond  rivers,  lakes,  and  seas  ;  as  the  Thistle  and  Dandelion.  Other  seeds 
have  wings  for  the  same  purpose.  Others  are  provided  with  hooks  or  barbs,  by  which 
they  lay  hold  of  men  and  animals,  and  are  thus,  by  unwilling  agents,  scattered  far  and 
wide  (Burr-seed,  Tick-seed).  Again:  some  seeds,  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are 
thrown  to  a  distance  by  the  sudden  coiling  of  the  elastic  carpels  (Touch-me-not).  The 
Squirting-cucumber  becomes  distended  with  water  by  absorption,  and  at  length,  when 
ripe,  bursts  an  aperture  at  the  base  by  separating  from  the  stem,  and  projects  the  mingled 
seeds  and  water  with  amazing  force. 

187.  River?,  streams,  and  ocean  currents,  are  agents  for  transporting  seeds  from  coun- 
try to  country.    Thus  the  Cocoa,  and  the  Cashew-nut,  and  the  seeds  of  Mahogany,  have 


62 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


been  known  to  perform  long  voyages  without  injury  to  their  vitality.  Squirrels  laying 
up  their  winter  stores  in  the  earth  ;  birds  migrating  from  clime  to  clime  and  from  island 
to  island,  in  like  manner  conspire  to  effect  the  same  important  end. 

Heview.—m.  What  is  the  seed  ?  Its  two  coverings.  173.  The  texture  of  the  testa 
Its  appendages.  What  is  cotton  ?  174.  Distinguish  coma  from  pappus.  173.  What  is 
the  aril  ?  17ti.  Positions  of  the  seed  in  the  cell.  When  is  a  seed  anatropons  ?— Orthotro 
pous?  etc.  177.  Define  hilum.  When  does  a  raphe  exist?  What  is  the  micropyle  ?  178 
Constituents  of  an  albuminous  seed — Exalbuminous.  179.  Varying  proportions  of  albu 
men.  Various  texture.  180.  Distinguish  the  three  parts  of  the  embryo.  Where  is  the 
food  for  the  embryo  ?  181.  Distinguish  the  Monocotyledonous  Plants.  182.  The  Dicoty^ 
ledonous.  183.  Position  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed  of  Violet  ?— Of  Pink  ?— Hop  ?— Shep- 
herd's Purse '—Arabis  ?  185.  Vitality  of  the  seed.  186.  Special  arrangements  for  their 
dispersion. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 


GERMINATION. 


188.  The  recommencement  of  growth  in  the  seed  is  called 
(fermination.  It  is  the  awakening  of  the  embryo  from  its  tor- 
por, and  the  beginning  of  development  in  its  parts  already 
formed,  so  as  to  become  a  plant  like  its  parent. 


Germiimiinn  of  the  Bceclmut. — 218,  Cross-section,  showinf;  the  folded  cotyleilon?.  219,  The  radielo 
nly.  220.  The  ascending  axis,  above  c,  appears.  221,  Tlie  cotyledons  expand  into  the  primordial 
javes.     222,  The  first  true  leaves. 


189.  All  the  Stages  of  this  interesting  process  may  be  conveniently  observed,  at  any 
season,  by  an  experiment.  Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  flax,  cotton,  wheat,  pea,  be  enveloped 
in  a  lock  of  cotton  resting  upon  water  in  a  bulb-glass,  and  kept  constantly  at  a  proper  tern 
perature.    Or,  in  Spring,  the  garden-soil  will  give  us  examples  of  all  kinds  everywhere. 


GERMINATION. 


63 


190.  That  the  seed  may  begin  to  grow,  or  germinate,  it  is  first 
planted ;  or,  at  least,  placed  in  contact  with  warm,  moist  soil. 
Concerning  the  proper  depth  of  the  planted  seed,  agriculturists 
are  not  agreed ;  but  nature  seems  to  indicate  that  no  covering 
is  needed  beyond  what  will  secure  the  requisite  moisture  and 
shade.  Thus  situated,  the  integuments  gradually  absorb  water, 
soften,  and  expand.  The  insoluble,  starchy  matter  deposited  in 
the  cotyledons,  or  in  the  albumen,  or  in  both,  undergoes  a  cer- 
tain chemical  change,  becoming  sweet 
and  soluble,  capable  of  aftbrding  nour- 
ishment to  the  embryo  now  beginning 
to  dilate  and  develop  its  parts.  First 
(in  the  winged  seed  of  the  Maple, 
scattered  e\erywhere)  the  radicle  is 
seen  protruding  from  the  micropyle, 
or  the  bursting  coverings.  A  section 
of  this  seed  would  noAV  show  the  fold- 
ed embryo,  impatient  of  confinement 
(225). 

191.  Soon  after,  the  radicle  has  ex- 
tended ;  and,  pale  in  color,  has  hidden 
itself  in  the  dark  damp  earth.     Now 
the   cotyledons,  imfolding  and   grad- 
ually freed  from  the  seed-coats,  display 
themselves  at  length  as  a  pair  of  green 
leaves.     Lastly  the   plumule   appears 
in  open  air,  a  green  bud,  already  show- 
ing a  lengthening  base,  its  first  inter- 
node,  and  soon  a  pair  of  regular  leaves,  lobed  as  all  Maple-leaves. 
The  embryo  is  now  an  embryo  no  longer,  but  a  growing  plant 
descending  by  its  lower  axis,  ascending  and  expanding  by  its 
uppei'. 

192.  With  equal  advantage  we  may  watch  the  germination  of 
the  Beech,  represented  in  the  figures  above ;  or  of  the  Oak,  as 
displayed  in  figures  1,  2,  3,  4 ;  or  the  Pea,  or  Squash,  and  other 
Dicotyledons ;  and  the  chief  difference  observed  among  them 
will  be  in  the  disposal  of  the  cotyledons.  In  general,  these  arise 
with  the  ascending  axis,  as  in  Maple  and  Bean,  and  act  as  the 


on  of  Wheat— o,  the  grain, 
the  cotyledon;  c,  phimule; 
I,  rootlets  (adventitious). 


64 


STKUCTUBAL  BOTANY. 


first  pair  of  leaves.  But  sometimes  when  they  are  very  thick,  as 
in  Pea,  Buckeye,  and  Oak,  they  never  escape  the  seed-coats,  but 
remain  and  perish  at  the  collum  (§  199),  neither  ascending  nor 
descendino-. 


193.  The  germination  of  monocotyledons,  as  seen  in  Indian 
Corn,  Wheat,  and  Tulip,  is  in  this  wise.  The  cotyledon  is  not 
disengaged  from  the  seed,  but  remains  stationary  with  it.  The 
radicle  (r)  protrudes  slightly,  and  one  or  more  rootlets  (s)  break 
out  from  it  and  descend.  The  plumule  (c)  shoots  at  first  par- 
allel with  the  cotyledon  along  the  face  of  the  seed,  but  soon 
ascends,  pushing  out  leaf  from  within  leaf. 

194.  The  conditions  requisite  for  germination  are  moisture, 
air,  and  wai-mth.  Jfoistwe  is  necessaiy  for  softening  the  integ- 
uments, dissolving  the  nutritive  matter,  and  facilitating  its  cir- 
culation. Tliis  is  supplied  in  the  rain  and  dew.  Air,  or  rather 
its  oxygen,  is  required  for  the  conversion  of  the  starch  into 
sugar, — a  process  always  depending  upon  oxidation.  The  oxy- 
gen absorbed  unites  with  a  portion  of  the  carbon  of  the  starch, 
producing  heat,  evolving  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  converting  the 
remainder  into  grape-sugar,  soluble  and  nuti'itive. 

195.  Warmth  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  vital  action,  as 


GEEMINATION. 


65 


well  in  the  sprouting  of  a  seed  as  in  the  hatching  of  an  Qgg, 
The  proper  degree  of  temperature  for  our  own  climate  may  be 
stated  at  60°  to  80°,  Extremes 
of  heat  and  of  cold  are  not, 
however,  fatal  to  all  germina- 
tion. In  one  of  the  Geysers 
of  Iceland,  which  was  hot 
enough  to  boil  an  egg  in  four 
minutes,  a  species  of  Chara  was 
found  in  a  growing  and  fruitful 
state.  The  hot  springs  and 
pools  of  San  Bernardino,  Cali- 
fornia, at  the  constant  heat  of 
190°,  have  several  species  of 
plants  growing  within  their  wa- 
ters. Many  species  also  arise 
and  flower  in  the  snows  of  Mt. 
Hood,  along  their  lower  bor- 
dei-s.  Darkness  is  favorable 
to  germination,  as  proved  by 
experiment,  but  not  an  indis- 
pensable   condition.       Hence, 

while  the  seed  should  be  covered,  for  the  sake  of  the  moisture 
and  shade,  the  covering  should  be  thin  and  light,  for  the  sake 
of  a  free  access  to  air. 

196.  The  cause  of  the  downward  tendency  of  the  root  is  a  theme  of  much  discussion. 
Some  have  referred  it  to  the  principle  of  gravitation  ;  others  to  its  supposed  aversion  to 
light.  But  it  is  a  simple  and  satisfactory  explanation  that  its  growth  or  cell-development 
takes  place  most  readily  on  the  moist  side  of  its  growing-point,  and  consequently  in  a 
downward  direction,  so  long  as  the  soil  in  contact  with  its  lower  surface  is  more  moist 
than  that  above.  Hence,  also,  the  well-known  tendency  of  roots  toward  springs  and 
water-courses. 

Beview. — 188.  Define  the  term  Germination.  189.  Where  and  when  to  observe  the  pro- 
cess. How  at  other  seasons.  190.  Prerequisites  to  germination.  Depth  of  planting. 
What  change  in  the  material  of  the  seed  ?  State  of  the  embryo  in  225  ?— In  226  ?— In  figs. 
227-3:30?  191.  What  becomes  of  the  radicle  ?— Of  the  cotyledons  ?  How  does  rhe  plumule 
develop?  Show  by  the  figures.  In  what  plants  do  the  cotyledons  remain  stationary? 
193.  Show  how  the  Monocotyledons  germinate,  by  figs.  331,  232.  195.  Three  conditions 
requisite.  Why  is  moisture  needed?  Why  air?  Whence  comes  the  sugar ?  195.  What 
degrees  of  warmth  ?    Some  strange  exceptions.    196.  Why  the  root  grows  downward. 


232,  Germiuation  of  Indian  Corn. 


66 


STEUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


CHAPTER   XIV. 

THE    KOOT,    OR   DESCEXDING    AXIS. 

197.  The  Root  is  the  basis  of  the  plant,  and  the  principal 
organ  of  nutrition.  It  originates  with  the  radicle  of  the  seed, 
the  tendency  of  its  growth  is  downward,  and  it  is  generally  im- 
mersed in  the  soil.  Its  office  is  twofold ;  viz.,  to  support  the 
plant  in  its  position,  and  to  imbibe  from  the  soil  the  food  neces- 
sary to  the  growth  of  the  plant. 


198.  The  leading  propensity  of  the  root  is  to  divide  itself;  and 
its  only  normal  appendages  are  branches,  branchlets,  fibres,  and 
fibrillfe,  which  are  multiplied  to  an  indefinite  extent,  correspond- 
ing with  the  multiplication  of  the  leaves,  twigs,  &c.,  above. 
This  at  once  insures  a  firm  hold  upon  the  earth,  and  brings  a 
large  absorbing  surface  in  contact  with  the  moist  soil. 

199.  The  summit  of  the  root,  or  that  place  where  the  root 


THE   ROOT. 


C7 


236,  Extremity  of  a  rootlet  of  Ma- 
ple, with  its  tibrilla;  find  spougiole 
[a)  magnified  50  diameters. 


meets  the  stem,  is  called  the  collum ;  the  remote,  opposite  ex 
tremities,  the  ends  of  the  libi'es,  being  chiefly  active  in  absorp- 
tion, ai*e  the  sjyongioles.  Neither  of  these 
terms  denotes  distinct  organs,  but  places 
only,  and  are  often  convenient.  The  fi- 
brils, or  fibrillce,  are  those  minute  hairs 
(seen  only  with  a  lens)  which  clothe  the 
younger  fibres.  They  arise  from  the 
tender  epidermis  or  skin,  and  perish  when 
that  thickens  into  bark.  These  are  the 
efficient  absorbers  of  liquid  nourishment. 
They  are  developed  and  perish  annually 
with  the  leaves,  whose  servants  they  are. 
Few  of  them  remain  after  the  fall  of  the 
leaf.  This  fact  plainly  indicates  that  the 
proper  time  for  transplanting  trees  or 
shrubs  is  the  late  Autumn,  Winter,  or 
early  Spring,  when  there  are  but  few 
tender  fibrillte  to  be  injured. 

200.  Two  modes  of  root-development  are  definitely  distin- 
guished. First,  the  Axial  mode  is  that  where  the  primary, 
simple  radicle,  in  growing,  extends  itself  downward  in  a  main 
body  more  or  less  branched,  continuous  with  the  stem,  and 
forms  the  permanent  root  of  the  plant.  Such  is  the  case  with 
the  Maple,  Mustard,  Beet,  and  most  of  the  Dicotyledonous 
Plants  (§  183). 

201.  Secondly,  the  Ixaxial  development  is  that  where  the 
primary  radicle  proves  abortive,  never  developing  into  an  axial 
root;  but,  growing  laterally  only,  it  sends  out  little  shoots  from 
its  sides,  which  grow  into  long,  slender  roots,  nearly  equal  in 
value,  none  of  them  continuous  with  the  stem.  Of  this  nature 
are  the  roots  of  all  the  Grasses,  the  Lilies,  and  the  Monocotyle- 
dons generally,  and  of  the  Cryptogamia.  Plants  raised  from 
layers,  cuttings,  tubers,  and  slips  are  necessarily  destitute  of 
the  axial  i*oot. 

202.  The  various  forms  of  the  root  are  naturally  and 
conveniently  referred  to  these  two  modes  of  development.  The 
principal  axial  forms  are  the  ramous,  fusiform,  napiform,  and  con- 


08 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


ical.  To  all  these  forms  the  general  name  tap-root  is  applied. 
The  ramous  is  the  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees  and  shrubs, 
where  the  main-root  branches  extensively,  and  is  finally  dissolved 
and  lost  in  multiplied  ramifications. 

203.  Tuberous  tap-roots.  In  herbaceous  plants  the  tap- 
root often  becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  with  comparatively  few 
branches.  This  tendency  is  peculiarly  marked  in  biennials  (§  41), 
where  the  root  serves  as  a  reservoir  of  the  superabundant  food 
which  the  plant  accumulates  during  its  first  year's  growth,  and 
keeps  in  store  against  the  exhausting  process  of  fruit-bearing  in 
its  second  year.  Such  is  the  Fusiform  (spindle-shaped)  root — 
thick,  succulent,  tapering  downward,  and  also  for  a  short  space 
upward.  Beet,  Kadish,  and  Ginseng  are  examples.  The  Con- 
ical root  tapers  all  the  way  from  the  coUum  downward  (Carrot). 
The  jVc(pi/o7'm  (turnip-shaped)  swells  out  in  its  upper  part  so 
that  its  breadth  equals  or  exceeds  its  length,  as  in  Erigenia  (235) 
and  Turnip  (239). 


204.  The  forms  of  inaxial  roots  are  fibrous,  fibro-tuber- 
ous,  tubercular,  coralline,  nodulous,  and  moniliform.  The  Jibroiis 
root  consists  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions,  sent  ofi"  directly 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  no  main  or  tap  root.  Such  are 
the  roots  of  most  Grasses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  excessively 
in  light  sandy  soils.     Fihro-tiiberoiis  roots  (or  fasciculate)  are 


THE   ROOT. 


69 


SO  called  when  some  of  the  fibres  are  thick  and  fleshy,  as  in  the 
Asphodel,  Crowfoot,  Paeony,  Orchis,  and  Dahlia.  When  the 
fibre  is  enlarged  in  certain  parts  only,  it  is  nodulous  ;  and  when 
the  enlargeraents  occur  at  regular  intervals,  it  is  moniliform 
(necklace-like).  When  it  bears  little  tubers  here  and  there,  as 
in  Squirrel-corn  (Dicentra  Canadensis),  it  is  tubercular. 


241,  Pjeony — fibro-tuberou?  roots.    242,  Ginseng — fusiform  root.    243,  Pelargonium  triste— mcmilifor 
root.    244,  Spirea  filipendula — nodulous  root.    245,  A  creeping  stem,  with  adventitious  roots. 


205.  Deposits  of  starch,  or  farinaceous  matter,  in  all  these 
cases,  constitute  the  thickening  substance  of  the  root,  stored  up 
for  the  future  use  of  the  plant. 

206.  Adventitious  roots  are  such  as  originate  in  some  part  of  the  ascending  axis 
— stem  or  branches— whether  above  or  below  the  ground.  They  are  so  called  because 
their  origin  is  indeterminate,  both  in  place  and  time.  Several  special  forms  should  be 
noticed ;  as  the  cirrhous  roots  of  certain  climbing  vines  (European  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  Trum- 
pet-creeper) put  forth  in  great  numbers  from  the  stem,  serving  for  its  mechanical  support 
and  no  other  known  use.  Again  ;  the  Fulcra  of  certain  Monocotyledonous  plants  origi- 
nate high  up  the  stem,  and  descending  obliquely  enter  the  ground.  The  Indian  Corn 
frequently  puts  forth  such  roots  from  its  lower  joints,  and  thereby  becomes  strongly 
braced.  The  Screw  Pine  (Pandanus)  of  the  conservatories  puts  forth  fulcra  often  several 
feet  in  length. 

207.  The  Banian  Tree  (Ficus  Indicus)  drops  "adventitious"  roots  from  its  ex- 
tended branches,  which,  reaching  and  entering  the  ground,  grow  to  supporting  columns, 
like  secondary  trunks.  Thus  a  single  tree  becomes  at  length  a  grove  capable  of  shelter- 
ing an  army. 

208.  Epiphytes  (j*i,  upon,  (^\jTm,  a  plant),  a  class  of  plants, 
called  also  air-plants,  have  roots  which  are  merely  mechanical, 


7>) 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


serving  to  fix  such  plants  tii-mly  upon  other  plants  or  trees, 
while  they  derive  their  nourishment  wholly  from  the  air.  The 
Long-moss  (Tillandsia)  and  Conopseum  are  examples. 


247,  Old  Oak  trunk  with  horizontal  branch  hearing  epipliytes  ; 
sites,  a,  A  fern  (Polypodium  incanum).  fc,  Epidendrum  conopse 
Long-moss  (Tillandsia).    </,  Mistletoe  (Viseum).     c.  Lichen. 

209.  Parasites — Three  classes.  Very  dif- 
ferent in  nature  are  the  roots  of  those  plants 
called  parasites,  which  feed  upon  the  juices  of 
other  plants  or  trees.  Such  roots  penetrate 
the  bark  of  the  nurse-plant  to  the  cambium 
layer  beneath,  and  appropriate  the  stolen  juices  to  their  own 
growth  ;  as  the  Dodder  and  Mistletoe.  Other  parasites,  al- 
though standing  in  the  soil,  are  fixed  upon  foreign  roots,  and 
thence  derive  either  their  entire  sustenance,  as  the  Beech-drops 
and  other  leafless,  colorless  plants,  or  a  part  of  their  sustenance, 
as  the  Cow-wheat  (Melampyrum)  and  Gerardia. 

210.  Subterranean  stems.  As  there  are  aerial  roots,  so  there  are  stibterranean 
stems.  These  are  frequently  mistaken  for  roots,  but  may  be  known  by  their  habitually 
and  regularly  producing  buds.  Of  this  nature  are  the  tubers  of  the  Irish  Potato,  the  root- 
stock  of  the  Sweet-flag,  the  bulb  of  the  Tulip.  But  even  the  true  root  may  sometimes 
develop  buds— accidentally  as  it  were— in  consequence  of  some  injury  to  the  upper  axis, 
or  some  other  unnatural  condition. 

Beview.—W!.  The  root  defined.  Its  oflice.  198.  Its  leading  propensity.  Its  jiroper 
appendages.  Purpose  of  their  multiplication.  199.  Where  is  the  collura?  Where  the 
spongelets?  U%a^  are  they?  What  are  the  flbrillse  ?  Their  office  and  history.  Why 
should  a  tree  be  planted  in  SpHng?  200.  Name  the  two  modes  of  root-development. 
Define  the  aceiff;.  201.  Define  the  t«aa;ia^.  Give  instances.  203.  Four  varieties  of  axial 
or  tap  roots.  Define  the  ramous.  203.  Define  the  fusiform— The  conical— The  napiform. 
What  the  nature  of  these  fleshy  roots  ?  204.  Six  varieties  of  inaxial  roots.  What  of  the 
fibrous?— Fibro-tuberous?— Nodulous?  — Moniliform?  — Coralline  (240)?  205.  What  is 
Ftored  in  them?  20fi.  What  are  adventitious  roots?— The  cirrhous ?— The  fulcra?  207. 
Trunks  of  the  Banian.  208.  Epiphyti's.  209.  How  do  the  parasites  difl'er?  Mention 
three  classes.     'ilO.  Distinguish  roots  from  stems. 


THE   STEM. 


71 


CHAPTER    XV. 

THE    STEM,    OR   ASCEXDIjSTG    AXIS. 

211.  The  general  idea  of  the  Axis  is  this :  the  central  substan- 
tial portion  of  the  plant,  bearing  the  appendages,  viz.,  roots 
below,  and  the  leaf-organs  above.  The  Ascending  Axis  is  that 
which  originates  with  the  plumule,  tends  upward  in  its  growth, 
and  expands  itself  to  the  influence  of  the  air  and  the  light. 


2!8,  Procumbent  stem— CUiogenes  hispidu 


212.  Although  the  first  direction  of  the  stem's  growth  is  ver- 
tical in  all  plants,  there  are  many  in  which  this  direction  does 
not  continue,  but  changes  into  the  oblique  or  horizontal,  either 
just  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just  beneath  it.  If  the 
stem  continues  to  arise  in  the  original  direction,  as  it  most  com- 
monly does,  it  is  said  to  be  erect.  If  it  grow  along  the  ground 
without  rooting,  it  is  said  to  be  procumhent^  prostrate.,  trailing. 
If  it  recline  upon  the  ground  after  having  at  the  base  arisen 
somewhat  above  it,  it  is  deciimhent.     If  it  arise  obliquely  from  a 


Anagallis  arvensis. 


prostrate  base,  it  is  said  to  be  ascending ;  and  if  it  continue 
buried  beneath  the  soil,  it  is  subterranean.  Such  stems,  although 
buried  like  roots,  may  readily  be  known  by  their  buds  as  already 
explained  (§210). 


72  STKUCTUEAL    BOTANY. 

213.  Stems  are  either  simple  or  branched.  The  simple  stem 
is  produced  by  the  unfolding  of  the  primary  bud  (the  plumule) 
in  the  direction  of  its  point  alone.  As  this  bud  is  developed 
below  into  the  lengthening  stem,  it  is  continually  reproduced  at 
its  summit,  and  so  is  always  borne  at  the  termination  of  the 
stem.     Hence  the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

214.  The  Branched  Stem,  which  is  by  far  the  most  common, 
is  produced  by  the  develoi^ment  of  both  terminal  and  axillary 
buds.  The  axis  produces  a  bud  in  the  axil  of  its  every  leaf;  that 
is,  at  a  point  just  above  the  origin  of  the  leaf-stalk.  These  buds 
remain  inactive  in  the  case  of  the  simple  stem,  as  the  Mullein ; 
but  more  generally  are  developed  into  leafy  subdivisions  of  the 
axis,  and  the  stem  thus  becomes  branched.  A  Branch  is,  there- 
fore, a  division  of  the  axis  produced  by  the  derelopment  of  an 
axillary  bud.  This  bud,  also,  ever  renewed,  is  borne  at  the  ter- 
mination of  the  branch  ;  so  that  axillary  buds,  each  in  turn, 
become  terminal. 

215.  The  Arrangement  of  the  Branches  upon  the  stem,  de- 
pends, therefore,  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves;  which  will 
be  more  yjarticularly  noticed  hereafter.  This  arrangement  is 
beautifully  regular,  according  to  established  laws.  In  this  place 
we  briefly  notice  three  general  modes.  The  Alternate  arrange- 
ment is  where  but  one  branch  arises  from  each  joint  (node)  on 
different  sides  of  the  stem,  as  in  the  Elm.  The  Opposite  is  where 
two  branches  stand  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same  node,  as  in 
Maple.  The  Verticillate  is  where  three  or  more  branches,  equi- 
distant, encircle  the  stem  at  each  node,  as  in  the  Pine. 

2 1 G.  Certain  kinds  of  branches  are  noted  for  their  tendency  to 
produce  adventitious  roots,  and  thus  to  become  independent 
plants.  Nurserymen  avail  themselves  of  this  property  in  propa- 
gation, and  name  such  branches  cions,  suckers,  stolons,  offsets, 
slips,  layers,  cuttings,  and  runners.  TJie  Sucker  is  a  branch 
issuing  from  some  underground  j^ortion  of  the  plant,  leaf-bearing 
above  and  sending  out  roots  from  its  own  base,  becoming  finally 
a  separate,  independent  plant.  The  Rose  and  Raspberry  are 
thus  multiplied. 

217.  The  Stolon  or  Layer  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  above- 
ground  portion   of  the  stem,   and  afterward  declining  to  tlie 


THE   STEM. 


73 


ground,  takes  root  at  or  near  its  extremity,  sends  up  new  shoots, 
and  becomes  a  new  plant.  The  Hobble-bush  and  Black-rasj)- 
berry  do  this  naturally,  and  gardeners  imitate  the  process  in 
many  plants. 

218.  The  Cion  is  any  healthy  twig  or  branchlet  bearing  one 
or  more  buds,  used  by  the  gardeners  in  the  common  process  of 
grafting.  Slips  and  cuttings  are  fragments  of  ordinary  branches 
or  stems,  consisting  of  young  wood,  bearing  one  or  more  buds. 
These  strike  root  when  planted  in  the  ground.  So  the  Grape- 
vine and  Hop.  The  Offset  is  merely  a  cion  severed  from  the 
parent  and  set  in  the  ground  to  strike  root. 


250,  a.  Slip  (Gofisebern-)  talking  rnot.  h.  i 
arranged  for  propKgatioii.  </,  A  mode  of  d 
of  grafting.    /,  A  sucker. 


219.  The  lliimier  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  branch,  issuing  from 
certain  short-stemmed  herbs,  extending  itself  along  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  striking  root  at  its  end  without  being  buried. 
Thence  leaves  arise,  and.  a  new  plant,  which  in  turn  sends  out 
new  runners,  as  in  the  Strawberry. 

220.  The  N'ocle^  or  joint  of  the  stem,  marks  a  definite  point 
of  a  peculiar  organization,  where  the  leaf  with  its  axillary  bud 
arises.  The  nodes  occur  at  regular  intervals,  and.  the  spaces 
between  them  are  termed  internodes.  This  provides  for  the 
symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  leaves  and  branches  of  the  stem. 
In  the  root  no  such  provision  is  made,  and  the  branches  have  no 
manner  of  arrangement.     Now  the  grotrth  of  the  stem  consists 


74  STEUOTUEAL  BOTANY. 

in  the  development  of  the  internodes.  In  the  bud,  the  nodeK 
are  closely  crowded  together,  with  no  perceptible  internodes ; 
thus  bringing  the  rudimentary  leaves  in  close  contact  with  each 
other.  But  in  the  stem,  which  is  afterward  evolved  from  that 
bud,  Ave  see  full-grown  leaves  separated  by  considerable  spaces. 
That  is,  w'hile  leaves  are  doveloj^ed  from  the  rudiments,  inter- 
nodes are  pushed  out  from  the  growing  point. 


,  A  StrawbeiTy  plant  (Fragaiia  yesca)  sending  out  a  runner. 


221.  There  are,  however,  many  species  of  plants,  especially  of 
herbs,  in  Avhich  the  axis  of  the  primary  bud  does  not  develop 
into  internodes  at  all,  or  but  partially  in  various  degrees.  See 
the  axis  of  Trillium,  Onion,  and  Bloodroot.  Such  stems  seldom 
appear  above-ground.  They  are  suhterranean.  This  fact  makes 
a  wide  difference  in  the  forms  of  stems,  and  naturally  constitutes 
them  into  two  great  divisions — viz.,  the  Leaf-stems  and  the 
Scale-stems. 

Iteriew.—ni.  What  is  the  Axis?  WHiat  the  Ascending  Axis?  212.  Is  the  axis  always 
erect?  What  is  a  procumbent  stem?  What  decumbent  ?— Ascending?— Subterranean? 
How  may  these  be  distinguished  from  roots  ?  213.  Explain  the  growth  of  a  simple  stem. 
Where  may  the  plumule-bud  always  be  found?  214.  Explain  the  growth  of  a  branching 
stem.  Define  a  branch.  215.  Tlieir  order.  State  the  three  general  modes.  216.  What  is 
asncker?  217.  What  is  a  stolon?  21S.  What  is  a  cion?— An  offset?— Slips  and  cuUings? 
219.  How  does  the  Strawberry  spread?  220.  What  is  a  Node?— An  Interuode?  What  of 
Stem-growth?    221.  State  carefully  a  different  method.    Two  grand  divisions  of  Stems. 


FORMS   OF  THE  LEAF-STEMS. 


75 


CHAPTER    XVI. 


FORMS    OF   THE    LEAF-STEMS. 


222.  The  leaf-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  internodes 
fully  developed,  rise  into  the  air  crowned  with  leaves.  The 
principal  forms  are  the  caulis,  culm,  trunk,  caudex,  and  vine. 
They  are  either  herbaceous  or  woody.  They  bear  fruit  but  one 
season  and  then  perish,  at  least  down  to  the  root,  scarcely  becom- 
ing woody ;  as  seen  in  Mustard,  Radish,  and  Grasses.  But  the 
woody  leaf-stems  survive  the  Winter,  and  become  firm  and  solid 
in  substance  in  after  years ;  as  do  all  the  forest  trees. 


252,  Seale-stera  (Dicentra  ci-.cuUarUi).     2S:;,  A  Rower  of  tlie  same.     2M,  A  flower  of  D.  Canadensis. 
255,  Leaf-stem  (Cliimapliila  maculata). 

223.  Caulis  is  a  term  generally  applied  to  the  annual  leaf- 
stems  of  herbaceous  plants.  "  Halm"  is  a  term  used  in  England 
with  the  same  sio-nification.     Caulescent  and  acaxdescent  are  con- 


76 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


venient  terms,  denoting,  the  former  the  presence,  and  the  latter 
the  absence  of  the  caulis  or  aerial  stem. 

224.  The  culm  is  the  stem  of  the  Grasses  and  the  Sedges, 
generally  jointed,  often  hollow,  rarely  becoming  woody;  as  in 
Cane  and  Bamboo. 


255,  S,  Spruce.     B,  Beech.     E, 


to  illustrate  e.Kcurrent  ami  solvent  axis. 


225.  The  trunk  is  the  name  of  the  peculiar  stems  of  arbor- 
escent plants.  It  is  the  central  column  or  axis  which  supports 
their  branching  tops  and  withstands  the  assaults  of  the  wind  by 
means  of  the  great  firmness  and  strength  of  the  woody  or  lig- 
neous tissue  Avith  which  it  abounds.  The  trunk  is  usually  seen 
simple  and  columnar  below,  for  a  certain  space,  then  variously 
dividing  itself  into  branches.  Here  it  is  cylindrical,  straight, 
and  erect,  as  in  the  Forest  Pine ;  prismatic  often,  as  in  the  Gum- 
tree  ;  gnarled  and  curved,  as  in  the  Oak ;  or  inclined  far  over  its 
base,  as  in  the  Sycamore. 

22G.  In  dividing  itself  into  branches  we  observe  two  general 
modes,  with  tlieir  numerous  variations,  strikingly  characterizing 


FOBMS   OF  THE   LEAF-STEMS.  77 

the  tree  forms.  In  the  one,  named  by  Lindley  the  excurrent, 
the  trunk,  from  the  superior  vigor  of  its  terminal  bud,  takes  pre- 
cedence of  the  branches,  and  runs  through  to  the  summit,  as  in 
the  Beech,  Birch,  Oak,  and  especially  in  the  Spruce— trees  with 
oval  or  pyramidal  forms.  But  in  the  other,  the  solvej^t  axis, 
as  seen  in  the  Elm  and  Apple-tree,  the  trunk  suddenly  divides 
into  several  subequal  branches,  which  thence  depart  with  differ- 
ent degrees  of  divergency,  giving  the  urn  form  to  the  Elm,  the 
rounded  form  to  the  Apple-tree,  tlie  depressed  form  to  the  Sloe- 
tree  (Viburnum)  and  Dogwood. 

237.  Caudex  is  a  term  now  appKied  to  the  peculiar  trunk  of  the  Palms  and  Tree-ferns, 
simple,  branchless  columns,  or  rarely  dividing  in  advanced  age.  It  is  produced  by  the 
growth  of  the  terminal  bud  alone,  and  its  sides  are  marked  by  the  scars  of  the  fallen  leaf 
stalks  of  former  years,  or  are  yet  covered  by  their  persistent  bases.  The  stock  or  caudex 
of  tlie  cactus  tribe  is  extraordinary  in  form  and  substance.  It  is  often  jointed,  prismatic, 
branched,  always  greenish,  fleshy,  and  full  of  a  watery  juice.  Instead  of  leaves,  its  lateral 
buds  develop  spines  only,  the  stem  Itself  performing  the  functions  of  leaves.  These 
plants  abound  in  the  warm  regions  of  tropical  America,  and  afford  a  cooling,  acid  bev- 
erage to  the  thirsty  traveller  when  springs  dry  up  under  the  torrid  sun. 

228.  TuE  VINE  is  either  herbaceous  or  woody.  It  is  a  stem 
too  slender  and  weak  to  stand  erect,  but  trails  along  the  ground, 
or  any  convenient  support.  Sometimes,  by  means  of  special 
organs  for  this  purpose,  called  tendrils^  it  ascends  trees  and  other 
objects  to  a  great  height ;  as  the  Grape,  Gourd,  and  other 
climbing  vines. 

229.  The  twining  vine  having  also  a  length  greatly  disproportioned  to  its  diameter, 
supports  itself  on  other  plants  or  objects  by  entwining  itself  around  them,  being  destitute 
of  tendrils.  Thus  the  Hop  ascends  into  the  air  by  foreign  aid,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact 
that  the  direction  of  its  winding  is  always  the  same,  viz.,  with  the  sun,  from  left  to  right ; 
nor  can  any  artificial  training  induce  it  to  reverse  its  course.  This  is  a  general  law 
among  twining  stems.  Every  individual  plant  of  the  same  species  revolves  in  the  same 
direction,  aithougli  opposite  directions  may  characterize  difi'crent  species.  Thus  the 
Morning-Glory  revolves  always  against  the  sun. 

Review.— i^'i,.  Carefully  repeat  the  definition.  When  are  they  herbaceous?  When 
woody?  223.  Define  Caulis,  and  two  derived  terms.  224.  What  is  a  Culm ?  225.  What 
is  the  Trunk?  Various  forms  of  it.  220.  Its  characteristic  difference  in  Beech  and  Elm. 
227.  Characterize  the  trunk  of  the  Palm-tree— Of  Cactus.  223.  Describe  the  Vine,  and 
two  varieties.  Are  the  climbers  or  twiners  armed  with  tendrils  ?  229.  The  law  of  the 
course  of  the  twiners.    Course  of  Hop— Of  Morning-Glory. 


78 


STRUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


CHAPTER   XVII. 


FORMS    OF   SCALE-STEMS. 


230.  The  Scale-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  inter- 
nodes  partially  or  not  at  all  developed,  and  generally  clothed 
with  scales  for  leaves,  scarcely  emerge  from  beneath  the  soil. 
They  are  the  creeper  and  rhizoma  (developed),  the  croion,  tuber, 
corm,  and  hidb  (undeveloped).  Their  forms  are  singular,  often 
distorted  in  consequence  of  their  underground  growth  and  the 
unequal  development  of  the  internodes.  They  commonly  belong 
to  perennial  herbs,  and  the  principal  forms  are  described  as  fol- 
lows ;  but  intermediate  connecting  forms  are  very  numerous, 
and  often  perplexing. 

lib  Q  b 


t^-^j 


257,  Creeper  of  "  Nimble  Will,"  or  Witcb-grass;  o,  Bud;  bb,  bases  of  culms. 

231.  The  creeper  is  either  subaerial  or  subterranean.  In  the 
former  case  it  is  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  at  every  joint, 
and  hardly  distinguishable  otherwise  from  leaf-stems ;  as  the 
Twin-flower  (Linntca),  the  Partridge-berry  (Mitchella).  In  the 
latter  case  it  is  more  commonly  clothed  with  scales,  often  branch- 
ing extensively,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  exceedingly  tenacious  of 
life,  extending  horizontally  in  all  directions  beneath  the  soil,  an- 
nually sending  up  from  its  terminal  buds  erect  stems  into  the 
air.  The  Witch-grass  (Triticum  i-epens)  is  an  example.  Such 
plants  are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better 
cultivation  than  to  be  torn  and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  sjDade  of  the 
angry  gardener,  since  they  are  thus  multiplied  as  many  times  as 
there  are  fragments. 


FORMS   OF   SCALE-STEMS. 


79 


23-2.  Repent  steins  of  this  kind  are  not,  liowever,  witliout  tlieir  use.  Tliey  frequently 
abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  which  they  serve  to  bind  and  secure  against  the  inroads  of 
the  water  and  even  the  sea  itself.  Holland  is  said  to  owe  its  very  existence  to  the  repent 
stems  of  such  plants  as  the  Mat-grass  (Arundo  arenaria),  Carex  arenarins,  and  Elymus 
arunarius,  which  overrun  the  artificial  dykes  upon  its  shores,  and  by  their  innumerable 
roots  and  creepers  apparentlv  bind  the  loose  sand  into  a  firm  barrier  against  the  washing 
of  the  waves.  So  the  turf^  chiefly  composed  of  repent  Grass-stems,  forms  the  only  secu- 
rity  of  our  own  sandy  or  clayey  hills  against  the  washing  rains. 

233.  The  kiiizome  or  koot-stock  diiiers  from  the  creeper 
only  ill  being  shorter  and  thicker,  having  its  internodes  but  par- 
tially developed.  It  is  a  prostrate,  fleshy,  rooting  stem,  either 
"wholly  or  partially  subterranean,  often  scaly  with  the  bases  of 
undeveloped  leaves,  or  marked  with  the  scars  of  former  leaves, 
and  yearly  producing  new  shoots  and  roots.  Such  is  the  fleshy, 
horizontal  portion  of  the  Blood-root,  Sweet-flag,  Water-lily,  and 
Bramble  (the  latter  hardly  dilferent  from  the  creeper). 

2.34.  The  iirowth  of  the  rhizome  is  instructive,  marking  its  peculiar  character.  Each 
joint  marks  the  growth  of  a  year.  In  Spring,  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  into  leaves  and 
llowers,  to  perish  in  Autumn — a  new  bud  to  open  the  follov\'ing  Spring,  and  a  new  inter- 
node,  with  its  roots,  to  abide  several  years.  The  number  of  joints  indicates,  not  the  age 
of  the  plant,  but  the  destined  age  of  each  internode.  Thus  if  there  are  three  joints,  we 
inlor  that  they  are  triennial,  perishing  after  the  third  season,  while  the  plant  sti!!  grows  on. 


25S,  Rhizfima  of  Solnmon's  Seal  (PoIyRonatnm  mnltiflorum).  a.  Fraement  of  the  first  venr's  frrnwth; 
h.  tlie  second  year's  growtli ;  c,  growtli  of  tlie  tliirrt  year;  i1,  growtli  of  the  present  (fourth)  venr,  liearin:; 
the  stem,  which,  on  decaying,  will  leave  a  scar  (seal)  like  the  rest.    2^9,   Premorse  root  of  Trillium 


235.  The  premorse  eoot-stock,  formerly  described  as  a  root, 
is  a  short,  erect  rhizome,  ending  abruptly  below,  as  if  bitten 
square  off  (pra^morsus).  This  is  owing  to  the  death  of  the 
earlier  and  lower  internodes  in  succession,  as  in  the  horizontal 
rhizome.  Scabius,  Viola  pedata,  and  Benjamin-root  (Trillium) 
are  examples. 

236.  Crowist  of  the  root  designates  a  short  stem  with  con- 
densed internodes,  remaining  upon  some  perennial  roots,  at  or 


80 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


beneath  the  surfixce-soil,  after  the  leaves  and  annual  stems  have 
perished. 

237.  The  tubeii  is  an  annual  thickened  portion  of  a  subterra- 
nean stem  or  branch,  provided  with  latent  buds  called  eyes, 
from  which  new  plants  ensue  the  succeeding  year.  It  is  the  fact 
of  its  origin  with  the  ascending  axis,  and  the  production  of  buds, 
that  places  the  tuber  among  stems  instead  of  roots.  The  Po- 
tato and  Artichoke  are  examples. 

238.  The  stem  of  the  Potato-plant  sends  out  roots  from  its  base,  and  branches  above, 
like  other  plants  ;  but  we  observe  that  its  branches  have  two  distinct  modes  of  develop- 
ment. Those  branches  which  rise  into  the  air,  whether  issuing  from  the  aboveground 
or  the  underground  portion  of  the  stem,  expand  regularly  into  leaves,  etc. ;  while  those 
lower  branches  which  continue  to  grope  in  the  dark,  damp  ground,  cease  at  length  to 
elongate,  swell  up  at  the  ends  into  tubers  with  developed  buds  and  abundance  of  nutri- 
tions matter  in  reserve  for  renewed  growth  the  following  year. 


239.  The  cokji  is  an  underground,  solid,  fleshy  stem,  witli 
condensed  internodes,  never  extending,  but  remaining  of  a 
rounded  form  covered  with  thin  scales.  It  is  distinguished  from 
roots  by  its  leaf-bud,  which  is  either  borne  at  the  summit,  as  in 
the  Crocus,  or  at  the  side,  as  in  the  Colchicum  and  Putty-root 
(Aplectrum). 


FORMS    OF   SCALE-STEMS. 


81 


240.  The  Bulb  partakes  largely  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.  It 
consists  of  a  short,  dilated  axis,  bearing  an  oval  mass  of  thick, 
fleshy  scales,  closely  packed  above,  a  circle  of  adventitious  roots 
around  its  base,  and  a  flowering  stem  from  the  terminal,  or  a 
lateral  bud. 


A 


K\^ 


264,  Scale-^ulb  of  White 


241.  How  nmUiplied.—'^\\Vn%  are  renewed  or  multiplied  annually  at  the  approach  of 
Winter  by  the  development  of  bulbs  from  the  axils  of  the  scales,  which  increase  at  the 
expense  of  the  old,  and  ultimately  become  de- 
tached. Bulbs  which  flower  from  the  terminal 
bud  are  necessarily  either  annual  or  biennial ; 
those  flowering  from  an  axillary  bud  may  bo 
perennial,  as  the  terminal  bud  may  in  this  case 
continue  to  develop  new  scales  indefinitelj'. 

242.  Bulbs  are  said  to  be  tunl- 
cated  Avhen  they  consist  of  con- 
centric layers,  each  entire  and 
enclosing  all  within  it,  as  in  the      ^66,  BuibofLiiiumsuperbum.-mth  habitof 

O  'a  rhizorae;  a,  full  grown  bulb  sending  up  a  ter- 

Onion.        But    the    more    common     ^/nal^f  em  r- and  two  offsets  to,for  the  bulbs 

variety  is  the  scaly  bulb — consist- 
ing of  fleshy,  concave  scales,  arranged  spirally  upon  the  axis,  as 
in  the  Lily. 

243.  The  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb  are  analogous  forms  approaching  by  degrees  to  the 
character  of  the  bud,  which  consists  of  a  little  axis  bearing  a  covering  of  scales.    In  the 
tuber,  the  axis  is  excessively  developed,  while  the  scales  are  reduced  to  mere  linear 
6 


82 


STKUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


points.  In  the  conn,  the  analogy  is  far  more  evident,  for  the  axis  is  less  excessive  and 
the  scales  more  manifest ;  and  lastly,  in  the  bulb  the  analogy  is  complete,  or  overdone, 
the  scales  often  becoming  excessive. 


267.  Corm  of  Cr  ciis  ^^lth  new  ones  fin 
5f  bulb  of  Hj  icmth  «itli  ttrminil  sc  >pe 
with  axillary  sc  ipis 


ln-■^bo^e      2rs    \  citR  U  sllIi  m  of  the  snmc      269,  Section 
id  .  xiU  11}  bulblet     27J    ScLtiun  of  bulb  of  Ux.ilis  iioUceii, 


Beview.—'iHO.  Give  carefully  tlie  definition.  Which  forms  are  undeveloped?  Which 
partly  developed  ?  231.  Define  the  Creeper.  Its  two  classes.  How  is  Wit<-!i  grass  best 
cultivated?  Usefulness  of  such  stems.  What  is  sward  ?  233.  Define  Root-stock?  Show 
its  manner  of  growth  by  the  figure  (258).  235.  What  is  the  premorse  Root-stock  ?  236. 
The  stem  of  Clover,  Asparagus,  etc..  in  Winter  is  w-hat?  237.  What  is  a  Tuber?  Show 
by  fig.  200  how  it  grows.  239.  Define  Corm.  Show  by  fig.  263  how  it  grows.  240.  De- 
scribe the  bulb.  Show  its  growth  by  fig.  26G.  Varieties.  243.  Point  out  the  gradation 
in  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb. 


CHAPTER    XYIII. 


THE    LEAF-BUD, 


244.  It  is  but  a  step  from  the  study  of  the  bulb  to  that  of  the 
leaf-bud.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds  in  respect  to  their  contents — 
the  leaf-bud  containing  the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  stem  or  branch, 
the  Jlo2ce)'-bud  containing  the  same  elements  transformed  into  tlie 
nascent  organs  of  a  flower  for  the  purpose  of  rei^roduction. 

245.  The  leaf-bud  consists  of  a  brief,  cone-shaped  axis  with 
a  tender  growing  point,  bearing  a  protecting  covering  of  imbri- 
cated scales  and  incipient  leaves. 

246.  The  leafy  nature  of  the  scales  is  evident  from  a  careful 
inspection  of  such  buds  as  those  of  the  Rose,  Currant,  Tulip-tree, 


THE   LEAF-BUD. 


83 


when  they  are  swollen  or  bursting  in  Spring.  The  student  will 
notice  a  gradual  change  from  the  outer  scales  to  the  evident 
leaves  or  stipules  within,  as  seen  in  Fig.  273. 
As  a  further  protection  against  frost  and  rain, 
we  find  the  scales  sometimes  clothed  with 
hairs,  sometimes  varnished  with  resin.  This 
is  abundant  and  very  aromatic  in  the  buds  of 
the  Balm-of-Gilead  and  other  Poplars. 

247.  In  regard  to  position,  buds  are  either 
terminal  or  axillary,  a  distinction  already  no- 
ticed. Axillary  buds  are  esjDecially  noted  as 
being  either  active  or  latent.  In  the  former  case 
they  are  unfolded  into  branches  at  once,  or  in 
the  Spring  following  their  formation.  But 
latent  buds  suspend  their  activities  from  year 
to  year,  or  perhaps  are  never  quickened  into 
growth.  Axillary  buds  become  terminal  so 
soon  as  their  development  fairly  commences ; 
therefore  each  branch  also  has  a  terminal  bud, 
and,  like  the  main  axis,  is  capable  of  extending 
its  grovrth  as  long  as  that  bud  remains  un- 
harmed. If  it  be  destroyed  by  violence  or 
frost,  or  should  it  be  transformed  into  a 
flower-bud,  the  growth  in  that  direction  for- 
ever ceases. 

248.  The  suppression  of  axillary 
buds  tends  to  simj)lify  the  form  of  the  plant. 
Their  total  suppression  during  the  first  year's 
growth  of  the  terminal  bud  is  comm^on,  as  in 
the  annual  stem  of  Mullein  and  in  most  peren- 
nial stems.  When  axillary  buds  remain  permanently  latent, 
and  only  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  year  after  year,  a  simple, 
branchless  trunk,  crowned  with  a  solitary  tuft  of  leaves,  is  the 
result,  as  in  the  Palmetto  of  our  southern  borders. 


27),  Branch  of  Pear-trco. 
The  terminal  bud  a,  having 
been  destroyed,  an  axillary 
bud  supplied  its  place,  and 
formed  the  axis  h.  r.  Thick- 
ened branch  with  flower- 
buds  ;  rf,  branch  with  leaf- 
buds.  272,  ^  section  o{ 
terminal  bud  ;  (,  of  axillary 
bud. 


240.  A  partial  suppression  of  buds  occurs  in  almost  all  species,  and  generally  in  some 
definite  ordei-.  In  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  sometimes  one  bud  of  the  pair  at  each 
node  is  developed  and  the  other  is  suppressed,  as  in  the  Pink  tribe.  When  both  buds 
are  developed,  the  branches,  appearing  in  pairs  like  arms,  are  said  to  be  brachiate,  as  in 
the  Labiates.    In  many  trees  the  terminal  buds  are  arrested  by  inflorescence  each  season, 


8i 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


and  the  growth  is  continued  l)y  axillary  buds  alone,  as  in  the  Catalpa  and  Horse-chestnut. 
In  all  trees,  indeed,  buds  are  suppressed  more  or  less,  from  various  causes,  disguising  at 
length  the  intended  symmetry  of  the  branches,  to  the  utter  confusion  of  twigs  and  spray. 


273,  Bnd  of  Currant 


ud  of  Tulip-tree,- 


250.  Accessory  buds,  one  or 
more,  are  sometimes  found  just, 
above  the  true  axillary  bud,  or 
clustered  Avith  it,  and  only  dis- 
tinguished from  it  by  their 
smaller  size  ;  as  in  the  Cherry 
and  Honeysuckle. 

251.  Adventitious  or  acci- 
dental buds  are  such  as  are 
neither  terminal  nor  axillary. 
They  occasionally  appear  on 
any  part  of  the  plant  in  the 
internodes  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  on  the  root  or  even 
the  leaves.  Such  buds  gener- 
ally result  from  some  abnormal 
condition  of  the  plant,  from 
pruning  or  other  destruction  of 
branches  or  stem  above,  while 
the  roots  remain  in  full  vigor  ; 
thus  destroying  the  equilibrium 
of  vital  force  between  the  upper  and  lower  axis, 


275,  Hyperieura  Sarothra,  with  brachiata 
branches.  276,  Pink  (Dianthus)— axillary  buds 
alternately  suppressed. 


The  leaf  of  the 


THE   LEAF-BUD. 


85 


Walking- fern  emits  rootlets  and  buds  at  its  apex ;  the  leaf  of 
Bryophyllum  from  its  margin  each — bud  here  also  preceded  by  a 
rootlet.  Some  plants  are  thus  artificially  propagated  in  conser- 
Aatories  from  the  influence  of  heat  and  moisture  on  a  leaf  or  the 
fragment  of  a  leaf. 

252.  Vernation  or  praefoliation  are  terms  denoting  the 
mode  of  arrangement  and  folding  of  the  leaf  organs  composing 
the  bud.  This  arrangement  is  definitely  varied  in  difierent  or- 
ders of  plants,  furnishing  useful  distinctions  in  systematic  botany. 
It  may  be  studied  to  excellent  advantage  by  making  with  a  keen 
instrument  a  cross-section  of  the  bud  in  its  swollen  state,  just 
before  expansion  ;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing  one 
by  one  the  scales.  The  Forms  of  Vernation  are  entirely  analo- 
gous to  those  of  Estivation,  and  denoted  by  similar  terms. 

253.  Vernation  is  considered  in  two  different  aspects — first,  the 
manner  in  which  the  leaf  itself  is  folded  ;  second,  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other.  This  depends  much 
upon  the  phyllotaxy.     (§  261.) 


279,  of  Fern  ;  230,  of  Carex  ;  281,  Sage; 


254.  Each  leaf  alone  considered  is  either  j^a«  and  open,  as  in 
the  mistletoe,  or  it  is  folded  or  rolled,  as  follows  :  viz.  Reclined, 
when  folded  crosswise,  with  apex  bent  over  forward  toward  the 
base,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree ;  Condupllcate,  when  folded  perpen- 
dicularly, with  the  lateral  halves  brought  together  face  to  face, 
as  in  the  Oak ;  Plaited,  or  Plicate,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan, 
as  in  Birch. 

255.  Circinate  implies  that  each  leaf  is  rolled  or  coiled  down- 
ward from  the  apex,  as  in  Sundew  and  the  Ferns. 

256.  The  Convohfte  leaf  is  wholly  rolled  up  from  one  of  its 


86 


STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


sides,  as  in  the  Cherry ;  while  the  Involute  has  both  its  edges 
rolled  inward,  as  in  Apple,  Violet ;  and  Mevolute  has  both  mar- 
gins rolled  outward  and  back- 
ward, as  in  the  Dock,  Willow, 
Rosemary. 


olute;;  286,  Dock  bud 


257.  The  general  vernation  is  loosely  distinguished  in  descrip- 
tive botany  as  valvate  (edges  meeting),  and  imbricate  (edges 
overlapping),  terms  to  be  noticed  hereafter.  The  valvate  more 
often  occurs  in  plants  with  opposite  leaves. 

258.  Imbricate  vernation  is  J^quitcmt  (riding  astraddle), 
when  conduplicate  leaves  alternately  embrace — the  outer  one 
the  next  inner  by  its  unfolded  margins,  as  in  the  Privet  and 
Iris  (282).  It  is  Obvolute  when  it  is  half-equitant ;  that  is,  the 
outer  leaf  embraces  only  one  of  the  margins  of  the  inner,  as  in 
the  Sage  (281).  Again,  it  is  Triquitrous  where  the  bud  is  trian- 
gular in  section  and  the  leaves  equitant  at  each  angle,  as  in  the 
Sedges  (280). 

259.  The  principle  of  hud- 
ding. — Each  leaf-bud  may  be 
regarded  as  a  distinct  individ- 
ual, capable  of  vegetating  either 
in  its  native  position,  or  when 
removed  to  another,  as  is  exten- 
sively practised  in  the  impor- 
tant operation  of  budding. 

260.  Bulblets.     In  the  Tiger-lily,  Cicuta 
bulbifera,   and    Aspidium    bulbiferum,   the 
axillary  buds    spontaneously  detach   them-  ^  ^^  j,^^^^^.^ 
selves,   fall    to    the    ground,    and    become      '     "f'bi'dding 
new  plants.     These  remarkable  little  bodies  are  called  bulblets. 

F.eview.—'iU.  Two  kinds  of  buds.  245.  DcSfinc  the  leaf-bnd.  Show  the  leafy  nature  o( 
the  scales  by  fio;.  273.  The  coating  of  buds.  247.  Ends  classed  as  to  position.  Location 
of  the  axillary  buds.    Two  kinds.    When  do  the  axillary  become  terminal  ?    218.  What 


LEAF-AREANGEMENT. 


87 


if  a  part  of  thcra  be  snppressed  ?  What  if  all  ?  24!).  What  is  a  brachiate  axis  ?  How  in 
the  Pink  ?  How  iu  Catalpa  ?  250.  What  are  accessory  buds  ?  Adventitious  ?  Examples. 
25-3.  What  is  Vernation  ?  How  may  we  study  it  ?  Considering  each  leaf  alone,  when  ia 
it  reclined  ?— Conduplicate  ?— Plaited  ?  When  circinate  ?— Convolute  ?— Involute  ?— Revo- 
lute  ?  How  is  the  vernation  in  Oak  ?— Dock  ?— Birch  ?— Fern  ?  etc.  258.  Considering 
leaves  combined,  when  are  they  obvolute?— Equitant  ?— Triquitrous?  259.  State  the 
principle  of  Budding.    What  are  "Bulblets  ? 


CHAPTER    XIX. 

PHYLLOTAXT,    OK    LEAF-AKKAXGEMEXT. 

261.  As  the  position  of  the  leaf  upon  the  stem  marks  the  po- 
sition of  the  axiUary  bud,  it  follows  that  the  order  of  the  leaf- 
arrangement  will  be  the  order  of  the  branches  also.  The  care- 
ful investigation  of  this  subject  has  developed,  a  science  of 
unexpected  exactness  and  beauty,  called  phyllotaxy  ((pjXXov,  a 
leaf,  To-^icr,  order.) 


262.  In  regard  to  j^osition,  leaves  are  radical  when  they  grow 
out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  as  to 
appear  to  grow  from  the  roots  ;  cauline,  when  they  grow  from 
the  stem ;  and  ramial  {ramus,  a  branch),  when  from  the  branches. 


88  STKUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

Their  arrangement  on  the  axis  is  according  to  the  following 
general  modes : 

Alternate,  one  above  another  on  opposite  sides,  as  in  the  Elm. 

Scattered,  irregularly  spiral,  as  in  the  Potato  vine. 

Rosulate,  clustered  regularly,  like  the  petals  of  a  Rose,  as  in 
the  Plantain  and  Shepherd's-purse. 

Fasciculate,  tufted,  clustered  many  together  in  the  axil,  as 
seen  in  the  Pine,  Larch,  Berberry. 

Opposite,  two,  against  each  other,  at  the  same  node.  Ex., 
Maple. 

Verticillatc,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each 
node,  as  in  the  Meadow-lily,  Trumpet-weed.  We  may  reduce 
all  these  modes  to  two  general  types, — the  alternate,  inclu- 
ding all  cases  with  one  leaf  at  each  node  ;  the  opposite,  including 
cases  with  two  or  more  leaves  at  each  node. 

263.  The  true  character  of  the  alternate  type  may  be  learned 
by  an  experiment.  Take  a  straight  leafy  shoot  or  stem  of  the 
Elm  or  Flax,  or  any  other  plant  with  seemingly  scattered  leaves, 
and  beginning  with  the  lowest  leaf,  pass  a  thread  to  the  next 
above,  thence  to  the  next  in  the  same  direction,  and  so  on  by  all 
the  leaves  to  the  top  ;  the  thread  will  form  a  regular  spiral. 
The  opposite  leaved  type  is  also  spiral,  consisting  of  two  or  more 
parallel  spirals — as  many  as  there  are  leaves  at  the  node.  There- 
fore it  is  an  established  law  that  the  course  of  development  in  the 
groicing  plant  is  universally  sjnral.  But  this,  tlie  fokjiative 
CYCLE  as  it  is  called,  has  several  varieties. 

264.  The  Blm  cycle.  In  the  strictly  alternate" arrangement 
(Elm,  Linden,  Grasses)  the  spiral  thread  makes  one  complete 
circuit  and  commences  a  new  one  at  the  third  leaf  The  third 
leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the  fourth  over  the  second,  and  so  on, 
forming  two  vertical  rows  of  leaves.  Here  (calling  each  com- 
plete circuit  a  cycle)  we  observe,  first,  that  this  cycle  is  composed 
of  two  leaves ;  second,  that  the  angular  distance  between  its 
leaves  is  -J-  a  circle  (180°)  ;  third,  if  wc  express  this  cycle  math- 
ematically by  I,  the  numerator  (1)  will  denote  the  turns  or  revo- 
lutions, the  denominator  (2)  its  leaves,  and  the  fraction  itself  the 
angular  distance  between  the  leaves  (^  of  360°). 

265.  The  Alder  cycle.     In  the  Alder,  Birch,  Sedges,  etc., 


LEAF-AERANGEMENT. 


89 


the  cycle  is  not  complete  until  the  fourth  leaf  is  reached.  The 
fourth  leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the  second,  etc., 
forming  three  vertical  rows.  Here  call  the  cycle  ^ ;  1  denotes 
the  turns,  3  the  leaves,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  angular  dis- 
tance (I- of  360°). 

266.  The  Cherry  cycle.  In  the  Cherry,  Apple,  Peach, 
Oak,  Willow,  etc.,  neither  the  third  nor  the  fourth  leaf,  but  the 
sixth,  stands  over  the  first ;  and  in  order  to  reach  it  the  thread 
makes  two  turns  around  the  stem.  The  sixth  leaf  is  over  the 
first,  the  seventh  over  the  second,  etc.,  forming  five  vertical 
rows.  Call  this  the  f  cycle  ;  2  denotes  the  turns,  5  the  leaves  in 
the  cycle,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  (f  of  360°). 


295  296  297  Showing  the  course  of  the  spiral  thread  and  the  order  of  the  leaf-succession  in  the  axes  ot 
Elm,'A"lder,  and  Cherry.  298,  Axis  of  Osage-orange  with  a  section  of  the  bark  peeled,  displaying  the 
order  of  the  leaf-scars  (cycle  'ji). 


267.  The  Osage-orange  cycle.  In  the  common  hedge 
plant,  Osage-orange,  the  Holly,  Evening  Primrose,  Flax,  etc., 
we  find  no  leaf  exactly  over  the  first  until  we  come  to  the  9th, 
and  in  reaching  it  the  spiral  makes  thi-ee  turns.  Here  the  leaves 
form  eight  vertical  rows.  It  is  a  f  cycle  ;  3  the  number  of  turns, 
8  the  number  of  leaves,  and  the  fraction  the  angular  distance  be- 
tween the  leaves  (f  of  360°). 

268.  These  several  fractions  which  represent  the  above  cycles 
form  a  series  as  follows  :  |,  ^,  |,  |,  in  which  each  term  is  the 


90 


STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


sum  of  the  two  preceding.     The  fifth  terms  in  order  will,  there- 
fore, be  y^  ;  and  this  arrangement  is  actually  realized  in — 

269.  The  White  Pine  cycle.  In  the  young  shoots  of  the 
"White  Pine,  in  cones  of  most  Pines,  in  Flea-bane  (Erigeron 
Canadensc),  etc.,  the  fourteenth  leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the 
fifteenth  over  the  second,  etc.  The  spiral  thread  makes  five 
revolutions  to  complete  the  cycle,  which  is,  therefore,  truly  ex- 
pressed by  -f^%. 


299,  Phyllotaxj-  of  the  cone  (cycle  Vsi*  of  Pimis  serotiiiJi.  The  scales  are  numbered  a,  2,  3,  etc.)  in 
order  as  they  occur  in  the  formative  cycle.  Between  1  and  22  are  8  turns  and  21  scales,  etc.  300, 
Cherry  cycle  (V5)  ''*  viewed  from  above,  forming  necessarily  that  kind  of  aestivation  called  quineuncial. 


270.  The  Houseleek  cycle  is  next  in  order,  expressed  by 
the  fi-action  (g— ^-g]  -j^,  having  eight  turns  and  twenty-one  leaves. 
Examples  are  found  in  the  Scotch  Pine,  Houseleek,  and  the  cone 
of  Pine  figured  above  (§  299). 

Herietv.—^til.  What  is  the  etymologj' of  the  word  phyllotaxy  ?  2(i-2.  E.xplain  "  Lvs. 
radicar'— Lvs.  cauline— Lvs.  raraial.  What  is  the  alternate  arrar-jeineut  v— Opposite? 
—Scattered?— Fasciculate  y—Verticillate?  Reduce  to  ^«fO  general  tvijes.  2fi3.  What  ex- 
periment reveals  the  true  nature  of  these  types?  State  the  Law  of  plant-development. 
264.  Carefully  explain  the  Elm  Cycle.  Why  is  its  index  i?  265.  E:;plain  also  the  Aider 
Cycle  and  its  index— and  the  other  cycles.  268.  Show  the  relation  of  these  cycles.  Ex- 
plain li-s.  290,  300. 


MOKPHOLOGY  OF  THE  LEAF.  91 

CHAPTER   XX. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE    LEAF. 

'271.  The  leaf  constitutes  the  verdiire  of  plants,  and  is  by  far 
the  most  conspicuons  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery  of 
nature.  It  is  also  of  the  highest  importance  in  the  vegetable 
economy,  being  the  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form,  presenting  the 
largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  air  and  light,  which 
agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  increase  of  the  plant. 

The  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  substance  of 
the  bark,  extended  into  a  broad  thin  plate  by  means  of  a  woody 
framework  or  skeleton,  issuing  from  the  inner  part  of  the  stem. 
The  expanded  portion  is  called  the  lamina  or  blade  of  the  leaf, 
and  it  is  cither  sessile,  that  is,  attached  to  the  stem  by  its  base, 
or  it  is  x>etiolate,  attached  to  the  stem  by  a  footstalk  called 
the  petiole. 

272.  The  regular  petiole  very  often  bears  at  its  base  a  pair 
of  leaf-like  appendages,  more  or  less  apparent,  called  stipules. 
Leaves  so  appendaged  are  said  to  be  stipulate  ;  otherwise  they 
are  exstiindate. 

273.  Therefore  a  complete  leaf  consists  of  three  distinct  parts — 
the  lamina  or  blade,  the  petiole,  and  the  stipules.  But  they  are 
subject  to  endless  transformations.  Either  of  them  may  exist 
without  the  others,  or  they  may  all  be  transformed  into  other 
organs,  as  pitchers,  spines,  tendrils,  and  even  into  the  organs  of 
the  flower,  as  will  hereafter  appear, 

274.  The  Petiole  in  form  is  rarely  cylindrical,  but  more  gen- 
erally flattened  or  channelled  on  the  upper  side.  When  it  is  flat- 
tened in  a  vertical  direction,  it  is  said  to  be  compressed,  as  in 
the  Aspen  or  Poplar.  In  this  case  the  blade  is  very  unstable, 
and  agitated  by  the  least  breath  of  wind.  The  winged  petiole 
is  flattened  or  expanded  into  a  margin,  but  laterally  instead  of 
vertically,  as  in  the  Asters.  Sometimes  the  margins  outrun  the 
petioles,  and  extend  down  the  stem,  making  that  winged,  or 


92 


STRUCTUBAL  BOTANY. 


alate^  also.     Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  clecurrent  {decurro,  run 
down).     Ex.,  Mullein. 

275.  The  amplexicaul  petiole  is  dilated  at  the  base  into  a 
margin  which  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem,  as  in  the  Umbelli- 
fers.  Frequently  we  find  the  stem-clasping  margins  largely- 
developed,  constituting  a  sheath — with  free  edges  in  the  Grasses, 
or  closed  into  a  tube  in  the  Sedges. 

276.  The  petiole  is  simple  in  the  simple  leaf,  but  compound 
or  branched  in  the  compound  leaf,  Avith  as  many  branches  {2Mtio- 
lules)  as  there  are  divisions  of  the  lamina.  A  leaf  is  simple  when 
its  blade  consists  of  a  single  piece,  however  cut,  cleft,  or  divided ; 
and  co)77poi(nd  when  it  consists  of  several  distinct  blades,  sup- 
ported by  as  many  branches  of  a  compound  petiole. 

277.  Stipules  are  certain  leaf-like  expansions,  always  in  pairs, 
situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  petiole  near  the  base.  They  do 
not  occur  in  every  plant,  but  are  pretty  uniformly  present  in 
each  species  of  the  same  natural  order.  In  substance  and  color 
they  usually  resemble  the  leaf;  sometimes  they  are  colored  like 
the  stem,  often  they  are  membranous  and  colorless.  In  the 
Palmetto  its  substance  is  a  coarse  net-work  resembling  canvas. 


Rose  leaf,  oild-pii.nate,  «uh 


■  ttipiile':.     302,  Violet  (V.  tr.coli 
compound  stipuleb. 


leaf  ( ; ),  and  free 


278,  Stipules  are  often  cidnate,  or  adherent  to  the  petiole,  as  in 
the  Rose  ;  more  generally  they  are  free,  as  itr  the  Pea  and 
Pansy.  In  these  cases  and  others  they  act  the  part  of  leaves ; 
again  they  are  very  small  and  inconspicuous. 

279.  An  Ochrea  is  a  membranous  sheath  enclosing  the  stem 
from  the  node  upward,  as  in  the  Knot-grass  family  (Polygo- 
naceie).  It  is  formed  of  the  tAvo  stipules  cohering  by  their  two 
margins.     In  case  the  two  stipules  cohere  by  their  outer  margin 


MORPHOLOGY   OF  THE  LEAR 


98 


only,  a  double  stipule  is  formed  opposite  to  the  leaf,  as  in  the 
Buttonwootl.  If  they  cohere  by  their  inner  margin,  the  double 
stipule  appears  in  the  leaf  axil,  as  in  the  Pond-Aveed  (Potamo- 
geton).  The  Ligule  of  the  Grasses  is  generally  regarded  as  a 
double  axillary  stipule.  The  leaflets  of  compound  leaves  are 
sometimes  furnished  with  little  stipules,  called  stipels. 

280.  Inter-petiolar  stipules  occur  in  a  few  opposite-leaved 
tribes,  as  the  Galium  tribe.  Here  we  find  them  as  mere  bristles 
in  Diodia,  while  in  Galium  they  look  like  the  leaves,  forming 
whorls.  Such  whorls,  if  complete,  Avill  be  apparently  G-leaved, 
consisting  of  two  true  leaves  and  four  stipules.  But  the  adja- 
cent stipules  are  often  united,  and  the  whorl  becomes  4-leaved. 


303,  Leaf  of  Sell num  tup  muc  «ith  she  ithin!;  petiole  "JDi  Leif  i>f  PoUgonnm  Pennsylvanicum 
with  its  (o)  ochres  dOo,  I  ulm  ol  Crass,  nitn  jomt  (;J,  leaf  (/>  lu'ulo  u)  J06,  Leaf  of  Pear-tree, 
with  slender  stipules. 


281.  Stipules  are  a^ten  fugacious,  existing  as  scales  in  the  bud, 
and  falling  when  the  leaves  expand,  or  soon  after,  as  in  the 
Magnolia  and  Tulip-tree. 

282.  Nature  of  veins.  The  blade  of  the  leaf  consists  of, 
(1)  the  f r can e-ioorl;  and  (2)  the  tissue  commonly  called  the^ja- 
renchyma.  The  frame-work  is  made  up  of  the  branching  vessels 
of  the  footstalk,  which  are  woody  tubes  pervading  the  paren- 
chyma, and  conveying  nourishment  to  every  part.  Collectively, 
these  vessels  are  called  vei7is,  from  the  analogy  of  their  functions. 
Vexatiox  is  a  term  denoting  the  manner  in  which  the  veins  are 
divided  and  distributed.  The  several  organs  of  venation,  differ- 
ing from  each  other  only  in  size  and  position,  may  be  termed 
the  midvein,  veins,  veinlets,  and  veinulets.  (The  old  terms,  mid- 
rib and  nerves,  being  anatomically  absurd,  are  here  discarded.) 


94 


STKUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


283.  The  Midvein  is  the  i^rincipal  axis  of  the  venation,  or  pro- 
longation of  the  petiole,  running  directly  through  the  lamina, 
from  base  to  apex,  as  seen  in  the  leaf  of  the  Oak  or  Birch,  If 
there  be  several  similar  divisions  of  the  petiole,  radiating  from 
the  base  of  the  leaf,  tlicy  are  appropriately  termed  Yeins  ;  and 
the  leaf  is  said  to  be  tliree-veined,  five-veined,  as  in  Maple.  The 
primary  branches  sent  off  from  the  mid  vein  or  the  veins  Ave  may 
term  the  VeiJilets,  and  the  secondary  branches,  or  those  sent  off 
from  the  veinlets,  are  the  Veimdets.  These  also  branch  and 
subdivide  until  they  become  too  small  to  be  seen. 


Vaiiehesof  leiattov  —307  Feather  reined,— leaf  of  Betula  populifoha  (White  Birdil  iTins?  upon  a 
leaf  of  Phini  tree  same  \enation  with  different  outhncs  30^  Palm  ite  reined —lenf  of  \N  hite  Maple, 
contrasted  w  ith  leaf  of  Cercis.  Canadensis.  309,  Parallel  venation,— plant  of  three  leaved  boh  mon's- 
seal"  (Smilacina  trifoliata).    310,  Forked  venation,— Climbhi;;  Fern  (Lygodhim). 


284.  Botanists  distinguish  three  modes  of  venation,  which  are 
in  general  characteristic  o^  three  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Vege- 
table Kingdom — viz.  : 

Itctindate  or  Ket-veined,  as  in  the  Dicotyledons  (called  also 
ExoGExs).  This  kind  of  venation  is  characterized  by  the  fre- 
quent reunion  or  inosculation  of  its  numerously  branching  veins, 
so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  irregular  net-work. 

Parallel-veined,  as  in  the  Moxocotyledoxs  (called  also  Exdo- 
GEXs).     The  veins,  whetlier  straight  or  curved,  run  parallel,  or 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  LEAF.  95 

side  by  side,  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf  or  to  the  margin,  and  are 
connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets  hardly  seen. 

Fork-veined^  as  in  the  Ferns  (and  other  Cetptogams  where 
veins  are  present  at  all).  Here  the  veins  divide  and  subdivide 
in  a  forked  manner,  and  do  not  reunite. 

2  So.  Of  the  lieticulate  venation  the  student  should  carefully 
note  three  leading  forms  :  viz..  The  Feather-veined  (pinni-veined) 
leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation  consists  of  a  mid  vein  giving  off 
at  intervals  lateral  veinlets  and  branching  veinulets,  as  in  the 
leaf  of  Beech,  Chestnut,  In  the  Radiate-veined  (palmi-veined) 
*leaf  the  venation  consists  of  several  veins  of  nearly  equal  size 
radiating  from  the  base  toward  the  circumference,  each  with  its 
own  system  of  veinlets.  Ex.,  Maple,  Crowfoot.  Lastly,  the 
Tripli-veined  seems  to  be  a  form  intermediate  between  the  two 
former,  where  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  are  conspicuously 
stronger  than  the  others,  and  extend  with  the  midvein  toward 
the  summit  (see  fig.  319). 

286.  In  parallel-veined  venation  the  veins  are  either  straight, 
as  in  the  linear  leaf  of  the  Grasses ;  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaf  of 
the  Orchis  ;  or  transverse,  as  in  the  Canna,  Calla,  etc. 

Renew.— Til.  How  does  the  leaf  fi<nire  in  landscape  scenerj'?  Its  general  character? 
What  is  the  blade  ?  The  petiole  ?  Explain  sessile— Petiolate.  272.  What  are  stipules? 
How  many?  Two  special  terms.  273.  When  is  the  leaf  complete?  Transformations. 
274.  Describe  the  petiole  of  Aspen— Of  Aster,  etc.  What  peculiar  in  the  leaves  of  Mul- 
lein ?  What  is  amplexicaul  ?  What  constitutes  a  sheath?  What  figure?  What  are 
petiolules?  276.  Distinguish  simple  and  compound.  277.  IT'^^re  are  the  stipules  ?  Ap- 
pearance? Are  they  always  present  ?  278.  What  of  the  Rose  ?— The  Pansy  ?  279.  What 
oiOchrete?  280.  What  of  the  stipules  of  Galium?— Of  Pond-weed  ?— Of  Grasses  ?— Of 
Battonwood  ?  What  are  stipels  ?  282.  Structure  of  the  Blade.  What  is  Venation  ?  Its 
organs?  Why  t'«fw  rather  than  ?'i6iS.?  283.  Dcflne  Midvein.  What  leaf  has  such  ?  De- 
fine vein,  as  in  Maple.  Veinlets.  Veinulets.  284.  Name  and  describe  the  Venation  of 
the  Exo^ens— Of  the  Endogens— Of  the  Ferns.  285.  What  leaf  is  pinni-veined?— 
Palmi-veined  ?— Tripli-veined  ?    Parallel  venation  how  varied  ? 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    LEAF COXTIKUED. 

287.  That  infinite  variety  of  beautiful  and  graceful  forms  for 
which  the  leaf  is  distinguished,  becomes  intelligible  to  the  stu- 
dent only  when  viewed  in  connection  with  its  venation.  Since 
it  is  through  the  veins  alone  that  nutriment  is  conveyed  for  the 


96 


STRUCTUBAL  BOTANY. 


development  and  extension  of  the  parenchyma,  it  follows  that 
there  will  be  the  greatest  extension  of  outline  where  the  veins 
are  largest  and  most  nnmerons.  Consequently  the  form  of  the 
leaf  will  depend  upon  the  direction  of  the  veins  and  the  vigor 
of  their  action  in  developing  the  intervening  tissue.  In  accord- 
ance with  this  theory,  leaf-forms  will  be  classed  in  respect  to 
their  venation. 


Forms  of  leaves.— Z\\,  Rhododendron  maxin 
etonim.  314,  Pawpaw.  315,  Impatiens  fulva. 
Oatmint.    319,  Solidago  Canadensis— a  tripli-i 


288.  Feather- veined  leaves.  Of  these,  the  following 
forms  depend  upon  the  length  of  the  veinlets  in  relation  to  each 
other  and  to  the  midvein.  Wheji  the  loioer  veinlets  are  longer 
than  the  others,  the  form  of  the  blade  will  be  (1)  ovate,  with  the 
outline  of  an  Q^g,  the  broad  end  at  the  base ;  (2)  lanceolate,  or 
lance-shaped,  narrower  than  ovate,  tapering  gradually  upward ; 
(3)  deltoid,  or  triangular-shaped,  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

289.  If  the  middle  veinlets  exceed  the  others  in  length,  the  leaf 
will  be  (4)  orhicxdar,  roundish,  or  quite  circular;  (o)  elliptical, 
with  the  outline  of  an  ellipse,  nearly  twice  longer  than  broad ; 
(6)  oval,  broadly  elliptical;  (7)  oblong,  narrowly  elliptical. 

290.  When  the  veinlets  are  more  largely  developed  in  the  upp>tr 
region  of  the  leaf,  its  foi"m  becomes  (8)  ohovate,  inverse;! y  ovate, 
the  nari-ow  end  at  base ;  (9)  ohlanceolate,  that  is,  lanceolate  with 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  LEAF. 


97 


the  narrow  end  at  base;  (10)  spatulate^  like  a  spatula,  with  a 
narrow  base  and  a  broader,  rounded  apex ;  (11)  cuneate  or  cime- 
iform^  shaped  like  a  wedge  Avith  the  point  backward. 


4  6  5  7 

320-330,  Diagrams  of  pinnate-veined 

291.  Again  :  if  the  loicest  pair  of  veinlets  are  length- 
ened and  more  or  less  recurved,  the  leaf  will  be  vari- 
ously modified  in  respect  to  its  base,  becoming  (12) 
cordate,  or  heart-shaped,  an  ovate  outline  with  a  sinus 
or  re-entering  angle  at  base ;  (13)  auricidate,  with  ear- 
shaped  lobes  at  base;  (14)  sagittate,  arrow-shaped, 
lobes  pointed,  and  directed  backward ;  (15)  hastate. 
shaped,  the  lobes  directed  outward. 

337     vt-v^  336 


with  the 
halbert- 


/■ormj  o/-;mces —330,  SileneVirginica.    331,  Magnolia  Fraseri.    336,  Arabis  dentata.    337,  Polygonum 
Eagittatuni.  332,  Hepatica  acutiloba.     333,  Asarum  Tirginicum.     334,   Hjdrocotyle  Americana.     335, 


292.  Pinnatifid  forms.  The  following  pinnate-veined  forms, 
approaching  the  compound  leaf,  depend  less  upon  the  proportion 
of  the  veinlets  than  upon  the  relative  development  of  the  inter- 

7 


98 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


veiling  tissue.     The  prefix  pinnated  is  obviously  used  in  contrast 
with  palmated  among  palmate-veined  forms. 

293.  Pinnatlfid  {innna.,  feather, ^^ic^o,  to  cleave),  feather-cleft, 
the  tissue  somewhat  sharply  cleft  betAveen  the  veinlets  about 
half-way  to  the  midvein,  forming  oblong  segments.  When  the 
segments  of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  are  pointed  and  curved  backward, 
it  becomes  runchiate,  i.  e.,  re-uncinate.  When  the  terminal  seg- 
ment of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  is  orbicular  in  figure  and  larger  than 
any  other,  presenting  the  form  of  the  ancient  lyi-e,  the  form  is 
termed  lyrate. 


342      339    338      340  341 

Ftdther-icined  learrs,  approacliinrj  the  compound.— -33S,  Qucrcus  irabricftria— undulate.  339,  Q.  alba 
fniiite  Oak)— lobiite-simiHte.  340,  Q.  macrocarpa— lyrate.  311,  Mulgedium  (Milkweed).  342,  Bipin- 
DatiOd  leaf  of  Ambrosia  artemisifolia  (Hogweedj. 

294.  Pinnateli/  parted  implies  that  the  incisions  are  deeper 
than  pinnatifid,  nearly  reaching  the  midvein.  In  either  case  the 
leaf  is  said  to  be  sinuate  when  the  incisions  (sinuses)  as  well  as 
the  segments  are  rounded  and  flowing  in  outline.  Such  segments 
are  lobes,  and  the  leaves  lohate  or  lobed,  a  very  generic  term. 

295.  Palmate  forms.  Tlie  palmate  venation  presents  us 
with  a  set  of  forms  which  are,  in  general,  broader  in  proportion 
than  the  pinnate,  having  the  breadth  about  equal  to  the  length. 
Such  a  leaf  may  be  rarely  broadly  ovate,  or  broadly  cordate, 
terms  which  require  no  further  explanation.  Or  it  may  be 
Heniform,  kidney-shaped,  having  a  flowing  outline  broader  than 
long,  concave  at  base ;  or  Peltate,  shield-form,  the  petiole  not 
inserted  at  the  margin,  but  in  the  midst  of  the  lower  surface  of 
the  blade.     This  singular  form  evidently  results  from  the  blend- 


MORPHOLOGY   OF  THE  LEAF. 


99 


ing  of  the  base  lobes  of  a  deeply  cordate  leaf,  as  seen  in  hydro- 
cotyle.     It  may  be  orbicular,  oval,  etc. 


296.  The  following  result  from  deficiency  of  tissue,  causing 
deep  divisions  between  the  veins.  Leaves  thus  dissected  are 
said  to  be  palmately-lohed  when  either  the  segments  or  the  si- 


Palinale-rnned  feares.— S17,  Menispermnm  Caiiaclen-ie.    34S,  Passiflora  cerulea.    3J9,  Broussonetia  pa- 
pyrifera.     350,  Uak  Geranium. 

nuses  are  somewhat  rounded  and  continuous.  Tlie  number  of 
lobes  is  denoted  by  such  terms  as  Mlobate,  trilobate,  five-lobed, 
etc.     Leaves  are  palmatety  cleft  and  palmatehj  parted,  according 


100 


STEUCTUR.\L  BOTANY. 


to  the  depth  of  the  incisions  as  above  described.  Bat  the  most 
peculiar  modification  is  the  Pedate^  \\ke  a  bird's  foot,  having  the 
lowest  pair  of  veins  enlarged,  recurved, 
and  bearing  each  several  of  the  seg- 
ments (348). 

297.  The  forms  of  the  parallel- 
veined  leaves  are  remarkable  for  their 
even,  flowing  outlines,  diversified  solely 
by  the  direction  and  cmwature  of  the 
veins.  When  the  veins  are  straight,  the 
most  common  form  is  the  Linear^  loiig 
and  narrow,  with  parallel  margins,  like 
the  leaves  of  the  Grasses — a  form  which 
may  also  occur  in  the  pinnate-veined 
leaf,  when  the  veinlets  are  all  equally 
shortened.  The  ensiform,  or  sword- 
shaped,  is  also  linear,  but  has  its  edges 
vertical,  that  is,  directed  upward  and 
downward. 

298.  If  the  veins  curve,  we  may  have 
the  lanceolate,  elUptical,  or  even  orbicu- 
lar forms  ;  and  if  the  lower  curve  down- 
ward, the  cordate,  sagittate,  etc.  Pal- 
mate forms  there  also  are,  splendidly 
developed-  in  the  Palmetto  and  other 
Palms,  Avhose  large  leaves  are  appropri- 
ately caWtdd  Jlabelll/or7n  (tan-shaped). 

299.  The  leaves  of  the  Pine  and  the  Fir  tribe  (Coniferse)  gen- 
erally are  parallel-veined  also,  and  remarkable  for  their  con 
tracted  forms,  in  which  there  is  no  distinction  of  petiole  or  blade. 
Such  are  the  Acerose  (needle-shaped)  leaves  of  the  Pine,  the 
Suhulate  (awl-shaped)  and  scale-form  leaves  of  the  Cedars,  etc. 


351,  Ensiriirm  leaves  of  Iris.  352 
Act-rose  leaves  of  Films.  353,  Subu 
late  leaves  of  Juuiperus  ( 


Retietp  —287.  Account  for  the  leaf's  flenro.  What  the  principle  of  onr  classification  ? 
288  Of  feather-veined  forms,  define  the  first  class.  Define  each  special  form.  289.  The 
second  class.  Each  special  form.  290.  The  third  class.  Define  an  obovate  leaf— An  ob^ 
lanceolate-A  spatulate— A  cuneate.  291.  Define  the  fourth  class.  Distinguish  four  spe, 
cial  forms.  Apply  the  proper  term  to  each  flirnro  (:511-319)._  292.  On  what  do  tlie  pinna- 
tifid  forms  depend  ?  Describe  the  pinnatifid  leaf-The  rnncinate-The  lyrate,  294.  W  hat 
is  pinnatelv-parted  ?— Sinuate  ?  29.5.  What  forms  may  a  palmi-vemed  leaf  take  ?  Defino 
reniform -Peltate.  Oiiserve  (fis.  347-350)  which  is  palmately  cleft-Parted-Lobed.  De. 
fine  pedate.  297.  What  is  remarked  of  the  parallel-vemed  leaves?  Examples  of  ta« 
linear— Euslform— Acerose— Flabclliform— Subulate, 


THE  COMPOUND   LEAF. 


101 


CHAPTER    XXII. 


THE    COMPOUND   LEAF,    ETC. 


300.  If  we  conceive  of  a  simple  leaf  becoming  a  eompoxmd 
one,  on  the  principle  of  "  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  veins," 
it  will  be  evident  that  the  same  forms  of  venation  are  represented 
by  the  branching  petioles  of  the  latter  as  by  the  veins  of  the 
formei'.  The  number  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  will  there- 
fore in  like  manner  correspond  with  the  mode  of  venation. 

301.  The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  are  called  leaflets  ;  and 
che  same  distinction  of  outline,  margin,  etc.,  occur  in  them  as  in 
simple  leaves.  The  jyeiiolules  of  the  leaflets  may  or  may  not  be 
articulated  to  the  main  jjetiole,  or  rachis,  as  it  is  called. 


Compound  leaves. — 354,  Trifolii 


356,    Sesbania.    357,  Ca 


302.  Pinnately  compound.  From  the  pinnate-veined  ar- 
rangement we  may  have  the  pi^^^nate  leaf,  where  the  petiole 
(midvein)  bears  a  row"  of  leaflets  on  each  side,  either  sessile  or 
petiolulate,  generally  equal  in  number  and  opposite.  It  is  un- 
equally pinnate  (357)  when  the  rachis  bears  an  odd  terminal 
leaflet,  and  equally  pinnate  (356)  when  there  is  no  terminal 


102 


STEUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


leaflet,  and  interruptedly  pinnate  when  the   leaflets  are  alter- 
nately large  and  small  (358). 

303.  The  number  of  leaflets  in  the  pinnate  leaf  vanes  from 
thirty  pairs  and  upward  (as  in  some  Acacias),  down  to  three, 
when  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  ternate  or  trifoliate  ;  or  two,  becom- 
ing binate  ;  or  finally  even  to  one  leaflet  in  the  Lemon.  Such  a 
leaf  is  theoretically  compound,  on  account  of  the  leaflet  (blade) 
being  articulated  to  the  petiole. 


Compound  leaves.— 359,  Clematis.     360,  Erigenia  bulbosa.    SGI.  Acacia.     362,  Honey-locubt 

304.  A  hijnnnate  leaf  (twice  pinnate)  is  formed  when  the 
rachis  bears  j^iwwoe  or  secondary  pinnate  leaves,  instead  of  leaf- 
lets (361),  and  tripnnnate  (thrice  pinnate)  when  pinnae  take  the 
places  of  the  leaflets  of  a  bipinnate  leaf  (360).  AYhen  the  divi- 
sion is  still  more  comj^licated,  the  leaf  is  decompound.  Diffei-ent 
degrees  of  division  often  exist  in  difierent  parts  of  the  same  leaf, 
illustrating  the  gradual  transition  of  leaves  from  simple  to  com- 
pound in  all  stages.  The  leaves  of  the  Honey-locust  and  Coflee- 
tree  (Gymnocladus)  often  afibrd  curious  and  instructive  exam- 
ples (362). 

305.  A  biternate  leaf  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  a  teraate 
leaf  give  place  themselves  to  ternate  leaves  (359),  and  triternate 
when  the  leaflets  of  a  biternate  leaf  again  give  place  to  ternate 
leaves. 

306.  Palmately  compound.     The  palmate  venation  has 


THE   OOMPOUND  LEAF. 


103 


also  its  peculiar  forms  of  compound  leaves,  as  ternate,  quinate, 
septinate,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  leaflets  which  arise 
together  from  the  summit  of  the  petiole.  Ternate  leaves  of  this 
venation  are  to  be  cai-efully  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
pinnate  plan.  The  palmately  ternate  leaf  consists  of  three  leaf- 
lets, which  are  either  all  sessile  or  stalked  alike  ;  the  pinnately 
ternate  has  the  terminal  leaflet  raised  above  the  other  two  on 
the  j^rolonged  rachis  (354,  355). 


366   Y  ^  365 

363,  Lemon.    361,  Jcffersonia.    365,  Potentillii  anserina.    366,  P.  trideutata. 

307.  Apex.  In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  or  leaflet 
at  its  apex,  it  may  be  acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering 
point ;  cicsjndate,  abruptly  contracted  to  a  sharp,  slender  point ; 
viucroimte,  tipped  with  a  spiny  point ;  acute,  simply  ending  with 
an  angle  ;  obtuse,  rounded  at  the  point.     Or  the  leaf  may  end 

a.  b  e  d  e  f  g  h  k 


H    M'     ^  o     IJ  P      II  ? 

367-373,  Apex  of  Ifitre.'.    a,  obcordate;  h,  emarginate;  c,  retuse;   d,  truncate;  e,  obtuse:  /,  acute;  .7, 
niucrniiiUe;  A,  cuspidate;  /.-,  acuminate. 
376-3S0,  Bases  0/  leaves.    I,  hastate;  m,  n,  sagittate;  o,  auriculate;  p,  cordate;  q,  reuifurm. 

without  a  point,  being  truncafe,  as  if  cut  square  ofl:';  retuse, 
with  a  rounded  end  slightly  depressed  where  the  point  should 
be  ;  emarginate,  having  a  small  notch  at  the  end  ;  obcordate, 
inversely  heart-shaped,  having  a  deep  indentation  at  the  end. 
308.  Margin.     The  following  terms  are  used  to  define  the 


104 


STRUCTUKAL  BOTANY, 


margin  of  the  leaf  or  leaflet,  with  no  reference  to  the  general 
form.  If  the  leaf  be  even-edged,  having  the  tissue  completely 
filled  out,  the  appropriate  term  is,  entire.  Sometimes  a  vein  runs 
along  such  a  margin  as  if  a  hem. 

309.  But  when  the  marginal  tissue  is  deficient,  the  leaf  be- 
comes dentate,  having  sharp  teeth  pointing  outward  from  the 
centre  ;  serrate,  with  sharp  teeth  pointing  forward,  like  the  teeth 
of  a  saw ;  crenate,  with  rounded  or  blunt  teeth.  The  terms 
denticulate,  serrulate,  crenulate,  denote  finer  indentations  of  the 
several  kinds;  douhly  dentate,  etc.,  denote  that  the  teeth  aro 
themselves  toothed. 


'K  ;S. 


381,  Serntelcifof  CI 
38t,  Crpintc  Icit  nf  Cutimnt      3.N),  Kcp, 
Lobed  leaf  of  Clirj  santhemum 


Dentate  leaf  of  Arrow-wood, 
te  le  il  of  Shingle  Oak.    3S7, 


310.  The  undulate,  or  wavy  edge,  is  somewhat  different  from 
the  repand,  Avhich  bends  like  the  margin  of  an  umbrella.  If  the 
veins  i:)roject,  and  are  tipped  with  spines,  the  leaf  becomes 
spinous.  Irregularly  divided  margins  are  said  to  be  erose  or 
jagged,  laciniate  or  torn,  incised  or  cut.  Often,  instead  of  a 
deficiency,  there  is  a  superabundance  of  marginal  tissue,  de- 
denoted  by  the  term  o'ispate  or  crisped. 

311.  Insertion.  Several  important  terms  descriptive  of  the 
various  modes  of  leaf-insertion  must  here  be  noticed.  A  sessile 
leaf  is  said  to  be  amplexicaul  when  its  base  lobes  adhere  to  and 


THE   COMPOUND   LEAF.  105 

clasp  the  stem.  Should  these  loljes  extend  quite  around  the 
stem  and  become  blended  togethei*,  on  the  other  side  a  perfoliate 
leaf  will  be  formed  (^:>er,  thi'ough,  folium,  leaf),  the  stem  seem- 
ing to  pass  through  the  leaves.  When  the  bases  of  two  opposite 
sessile  leaves  are  so  united  as  to  form  one  piece  of  the  two,  they 
are  said  to  be  connate. 


312,  Surface.  The  following  terms  are  applicable  to  any- 
other  organs  as  well  as  leaves.  In  the  quality  of  surface  the 
leaf  may  be  glabrous  (smooth),  destitute  of  all  hairs,  bristles, 
etc.,  or  scabrous  (rough),  with  minute,  hard  points,  hardly  visi- 
ble. A  dense  coat  of  hairs  will  render  the  leaf  pubescent  when 
the  hairs  are  soft  and  short ;  villous  when  they  are  rather  long 
and  weak ;  sericeous,  or  silky,  when  close  and  satin-like :  such 
a  coat  may  also  be  lanuginous,  woolly  ;  tomentous,  matted  like 
felt ;  or  floccose,  in  soft,  fleecy  tufts. 

313.  Thinly  scattered  hairs  render  the  surface  hirsute  when 
they  are  long ;  pilous  when  short  and  soft ;  hispid  when  short 
and  stifi'.  The  surface  will  be  setous  when  beset  with  bristly 
hairs  called  setm ;  and  spinous  when  beset  with  spines,  as  in  the 


106  STBUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

Tljistle  aud  Horse-nettle.  Leaves  may  also  be  armed  with 
stinr/ing  hairs  which  are  sharp  and  tubular,  containing  a  poison- 
ous fluid,  as  in  Nettles  and  Jatropha  stiraulans  (503), 

314.  Kpruinous  surface  is  covered  with  a  bluish- white  waxy 
powder,  called  bloom,  as  in  the  Cabbage ;  and  a  punctate  leaf 
is  dotted  Avith  colored  points  or  pellucid  glands. 

315.  In  texture  leaves  maybe  membranous,  or  coriaceous 
(leathery),  or  succulent  (fleshy),  or  scarious  (dry),  rugous  (wrin- 
kled), etc,  which  terras  need  only  to  be  mentioned. 

."516.  Double  terms.  The  modifications  of  leaves  are  almost  endless.  Many  other 
terms  are  defined  in  the  glossary,  yet  it  will  often  be  found  necessary  in  the  exact  descrip- 
tion of  a  plant  to  combine  two  or  more  of  the  terms  defined  in  order  to  express  some  in- 
termediate figure  or  quality ;  thus  ovate-lanceolate,  signifying  a  form  between  ovate  and 
lanceolate,  etc. 

317.  The  Latin  preiwsition  sub  (under)  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term  denotes  the 
quality  which  the  term  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  siibsessUe,  nearly  sessile,  #«6«er- 
rate,  somewhat  serrate. 

Hevietp.—WO.  How  a  simple  leaf  may  become  compound.  .101.  What  are  the  leafiets? 
—The  petiolules  ?— The  rachis  ?  302.  Describe  the  pinnate  leaf.  What  sort  is  fig.  356  ?— 
.357?— 358?  303.  Numbers  of  leaflets?— In  trifoliate  ?— In  binate?  What  of  the  Lemon 
leaf?  What  is  bipinnate?—Tripinnate?— Decompound  ?  What  singularity  in  the  leaf 
of  Honey-locust  ?  Define  a  biternate  leaf. — A  triternate.  Distinguish  palmately  and  jnn- 
nalely  ternate.  What  kind  of  leaf-form  is  fig.  355  ?— 351)  ?— 3G5  ?  Name  and  define  the 
acuminate,  and  other  forms  of  leaf-points.  What  leaf  is  truncate  ?— Emarginate  ?  etc. 
309.  Speaking  merely  of  the  margin,  when  is  it  entire  ? — Dentate  ?— Serrate?— Crenate? 
What  if  the  teeth  are  fine  ?— Doubly  serrate  ?  310.  Undulate  ?  Erose  ?  Crisped  ?  312. 
As  to  surface,  what  is  glabrous  ? — Scabrous  ?  With  a  dense  coat  of  hairs,  mention  six 
modifications.  Distinguish  hirsute — Pilous — Hispid.  Also  setous,  spinous.  314.  What 
covers  the  pruinous  surface?  Explain  such  terms  as  ovate-lanceolate.  Use  of  sub? 
Explain  fig.  388,  389,  390. 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 

TEANSFOKMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF. 

318.  Hitherto  we  have  considered  the  leaf  as  foliage  merely — 
constituted  the  fit  organ  of  aeration  by  its  large  expansion  of 
surface.  This  is  indeed  the  chief,  but  not  the  only  aspect  in 
which  it  is  to  be  viewed.  The  leaf  is  a  typical  foi-m  ;  that  is,  a 
type,  or  an  idea  of  the  Divine  Architect,  whence  is  derived  the 
form  of  every  other  apjDendage  of  the  plant.  To  trace  out  this 
idea  in  all  the  disguises  under  which  it  lui-ks,  is  one  of  the  first 
aims  of  the  botanist.  Several  of  these  forms  of  disguise  have 
ah-eady  been  noticed — for  example  : 

319.  The  scales  which  clothe  the  various  forms  of  scale- 


TKANSFORMATIONS   OF  THE   LE.^.  107 

stems  are  leaves,  or  more  nsuaWj  j^etloles,  reduced  and  distorted, 
perhaps  by  the  straitened  circumstances  of  their  underground 
groAvth.  The  scales  of  corms  and  rhizomas  are  mostly  mere 
membranes,  while  those  of  the  bulb  are  fleshy,  serving  as  deposi- 
tories of  food  for  the  future  use  of  the  plant.  That  these  scales 
are  leaves  is  evident — 1st,  from  their  position  at  the  nodes  of  the 
stem ;  2d,  from  their  occasional  development  into  true  leaves. 
Of  the  same  nature  are  the  brown  scales  of  Winter  buds. 
*  320,  The  cotyledons  of  seeds  or  seed-lobes  ai-e  readily  recog- 
nized as  leaves,  especially  when  they  arise  above-ground  in  ger- 
mination, and  form  the  first  pair  upon  the  young  plant ;  as  in 
the  Beechnut  and  Squash-seed.  Their  deformity  is  due  to  the 
starchy  deposits  with  which  they  are  crammed  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  tlie  embryo  when  germinating,  and  also  lo  the  way  in 
which  they  are  packed  in  the  seed. 


393  304  395 


-JscWici.— 391,  Nepenthes.    392,  Sarracenia  psittacina.    393,  S.  purpurea.     394,  S.  Gronovii,  Q-  Drura- 
mondii.    395,  Acacia  heterophylla— its  phyllodia. 

321.  Phyllodia  are  certain  leaf-forms,  consisting  of  petioles 
excessively  compressed,  or  expanded  vertically  into  margins, 
while  the  true  lamina  is  partly  or  entirely  sujopressed.  Fine 
examples  are  seen  in  our  greenhouse  Acacias  from  Australia. 
Their  vertical  or  edgewise  position  readily  distinguishes  them 
from  true  leaves. 

322.  Ascidia,  or  pitchers,  are  surprising  forms  of  leaves,  ex- 


108 


STEUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


pvessly  contrived,  as  if  by  art,  for  holding  watei*.  The  pitchers 
of  Sarracenia,  whose  several  species  are  common  in  bogs  Noi'th 
and  South,  are  CAddently  formed  by  the  blending  of  the  involute 
margins  of  the  broadly  winged  petioles,  so  as  to  form  a  complete 
vase.  The  broad  expansion  which  appears  at  the  top  may  be 
regarded  as  the  lamina.  These  pitchers  contain  water,  in  Avhich 
insects  are  drowned,  being  prevented  from  escaping  by  the  de- 
flexed  hairs  at  the  mouth.  Other  pitcher-bearing  plants  are 
equally  curious;  as  Darlingtonia  of  California,  Nepenthes  an(J 
Dischidia  of  the  East  Indies,  In  Diona^a  of  North  Carolina, 
the  leaves  are  transformed  to  spiny,  snapping  fly-traps  ! 

323.  Many  weak-stemmed  water-plants  are  furnished  with  Air- 
bladders,  or  little  sacks  filled  Avith  air  to  buoy  them  up  near  to 
the  surface.  Such  are  the  bladders  of  the  common  Bladderwort, 
formed  from  the  leaf-lobes.  In  the  Horned-bladderwort,  the 
floats  are  made  of  the  six  upper  inflated  jDCtioles  lying  upon  the 
surface  of  the  water  like  a  wheel-shaped  raft,  and  sustaining  the 
flower  upon  its  own  elevated  stalk. 


396,  Leaf  of  Greenbrier,  with  tendrils  in  place  of  stipules.    397,  Leaf  of  Everlastinjr  Pea— tendrils  at  end 
of  rachis.    39S,  Leaf  of  Gloriosa— apex  ends  in  a  tendril.    399,  Air-bladder  of  Horn  Pondweed. 

324.  The  Tendril  is  a  thread-like,  coiling  appendage,  fur- 
nished to  certain  weak-stemmed  plants  as  their  means  of  support 
in  place.  Its  first  growth  is  straight,  and  it  remains  so  until  it 
reaches  some  object,  Avhen  it  immediately  coils  itself  about  it, 
and  thus  acquires  a  firm  though  elastic  hold.  This  beautiful 
appendage  is  finely  exemplified  in  the  Cucurbitaceae  and  Grape, 
aboA^e  cited ;  also  in  many  species  of  the  Pea  tribe  (Leguminosse), 
where  it  is  appended  to  the  leaves.  It  is  not  a  new  organ,  but 
some  old  one  transformed  and  adapted  to  a  new  purpose.  In 
Gloriosa  superba,  the  midvein  of  the  leaf  is  prolonged  beyond 
the  blade  into  a  coiling  tendril.     In  the  Pea,  Vetch,  etc.,  the 


TRANSFORMATIONS   OF  THE   LEAF.  109 

tendrils  represent  the  attenuated  leaf-blades  themselves.  Again, 
the  entire  leaf  sometimes  becomes  a  tendril  in  Lathyrus,  Avhile 
the  stipules  act  as  leaves. 

325.  The  petiole  of  the  Teaf  of  Clematis,  otherwise  unchanged, 
coils  like  a  tendril  for  the  support  of  the  vine.  In  the  Green- 
brier, the  stipules  are  changed  to  tendrils,  which  thus  arise  in 
pairs  from  the  base  of  the  petioles.     So  pi-obably  in  the  Gourd. 

326.  But  the  tendrils  of  the  Grapevine  are  of  a  different  nature.  From  their  position 
opposite  the  leaves,  and  the  tubercles  occasionally  seen  upon  them,  represcntiuj,'  flower- 
buds,  they  are  inferred  to  be  abortive,  or  transformed  flower-stalks. 


400 

Thorns — 400,  Cratsegus  pi 

327.  Many  plants  are  armed,  as  if  for  self-defence,  with  hard, 
sharp-pointed,  woody  processes,  called  sjJines  or  thorns.  Those 
which  are  properly  called  spines  originate  from  leaves.  In  Ber- 
beris  the  spines  are  evidently  transformed  leaves,  as  the  same 
plant  exhibits  leaves  in  every  stage  of  the  metamorphosis.  In 
Goat's-thorn  (Astragalus  tragacanthus)  of  S.  Europe,  the  pe- 
tioles change  to  spines  after  the  leaflets  fall  off.  In  the  Locust 
(Robinia),  there  is  a  pair  of  sjiines  at  the  base  of  the  petiole,  in 
place  of  stipules. 

32S.  Thorns  originate  from  axillary  buds,  and  are  abortive  branches.  This  is  evident 
from  their  position  in  the  Hawthorn  and  Osagc-orange.  The  Apple  and  Pear  tree  in 
their  wild  state  produce  thorns,  but  by  cultivation  become  thornless  ;  that  is,  the  axil- 
lary bads,  through  better  tillage,  develop  branches  instead  of  thorns.     The  terrible 


110  STEUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 

branching  thorns  of  the  Honey-locust  originate  just  above  the  axil,  from  accessory  buds. 
Prickles  differ  from  either  spines  or  thorns,  growing  from  the  epidermis  upon  stems  or 
leaves,  at  no  determinate  point,  and  consisting  of  hardened  cellular  tissues,  as  In  the 
Rose,  Bramble. 

329.  By  a  more  gentle  transformation,  leaves  pass  into  Bracts, 
which  are  those  smaller,  reduced  leaf-forms  situated  near  and 
among  the  flowers.  So  gradual  is  the  transition  from  leaves 
to  bracts — in  the  Peony,  e.  g. — that  no  absolute  limits  can  be  as- 
signed. Equally  gradual  is  the  transition  from  bracts  to  sepals 
of  the  flower — aflbrding  a  beautiful  illustration  of  the  doctrine 
of  metamoq^hosis  (§  330,  etc.)  Bracts  will  be  further  consid- 
ered under  the  head  of  Inflorescence. 

i?<?!iew.— 317.  Early  aim  of  the  botanist  ?  319.  Prove  that  scales  are  transformed  leaves. 
Three  varieties  of  such  scales.  320.  Nature  of  the  cotyledons?  Proof?  Why  so  de- 
formed? 321.  What  are  the  "  leaves"  of  Acacia  ?  322.  Give  the  nature  of  ascidia — The 
four  examples  given.  What  of  the  leaves  of  Dionsea  ?  323.  Use  of  air-bladders  ?  324. 
Use  of  the  tendril  ?  Is  this  a  new  organ  ?  Whence  that  of  Pea  ? — Lathyms  ? — Gloriosa  7 
In  Clematis  what  organs  serve  as  tendrils?— In  Greenbrier ?— In  the  Grapevine?  327. 
Nature  of  the  spines  in  Berberis  ? — Goafs-thorn  ? — Locust  ?  328.  The  thorn  of  a  differ- 
ent nature.  When  do  trees  lose  their  thorns  ?  What  are  prickles  ?  329.  Nature  of 
Bracts  ? 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

META.MORPIIOSIS    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

330.  It  has  already  been  announced  (§  37)  that  a  flower  is  a 
metamorjjhosed,  that  is,  a  transformed  branch.  No  neio  princi- 
ple or  element  was  devised  to  meet  this  new  necessity  in  the 
life  of  the  j^lant,  viz.,  the  perpetuation  of  its  kind  ;  but  the  leaf, 
that  same  protean  form  which  we  have  already  detected  in 
shapes  so  numerous  and  diverse,  the  leaf,  is  yet  once  more  in 
nature's  hand  moulded  into  a  series  of  forms  of  superior  elegance, 
touched  with  colors  more  brilliant,  and  adapted  to  a  higher 
sphere  as  the  oi-gans  of  reproduction. 

331.  Proofs  of  this  doctrine  appear  on  every  hand,  both  in 
the  natural  and  in  the  artificial  development  of  plants.  We 
mention  a  few  instances.  The  thoughtful  student  will  observe 
many  more. 

332.  In  most  flowers,  as  in  the  Poppy,  very  little  evidence 
of  the  metamorphosis  appears,  simply  because  it  has  been  so 
complete.     Its  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils — how  unlike  ! 


METAMOKPHOSIS   OF  THE  FLOWEK. 


Ill 


Can  these  be  of  one  and  the  same  element  ?  Look  again.  Here 
is  a  double  flower,  a  Poppy  of  the  gardens,  artificially  devel- 
oped ;  its  slender  white  stamens  have  indeed  expanded  into 
broad  red  petals  ! 

333.  The  argument  begins  with  the  sepals.  In  the  Rose  and 
Pasony,  and  in  most  flowers,  the  sepals  have  all  the  character- 
istics of  leaves — color,  form,  venation,  etc.  The  transition  from 
leaves  to  bracts  and  from  bracts  to  sepals  is  so  gradual  as  to 
place  their  identity  beyond  doubt.  Again,  in  Calicanthus,  the 
sepals  pass  by  insensible  gradations  into  petals ;  and  in  the 
Lilies  these  two  organs  are  almost  identical.     Hence,  if  tlie  se- 

406 


404,  Papaver  (poppy)— s,  stamens;  p.   stigmas.    405,  Sepal.     40(5,  Petal— all  very  diffi-rent.     407,  Petals 
of  the  Water-lily  (Nymphsea)  gradually  passing  into  stamens. 

pals  are  leaves,  the  petals  are  leaves  also.  In  respect  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  stamens,  the  Water-lily  is  particulai-ly  instructive. 
Here  we  see  a  perfect  gradation  of  foi-ms  from  stamens  to  petals, 
and  thence  to  sepals,  where,  half-way  between  the  two  former, 
we  find  a  narrow  petal  tipped  with  the  semblance  of  an  anther 
(410).  Finally,  cases  of  close  resemblance  between  stamen  and 
pistil,  so  unlike  in  the  Poppy,  arc  not  wanting.  For  example, 
the  Tulip-tree. 

3.34.  Teratology.  Cases  in  artificiai,  development  where  organs  of  one  kind  are 
converted  into  those  of  another  kind  by  cultivation,  afford  undeniable  evidence  of  the 
doctrine  in  question— /Ae  homology  of  all  the  floral  wgans  with  each  other  and  tcith  the 
leaf.  Such  cases  are  frequent  in  the  garden,  and,  however  much  admired,  they  are  mon- 
strous, because  unnatural.  In  all  double  flowers,  as  Rose,  PiEony,  Camellia,  the  stamens 
have  been  reconverted  into  petals,  either  wholly  or  partially,  some  yet  remaining  in 
every  conceivable  stage  of  the  transition.  In  the  double  Butter-cup  (41C)  the  pistils  as 
well  as  stamens  revert  to  petals,  and  in  the  garden  Cherry,  Flowering  Almond,  a  pair  of 
green  leaves  occupy  the  place  of  the  pistils.  By  still  further  changes  all  parts  of  the 
flower  manifest  their  foliage  affinities,  and  the  entire  flower-bud,  after  having  given  clear 
indications  of  its  floral  character,  is  at  last  developed  into  a  leafy  branch  (417).  Further 
evidence  of  this  view  will  appear  in  the — 


112 


OTRUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


335.  iEstivation  of  the  flower-bud.  This  term  (from 
cestiviis,  of  Summer)  refers  to  the  arrangement  of  the  floral 
envelopes  while  yet  in  the  bud.  It  is  an  important  subject,  since 
in  general  the  same  mode  of  aestivation  regularly  characterizes 
whole  tribes  or  orders.  It  is  to  the  flower-bud  what  vernation 
(vernus,  Spring)  is  to  the  leaf-bud.  The  various  modes  of  testi- 
vation  are  best  observed  in  sections  of  the  bud  made  by  cutting 
it  through  horizontally  when  just  ready  to  open.  From  such 
sections  our  diagrams  are  copied. 


415,  Ranunculus  acris;  a  single  flower.     416,  R.  acris,  H-  plena,  a  double  flower.    417,  Epacris  Impressa; 
the  flowers  changing  to  leafy  branches  (Lindley). 

336.  Separately  considered,  we  find  eacli  organ  here  folded 
in  Avays  similar  to  those  of  the  leaf-bud ;  that  is,  the  sepal  or 
the  petal  may  be  convolute,  involute,  revolute,  etc.,  terms  already 
defined.  Collectively  considered,  the  aestivation  of  the  flower 
occurs  in  four  general  modes  with  their  variations — the  valvate, 
the  contorted,  imbricate,  and  plicate. 

337.  In  valvate  aestivation  the  pieces  meet  by  their  mar- 
gins without  any  overlapping  ;  as  in  the  sepals  of  the  Mallow, 
petals  of  Hydrangea,  valves  of  a  capsule.     The  following  va- 


METAMORPHOSIS  OF  THE  FLOWEE. 


113 


rieties  of  the  valvate  occur :  Induplicate^  where  each  piece  is  in- 
volute— L  e.,  has  its  two  margins  bent  or  rolled  inward,  as  in 
Clematis  ,  or  reduplicate^  Avhen  each  piece  is  revolute — having 
its  margins  bent  or  rolled  outward,  as  in  the  sepals  of  Althea 
rosea  (419,  420). 

338.  Contorted  aestivation  is  where  each  piece  overlaps 
its  neighbor,  all  in  the  same  direction,  appearing  as  if  twisted 
together,  as  in  Phlox,  Flax,  Oleander  (421). 

418 


41&-425,  Modes  of  iestivation.    424,  Petals  of  the  Wall-flower. 


339.  Imbricated  aestivation  {imbrex^  a  tile)  is  a  term  re- 
stricted to  those  modes  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  petals  or 
sepals  is  wholly  outside,  overlapping  two  others  by  both  its 
margins.  This  kind  of  aestivation  naturally  results  from  the 
spiral  arrangements  so  common  in  phyllotaxy,  while  the  valvate 
and  contorted  seem  identified  with  the  opposite  or  whorled  ar- 
rangement. The  principal  varieties  are  the  following  :  The  Quin- 
cimcial,  consisting  of  five  leaves,  two  of  which  are  wholly  with- 
out, two  wholly  within,  and  one  partly  both,  or  one  margin  out, 
the  other  in,  as  in  the  Rose  family  (422).  This  accompanies 
the  two-fifths  cycle  in  phyllotaxy,  and  corresponds  precisely 
with  it,  each  quincunx  being  in  fact  a  cycle  with  its  internodes 
suppressed.  (See  fig.  300,  and  §  266.)  The  Triquetrous,  con- 
sisting of  three  leaves  in  each  set,  one  of  which  is  outside,  one 
inside,  and  the  third  partly  both,  as  in  Tulip,  Erythronium, 
agreeing  with  the  two-thirds,  or  Alder  Cycle  (§  265).  The  Con- 
volute, when  each  leaf  wholly  involves  all  that  are  within  it,  as 
8 


114 


STRUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


do  the  petals  of  Magnolia ;   and  lastly,  the  Vexillari/,  when  one 
j)iece  larger  than  the  rest  is  folded  over  them,  as  in  Pea  (425). 

340.  Plicate  or  folded  aestivation  occurs  in  tubular  or  mono- 
petalous  flowers,  and  has  many  varieties,  of  which  the  most  re- 
markable is  the  supervolute,  where  the  projecting  folds  all  turn 
obliquely  in  the  same  direction,  as  in  the  Morning-glory,  Thorn- 
apple  (Datura). 


■      429 

Dinqmihuofflotrcru  (as  seen  i 

row  olpetiils,  a'Stivation  triqu 

quincuucial.    427,  Lily.    42S,  ; 


4dS  427 

•ross-sections). — 126,  .Teffersonin  diphyll; 
ous;   ii,  outer  row  of  petals,  asstivation  contorted; 
tiwberry.    429,  Mustard.    The  pupil  will  designate  modes  of  ,-Estivation. 


426 
ovary;  s,  stamens;  <f,  inner 


It  will  be  seen  by  the  cuts  that  different  modes  of  aestivation 
may  occur  in  the  different  whorls  of  the  same  flower. 

i?et:iew.— 330.  'WTiat  is  the  meaning  of  Metamorphosis  ?  Is  the  Flower  a  neiv  principle  ? 
Whence  is  it?  331.  Two  sources  of  proof.  332.  What  is  said  of  the  Poppy  ?  33:J.  State 
the  first  argument.  What  is  proved  by  this  ?  Prove  that  the  petals  are  leaves.  Argu- 
ment from  the  Water-lily— From  the  Tulip-tree.  334.  Define  Teratology.  State  once 
more  the  point  to  be  proved.  What  are  monstrous  flowers  ?  How  does  the  Rose  become 
double  ?  Change  in  the  Double  Cherry  ?— In  Buttercups  ?— In  fig.  417  ?  335.  Meaning  of 
Estivation  ?  Why  is  the  subject  important  ?  Meaning  of  Vernation  ?  How  to  observe 
them  ?  .3-36.  Four  general  modes  of  Estivation.  a37.  Define  the  Valvate— Its  two  va- 
rieties. 3.38.  Define  the  Contorted.  339.  Define  the  Imbricated— The  Qnincuncial— Tri- 
rjuctrous— Convolute.    IIow  is  it  in  the  Pea  ?    Describe  the  aestivation  of  Convolvulus. 


CHAPTER    XXV. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


341.  Inflorescence  is  a  term  denoting  the  arrangement  of  the 
flowers  and  their  position  upon  the  plant. 

All  the  buds  of  a  plant  are  supposed  to  be  originally  of  one  and  the  same  nature,  look- 
ing to  the  production  of  vegetative  organs  only.  But  at  a  certain  period,  a  portion  of  the 
buds  of  the  living  plant,  by  an  unerring  instinct  little  understood,  are  converted  from 
their  ordinary  intention  into  floiver-buds,  as  stated  and  illustrated  in  the  foregoing  Chap- 
ter. The  tlower-bud  is  incapable  of  extension.  While  the  leaf-bud  may  unfold  leaf  after 
leaf,  and  node  after  node,  to  an  indefinite  extent,  the  flower-bud  blooms,  dies,  and  arrests 
forever  the  extension  of  the  axis  which  bore  it. 

342.  In  position  and  arrangement,  flower-buds  cannot  differ 
from  leaf-buds,  and  both  are  settled  by  the  same  unerring  law 


IIxFLORESCENCE. 


115 


which  determines  ihe  arrangement  of  the  leaves.  Accordingly, 
the  flower-bud  is  always  found  either  terminal  or  axillary.  In 
either  case,  a  single  bud  may  develop  either  a  compound  inflo- 
rescence, consisting  of  several  flowers  with  their  stalks  and  bracts, 
or  a  solitary  inflorescence,  consisting  of  a  single  flower, 

343.  The  Peduncle  is  the  flower-stalk.  It  bears  no  leaves,  or 
at  least  only  such  as  are  reduced  in  size  and  changed  in  form, 
called  bracts.  If  the  peduncle  is  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to 
be  sessile.  The  simj^le  peduncle  bears  a  single  flower ;  but  if 
the  j^eduncle  be  divided  into  branches,  it  bears  several  flowers, 
and  the  final  divisions,  bearing  each  a  single  flower,  are  called 
pedicels.  The  main  stem  or  axis  of  a  compound  peduncle  is 
called  the  rachis. 

344.  The  Scape  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subter- 
ranean stem,  in  such  plants  as  are  called  stemless  or  acaulescent ; 
as  the  Primrose,  Tulip,  Bloodroot.  Like  the  peduncle,  it  is  leaf- 
less or  with  bracts  only,  and  may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 
The  flower-stalk,  whether  peduncle,  scape,  or  pedicel,  always 
terminates  in  the  torus  (§  hf). 


Brads  (h,  b,  h). — 430,  Cornus  Canadensis,  with  an  inrolucre  of  4  colored  bracts.    431,  Hepatica  triloba, 
with  au  involucre  of  3  green  bracts.    432,  Calla  palustris,  with  a  colored  spathe  of  one  bract. 


345.  Bracts.  The  branches  of  the  inflorescence  arise  from 
the  axils  of  reduced  leaves,  called  bracts.  Those  leaves,  still 
smaller,  growing  upon  the  pedicels,  are  called  bractlets.  Bracts 
are  usually  simple  in  outline  and  smaller  than  the  leaf,  often 
gradually  diminishing  to  mere  points,  as  in  Aster,  or  even  totally 


IIG 


STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


suppressed,  as  in  the  Cruciferae.  Often  they  are  colored,  some- 
times brilliantly,  as  in  Painted-cup.  Sometimes  they  are  scalt> 
like,  and  again  they  are  evanescent  membranes. 

346.  The  Spathe  is  a  large  bract  formed  in  some  of  the  Mono- 
cotyledons, enveloping  the  inflorescence,  and  often  colored,  as  in 
Arum,  Calla ;  or  membranous,  as  in  Onion  and  Daffodil. 

347,  Bracts  also  constitute  an  Involucre  when  they  are  col- 
lected into  a  whorl  or  spiral  group.  In  the  Phlox,  Dodecatheon, 
and  genei-ally,  the  involucre  is  green,  but  sometimes  colored  and 
petaloid,  as  in  Dogwood  and  Euphorbia.  Situated  at  the  base 
of  a  compound  umbel,  it  is  called  a  general  involucre ;  at  the 
base  of  a  partial  umbel  it  is  a  partial  involucre  or  involucel, 
both  of  Avhich  are  seen  in  the  Umbellifei'a3. 


...  V......-OV  ...  ,„...v,.,.     ™.  ..^orn  oi  .Moss-cup"6ak"(Q.  macrophy'ira).    4;«,'Poa  pratensis— /',  spike- 
tire;  g,  glumes  separated;  o,  a  flower  separated,  displayiug  the  two  pales,  3  stamens  and  2  styles. 

348.  In  the  Compositoe,  where  the  flowei's  are  crowded  upon  a 
common  torus,  forming  what  is  called  a  compound  flower^  an  in- 
volucre composed  of  many  imbricated  scales  (bracts)  surrounds 
them  as  a  calyx  surrounds  a  simple  floAvcr.  The  chafi'also  upon 
the  torus  are  bracts  to  which  each  floret  is  axillary  (434). 

349.  In  the  Grasses,  the  bracts  subsist  under  the  general  name 
of  chaff.  At  the  base  of  each  spiMet  (436)  of  flowers  we  find 
two  bracts — the  Glumes.  At  the  base  of  each  separate  flower 
in  the  spikelet  are  also  two  bractlets— the  PaZes— enveloping  as 
a  calyx  the  three  stamens  and  two  styles  (e). 

350.  The  cup  of  the  Acorn  is  another  example  of  involucre, 


SPECIAL  FORMS  OP  INFLORESCENCE.  117 

composed  of  many  scale-like  bractlets.     So,  also,  jjerhaps  the 
biuT  of  the  Chestnut,  etc. 

351.  The  forms  of  inflorescence  are  exceedingly  A'arious,  bnt 
may  all  be  referred  to  tAvo  classes,  as  already  indicated — the 
axillary,  in  which  all  the  flowers  arise  from  axillary  buds ;  the 
terminal,  in  which  all  the  flower-buds  are  terminal. 

352.  Axillary  inflorescence  is  called  indefinite,  because  the 
axis,  being  terminated  by  a  leaf-bud,  continues  to  grow  on  in- 
definitely, developing  bracts  with  their  axillary  flowers  as  it 
groAA's.  It  is  also  called  centripetal,  because  in  the  order  of  time 
the  blossoming  commences  with  the  circumference  (or  base)  of 
the  inflorescence,  and  proceeds  toward  the  central  or  terminal 
bud,  as  in  Hawthorn  or  Mustard. 

353.  Terminal  inflorescence,  on  the  other  hand,  is  definite,  im- 
plying that  the  growth  of  the  axis  as  Avell  as  of  each  branch  is 
definitely  arrested  and  cut  short  by  a  flower.  It  is  also  centrif- 
tigal,  because  the  blossoming  commences  with  the  central 
flower  and  proceeds  in  order  to  the  circumference,  as  in  the 
Sweet-William,  Elder,  Hydrangea. 

854.  Both  kinds  of  inflorescence  are  occasionally  combined  in  the  same  plant,  where 
the  general  system  may  be  distinguished  from  the  partial  clusters  which  compose  it. 
Thus  in  the  Compositae,  while  the  florets  of  each  head  open  centripetally,  the  general 
inflorescence  is  centrifugal,  that  is,  the  terminal  head  is  developed  before  the  lateral 
ones.  But  in  the  Labiatre  the  partial  clusters  (-verticillasters)  open  centrifugally,  while  the 
general  inflorescence  is  indefinite,  proceeding  from  the  base  upward. 

Review— 'iW.  Define  inflorescence.  Metamorphosis  of  buds.  342.  Position  of  buds. 
What  may  a  single  bud  develop?  34.3.  What  is  a  peduncle  ?  May  it  bear  leaves  ?  What 
the  pedicels  ?—Rachis?  When  is  a  flower  sessile?  344.  How  does  a  scape  difter  from 
peduncle  ?  Where  is  the  torus  ?  345.  What  are  bracts  ?— Bractlets  ?  How  are  the  bracts 
inCrucifers?  What  of  color?  346.  Define  spathe.  Illustrate.  34T.  Define  involucre— 
Invohicel.  348.  Describe  a  (so-called)  compound  flower.  What  is  thechaft?  349.  In 
Grasses,  what  are  the  glumes  ?— The  pales  ?  350.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  cup  in  Oak  ? 
Why  is  axillary  infl.  called  indefinite  ?— Why  centripetal  ?  Why  is  terminal  infl.  definite  ? 
— Why  centrifugal  ?    How  are  bath  combined  in  Compositae  ? 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

SPECIAL    FORMS    OF    INFLORESCENCE. 

355.  Of  centripetal  or  axillary  inflorescence  the  prin- 
cipal varieties  are  the  spike,  spadix,  catkin,  raceme,  corymb, 
umbel,  panicle,  thyrse,  head.     The  spike  is  a  long  rachis  with 


118 


STBUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


sessile  flowers  either  scattered,  clustered,  or  crowded  upon  it, 
as   Plantain,  Mullein,  Vervain.     The    so-called    spikes  of  the 


43S,  Spiranthes  ceriiua— flowers  in  a  twisted  spike.    436,  Orontiura  aqnaticum— flowers  on  a  naked 
spadix.    437,  Betula  leata— flowers  in  arueuts. 

Grasses,  as  Wheat,  Timothy,  are  in  fact  compound  spikes^  beai'- 
ing  little  spikes  or  spikeleU  in  place  of  single  flowers  (440). 


438,  Andromeda  racemosa — flowers  in  a  seciind  raceme.  439,  VHrbascum  Blattaria— raceme.  440, 
Lnlium  perenne— a  compound  spike  or  a  spike  of  spikelets.  441  Dipsacus  svlvestris— head  witb  an  in. 
volucre  of  leaves.     442.  Osmorhiza  longistjlis— a  compound  umbel.     443,  Its  fruit. 


SPECIAL  FOEMS   OF   INFLORESCENCE. 


119 


356.  The  spadix  is  a  thick,  fleshy  rachis,  with  flowers  closely- 
sessile  or  imbedded  on  it,  and  usually  with  a  spathe,  as  in 
Calla  (430),  or  without  it,  as  in  Golden-cliib  (436). 

357.  The  catkin  or  ament  is  a  slender,  pendent  sjjike  with 
scaly  bracts  subtending  the  naked,  sessile  flowers,  all  caducous 
(falling)  together,  as  in  Birch,  Beech,  Oak,  Willow. 

358.  The  raceme  is  a  rachis  bearing  its  flowers  on  distinct, 
simple  pedicels.  It  may  be  erect,  as  in  Hyacinth,  Pyrola  ;  or 
pendulous,  as  in  Currant,  Blackberry.  The  corymb  dififers  from 
tlie  raceme  in  having  the  lower  pedicels  lengthened  so  as  to 
elevate  all  the  flowers  to  about  the  same  level.  The  corymb 
often  becomes  compound  by  the  branching  of  its  lower  pedicels, 
as  in  Yarrow. 


444,  Staiihylea  trifolia— a  pendu!o;ts,  panicalate  c 


445,  Catalpa— a  panicle. 


359.  An  umhcl  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  about  equal 
length  radiating  from  the  same  point — the  top  of  the  common 
peduncle,  as  Milk-weed,  Ginseng,  Onion.  When  the  jDcdicels  of 
an  umbel  become  themselves  umbels,  as  in  CaraAvay  and  most 
of  the  Umbellifei-ce,  a  compound  timbel  is  produced.  Such  sec- 
ondary umbels  are  called  xanhellets,  and  the  primary  pedicels, 
rays. 

360.  The  panicle  is  a  compound  inflorescence  formed  by  the 
irregular  branching  of  the  pedicels  of  the  raceme,  as  in  Oats, 


120 


STRUCTURAL   BOTANY. 


Spear-grass,  Catalpa.     A  thyrse  is  a  sort  of  compact,  oblong,  or 
pyramidal  panicle,  as  in  Lilac,  Grape. 

361,  A  head  ov  capitnluna  is  a  sort  of  reduced  umbel,  having 
the  flowers  all  sessile  upon 
the  top  of  the  peduncle,  as  in 
the  Button-snake-root,  Button- 
bush,  Clover,  But  the  more 
common  examples  of  the  ca- 
pitulum  are  seen  in  the  Com- 
positae,  where  the  summit  of 
the  peduncle,  that  is,  the  re- 
ceptacle, is  dilated,  bearing  the 
sessile  flowers  above,  and  scale- 
like bracts  around,  as  an  in- 
volucre. 

362,  The  capitulmn  of  the 
Compositae   is   often   called  a 

„ „      ,,1    a i?.„»„     ;i.„    ,.„  446,  Vemonia   fasciculata— flowers    in    a  discoid 

compound    flower    trom    its    re-     head  With  an  imbricated  involucre.     447,  A  single 

,  ,  ...  ,  flower  remaining  on  the  receptacle.    448,   A   fruit 

semblance,     the     involucre     an-     crowned  with  the  pappus.     449,  Mulgedium— ahead. 

450,  A  single  flower  remaining  on  the  receptacle. 

swenng  to  a  calyx,  the  rays  to  451,  a  fruit  with  pappus. 
the  corolla.     The  flowers  are  called  florets — those  of  the  outer 
circle,  ^orej^s  of  the  ray,  generally  differing  in  form  from  those 
of  the  central  portions,  ih.e  florets  of  the  disk. 

363,  Of  terminal  inflorescence  the  following  varieties  are 
described:  cyme,  fascicle  (verticillaster),  and  glomerule. 


Diagram  (452)  of  cyme;  flowers  numbered  in  the  order  of  their  development.— 453,  C3me  fastigiate. 
454,  Cyme  half  developed — a  scorpoid  raceme. 

364.  Cyme  is  a  general  term  denoting  any  inflorescence  with 
centrifugal  evolutions,  but  is  properly  applied  to  that  level- 
topped  or  fastigiate  form  which  resembles  the  corymb,  as  in  the 


SPECIAL  FORMS  OF  INFLOEESCENCE. 


121 


Elder.  If  it  is  loosely  spreading,  not  fastigiate,  it  is  called  a 
cymoiis  panicle^  as  in  the  Chickweed,  Spergula,  etc.  If  it  be 
rounded,  as  in  the  Snowball,  it  is  a  globous  cyme. 


455  456 

455,  Myosotis  palustris — scorpoid  racemes.    456,  Stellaria  media— a  regular  cyme. 

365.  A  scorpoid  ci/me,  as  seen  in  the  Sundew,  Seduni,  and 
Borrage  family,  is  a  kind  of  coiled  raceme,  unrolling  as  it  blos- 
soms. It  is  understood  to  be  a  half-developed  cyme,  as  illus- 
trated in  the  cut  (454).  The  fascicle  is  a  modification  of  the 
cyme,  with  crowded  and  nearly  sessile  flowers,  as  in  Sweet- 
William  (Dianthus). 

066.  Glomerule,  an  axillary  tufted  cluster,  with  a  centrifugal 
evolution,  frequent  in  the  Labiatse,  etc.  When  such  occur  in 
the  axils  of  opposite  leaves  and  meet  around  the  stem,  each  pair 
constitutes  a  verticillaster  or  verticil,  as  in  Catmint,  Hoarhound. 


367.  The  above  diagrams  show  the  mutual  relations  of  the  several  forms  of  centripetal 
inflorescence— how  they  are  graduated  from  the  spike  (457)  to  the  head  (464).  Thus  the 
spike  (457)  +  the  pedicels  =  raceme  (458) ;  the  raceme  with  the  lower  pedicels  length- 


122 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


ened  =  corymb  (459) ;  the  corymb  -  the  rachis  =  umbel  (460) ;  the  umbel  —  pedicels  = 
head  (404),  etc. 

(For  the  phenomena  of  Flowering,  Coloring,  the  Floral  Calendar,  the  Floral  Clock,  see 
the  Class  Book  of  Botany,  pp.  75-77.) 

7?m««'.— 355.  Name  the  varieties  of  axillary  inflorepcence.  What  is  the  Spike  ?  35G. 
What  is  the  Spadix?  357.  Compiire  the  Anient  and  Spike.  358.  Give  examples  of  Ra- 
cemes. Compare  the  Raceme  and  Corymb.  IIoW  does  the  Corymb  become  compound? 
a>9.  Ilow  chaiiife  Corymb  to  Umbel?  What  is  tlie  Compound  Umbel?  3(i0.  Describe 
the  Panicle— The  Thyrse.  3()1.  What  is  the  Head  ?  3(i2.  Describe  the  Capitulum  of  Com- 
positiE.  What  its  involucre  ?— Its  outer  flowers?— Its  inner  flowers?  3()3.  Name  the 
varieties  of  Terminal  Inflorescence.  3f'(4.  Describe  the  Cyme.  Show  by  fig.  45(5  how  it  is 
developed.  3^5.  Nature  of  the  scorpoid  cyme.  3W).  What  is  the  glomerule?  3(J7.  Show 
the  relations  of  Spike  to  Raceme— Of  Raceme  to  Corymb,  etc.  (457-464.) 


#**  Hitherto  we  have  treated  of  the  organisms  of  the  Phrenogamia,  or  Flowering 
Plants,  the  higher  of  tlie  two  Subkingdoms  of  the  vegetable  world.  The  other  Subking- 
dom,  called  the  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants,  includes  the  lower  tribes  of  vegeta- 
tion, such  as  the  Ferns,  Mosses,  Lichens,  etc.,  never  adorned  with  flowers,  and  producing 
spores  instead  of  seeds.  For  the  Morphology  of  these  tribes,  see  the  Class  Book  of  Bot- 
any, pp.  124-129.  Or  study  carefully  the  descriptions  at  the  head  of  the  several  Crypto- 
gamic  Orders  in  the  present  volume. 


I  1 '  -ioO  fcis  A  I  em  ;  Polypodiura  vulgare.  451  W.«,  Club-moss  ;  Lycopodium  dendroideum.  462  bis. 
L.,-oaura  (Scouring  Kusli).  463  Us,  a  Liver.voit  Moss  ;  Jungermannia.  46t  Im,  a  Fungus  or  Mush- 
room ;  Agaricus,  in  three  stages  of  growth. 


PART  SECOND. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL    BOTANY. 


CHAPTER   I. 


OF    THK    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


368.  At  the  head  of  this  cliapter  we  place  a  sketch  represent- 
ing a  thin  cutting  from  the  rhizome  of  Bioodroot,  as  seen  under 
the  microscope,  magnified  100  diameters.  It  is  all  made  up  of 
cells,  of  various  forms  and 
colors,  some  green  and  red 
translucent,  and  others 
purely  transparent.  The 
microscope  reveals  a  sim- 
ilar structure  in  all  plants. 
In  the  pith  of  Elder,  pulp 
of  Snowberry,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  pulp  of 
Orange,  ^ye  can  discern 
the  cells  with  the  naked 
eye.     Therefore — 

369.  The  cell  is  the  el- 
ementary organism  which 
by  its  repetitions  makes 
up  the  mass  of  all  vegeta- 
tion.    It  is  defined  as  a 

closed  sac  comj^osed  of  membrane  containing  a  fluid. 

370.  The  primary  form  of  the  cell  is  spheroidal.     In  some 
cases  it  retains  this  form  during  its  existence,  but  generally,  in 


405 

46.>,  Spcfi 
■norl-cells. 

on  oltlie  rhizome  of  Bloortront;  n.  a,  a  bundle  of 
The  shaded  cells  coutaiu  the   color— «,  green, 

124  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

groAving,  it  takes  new  and  various  foi-ms,  Avhich,  on  account  of 
the  two  causes  that  control  them,  may  be  clashed  as  inherent 
and  casual.  The  inherent  forms  of  the  cell,  or  those  depending 
on  its  own  laws  of  growth,  may  be  referred  to  three  general 
types — (1)  spheroidal,  like  Pollen  grains,  the  red  Snow-plant, 
the  cells  of  leaf-tissue,  etc.,  varying  to  oblong,  or  lobed,  or  stel- 
late ;  (2)  cylindrical,  or  tube-form,  as  most  wood-cells  are ;  (3) 
tabular  or  flattened,  as  the  cells  of  the  epidei'mis. 

371.  The  casual  forms  resiilt  from  external  pressure — as  of 
cells  crowding  against  cells,  in  stems  or  pith.  In  this  way 
spheroidal  cells  may  become  cubical,  8-sided,  12-sided,  etc.,  tiibi- 
form  cells,  prismatic,  and  tabular  cells  4-angled,  hexagonal,  etc. 

372.  In  magnitude  the  plant-cell  varies  from  jiy-  to  -g-^  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  The  cells  of  Elder  pith  measure  about  ^-o-o 
inch  ;  cells  of  parenchyma  (leaf-tissue)  about  j^-g- ;  consequently, 
64,000,000  of  them  would  occupy  only  one  cubic  inch.  The 
cells  of  cork  are  computed  to  be  -j-o^ott  i"^^  ^^  diameter — 1000 
millions  to  a  cubic  incli.  But  the  length  of  some  cells  is  more 
considerable.  Wood-cells  measure  -^  inch  ;  bark-cells,  as  Flax, 
Hemp,  nearly  ^  inch  ;  the  cells  of  some  plant  hairs,  an  inch  or 
more. 

373.  The  wall  of  the  ncAv  cell  consists  of  two  layers;  the 
outer  one  a  firm,  colorless  membrane,  made  of  cellulose,  the  in- 
ner a  plastic,  gelatinous  layer  applied  to  the  outer,  and  chiefly 
concerned  in  cell-life  and  multiplication.  This  is  called  the 
primordial  titricle.  It  is  best  seen  when  treated  with  a  weak 
solution  of  nitric  acid,  iodine,  or  alcohol.  It  thus  becomes  col- 
ored, contracts,  and  lies  loose  in  the  cell  (472). 

374.  The  cell-wall  is  easily  permeated  by  fluids  flowing  in 
and  out.  It  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  porous ;  althougli 
it  appears  perfectly  entire  even  under  the  highest  magnifier. 

375.  A  secondary  layer  is  subsequently  added  to  the  outer 
layer,  between  it  and  the  primordial  utricle,  as  if  to  strengthen 
it.  This  new  layer  is  seldom  entire,  but  perforated  and  cleft 
in  a  great  variety  of  patterns,  leaving  certain  points  or  parts 
of  the  cell-wall  still  bare  and  discernible  by  their  transparency. 
Hence  the  following  varieties  : 

376.  Wood-cells,  which  are  finally  filled  up  by  the  repetitions 


THE  VEGETABLE  CELL. 


125 


of  the  secondary  layers,  leaving  only  minute  jjoints  of  the  origi- 
nal cell-wall  bare  and  transpai'ent.  A  remarkable  variety  of 
the  wood-cell  is  seen  in  the  Pine  and  Coniferge  in  general,  where 
the  points  are  large,  transparent,  and  surrounded  by  two  or 
three  rings.     These  we  call  Fitted  cells. 


377.  /Spiral  cells,  where  the  secondary  layer  consists  of  spiral 
fibres  or  bands.  There  may  be  a  single  fibre,  or  several  (2  to 
20)  united  into  a  band.  It  is  usually  elastic,  and  may  be  drawn 
out  and  uncoiled.  These  beautiful  cells  may  be  well  seen  in  a 
shoot  of  Elder,  in  the  petiole  of  Rhubarb,  Gei-anium,  Strawberry. 
In  the  two  latter,  if  gently  pulled  asunder,  the  coiled  fibres  ap- 
pear to  the  naked  eye. 

378.  Annular  cells,  when  there  are  numerous  rings  within, 
instead  of  a  spiral  coil,  as  in  the  stems  of  Balsam  and  some 
Cryptogamia.  Scalariform  cells,  when  the  rings  seem  conjoined 
by  bars  crossing  between  them,  giving  an  appearance  compared 
to  a  ladder  (scala),  as  in  the  Vine  and  Ferns.  Porous  cells,  with 
the  secondary  layers  full  of  perforations ;  reticulated  cells,  as  if  a 
net-woi"k  ;  and  many  other  forms. 

379.  Cellulose,  the  material  of  which  the  outer  cell-walls  and 
other  secondary  layers  are  rhade,  is  proved  by  chemical  analy- 
sis to  consist  of  three  simple  elements,  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxy- 
gen, in  the  proportions  of  C^^  H^^  0„^ — carbon  and  the  exact 
elements  of  water.  In  the  material  of  the  primordial  utricle 
nitrogen  is  added.  Out  of  these  four  simple  elements  (C  H  O  N), 
with  slight  additions  of  lime,  silex,  and  a  few  other  earthy  mat- 


126 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


ters,  the  Great  Creator  is  able  to  produce  all  the  countless  A'a- 
rieties  of  plants  which  clothe  and  beautify  the  earth, 

380.  Contents  of  the  cell.  Some  cells  contain  air  only. 
Others  are  filled  with  solid  matter  ;  but  the  greater  part  contain 
both  fluids  and  solids.  There  is  the  cytohlast,  a  globitlar  atom, 
earnest  of  new  cells  ;  andpro^op^as;??,  the  nourishing  semi-fluid, 
both  of  the  same  material  as  the  primordial  utricle,  and  with  it, 
and  the  fluid  cell-sap,  ever  flowing^  acting,  combining,  and  pro- 
ducing either  new  cells  or  jDroducts  like  the  following  : 

4S1  4S2  480  479  478     477    37G  473 


471,  Ceils— a,  of  the  pulp  of  Snow-bcrrv,  sliowins  the  nucleus;  b,  of  the  parenchyma  of  the  leaf  nf 
Pink,  showing  the  granules  of  Chlorophylle.  472,  Cell  of  a  Cactus,  soaked  in  Alcohol,  the  primordial 
utricle  separated  and  contracted.  473,  Cell  of  pleurenchyma  of  Pine,  dotted.  474,  Sketch  to  illustrato 
the  nature  of  those  dots— «,  dot  seen  in  front;  6,  a  side  view  of  the  same.  475,  Tiachencliynia.  a  spiral 
cell  from  the  sporange  of  Equisetum.  476,  Spiral  vessel  of  the  Melon,  siniile  thread;  477,  of  the  Elder, 
4  threads.  478,  Annular  duct,  distended  by  rings  instead  of  a  coil.  479,  Sc.'xlanform  vessels,  from  Os- 
munda  (Fern).  480,  A  dotted  dnct  from  Gymnoch'.dus  (Coffee-tree).  481,  ^plral  vessels  apparently 
branched.    482,  Branching  spirals  in  the  (Jourd. 

381.  Chlorophyll^  the  green  coloring  matter  of  leaves,  con- 
sists of  green  corpuscles  floating  in  the  colorless  sap  or  attached 
to  the  colorless  wall.  In  the  Indigo  plant  these  corpuscles  arc 
blue,  and  constitute  that  poisonous  drug.  But  the  coloring  flat- 
ter which  gives  to  fruits  and  flowers  their  bright  and  varying 
tints  of  yellow,  red,  and  blue,  is  generally  dissolved  in  the  cell- 
sap,  which  is  otherAvise  colorless. 

382.  Starch  also  originates  here,  in  the  form  of  little  striated 
granules  of  the  same  composition  as  cellulose  (C^^  H„„  0„^).  Some 
twenty  such  granules  appear  in  the  same  cell,  either  loosely  ov 


THE  TISSXJES. 


127 


compactly  filling  it.     Starch  is  nutritive  matter,  sealed  up  for 
preservation  and  future  use. 

383.  Gum,  sugar,  salts,  acids,  alkalies,  poisons,  medicines,  wliatever  is  peculiar  in  the 
properties  of  each  vegetable  substance,  may  also  be  held  in  solution  in  the  cell-sap,  and 
invisible,  unless  forming  Raphides,  little  bundles  of  crystals,  needle-shaped,  or  of  some 
Other  form,  seen  in  the  cells  of  Rhubarb,  Cactus,  Hyacinth. 


tJ>»tei(.so/cT«K.— 483.  Cells  of  Potato  contuiTiiii.,'  slmrli-grains.  494,  Starch-grains  from  the  Potato; 
*85,  from  the  E.  Indian  Arrowroot.  486,  RapliicU's,  acicular  crystals,  in  a  cell  of  Polyanthes  tiiberosa. 
487,  Crystals  in  a  cell  of  Cactus.  488.  Cells  frnin  the  pulp  of  Pear,  coated  internally;  a  longitudinal  sec- 
tion ;  489,  Transverse  section.    490,  Starch  grauules  trom  W.  Indian  Arrowroot. 

384.  The  growth  of  the  plant,  then,  consists  of  the  development  of  new  cells.  This  is 
accomplished  within  the  pre-existing  cells,  and  by  the  agency  of  their  contents.  The 
primordial  utricle  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  utricles,  by  new  walls  growing  from  its 
sides  until  they  meet.  These  then  acquire  the  cellulose  layer  outside,  the  cytoblast  in- 
side, at  the  expense  of  the  old  cell,  which  shortly  gives  place  to  its  new  progeny.  Thus 
culls  multiply,  and  by  millions  on  millions  build  up  the  fabric  of  the  plant. 

A'«ri«!t'.— 368.  What  composes  all  vegetable  structures  ?  360.  How  is  the  cell  defined  ? 
370.  What  its  primary  form  ?  Mention  three  varieties.  371.  Whence  the  casual  forms? 
What  are  they  ?  372.  What  of  size  ?  How  many  in  a  cubic  inch  ?  What  of  Flax  cells  ? 
373.  Describe  the  cell-wall.  How  bring  the  primordial  utricle  to  view  (as  in  472)  ?  Is  the 
wall  porous  ?  375.  What  appearance  of  the  third  layer  ?  376.  What  tills  up  the  wood- 
cells  ?  How  do  pitted  cells  appear  ?  377.  Describe  the  wonderful  structure  of  spiral  cells. 
Show  them  (475).  378.  Show  annular  cells  in  478,  and  where  else  ?— Scalariform  ?  379. 
What  the  material  of  the  outer  wall  ?  Its  elements?  Elements  of  the  inner  wall  ?  What 
within  the  cell?  381.  What  the  chlorophyl  ?  Condition  of  the  coloring  matter?  382. 
Describe  the  starch  granules.    383.  The  raphides.    384.  How  do  plants  grow  ? 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE    TISSUES. 


385.  One-celled  plants.  The  cell,  as  heretofore  described, 
is  endowed  with  a  life  within  itself  It  can  imbibe  fluids,  nour- 
ish itself,  and  reproduce  others  like  itself  It  maj^  therefore, 
and  actually  does  in  some  cases,  e.vist  alone  as  a  plant !  Many 
species  of  the  Confervoids  and  Diatomes  are  plants  consisting 


128 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


of  a  single  cell — the  simplest  possible  form  of  vegetation  (see 
fig.  519). 

386.  With  a  few  such  exceptions,  vegetation  consists  of  a 
combination  of  cells  united  in  a  definite  manner  and  form.  Such 
combinations  are  called  tissues,  which  we  may  describe  under 
four  general  names  or  types  : 

I.  Cellular  tissue  (Pakenchtma)  : 
II.  Fibrous  tissue  (Pleurenchtma)  : 

III.  Vascular  tissue  (Track enchtma)  : 

IV.  Laticiferous  tissue  (Cieh^chyma). 

387.  Parenchyma,  composed  of  spheroidal  cells,  is  the  most 
common  form  of  tissue,  no  plant  being  without  it,  and  many, 
especially  ■  of  the  lower  orders,  being  entirely  composed  of  it. 
Numerous  varieties  occur  according  to  the  forms  of  the  cells  and 
their  closeness  of  contact,  intermediate  between  the  following: — • 

1,  when  there  are  copious  intercellular  spaces,  the  cells  slightly 
touching,  and  being  (a)  rounded,  or  (b)  lobed,  or  (c)  stellate  ; 

2,  when  the  cells  are  crowded,  leaving  no  intercellular  space,  and 
being  (d)  prismatic,  or  (e)  polyhedral,  or  (/)  irregular. 

388.  Examples  of  these  tissues  are  found 
(a)  in  the  pulp  of  fruits,  in  newly-formed 
pith,  and  in  all  young  growths  ;  (b)  in  the 
lower  stratum  of  leaf-tissue  ;  (c)  in  the  pith 
of  rushes  and  other  aquatic  plants  ;  (d)  in 
the  herbaceous  stems  of  Monocotyledons; 
(«)  everywhere,  but  well  observed  in  full- 
formed  pith  ;  (/)  abundant  in  all  the  soft, 
fleshy  parts  of  plants. 

389.  Pleurenchyma  is 
composed  of  elongated  cells  co- 
hering by  their  sides  in  such  a 
way  that  end  overreaches  end, 
forming  a  continuous  fibre. 
Two  varieties  are  noticed — (a) 
wood-fibre,  with  cells  of  moder- 
ate length,  remarkable  for  its 
firmness,  the  main  constituent  of  the  stems  and  trunks  of  the 
hio-her  plants ;  (b)  liber,  with  very  long  attenuated  cells,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  inner  layers  of  bark,  remarkable  for  its  tenacity, 
especially  in  Flax,  Hemp,  Linden. 


THE  TISSUES. 


129 


(«)  to  the  earliest  formed  part  of  the 

1^1 


390.  The  pitted  cells  (§  376)  constitute  a  singulai-  variety 
of  wood-fibre,  common  in  Pines,  Firs,  etc.  That  mysterious 
double  ring  -which  encircles  each  pit,  is  projected,  the  inner  by 
the  pit  itself,  which  is  an  aperture  in  the  secondary  layer,  the 
outer  by  a  lens-shaped  intercellular  cavity  opposite,  outside  (474). 

391.  Trachenchyma  is  a  tissue  of  vessels  or  tubes  rather 
than  cells.  The  vessels  are  extended  lengthwise,  and  composed 
each  of  a  row  of  cells  joined  end  to  end,  and  fused  into  one  by 
the  absorption  of  the  contiguous  walls.  This  tissue  varies  ac- 
cording to  the  character  of  the  constituent  cells,  which  are  (a) 
spiral,  or  {b)  annular,  or  (c)  scalariform,  or  {d)  reticulated. 

392.  Such  cell?,  with  their  tapering  ends,  form  vessels  with  oblique  joints.  When 
porous  cells  with  their  truncated  ends  unite,  they  form  right-jointed  vessels  resembling 
strings  of  beads,  called  dotted  or  vascular  ducts.  These  are  usually  quite  large,  and  char- 
acteristic of  the  woody  layers  of  all  Exogenous  plants.  The  different  varieties  of  trachen- 
chyma are  assigned  to  difterent  regions  and  office; 
wood,  the  petioles  and  veins  of  leaves,  petals  of 
flowers,  etc. ;  (b)  to  similar  parts,  but  later 
formed,  most  abundant  in  Ferns  and  Equiseta- 
cere  ;  (c)  in  the  woody  bundles  of  the  Endogens, 
and  in  the  succulent  parts  of  plants  in  general ; 
(rf)  most  abundant  in  Ferns,  Club-mosses. 

393.  Cienchyma  is  a  system 
of  milk- vessels — vessels  secreting 
the  latex  or  peculiar  juice  of  tiie 
plant,  white,  yellow,  red,  turbid, 
containing  opium,  gamboge,  caout- 
chouc, resin,  etc.  It  occurs  in  the 
petioles  and  veins  ;  in  the  paren- 
chyma of  roots,  in  the  Liber  espe- 
cially ;  sometimes  simple,  generally 
branched  and  netted  in  a  compli- 
cated manner,  as  well  seen  in  the  Poppy,  Celandine,  Bloodroot, 
Gum-elastic  tree,  etc. 

394.  These  vessels  are  probably  mere  open  spaces  between 
the  cells  at  first,  subsequently  acquiring  a  lining  membrane 
which  never  exhibits  pores  or  sjjiral  markings.  But  there  are 
also  true  Liter  cellular  passages  filled  with  air,  and  admitting  its 
free  circulation  in  all  directions  through  the  parenchyma.  These 
are  necessarily  very  irregular,  and  they  communicate  with  the 
external  air  through  the  stomata  (§  397). 


130 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


395.  Thus  the  cell  appears  to  be  the  type  of  every  form  of 
tissue,  the  material  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  built,  and 
the  laboratory  whei'e  the  v^^ork  is  performed. 

Review. — 385.  What  is  the  simplest  form  of  vegetation  ?  What  constitutes  a  Tissue? 
Name  the  four  tissues.  387.  What  the  form  ot  the  cells  of  Parenchyma  ?  Classify  them. 
389.  What  the  form  of  the  cells  of  Plenrenchyma  ?  Two  varieties  ?  300.  In  what  trees 
do  we  find  pitted  cells?  Show  them.  Explain  fig.  4T4.  391.  What  is  Trachenchyma? 
How  are  these  tubes  made  ?  Show  the  structure  of  dotted  ducts  (480).  393.  Office  of 
Cienchyma  ?  3!)4.  Nature  of  these  tubes?  What  of  intercellular  passaj^'es  ?  395.  Give, 
finally,  the  import  of  the  cell. 


CHAPTER    III. 


THE    EPIDERMAL    SYSTEM 


Includes  the  external  covering  of  all  herbaceous  growths — 
viz.,  the  epidermis,  stomata,  hairs,  glands,  cuticle,  etc.,  organs 
which  in  older  stems  give  place  to  bark. 

495 


491   Cells  of  epidermis  with  a  stoma  Irora  leaf  of  Holleborus  foetidus.    495,  Vertical  section  cf  a  sto 
Narcissus— ii,  cuticle.    496,  Epidermis  cells  witU  stomata  of  Tradescantia  \  iiijiDica. 

396.  The  epidermis  (skin)  consists  of  a  layer  of  united,  empty 
cells,  mostly  tabular,  forming  a  superficial  membrane.  It  in- 
vests all  plants  liigher  than  Mosses,  and  all  parts  save  the  ex- 
tremities, the  stigma,  and  rootlets.  Its  office  is  to  check  evapo- 
ration. That  delicate  membrane  which  may  be  easily  stripped 
off  from  the  leaf  of  the  Houseleek  or  the  garden  Iris  is  the  epi- 


THE  EPIDEEMAL  SYSTEM. 


131 


dermis.     It  is  transparent,  colorless,  and  xmder  the  microscope 
reveals  its  cellular  structure. 

397.  Stomata.  The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  the 
tissues  beneath  it  from  the  external  air,  but  is  cleft  here  and 
there  by  little  chinks  called  stomata  (mouths).  Each  stoma  is 
guarded  by  a  pair  of  reniform  cells,  of  such  mechanism  (not  well 
understood)  as  to  open  in  a  moist  atmosphere  and  close  in  a  dry, 

398.  The  stomata  are  always  placed  over  and  communicate  with  the  intercellular  pas- 
sages. They  are  found  only  on  the  green  surfaces  of  parts  exposed  to  the  air,  most 
abundant  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves.  Their  numbers  are  immense.  On  the  leaf 
of  garden  Rhubarb  5,000  ivere  counted  in  the  space  of  a  square  inch  ;  in  the  garden  Iris, 
12,000  ;  in  the  Pink,  30,000  ;  in  Hydrangea,  160,000. 

399.  The  surface  of  the  epidermis  at  length  becomes  itself  coated  with  a  delicate,  trans- 
parent pellicle,  not  cellular,  called  the  cuticle.  It  varies  in  consistency,  being  thicker 
and  stronger  in  evergreen  and  succulent  plants.  It  seems  to  be  merely  the  outer  cell- 
wall  of  the  epidermis  thickened  and  separated  from  the  newly-formed  wall  beneath  it. 


497,  Cells  and  stomata  of  the  epidermis  of  Oxalis  violacea;  and  493,  of  C 


400.  The  hairs  which  clothe  the  epidermis  are  mere  expan- 
sions of  its  tissue.  They  may  each  consist  of  a  single  elongated 
cell,  or  of  a  row  of  cells.  They  may  also  be  simple,  or  branched, 
or  stellate,  or  otherwise  diversified. 

401.  Glands  are  cellular  structures  serving  to  elaborate  and 
contain  the  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant,  such  as  aromatic 
oils,  resins,  honey,  poisons,  etc.  A  gland  may  be  merely  an  ex- 
panded cell  at  the  summit  of  a  hair,  or  at  its  base,  and  hence 


132 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


called  a  glandular  hair  (Labiatse).  Or  it  may  be  a  peculiar  cell 
under  the  epidermis,  giving  to  the  organ  a  punctate  appearance 
(leaf  of  Lemon).  Other  glands  are  compound,  and  either  external 
(Sundew)  or  internal  reservoirs  of  secretion  (rind  of  Orange). 

402.  Stings  are  stiff-pointed,  1-celled  hairs  expanded  at  base 
into  a  gland  containing  poisonous  secretion.  An  elastic  ring  of 
epidermal  cells  presses  upon  the  gland  so  as  to  inject  the  poison 
into  the  wound  made  by  its  broken  point  (Nettle). 

506 


499,  Rootlet  nf  Miulder,  showing  cells  expanded  into  fibrillie.  500,  Glandular  hair  of  Fraxinella,  sec- 
tion. 501,  Hair  of  Bryonia,  of  several  cells.  502,  Hair  of  several  cells,  surmounted  by  a  gland,  of  An- 
tirrhinum ma.jus.  503,  Stins  of  Urtica  dioica.  504,  Jointed  hair  of  the  stamens  of  Tradescantia.  505, 
Stellate  Imir  from  the  petiole  of  Nuphar  advcna  (magnified  200  diameters— Henfrey).  506,  Branched 
hair,  one  cell,  of  Arabis. 

403.  Prickles  are  hardened  hairs  connected  with  the  epider- 
mis alone,  thus  differing  from  spines,  which  have  a  deeper  origin. 
Examples  in  the  Rose. 

Remew.—y^)\aX  does  the  Epidermal  System  include  t  396.  What  is  the  office  of  the 
epidermis?  What  its  cells?  397.  What  are  the  stomata?  When  are  they  open,  and 
when  closed?  What  of  their  numbers  ?  Show  them  in  the  figures.  400.  What  the  struc- 
ture of  hairs?  401.  What  the  office  of  glands?  What  varieties?  402.  Describe  the 
mechanism  of  the  sting  (503).    403.  Distinguish  prickles  from  spines.    Explain  the  cuts. 


CHAPTER   lY. 

THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM 


Includes  the  firm  structures  of  I'oots,  stems,  and  their  append- 
ages, summarily  called  the  wood. 

404.  There  are  four  general  modes  of  growth  and  structure, 


THE  LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


133 


whereby  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  distinguished  into  as  many 

great  classes,  viz. : 

The  outside-growers  (Exogexs), 
The  inside-growers  (Endogens), 
The  point-growers  (Acrogens), 
The  mass-growers  (Thallogens). 
405.  The  exogenous  structure.    A  cross-section  of  the 

Btem  or  branch  of  any  dicotyledonous  plant  (Mustard,  Maple) 

exhibits  zones  of  different  structures,  which  are  distinguished  as 

pith,  medullary  sheath,  wood,  and  bark. 


3ns— O-ik,  Fir,  etc.     £03,  Eudosens— Palm,  Agave,  etc. 

406.  The  Pith  occupies  the  central  part  of  the  stem.  It  con- 
sists of  parenchyma,  is  chiefly  abundant  in  herbaceous  plants 
and  all  young  stems.  When  new,  it  is  filled  with  fluids  for  the 
nourishment  of  the  buds  until  they  can  make  food  for  them- 
selves. As  the  plant  advances  in  age,  the  pith  loses  its  vitality, 
is  filled  with  air  only,  is  often  torn  into  cavities,  or  disappears. 


134  _         Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

bels.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  usually  inflected  at  the  point 
Stamens  5.  Ovaries  2-carpelled,  surmounted  by  the  fleshy  disk  Tvhich  bears 
the  petals  and  stamens.  Styles  2,  distinct,  or  united  at  their  thickened 
bases.  Fruit  a  cremocarp  (§151),  consisting  of  2  coherent  achenia  called 
inericarps,  which  separate  along  the  middle  space,  which  is  called  the 
commissure. 
Carpophore,  the  slender,  simple,  or  forked  axis  attached  to  and  supporting  the  mcri- 

carps  at  top,  enclosed  between  them  at  the  commissure. 
Itihs,  5  rirlges  traversing  each  mericarp  lengthwise,  and  often  4  intermediate  or  second- 
ary ones,  some,  all,  or  none  of  them  winged. 
Yilt(e,  little  tubular  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil  imbedded  in  the  substance  of 
the  pericarp,  just  beneath  the  intervals  of  the  ribs,  and  also  sometimes  in  the  face  of 
the  commissure. 
Embryo  in  the  base  of  abundant,  homy  albumen. 
Figs.  42,  nt,  235,  238,  30-3,  334-5,  36!),  442-3. 

A  large  and  well-defined  Order.    As  the  flowers  in  all  are  nearly  alike,  the  genera  are 
best  distinguished  by  characters  taken  from  the  fruit— the  number  and  form  of  the  ribs, 
the  presence  or  absence  of  vittre,  the  foi-m  of  the  albumen  at  the  commissure,  &c.    These 
parts,  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will  require  the  special  attention  of  the  student. 
§  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  sometimes  spicate.     Leaves  simple... (nj 
§  Flowers  in  capitate  umbels,  i.  e.,  sessile,  forming  dense  heads. .  .(b) 
§  Flowers  in  regularly-compound  umbels,  not  sessile  in  heads. .  .(2) 

2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  singly-winged  on  the  margin  only. .  .(c) 
2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  doubly-winged  on  the  margin  only.  ..(d) 
2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides,  or  terete  and  not  flattened  either  way. .  .(3) 

3  Frnit  slender,  teretish,  2—3  times  longer  than  wide.     Flowers  white. .  .(e) 
3  Fruit  nearly  as  broad  as  long.— m  Flowers  yellow. ..(./") 
— m  Flowers  white..  .(4) 
4  Ribs  of  the  fruit  either  muricate,  or  crenulate-winged. .  .(<}) 
i  Ribs  smooth,  entire,  winged  or  sharply  prominent. .  .(h) 
4  Ribs  obtuse  or  obsolete. — n  Caly.x  teeth  obsolete  or  0. ..(/.) 
— n  Calyx  teeth  prominent... (0 

a  Fruit  flat,  orbicular.    Leaves  round  or  roundish Hydrocottle.    1 

o  Fruit  globular.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy  phyllodia Cra.vtzia.  2 

6  Flowers  partly  sterile.     Fruit  densely  muricate,  few Sanicula.  3 

6  Flowers  all  fertile.     Fruit  scaly,  many  in  the  head Ektngium.  4 

c  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  marignal  with  enlarged  corollas,  radiant Heracleu-it.         5 

c  Flowers  all  alike. — o  Fruit  with  a  thick,  corky  margin.    Vittfe  CO Polyt.«nia.  6 

—o  Fruit  with  a  thin  margin.    Vittie  single Peucedancw.      7 

d  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.     Intervals  with  single  vitta! Angelica.  8 

rf  Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp.     Intervals  with  numerous  vittae Archangelica.    9 

«  Beak  slender,  longer  than  the  fruit,  all  without  vittae.     South Scandix.  10 

e  Beak  short  or  none.—/)  Fruit  clavate,  upwardly  hispid Os."aORHizA.         11 

—p  Fruit  smooth,  linear-oblong.    Styles  very  short Cn,ER0PHYLLtJM.12 

—p  Fruit  smooth,  elliptical.     Styles  very  slender Cryptot.enia.   13 

/  Involucels  of  5  ovate,  entire  bracts.     Leaves  simple,  entire Bupleurum.       14 

/  Involucels  of  3  subulate  bracts.— )■  Fruit  laterally  compressed Carum.  15 

— r  Fruit  subterete  transversely Tdaspium.  16 

/  Involucra  none.— s  Fruit  laterally  compressed.    Vittoe  00 Pihpinei.la.       17 

— s  Fruit  transversely  subterete.    Vittie  single F(ENICULUM.        18 

<7  Calyx  teeth  prominent.     Ribs  of  the  fruit  muricate Dauccs.  19 

!j  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.     Ribs  of  the  fruit  crenulate-undulate Conium.  20 

h  Marginal  wings  twice  broader  than  the  dorsal Selinum.  21 

h  Marginal  and  dorsal  ribs  alike  sharp,— u  with  00  vittae  LiGnsTicu.ir.       22 

— M  with  single  vittae .^thusa.  23 

k  Fruit  a  double  globe.    Petals  not  inflected.    Low,  early-flowering Erigesia.  24 

A-  Fruit  ovate-oblong.     Petals  emargiuate-inflected.    InvolucraO Cakcm.  U 


Ordeu  63.— UMBELLIFEK.E.  135 

t  Fruit  round-ovate.— II  Petals  concive,  not  eraarginate.    Tittie  single Apium.  25 

—I'  Petals  inHectcil,  emarginate.    Vitta;  00 Pimpinella.  17 

(  Ribs  of  the  carpels  obsolete.    Fruit  ovate,  covered  with  large  vitts Eulophus.  26 

I  Ribs  of  each  carpel  9.     Fruit  globular.     Outer  flowers  radiant Coriandkum.  30 

(  Ribs  of  each  carpel  5.— .r  Fruit  round,  didymous CicnxA.  27 

—X  Fruit  oval.    Leaves  pinnate SlUJi.  28 

—I  Fruit  ovate.    Leaves  capillaceous Discopleura.  29 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE,  L.  Pennywort.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Pet. 
spreading,  the  jwint  not  inflected.  Fr.  laterally  flattened,  the  commissure 
narrow.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  without  vittre.  i:c  Low,  smooth,  creeping.  Umb. 
simple.    Invol.  few-leaved.     Fls.  small,  white.    June — Aug.    Figs.  334-5. 

*  Leaves  reniform  or  cordate,  the  base  lobes  not  united Nos.  1—3 

*  Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  the  base  lobes  united Nos.  4,  5 

1  H.  America, na  L.   St.  filiform  ;  Ivs.  round-reniform,  slightly  lobed,  crenate  ;  umb. 

sessile,  3-.j-fl\vd.  ;  fr.  orbicular,  n  Damp  shades.  2— G'.  Plant  very  smooth  aud  shiuing. 

2  H.  ranunculoides  L. /.    Lvs.  round-reniform,  deeply  3-5-cleft,  lobes  creuate  ; 

ped.  1—2',  branched ;  umbels  5-9-fl\vd.,  capitate,  li  Waters. Pa.,  and  S.  Lvs.  veiny,  4-S'. 

3  H.  repanda  Pcrs.    Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  rounded,  margin  repand-dentate ; 

ped.  2— 3',  simple  ;  umb.  capitate,  3  or  4-fl\vd. ;  invol.  2-bracted.     v  Muddy  shores,  S. 

4  H.  tinibellAta  L.    Lvs.  crenate,  with  a  notch  at  base,  long-stalked  (1—60  ;  scapes 

4— G',  bearing  a  simple  (rarely  proliferous)  umb.  of  20-30  fls.  n  Ponds,  bogs.  Ms.  to  La. 

5  H.  interrupta  Muhl.    Lvs.  crenate ;  umb.  proliferous,  5-fl\vd.    2t  Wet.    Ms.toGa. 

2.  CRANTZIA,  Nutt.     Calyx  margin  obsolete.    Pet.  obtuse.    Fr.  sub- 
globous.  Carpels  unequal,  5-ribbed,  with  a  vitta  in  each  interval.  ^U"  Small, 
creeping,  with  linear  or  filiform,  entire  lvs.    Umbels  simple,  involucrate. 
C.  lineAta  Nutt.    Lvs.  cuneate-lincar,  sessile,  obtuse  at  apex,  and  with  transverse 

veins,  shorter  than  the  peduncles,    n  Muddy  banks,  coastward.    Umb.  4-S-flowered. 

3.  SANICULA,  Tourn.  Sanicle.  Fls.  2  5  3.  Cal.  segm.  acute, 
leafy.  Pet.  obovate,  erect,  with  a  long,  inflected  point.  Fr.  subglobous, 
armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Carpels  without  ribs.  Vittse  numerous. 
U  Umbel  nearly  simple.  Raj's  few,  with  many -flowered,  capitate  umbel- 
lets.     Involucre  of  few,  often  cleft  leaflets,  iuvolucel  of  several  entu'e. 

1  S.  Marilandlca  L.    Lvs.  5-T-parted,  digitate,  mostly  radical ;  segm.  thick,  oblong, 

incisely  serrate ;  sterile  fls.  many,  pedicellate,  fertile  ones  sessile  ;  cal.  segm.  entire  ; 
styles  slender,  conspicuous,  recurv^ed.    Woods  :  common.    2— 3f.    May — July. 

2  S.  Canadensis  L.    Lower  lvs.  5-parted,  upper  3-parted ;  segm.  cuneate-obovate, 

mucronate-senate ;  sterile  fls.  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile ;  sty.  shorter  than 
the  prickles.  Woods,  thickets :  com.  l-3f.    Lvs.  thin,  1-3'.    Umb.  few-flwd.    Ju.-Aug. 

4.  ERYNGIUM,  Tourn.  Fls.  sessile,  collected  in  dense  heads.  Cal. 
lobes  somewhat  leafy.  Pet.  inflexed.  Sty.  filiform.  Fr.  scaly  or  tubercu- 
late,  obovate,  terete,  without  vittae  or  ribs.  U  (2)  Fls.  blue  or  white,  brac- 
teate ;  lower  bracts  involucrate,  the  others  smaller  and  chaffy.    Summer. 

*  Scales  and  chaff  of  the  heads  entire,  often  spinescent Nos.  1—3 

*  Scales  and  chaff  of  the  heads  tricuspidate.— a  Flowers  white Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Flowers  blue Nos.  6,  7 

1  E.  ynccsefoliuin  Mx.  Erect ;  lvs.  broadly  linear,  parallel-veined,  ciliate  with  re- 
mote, soft  spines  ;  invol.  bracts  entire,  spinescent,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-glob,  heads. 
2f  Prairies  and  pine-barrens,  W.  and  S.    2— 5f.    Fls.  white,  inconspicuous.    Jl.,Aag. 


136 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


lines  which  appear  in  a  cross-section,  passing  like  radii  from  the 
l^ith  to  the  bark,  intersecting  the  wood  and  dividing  it  into 
wedge-shaped  bundles  or  sectors.  They  consist  of  firm  plates 
of  parenchyma  (muriform  tissue,  the  cell  resembling  brick-work) 
belonging  to  the  same  system  with  the  pith. 

417.  The  medullary  rays  are  no  less  frequent  in  the  outer  layer  of  wood  than  in  the 
inner.  Hence,  their  number  must  increase  yearly,  and  a  new  set  commence  with  each 
successive  layer,  extending  with  those  already  formed  through  the  subsequent  layers  to 
the  bark,  as  shown  in  the  diagram  (509).  In  a  radial  section  (511,  512)  the  medullary  rays 
are  more  conspicuous  as  shining  plates  of  a  satin-like  texture,  called  the  silver-grain, 
quite  showy  in  Oak,  Maple.  A  tangential  section  shows  their  ends  in  the  form  of  thin 
ellipses.  They  serve  as  bonds  to  combine  into  one  firm  body  the  successive  wood-layers, 
and  as  channels  of  communication  to  and  from  the  bark  and  heart-wood.  They  also  gen- 
erate, at  their  outer  extremities,  the  adventitious  buds. 

418.  The  cambium  layer.  Between  the  liber  and  the 
wood  there  is  formed  in  the  Spring,  at  the  time  of  the  opening 
of  the  buds,  a  mucilaginous,  half- 
organized  layer  of  matter.  Its 
presence  loosens  the  bark,  and 
renders  it  easily  peeled  from  the 
wood.  The  cambium  is  a  sap 
solution  of  the  starchy  deposits 
of  the  preceding  year,  now  being 
rapidly  organized  into  cells. 

41'.).  This  is  the  generative  layer,  whcm  . 
spring  all  the  growths  of  the  ligneous  fv- 
torn.  From  this,  during  each  growing  season, 
two  layers  are  developed,  one  of  liber  and  one 
of  wood,  both  at  first  a  cellular  mass,  but  the  \'^^j\^  l[ 
cells  with  wonderful  precision  transforming, 
some  into  the  slender  bast-cells  of  the  liber,  "^■^UK^^l  11  i  I 

some  into  the  dotted  ducts  and  fusiform  cells  '^•^\\l  | 

of  the  wood,  some  into  the  muriform  tissue  of  512,  Wood  of  Slaple— a,  medullary  rnyii;  b,  ducts; 
the  medullary  rays.    Through  these  latter  c,  wood-cells, 

the  quickening  influence  of  the  cambium  pervades  both  wood  and  bark. 

420.  Unlimited  growth  is  therefore  a  characteristic  of  the  exo- 
genous stem  ;  for  the  yearly  increments  are  added  to  the  out- 
side of  the  wood,  and  the  bark  is  capable  of  expansion  by  lateral 
growth  to  any  extent. 

Fevteiv.— What  does  the  "Ligneous  System"  include?  404.  Name  the  four  grand 
divisions  of  plants.  405.  Describe  a  cross-section  of  Exogen.  40(5.  The  pith— its  compo- 
sition and  contents.  407.  The  medullary  sheath— its  composition,  connections,  office. 
40S.  Of  what  does  the  wood  consist?  How  much  grew  the  first  year  ?— Each  successive 
vear  ?  The  rule  ?  409.  Exceptions  ?  410.  What  is  the  alburnum  ?  How  does  it  become 
duramen  ?  Which  is  valuable  as  timber?  What  has  perished  in  a  hollow  tree  ?  411. 
Name  the  three  layers  of  the  bark.    413.  Tissues  of  liber?    Why  so  tough?    413.  Tissue 


THE  LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


137 


of  the  green  bark  ?  414.  Tissue  of  the  brown  bark  ?  Its  varying  colors  ?  415.  How  is  it 
in  Cork  Oak  ?  416.  What  the  medullary  rays  ?— Their  structure  ?— Tissue  ?  Show  the 
•'  silver-graiu"  in  fig.  509.  What  their  service  ?  418.  Where  the  cambium  layer?  What 
is  it?  419.  Why  called  the  generative  layer?  420.  Why  is  the  growth  of  Exogens  im- 
limited  ? 


CHAPTER    V. 


THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM CONTINUED. 

421.  The  endogenous  structure.  In  the  cross-section  of 
a  monocotyledonous  stem  (Corn,  Palm)  there  is  no  visible  dis- 
tinction of  bark,  wood,  pith,  or  of  annual  layers  of  any  kind. 
It  is  composed  of  tissues  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  exogenous 
stem,  but  very  differently  arranged. 


513,  Various  kinds  of  vessels  in  a  wood-fibre  of  Bamboo  or  Rattan— a,  Cells  of  parenchyma;  6,  annular 
cells;  e,  spiral  vessels :  cL,  porous  duct;  e,  wood-cells.  5U,  Section  of  an  Acrogenous  stem  of  Tree-Fern 
(CyatUea),  showing  the  vascular  bundles  imbedded  near  the  circumference  of  the  cellular  mass. 

422.  The  body  of  the  monocotyledonous  stem  consists  of  pa- 
renchyma, within  which  tissue  numerous  threadlike  bundles  of 
woody  matter  are  imbedded.  Each  bundle  consists  of  one  or 
more  dotted  ducts  accompanied  by  spiral  vessels,  pleurenchyma, 
and  often  cienchyma,  variously  arranged  in  difterent  species. 

423.  The  formation  of  these  bundles  is  dependent  upon  the  leaves,  from  which  they  may 
severally  be  traced  downward,  first  tending  toward  the  interior  of  the  stem.  Further 
on  they  recurve  outward  again,  and  finally  terminate  near  the  surface,  there  interlacing 
and  combining  with  their  fellows,  and  forming  an  excessively  hard  but  inseparable  rind 
(false  bark).  From  this  entanglement  of  the  fibres  the  cleavage  of  endogenous  stems  is 
difficult  or  impossible.  In  jointed  stems  (culms)  this  entanglement  occurs  only  at  the 
nodes  (Cane,  Grasses). 

424.  The  growth  of  monocotyledonous  stems  thus  takes  place 
by  the  addition  of  the  new  wood  bundles  to  the  interior,  and 
hence  such  plants  are  called  Inside-groxners  or  Endogens. 


138 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


The  caudex  of  Endopens  often  takes  peculiar  forms.  The  rind  is  capable  of  only  a 
limited  expansion.  This  limit  is  soonest  attained  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  long  before 
the  upper  parts  cease  to  enlarge.  Consequently  such  trunks  are  often  seen  of  equal  or 
greater  diameter  at  the  summit  than  at  the  base  :  so  the  Palmetto,  Corn,  Bamboo. 

425.  The  acrogenous  structure  is  found  in  Mosses,  Ferns, 
and  the  other  higher  tribes  of  the  Cryj^togamia.  The  stems  ad- 
vance, beneath  or  above  the  ground,  full-formed,  growing  only 
at  the  end,  hence  called  Acrogens. 

A  cross-section  of  a  Fern  stem  shows  a  body  of  parenchyma  strengthened  by  an  outer 
zone  of  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the  whole  invested  with  a  sort  of  bark.  The  bundles  arc 
precisely  similar  to  those  found  in  the  petioles,  showing  that  the  stem  is  the  aggregate  of 
the  unaltered  leaf-bases  (514). 

426.  Tliallogcits  are  the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  rank,  having  no  true  axis  and  no 
other  tissue  than  parenchj'ma,  which  grows  in  threads  or  in  mass  in  all  directions.  The 
apparent  stems  (the  siwes),  if  there  be  any,  svpport  the  fructification  only.  Such  are 
Sea-weeds,  Lichens,  Mushrooms,  Pufl'-balls,  Frog  spittle,  and  Mildew. 

427.  "Tlie  structure  of  roots  presents  few  deviations  from  that  of  the  stems  tc 
which  they  severally  belong,  being  exogenous  in  Esogeus,  endogenous  in  Eudogens,  etc. 


516 


In  the  former  class  the  central  pith  disap- 
pears, its  place  being  occupied  mainly  by 
vascular  ducts  ;  and  the  liber,  if  any,  has  no 
bast-cells. 

428.  The  ficrill^e  and  pilcorhiza  should, 
however,  be  mentioned  as  peculiar  in  the 
structure  of  the  root.  The  former  are  pro- 
duced by  millions,  clothing  the  delicate  epi- 
dermis of  the  young  rootlets  as  with  a  cottony 
down,  especially  in  light  soils.  They  usually 
consist  of  a  single  cell  of  the  epidermis  ex- 
tended, as  seen  in  figure  515.  They  are  the 
true  absorbents,  the  mouths  of  the  growing 
plant. 

420.  The  microscope  shows  that  the  ex- 
treme, advancing  point  of  the  delicate,  grow- 
ing fibres  is  not  thrust  naked  against  the 
opposing  soil,  but  is  covered  with  a  cap 
called  riLEORuizA  (pileus,  a  cap.  rhiza,  root), 
which  consists  of  older,  hardened  cells,  be- 
hind which  are  formed  the  new  cells.  In 
the  Dnckmcat,  the  pileorhiza  is  lengthened 
into  a  sheath. 

400.  The  manner  of  growth  in  the  root  is  not  lilce  that  of  stems,  by  the  extension  of 
parts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition  of  new  matter  at  the  advancing  point. 
This  accounts  for  the  wonderful  facility  with  which  it  penetrates  the  soil  and  finiiS  it8 
way  uninjured  into  the  hardest  earth. 

431.  Structure  of  Leaves.  The  leaf  may  be  regarded  as 
an  expansion  of  the  two  outer  integuments  of  the  bark,  or  of  the 
green  bark  and  the  epidermis,  expanded  into  a  broad,  thin  sur- 
face by  a  woody  framework  proceeding  from  the  medullary 
sheath  and  the  lilber.     The  framework  of  veins  is  therefore  fibro 


51."),  Extremity  of  the  rootlet  of  Maple,  with 
fibrilhe  and  W  pileorliizi.  516.  Two  pbmts  of 
Lemna  minor  (Diickrae;it)— .%  their  pileurliiza. 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


139 


vascular,  abounding   in    spiral   vessels,   and    strengthened  with 
liber. 

432.  The  parenchyma  exists  in  two  strata,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct. In  all  those  leaves  which  are  ordinarily  horizontal  in 
position,  one  surface  being  upward  and  the  other  downward, 
these  two  layers  are  dissimilar;  but  in  leaves  with  a  vertical 
lamina  (Iris),  and  in  Phyllodia  (§  321),  the  two  layers  are  similar. 

517 


517,  Section  of  a  stem  at  the  oripin  of  a  leaf— 7),  cellular,  or  pith;  a,  vascular,  the  meduUarr  sheath 
sondins  oft'  a  bundle  into  the  leaf-stalk;  <1,  the  swellint;  (pulvinusi  just  below  the  articulation  of  the  leaf- 
stalky);  A,  the  axillary  bud.  MS,  Minute  portion  of  a  leaf  of  Viola  tricolor,  viewed  in  perspective, 
showing,  tt,  cells  of  epidermis  above;  b,  compact  parenchyma  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  leaf;  c,  loose 
parenchyma;  </,  epidermal-cells  of  the  lower  surf.ice  with  stomata,  one  cut  and  opening  into  the  inter- 
cellular passages.     (Magnified  ICO  diameters.) 

433.  Our  cut  (518)  displays  a  superiicial  layer  of  the  empty 
tabular  cells  [a)  of  the  epidermis.  Xext  beneath,  in  the  surface 
on  which  the  sun  shines,  are  one  or  two  layers  of  oblong  cells 
{h)  placed  perpendicularly  to  that  surface,  and  more  compact 
than  the  cells  beneath  them  (c),  Avhich  are  pervaded  by  intercel- 
lular passages  and  by  the  veins. 

434.  The  stomata  as  a  rule  belong  to  the  shaded  side  ot  the 
leaf,  avoiding  the  sun's  direct  rays.  On  the  sunny  side  there 
are  few,  comparatively,  or  none.  In  the  submerged  leaves  of 
water-plants,  the  epidermal  layer  is  hardly  distinguishable,  and 
is  wholly  destitute  of  stomata.  In  such  leaves  as  float  upon  water 
(Water  Lilies)  stomata  are  found  in  the  upper  surface  alone. 

435.  Within  all  the  vesicles  of  the  parenchyma  are  seen  ad- 
hering to  the  walls  the  green  globules  of  chloroj)hyl,  which 
give  color  to  the  leaf — dark  green  above,  where  it  is  more  com- 
pact ;  paler  beneath,  where  the  cells  ai-e  more  loose  and  separate. 


140  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

Vessels  of  cienchyma  pervade  the  under-layer  of  parenchyma, 
returning  the  elaborated  juices  through  the  petiole  into  the 
cambium  layer. 

Bevieiv.^^i.  Note  a  cross-section  of  Enclos:en.  Its  structure.  432.  Constituents  of  a 
wood-bundle — (explain  511).  423.  Trace  its  course.  Has  theEndogena  true  bark?  Why 
so  difficult  to  split?  424.  Show  the  significance  of  the  term  ^/jcfog'sn.  Also  of  the  term 
Exogen.  Why  the  caudex  is  smallest  at  base.  42.5.  What  tribes  are  Acrogens  ?  Signifi- 
cance of  the  term.  Carefully  describe  a  cross-section  (514).  42t).  What  is  the  rank  of  the 
Thcdlogens  f — Significance  of  the  term? — Their  only  tissue?  What  semblance  of  stems 
have  they?  428.  Fibrilte  of  the  Root.  Show  them.  429.  Pileorhiza.  Show  it.  4.30.  How 
the  root  grows  and  penetrates  the  soil.  431.  Origin  of  the  loaf.  Substance  of  the  veins. 
432.  The  parenchyma.  When  are  its  two  strata  alike  ?  4.}4.  Place  of  the  stomata  ?  Ex- 
ceptions.   435.  Condition  of  the  chlorophyl.    The  cienchyma,  where  and  why  ? 


CHAPTER    VI. 

VEGETATION,    OR   THE    PHYSIOLOGY    OF    PLANT   LIFE. 

436.  We  have  noAV  briefly  surveyed  the  mechanism  of  the 
plant — both  its  outward  forms  and  internal  structure.  We  next 
inquire  into  the  uses  of  all  this  wonderful  apparatus;  what  the 
specific  office  which  each  part  performs  in  the  economy  of  the 
plant ;  and  how  all  parts  co-operate  in  the  work  of  living  and 
growing. 

437.  Viliat  is  life?  This  inquiry  meets  us  at  the  beginning — 
a  problem  never  solved.  The  spontaneous  action  of  the  plant, 
the  self  determined  shapes  which  it  assumes,  we  at  once  refer  to 
this  principle — its  vitality ;  but  of  the  nature  of  this  principle 
itself,  we  can  only  say — Is  it  not  a  direct  emanation  from  the 
Supreme  Will,  the  Fountain  of  all  life  ? 

438.  Vegetation  is  doubtless  the  lowest  form  of  life.  It 
springs  directly  from  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  and  is  the 
first  step  in  the  organization  of  mineral  matter.  Its  material  is, 
therefore,  mineral  matter  rendered  organic  through  the  vital 
force.  The  subordination  of  the  vegetable  to  the  animal  king- 
dom is  thus  manifest  in  its  being  fed  and  nourished  on  inorganic 
matter.  It  is  interposed  between  these  two  incompatible  ex- 
tremes, and  is  ordained  to  transform  the  innutritions  mineral 
into  the  proper  and  indispensable  food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

439.  I'he  2J7'ocess  of  vegetation  consists  of  imbibing  the  crude 
matters  of  the  earth  and  air,  transforming  into  sap,  assimilating 


VEGETATION.  141 

to  plant-juice  (latex),  and  organizing  into  its  own  structure  ac- 
cording to  its  own  plan.  The  yital  phenomena  on  which  these 
transformations  dej^end  are  called  absorption,  circulation,  exhala- 
tion, assimilation,  secretion,  all  of  w^hich  processes  take  place  in 
the  individual  cell.  Cell-life,  therefore,  is  an  epitome  of  the  life 
of  the  whole  plant.  The  cell  is  never  a  spontaneous  production ; 
it  is  the  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  cell.  So  with  the  plant ;  it  is 
always  the  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  embryo  or  cell.  Nothing 
but  a  cell  can  produce  or  nourish  a  cell. 

440,  Two  kinds  of  organic  matter  make  up  the  cell.  The  first, 
protoplasm,  or  protein  (C^„  H^^  O^^  NJ,  the  material  of  the  pri- 
mordial utricle  (§  ;:{73),  etc.,  containing  nitrogen;  2d,  cellulose 
(Cj„  Hj^  OjJ,  the  material  of  the  outer  wall  or  crust,  etc.,  con- 
taining no  nitrogen.  The  former  more  nearly  resembles  animal 
matter,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
vital  force  and  chemical  action.    ^^     ^^ 

441.  Through    the    invisible    ^^  ^^ 
pores  of  its  walls  the  cell  im-     ^^  KS^ 
bibes  the  fluid  in  which  its  food     ^^   j^^ 
is  dissolved,  viz.,  sugar  or  dex-  519 

trine,     ammonia    or    some     other     519,   Protococcus  vindis-the   Green   Snow-plant. 

520,  PeuiciUum  glaucum— the  Yeast-plaut. 

nitrogenous  substance.     Such  a 

fluid  may  be  the  flowing  sap  of  the  plant,  or  any  similar  artificial 
mixture  in  which  the  cell  is  bathed,  as  (in  the  case  of  the  Yeast- 
plant)  a  syrup  with  mucilage. 

442.  The  sugar  is  thus  brought  into  contact  with  the  proto- 
plasm in  the  cell,  through  whose  action  it  is  decomposed,  and 
its  elements  transformed  into  cellulose  and  water.  Thus  each 
atom  of  (grape)  sugar  or  dextrine  becomes 

One  atom  of  cellulose,      C^^  H^^,  O^^ 
and  two  atoms  of  water,         H  „  O  „ 

Cj„  Hjj  Oj,  =  grape  sugar. 

The  water  is  exhaled  with  the  rest;  the  cellulose  is  retained  to 
incrust  a  new  cell  as  soon  as  the  primordial  utricle  shall  next 
divide  itself  to  form  one.  Or  it  may  be  deposited  as  starch 
granules  for  future  use. 

443,  In  the  cells  of  green  plants  the  globules  of  chlorophyl 


142  PHYSIOLOGICAL   BOTANY. 

act  an  important  part.  Their  formation  depends  upon  the  de- 
composition of  carbonic  acid  (COJ,  the  retention  of  the  carbon, 
and  the  exhalation  of  the  oxygen  under  the  stimulus  of  the  light. 
If  the  formation  of  cellulose  continue  beyond  the  present  need 
for  cell  formation,  the  excess  is  deposited  in  the  form  of  starch 
granules  enclosed  within  the  globules  of  chlorophyl,  one  in  each. 

4-11.  When  the  starch  granules  arc  reclissolvcd,  they  go  to  incrust  the  next  new  cell,  or 
to  form  a  secondary  layer  in  the  old  cell ;  or  in  Autumn  they  go  out  into  the  general  cir- 
culation, and  are  at  length  stored  up  in  the  buds,  the  cambium,  the  roots,  ready  for  an 
early  use  the  following  Spring. 

445.  The  increase  of  the  protoplasm  from  the  decomposition  of  the  ammonia  or  other 
nitrogenous  compounds  present,  is  a  more  intricate  process,  but  no  less  evident;  and 
when  in  excess,  this  also  is  deposited  in  minute  globules  of  gluten,  mucus,  legumine, 
chiefly  in  seeds  (Wheat,  Beans,  Rice),  in  aid  of  germination. 

44C.  The  starch  and  gluten  deposits  of  the  Wheat-kernel  arc  about  sixty-tight  and 
seventeen  per  cent.  The  former  is  found  in  the  interior  cells,  the  latter  in  the  exterior, 
adjoining  the  pericarp  or  bran.  In  "flouring,"  some  of  the  gluten  adheres  to  the  bran, 
and  some  constitutes  the  coarser  meal,  all  of  which  is  separated  by  the  "bolt."  Extra 
flour  must,  therefore,  necessarily  be  deficient  in  gluten,  the  only  element  of  the  Wheat 
which  adapts  it  to  the  formation  of  muscle— a  great  error. 

Bevieic. — 430.  What  inquiries  next  arise?  437.  A  problem  unsolved.  What  the  phe- 
nomena of  plant  life?  438.  What  the  lowest  form  of  life  ?  Whence  does  it  spring  ?  Why 
subordinate?  430.  The  process  of  vegetation.  The  Ave  vital  phenomena.  440.  Two 
kinds  of  organic  matter.  Write  out  their  symbols.  Which  resembles  animal  matter? 
4t1.  What  the  cell  imbibes.  Prom  what  fluid?  442.  The  chemical  decomposition— Ex- 
press it.  What  becomes  of  the  cellulose  thus  formed?  443.  Chlorophyl  how  formed? 
What  globule  witliin  a  globule?  44.5.  What  becomes  of  the  excess  of  protoplasm?  446. 
What  per  cent,  of  starch  and  gluten  in  Wheat  ?    Why  is  extra  flour  deflcient  in  gluten  ? 


CHAPTER    VII. 

FERTILIZATION. 

447.  Such  being  the  vital  energy  of  the  cell,  it  is  easy  to  admit 
the  possibility  of  either  its  solitary  existence  as  a  plant  (Proto- 
coccus,  etc.),  or  of  its  associated  existence,  as  in  the  living  tissue 
of  most  plants.  Now  all  plants,  without  exception,  do  actually 
commence  existence  in  the  state  of  a  simple  cell.  But  while  in 
the  lower  plants  (Cryptogamia)  this  simple  cell,  the  plant  rudi- 
ment, is  at  once  discharged,  free  and  independent,  to  float  or 
grow,  in  the  Phenogamia  it  is  yet  a  while  j^rotected  and  nour- 
ished by  other  cells — the  cells  of  the  ovule. 

448.  This  primitive  cell-plant,  after  acquiring  the  requisite 
means,  swells  and  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  new  cells.     If 


FERTILIZATION. 


143 


these  new  cells  cohere  into  a  tissue  assuming  a  definite  form,  as 
in  the  higher  plants,  the  process  is  called  growth  •  but  if  they 
separate,  each  one  still  abiding  separate,  it  is  reproduction. 

449.  The  embryonic  vesicle  is  the  expressive  name  of  the 
embryonic  cell  of  the  Flowering 
Plants.  It  has  its  birth  in  that 
large  cell  of  the  nucleus  of  the 
ovule  (§  142)  called  the  embryo 
sac,  and  is  in  some  way  developed 
from  the  cy  to  blast  (§  380).  In 
appearance  it  may  be  like  other 
new  cells ;  but  in  the  impulse  or 
instinct  v/ith  which  it  is  endowed, 
it  is  immeasurably  dilFerent.  It 
looks  not  to  the  mere  continuation 
of  an  old  series,  but  is  the  projector 
and  pioneer  of  a  ncAV.  But  before 
it  can  enter  upon  its  course  of  de- 
velopment so  different  from  the 
destination  of  common  cells,  it 
must  somehow  be  quickened  and 
energized  with  an  imj^ulse  in  this 
new  direction.  In  other  Avords, 
it  must  be  fertilized — a  process 
de^^endent  on  the  pollen-grains 
(§  121). 


521 
521,  Section  of  the  orary  of  PnlvRonura  Penn- 
s.vlvanicum,  in  process  of  fertilization.  (Mag- 
nified 20  diameters.)  <•,  Natural  size;  n,  one  of 
the  stamens,  having  discharged  its  pollen;  «,  a 
grain  of  pollen  and  its  tube;  «,  styles  and  stig- 
mas; o,  ovaiy,  ovule,  embryo  sac  containing  tlia 
embryonic  globule.  The  extremity  of  a  pollen- 
tube  is  seen  in  contact  with  the  embryo  sac. 


4.50.  The  annexed  cut  indicates  all  that  is  cur- 
tJiinly  known  of  this  recondite  process.  The 
pollen-grain  falls  upon  the  stigma,  imbibes  the 
saccharine  moisture  there,  and  its  inner  coat 
cf  protoplasm  expands  and  protrudes  through 
the  aperture  (one  or  more)  of  the  outer  crusta- 
ceous  coat,  in  the  form  of  an  attenuated  tube. 
Tliis,  like  a  radicle,  sinks  into  the  soft  tissues 
of  tlie  stigma  and  style,  reaches  the  ovary,  enters  the  micropyle  of  the  ovule,  makes  its 
way  to  the  nucleus,  and  penetrates  to  the  embryo  sac.  Here  its  growth  ceases,  and  its 
contents  pass  by  absorption  into  the  sac. 

451.  This  is  the  view  of  Mohl,  Henfrey,  and  of  botanists  generally.  But  Schleiden 
maintains  that  the  end  of  the  pollen-tube  actually  penetrates  the  sac,  and  itself  becomes 
the  embryonic  cell.  The  pollen-grain  is  in  this  view  the  primitive  cell,  and  is  itself  quick- 
ened into  development  by  the  contents  of  the  embryo  sac  (522). 

452.  However  this  may  be,  the  embryonic  globule,  thus  some- 


144 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


how  endowed  with  a  new  instiiict,  immediately  becomes  a  new 
centre  of  growth.  First  it  expands  to  a  proper  cell,  attached  to 
the  wall  of  the  sac  near  the  micropyle.  It  then,  by  division  and 
subdivision,  multiplies  itself,  and  begins  to 
take  form  according  to  the  species,  showing 
cotyledon,  plumule,  etc.,  until  fully  devel- 
oped into  the  embryo  (523). 

453.  In  the  case  of  the  Conifers  (Pines,  Cedars,  Firs), 
where  no  styles  or  stigmas  exist,  the  pollen  falls  directly  into 
the  micropyle   of  the   naked 
o\'ule,  and  its  tubes  settle  into 
the  tissue  of  the  nucleus. 

454.  Germina- 
tion. The  ovule  ma- 
tures with  the  comple- 
tion of  the  embryo, 
and  passes  into  the 
fixed  state  of  the  seed 
in  which  the  embryo 
sleeps.  A  store  of  nu- 
tritive matter,  starch, 
gluten,  etc.,  is  thought- 
fully provided  in  the 
seed  for  the  use  of  the 
young  plant  in  germination,  until  its  root  has  gained  fast  hold 
of  the  soil. 

455.  The  changes  which  occur  in  the  seed  at  the  recommence- 
ment of  growth,  are  simply  such  as  are  requisite  to  reduce  its 
dry  insoluble  deposits  to  a  solution  which  shall  contain  the 
proper  materials  for  cell-formation  or  growth.  Gluten  and  other 
nitrogenous  matters,  oil,  starch,  etc.,  are  to  be  changed  to  dias- 
tase, the  same  as  yeast ;  and  dextrine,  the  same  as  gum  and  grape 
sugar. 

456.  To  this  end  water  and  oxygen  are  absorbed ;  the  gluten 
begins  decomposition,  forming  yeast ;  fermentation  ensues ;  heat 
is  produced  by  the  slow  combustion  of  the  carbon  with  oxygen, 
forming  and  evolving  carbonic  acid,  by  which  process  some  of 
the  oil  and  starch  is  destroyed,  while  another  portion  gains  water 
and  tm-ns  to  sugar : — all  this  within  the  cells  of  the  seed. 


522 

522,  Ovule  of  Viola  tricolor,  sliowinj;  tlie  process  of  fertilization 
accordin;;  to  the  views  of  ScUleiden— ;?,  pollen;  (,  tube;  r,  raplie; 
0,  clmliiza;  fi,  primine;  a.  secundine;  n,  nucleus;  »,  sac,  which 
the  tube  appears  to  have  penetrated.  523,  Growth  of  the  embryo 
in  Hippuris  vnlp;aris.  The  fertilized  cell  has  divided  itself  into 
several,  of  which  c,  b  constitute  the  suspensor  attached  to  the 
apex  of  the  sac;  «,  embryo  dividing  iuto  2,  then  into  i  cells. 


absorphoit.  145 

457.  Ripening  of  Fruits.  After  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth  the  process 
of  ripening  commences,  during  which  the  ptilp  becomes  gradually  sweetened  and  softened. 
chiefly  by  the  change  of  the  starch  into  more  or  less  of  soluble  sugar.  Thus  ripening  is 
to  the  pericarp  what  germination  is  to  the  seed.  In  its  earliest  stage  the  pericarp  con- 
sists of  structure  similar  to  that  of  green  leaves,  composed  of  cellular,  vascular,  and 
woody  tissues,  and  epidermis  with  atomata.  Its  distended  growth  afterward  results  from 
the  accumulation  of  the  flowing  sap,  which  here  finds  an  axis  incapable  of  extension. 
Thus  arrested  in  its  progress  it  gorges  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  condensed  by  ex- 
halation, assimilated  by  their  green  tissues,  which  still  perform  the  oflice  of  leaves.  Cell- 
formation  goes  on  rapidly  within,  and  the  excess  of  cellulose  is  deposited  in  the  cells'as 
starch.    Oxygen  is  usually  absorbed  in  excess,  acidifying  the  juices. 

458.  In  the  same  Avay  we  account  for  the  production  o^ honey 
in  the  flower.  Copious  deposits  of  starch  are  provided  in  the 
receptacle  and  disk  (§  85).  At  the  opening  of  the  flower,  this 
is  changed  to  sugar,  to  aid  in  the  rapid  development  of  those 
delicate  organs  which  have  no  chlorophyl  wherewith  to  assim- 
ilate their  own  food.  The  excess  of  sugar  flows  over  in  the  form 
of  hone5\  The  wise  economy  of  the  honey  is  seen  in  fertiliza- 
tion. For,  attracted  by  it,  the  insect  enters  the  flower,  rudely 
brushes  the  pollen  from  the  now  open  anthers,  and  inevitably 
lodges  some  of  its  thousand  grains  upon  the  stigma! 

459.  Experiment  has  proved  that  in  all  these  cases  of  the  formation  of  sugar  from  starch 
oxygen  is  absorbed  and  carbonic  acid  evolved— a  process  which  we  might  expect,  since 
starch  (Cij  Hjo  Ojo)  contains  proportionably  more  carbon  than  sugar  (C,2  H,2  Ou)  con- 
tains.   It  is  probable  that  these  two  phenomena  in  vegetation  are  always  co-existent. 

RevieiD. — 447.  May  a  plant  consist  of  a  single  cell  ?  An  example.  Two  modes  of  devel- 
opment. 448.  How  \sgrowlli&K\.m^mi\ieA'ivo-m.  reproduction  /  419.  What  is  the  embry- 
onic vesicle  ?— Its  origin  ? — Its  destination  ?  Whence  this  new  impulse  ?  450.  Trace  the 
growth  of  the  pollen-grain.  Trace  the  course  of  its  tube.  451.  Biflerent  views  of  this. 
Show  by  the  figures.  453.  Development  after  fertilization.  453.  Course  of  the  pollen  in 
the  Conifers.  454.  State  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed.  Provision  for  its  nourishment. 
455.  What  chemical  changes  ensue?  Whence  the  yeast?— The  sugar?— The  heat?  456. 
What  is  formed  iu  ripening  fruits  ?    458.  Whence  is  honey  ?— Its  economy  ? 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

ABSORPTION. 

460.  Office  of  the  root.  The  absorption  of  liquids,  con- 
taining in  solution  the  food  of  the  plant,  is  the  peculiar  and 
indispensable  office  of  the  root. 

Take  a  small  growing  plant  from  the  earth  and  immerse  it  by  its  roots,  which  should 

be  nearly  or  quite  entire,  in  a  cup  containing  a  definite  quantity  of  water.    Place  near  it 

another  cup  with  a  like  quantity  of  water  to  indicate  the  amount  of  evaporation.    The 

difference  of  the  diminution  in  the  two  cups  will  be  the  amount  of  absorption.    A  plant 

10 


14(5  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

of  Spearmint  has  thus  been  found  to  absorb  more  than  twice  its  o\vn  weight  per  day. 
Eveiy  one  is  familiar  with  the  rapid  disappearance  of  water  from  the  roots  of  potted 
plants,  as  Hydrangea,  Oleander. 

461.  An  imperviotis  eiDidermis  destitute  of  stomata  every- 
where clothes  the  roots,  excepting  its  Jihrillm  and  the  tender 
extremities  of  the  rootlets.  No  part,  therefore,  is  capable  of 
absorption  except  the  latter.  But  these,  by  their  multiplied 
numbers,  present  to  the  soil  an  adequate  absorbing  surface. 
Hence,  in  transplanting  a  tree,  almost  the  only  danger  to  its  life 
arises  from  the  difficulty  of  jDreserving  a  sufficient  number  of 
these  rootlets. 

462.  The  force  with  which  plants  absorb  fluids  by  their  roots  is  surprisingly  great.  If 
the  stem  of  a  Grapevine  be  cut  oft' when  the  sap  is  ascending,  and  a  bladder  be  tied  to 
the  end  of  the  standing  part,  it  will  in  a  few  days  become  distended  with  sap  even  to 
bursting.  Dr.  Hales  contrived  to  fix  a  mercurial  gauge  to  a  vine  thus  severed,  and  found 
the  upward  pressure  of  the  sap  equal  to  twenty-six  inches  of  mercury,  or  thirteen  pounds 
to  the  square  inch. 

463.  But  what  causes  this  absorption  of  fluids  in  a  direction 
contrary  to  gravitation?  In  explanation  of  this  phenomenon 
reference  has  been  made  to  two  well-known  principles  in  physics 
— viz.,  to  capillary  attraction  by  tlie  tubular  vessels,  and  to  en- 
dosmose  by  the  closed  cells,  whicli  are  far  more  numerous. 

464.  The  effects  of  capillary  attraction  are  seen  in  experiments  like  the  following.  In- 
sert the  end  of  several  open  thermometer  tubes  in  a  colored  liquid.  It  will  be  seen  rising 
in  the  tubes  above  its  level  to  various  heights— highest  in  the  smallest  calibre.  Or  sus- 
pend a  napkin  in  such  fashion  that  its  lowest  corner  shall  dip  into  a  cup  of  water.  In  a 
few  hours  the  water  will  have  ascended  into  the  napkin. 

4(;5.  Endosniose  is  thus  illustrated :  Throw  dried  prunes,  currants,  or  raisins  into 
water.  After  a  while  they  will  have  become  swollen  and  distended  with  fluid.  Now  place 
them  in  strong  syrup-they  will  again  shrink.  The  floiciiiff  in,  as  in  the  first  case,  is  called 
endosmose  ;  the  flouing  out,  as  in  the  second  case,  is  called  exoamose.  (See  Class  Book  of 
Botany,  §  781-783.)    Another  explanation  of  absorption  is  given  in  §  471. 

466.  Other  means  of  absorption.  The  office  of  absorp- 
tion is  not  performed  by  the  root  alone.  Every  green  part,  but 
especially  the  leaf,  is  capable  of  absorbing  gases  and  watery  vapor. 

Every  one  knows  how  greatly  plants,  when  parched  and  withered  by  drought,  are  re- 
vived by  a  shower  which  sprinkles  their  leaves  without  reaching  their  roots.  Air-plants, 
or  epiphytes  (§  208),  such  as  the  Long-moss  and  Epidendrum,  must  rely  on  this  source 
chiefly  for  the  supply  of  their  food;  and  when  the  dissevered  stems  of  such  plants  as  the 
Houseleek  grow  without  roots,  suspended  by  a  thread  in  air,  it  is  evident  that  all  their 
nourishment  comes  through  their  leaves. 

467.  The  use  of  absorption  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not 
merely  the  introduction  of  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to 


CIRCULATION.  147 

obtain  for  its  growth  the  elements' of  its  food  held  in  solution, 
whether  gaseous  or  earthy.  In  attaining  this  object,  the  roots 
seem  to  be  endowed  with  a  certain  pov.'er  of  selection  or  choice, 
which  we  cannot  explain.  Thus,  if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same 
soil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select  the  silica  along  with  the 
M-ater  which  it  absorbs,  in  preference  to  the  lime;  the  pea  selects 
the  lime  in  preference  to  the  silica.  Buckwheat  will  take  chiefly 
magnesia ;  cabbage  and  beans,  potash.  This  fact  shows  the 
importance  of  the  rotation  of  crops  in  agriculture. 

Heriew. — 460.  Principal  oflBce  of  the  Root.  Illustrate  by  a  yoims  plant  of  Spearmint— 
By  Hydrangea.  401.  What  special  orjrans  are  tlie  absorbents?  What  care  in  transplant- 
ing trees  ?  4U2.  How  prove  the  great  force  of  absorption  ?  4G3.  Causes  of  the  ascent  of 
the  sap.  Illustrate  capillary  attraction.  4(J5.  Illustrate  Endosmose.  AVhat  other  explana- 
tion in  §  4"1,  and  480?  4fi().  What  other  origans  may  absorb  ?  Several  ilUistrations.  How- 
are  Tree-mosses  nourished?  407.  Uses  of  absorption  to  vogi^tatiou.  Have  the  roots  the 
power  of  choice  ?    Give  examples. 


CHxVPTER   IX. 

CIKCULATION-. 

468.  The  fluids  whicli  are  thus  taken  into  the  system  by  ab- 
sorption cannot  remain  inactive  and  stagnant.  As  their  inward 
flow  is  regular  and  constant  in  its  season,  so  must  be  their  up- 
ward and  outward  flow,  in  a  course  more  or  less  direct,  toward 
the  pai-ts  where  they  find  an  outlet  or  a  permanent  fixture. 

469.  In  those  Cryptogams  wliich  are  composed  of  cellular 
tissue  alone,  the  circulation  of  the  sap  consists  only  of  a  uniform 
diflusion  from  cell  to  cell  throughout  the  mass,  as  through  a 
sponge.  In  the  higher  plants,  the  different  tissues  perform  ap- 
propriate offices  in  the  circulation;  some  conducting  upward, 
some  downward,  some  conveying  the  crude  sap,  some  latex,  and 
some  air. 

470.  Spiral  vessels  and  others  of  the  trachenchyma  are  gen- 
erally filled  with  air,  and  take  no  part  in  the  circulation  of  ff aids, 
except  in  the  Spring,  when  the  whole  system  is  gorged  with  sap. 
The  intercellular  passages,  also,  generally  circulate  air  alone. 

471.  From  the  roots  the  newly  absorbed  fluid  flows  upward 
through  the  stems  and  branches,  toAvard  the  buds,  leaves,  and 
flowers,  being  pi'obably  drawn  thither  into  them  by  the  exhala- 


148  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

tion  and  consequent  exhaustion  there  going  on.  That  tissue  of 
the  stem  and  branches  through  which  the  ascending  sap  loves 
chiefly  to  travel,  is  the  pleurenchyma — those  long  cells  of  the 
wood  fibre,  whether  arranged  in  broad  layers,  as  in  the  Exogens, 
or  scattered  in  slender  bundles,  as  in  the  Endogens.  And  when 
the  stem  groAvs  old  the  sap  ceases  to  traverse  the  inner  layers, 
the  duramen,  where  its  passage  becomes  obstructed  by  thickened 
cell  walls ;  and  frequents  only  the  outer  newer  layers,  the  albur- 
num, next  adjoining  the  liber. 

472.  The  Crude  Sap.  Tlie  fluid  which  thus  flows  upward 
seeking  the  leaves,  consists  largely  of  water,  is  colorless,  and  is 
called  the  Crude  Sap.  It  contains  in  solution  minute  quantities 
of  gases  and  mineral  salts,  imbibed  by  the  roots,  together  with 
dextrine  and  sugar  (no  starch),  which  it  dissolved  out  of  the  cells 
on  its  way.  This  is  the  fluid  which  flows  so  abundantly  from 
.ncisions  made  in  trees  in  early  Spring. 

4"3.  The  overflow  of  the  sap  depends  npon  the  excess  of  absorption  over  exhalation. 
After  the  decay  of  the  leaves  in  Autumn,  and  the  consequent  cessation  of  exhalation,  the 
rootlets,  beinj?  deep  in  the  ground,  below  the  influence  of  frost,  continue  their  action  for 
a  time,  and  an  accumulation  of  sap  in  the  system,  even  in  the  air-vessels  and  spaces,  takes 
place.  Also  in  early  Spring,  before  the  leaves  are  developed,  this  action  recommences; 
and  the  plant  becomes  gorged  with  sap,  which  will  burst  forth  from  incisions,  as  in  the 
Sugar  Maple,  or  sometimes  spontaneously,  as  in  the  Grape.  As  soon  as  the  buds  e.^pand 
into  leaves  and  flowers,  the  overflow  ceases. 

474.  The  True  Sap.  Throughout  its  whole  course  to  the 
leaves,  the  sap  gains  in  density  by  solution.  There  arrived,  it 
loses  by  exhalation  a  large  part  of  its  water,  gains  additional 
carbon,  and  undergoes  other  important  chemical  changes  (here- 
after to  be  noticed),  and  becomes  the  True  Sap,  dense  and  rich, 
both  in  nutritive  matter  for  the  immediate  growth,  and  in  special 
products  for  t\\Q  future  nourishment  of  the  plant. 

475.  Returning,  the  true  sap  distributes  its  treasures  in  due 
and  exact  proportion  as  needed  to  eveiy  organ.  Its  course  lies 
in  the  tissues  of  the  bark,  cellular  and  woody,  first  distributed 
over  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  thence  by  the  leaf-stalks 
into  the  liber,  and  so  pervading  all,  down  to  the  extremities  of 
the  roots. 

476.  On  its  passage  it  makes  dejyosits  of  food,  first  in  the  cells, 
of  the  pith  at  the  base  of  every  incipient  bud ;  then  in  the  cam- 
bium region  a  copioua  store;  next  in  the  medullary  rays  a  due 


TBANSPIRATION  AND  RESPIRATION.  149 

portion,  some  carried  outward  for  the  supply  of  the  cortical 
layer,  and  some  inward  for  solidifying  the  wood;  and  lastly,. the 
residue,  often  the  richest  legacy  of  all,  falls  to  the  root,  and  fills 
every  branch  and  fibre,  however  vast  its  extent.  This  last  de- 
posit is  that  which  is  first  met  and  dissolved  by  the  rising  tide 
of  fluid  in  the  following  Sj^ring. 

477.  Growth  progresses  downward.  Since  the  flowing 
of  the  true  elaborated  sap  is  downward,  it  scarce  admits  of  a 
doubt  that  the  progress  of  the  growth  is  also  downwai-d,  from 
the  leaves  to  the  roots.  And  on  no  other  supposition  can  we 
account  for  such  facts  as  the  following. 

478.  Girdle  an  exogenous  tree  by  removing  an  entire  ring  of  its  bark.  It  will  flourish 
still  during  one  growing  season,  and  form  a  new  layer  of  wood  and  bark  everywhere 
above  the  wound,  as  before,  but  not  at  all  below.  The  next  season  the  tree  will  die. 
Wliy?  Because  the  true  sap  returning  cannot  descend  to  nourish  the  roots.  But  in  a 
few  cases  trees  are  said  to  have  survived  this  process.  In  such  cases  the  medullary  rays 
may  have  completed  the  broken  currents.  On  arriving  at  the  ring,  the  descending  sap 
flows  inwardly  by  the  medullary  rays,  making  a  detour,  and  appears  again  in  the  bark 
below  the  interruption.    (See  Class  Book,  p.  155,  for  a  further  illustration  of  this  subject.) 

Revieiv. — 468.  Direction  of  the  flowing  sap.  469.  How  it  advances  in  the  tissue  of  a 
CryptoMm.  How  in  the  higher  plants.  470.  Vessels  for  air  only.  471.  Tendency  of  the 
flow.  By  what  tissues  ?  By  which  layers,  and  why  ?  473.  The  crude  sap.  473.  Account 
for  the  overflow — For  its  cessation.  474.  The  change  to  true  sap.  Trace  its  return  from 
the  leaves.  476.  Specify  the  places  of  deposit.  477.  Does  growth  progress  upward  or 
downward?    478.  A  proof. 


CHAPTER    X. 

TRANSPIRATION   AKD    RESPIRATION. 

479.  Transpiration  relates  to  that  important  ofiice  per- 
formed by  the  leaves  and  other  green  organs,  whereby  pure 
water  is  separated  from  the  crude  sap  and  given  off  into  the  aii*. 
It  takes  place  chiefly  through  the  stomata,  and  is  greatest  by 
day,  and  in  a  warm,  dry  atmosphere. 

480.  Upon  the  activity  of  transpiration  dej)ends  also  the 
amount  of  absorption.  It  not  only  makes  room  for  the  fluids 
from  below  to  enter,  but  by  disturbing  their  equilibrium  it 
creates  an  upward  tendency,  as  the  flame  of  a  lamp  draAvs  the 
fluid  up  the  wick.  All  the  mineral  and  organic  constituents  of 
the  sap  are  of  course  left  behind,  in  the  plant. 


150  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

4S1.  The  quantity  of  pure  water  transpired  by  plants  is  immense.  A  forest  makes  a 
damp  atmosphere  for  miles  around.  Dr.  Hales,  in  ti  series  of  instructive  experiments  in 
transpiration,  ascertained  that  a  Sunflower  three  and  a  half  feet  high,  with  a  surliice  of 
5,616  square  inches,  transpired  from  20  to  30  oz.  in  twelve  hours ;  a  Cabbage  15  to  25  oz. 
in  the  same  time— equal  to  the  transpiration  of  a  dozen  laboring  men. 

482.  Respiration  in  plants  refers  to  their  relations  to  the 
atmosphere.  So  in  animals.  These  relations  are  in  either  case 
vitally  important,  as  may  be  sliown  by  placing  a  small,  healthy 
potted  plant  (sc.  Geranium,  Mimosa)  under  the  receiver  of  an 
air-pump,  and  thoroughly  exhausting  the  air.  At  once  every 
vital  process  ceases — no  absorption,  no  assimilation,  no  irrita- 
bility, but  speedily  decay  ensues.  A  vacuum  would  be  no  more 
fotal  to  a  sparrovr.  Air  is  quite  as  necessary  to  the  one  as  to 
the  other. 

483.  Respiration  in  plants,  or  aeration  (as  sometimes  called), 
consists  of  all  those  operations  by  which  the  sap  is  brought  into 
contact  Avith  the  air  or  subjected  to  its  influence.  It  occurs  in 
the  intercellular  passages,  in  the  spiral  vessels  everywhere,  but 
especially  in  the  leaves  and  all  other  organs  which  have  chloro- 
phyl  and  stomata.  Its  vital  importance  is  manifested  in  the  vast 
extent  of  the  respiratory  apparatus,  consisting  of  millions  of 
leaves  and  billions  of  breathing  pores  (stomata)  and  tracheas 
(vessels) ! 

484.  The  facts  connected  with  respiration,  which  seem  to  have 
been  well  established  by  the  experiments  of  Saussure,  Garreau, 
Moue,  Draper,  etc.,  are  these:  1.  Carbonic  acid  (C  OJ  is  ab- 
sorbed by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues,  under  the  direct  solar 
light. 

2.  Oxygen  (O)  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues 
in  the  absence  of  direct  solar  light,  and  by  the  roots,  flowers, 
fruits,  and  germinating  seeds  at  all  times. 

3.  The  oxygen  thus  absorbed  unites  with  some  of  the  free 
(or  nascent)  carbon  already  in  the  tissues,  and  forms  carbonic 
acid. 

4.  By  a  process  of  asshnilatlo7i  (§  439),  carbonic  acid  within 
the  green  tissues,  from  whatever  source  derived,  is  decomposed 
under  the  direct  sunshine,  and  its  carbon  is  retained ;  but, 

5.  Its  oxygen  is  set  free  and  exhaled. 

6.  Carbonic  acid  is  exhaled  by  the  leaves  and  all  the  green 


TnANSPIRATION   AND   EESPIEATION.  151 

tissues  in  the  absence  of  the  sunshine,  and  by  all  other  parts 
(root,  flowers,  fruit,  and  germinating  seeds)  at  all  times. 

485.  Hence  it  appears  that  there  are  two  jy/iases  of  aerial  action 
constantly  performed  and  seemingly  opposed  to  each  other.  One 
dependent  wholly  upon  the  clear  sunshine,  in  which,  by  the 
leaves,  etc.,  C  0„  is  absorbed,  decomposed,  and  O  returned  to  the 
atmosphere ;  the  othei',  in  which  O  is  absorbed,  and  C  0„  ex- 
haled, by  the  leaves  in  the  absence  of  sunshine,  and  by  all  other 
parts  (roots,  flowers,  etc.)  at  all  times.  Both  are  equally  and 
vitally  important. 

4S5.  The  former  process  becomes  visible  to  the  eye  liy  the  rapid  development  of  chloro- 
phyl  accompanying  it — the  latter  by  its  gradual  loss.  Hence,  during  a  protracted  season 
of  cloudy  weather,  vegetation  grows  sensibly  paler ;  but  a  few  hours  of  sunshine  restores 
the  green  to  its  wonted  depth  and  richness.  Hence,  also,  plants  growing  in  darkness  or 
shade,  as  potatoes  in  the  cellar,  are  very  pale,  and  manifest  their  affinity  for  light  by 
stretching  themselves  with  famishing  eagerness  toward  the  slender  sunbeam  which  gains 
admittance.    Analysis  shows  structures  thus  grown  to  be  deficient  in  carbon. 

4S~.  We  may  easily  repeat  the  experiments  of  Saussure  and  Priestley.  Place  a  quantity 
of  freshly  gathered  leafy  stems  under  a  bell-glass  inverted  and  full  of  rain-water,  and  thus 
expose  them  to  the  sunlight.  Soon  bubbles  of  pure  oxygen  gas  arise  and  slowly  collect 
above.  Now  repeat  the  experiment  with  boiled  or  distilled  water,  end  no  o.xj'gen  will 
appear.  Rain-water  contains  COj  in  solution;  boiled  water  does  not.  The  O  must 
therefore  have  come  from  the  COo  as  would  appear. 

<1SS.  If  we  enclose,  air-tight,  in  a  glass  globe  the  end  of  a  leafy  branch,  without  severing 
It  from  the  tree,  it  will  be  found  by  careful  analysis,  after  a  day  of  sunshine,  that  the  pro- 
portion of  O  has  increased  at  the  expense  of  COo  within  the  globe ;  and  vice  versa  by 
night  or  in  the  shade. 

489.  The  results  of  both  transpiration  and  respiration,  as  con- 
cerns the  plant,  tend  to  concentrate  the  diluted  sap  by  the  elim- 
ination of  the  water,  which  served  merely  for  its  conveyance,  and 
to  assimilate  it  into  food  capable  of  being  organized  into  cells 
and  their  various  contents.  And  it  is  proper  in  this  place  also 
to  notice  tJie  effects  of  this  vast  machinery  upon  the  constitution 
of  the  atmosphere  and  its  relation  to  the  animal  kingdom. 

490.  Carbonic  acid  gas  is  dissolved  in  the  atmosphere  and 
somewhat  uniformly  diffused  throughout  its  whole  extent,  in  the 
proportion  of  about  4  parts  in  10,000,  or  -^-g-^.  This  gas  flows, 
and  is  ever  flowing  into  the  air  from  decaying  animal  and  vege- 
table substances,  from  combustion,  and  from  the  breath  of  all 
living  animals.  The  quantity  thus  added  to  the  atmosphere  an- 
nually is  estimated  at  100  billions  lbs.,  or  nearly  one-tenth  of  the 
whole  amount  of  carbon,  and  yet  it  does  not  accumulate.  Now 
if  wo  were  able  to  compute  in  pounds  the  annual  growth  of  the 


152  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

entire  plant  world,  and  the  proportion  of  solid  carbon  which 
enters  into  that  amount,  we  should  doubtless  find  that  the  grand 
total  of  the  demand  equals  this  grand  total  supply. 

491.  And  further:  not  only  are  the  necessities  of  the  plant 
met  by  this  wonderful  circulation,  but  the  necessities  of  animal 
existence  also.  Carbonic  acid  is  poisonous ;  and  should  it  be  left 
to  accumulate  unchecked,  it  would  gradually  corrupt  the  air,  and 
Avithin  a  few  centuries  extinguish  all  animal  life.  Thus  are  the 
two  kingdoms  of  the  organic  world  mutually,  through  the  inor- 
ganic, dependent  upon  each  other.  The  plant  furnishes  the 
oxygen  which  the  animal  consumes,  the  animal  the  carbonic  acid 
which  the  plant  consumes,  while  each  would  perish  in  an  atmos- 
phere of  its  own  production.  "  Great  and  marvellous  are  thy 
works,  O  Lord  of  Hosts !  in  wisdom  hast  thou  made  them  all." 

J?eriew. — 479.  What  is  transpiration  ?  It  occurs  where  and  when  ?  4S0.  Why  is  absorp- 
tion dependent  upon  it?  What  only  does  it  expel?  481.  How  much  water  did  a  Sun- 
flower transpire  in  a  day  ?— A  Cabbage  ?  Eft'ect  of  a  forest  on  the  Atmosphere  ?  483.  Im- 
port of  Aeration.  Vastness  of  the  App.iratns.  484.  Six  facl-i  in  Respiration.  48.5.  The 
two  opposite  phases  of  respiration.  486.  When  does  the  former  phase  become  visible? 
When  the  latter?  Blanched  plants.  487.  Saussure's  Experiments.  Why  no  oxygen  with 
boiled  water?  480.  The  results  of  transpiration  and  respiration.  490.  What  proportion 
of  CO"  in  the  Air?  Whence  is  it?  IIow  much  added  yearly?  Does  it  accumulate? 
Why  not?  4'Jl.  IIow  might  the  air  become  poison  ?  The  mutual  dependence  of  Plants 
and  Animals. 


PART  THIRD. 

SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 


CHAPTER    I. 

GEXERAL    PKIXCIPLES    OF    CLASSIFICATION. 

492.  Systematic  Botany  relates  to  the  arrangement  of  Plants 
into  Groups  and  Families  according  to  their  characters,  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  habits, 
history,  proj)erties,  and  uses.  In  this  department  the  principles 
of  Organic  and  Physiological  Botany  are  applied  and  brought 
into  practical  use. 

493.  But  there  is  another  and  higher  import  in  the  study  of 
Systematic  Botany.  It  shows  us  Plants  as  related  to  each  other 
and  constituting  one  magnificent  system.  It  reveals  the  Al- 
mighty Creator  at  once  employed  in  the  minutest  details  and 
upon  the  boundless  whole ;  equally  attentive  to  the  perfection 
of  the  individual  in  itself,  and  to  the  completeness  of  the  Grand 
System  of  which  it  forms  a  necessary  part. 

494.  The  necessity  for  such  an  arrangement  of  the  Species  will  appear  when  we  con- 
sider their  immense  numbers.  They  meet  us  in  ever-varying  forms  at  every  step,  cloth- 
ing the  liills,  mountains,  valleys,  and  plains.  They  spring  up  in  hedges  and  by  the  way- 
side. They  border  the  streams  and  lakes,  and  sprinkle  over  their  surface.  They  stand 
assembled  in  forests,  and  cover  with  verdure  even  the  depths  of  the  Ocean.  Not  less  than 
100,000  kinds  are  already  distinguished,  and  the  catalogue  is  still  increasing. 

495  >  Into  this  vast  kingdom  of  Nature  the  student  is  introduced,  and  proposes  to  ac- 
quaint himself  with  each  and  every  object.  How  shall  he  begin?  Evidently  he  must 
begin  with  the  individual— a  single  individual  plant.  But  (thanks  to  Ilim  who  created 
both  the  plant  and  the  mind— the  object  and  the  subject),  we  are  not  left  to  continue  the 
study  in  a  method  so  endless  and  so  hopeless.  As  if  in  special  regard  to  the  measure  of 
the  human  intellect  and  the  means  of  its  culture,  the  Great  Author  of  Nature  ha?  grouped 
the?c  myriads  of  individuals  into 


154  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

40o.  Species  (§  27).  When  He  called  plants  into  existence, 
in  their  own  specific  forms,  He  endowed  each  with  the  power  of 
perpetuatinff  its  oicn  kind  and  no  other ;  so  that  they  have 
descended  to  us  distinguished  by  the  same  characters  and  prop- 
erties as  at  the  beginning.  When,  therefore,  the  student  has 
formed  acquaintance  with  any  one  individual  plant,  he  is  also  ac- 
quainted with  cdl  other  individuals  belonging  to  the  same  species. 

497.  For  example :  a  siuglo  plant  of  Wliite  Clover  is  a  true  representative  of  all  the  mil- 
lions of  its  kind  that  grow  on  onr  hills  and  meadows.  Likewise,  a  single  description  of 
the  White  Pine  will  answer  in  all  essential  points  for  every  individual  tree  of  that  noble 
species  in  all  its  places  and  times.  Thus  all  the  individual  plants  of  the  globe  are  grouped 
into  species  by  descent  and  resemblance. 

498.  Genera  (§  29).  Although  the  species  are  separated 
from  each  other  by  clear  and  definite  distinctions,  still  they  are 
found  to  exhibit,  also,  constant  afiinities  whereby  they  stand 
associated  into  larger  groups  called  genera.  Thus  the  White 
Clover  and  the  Red  Clover  (Trifolium  repens  and  T.  pratense) 
are  universally  recognized  as  different  species,  but  of  the  same 
kind  or  genus ;  and  a  proper  generic  description  of  one  plant  of 
the  genus  Tkifolium  will  convey  intelligence  to  a  certain  extent 
concerning  every  other  plant  belonging  to  its  150  species. 

49!).  Orders.  But  natural  affinities  do  not  end  here.  The  genera  are  yet  too  numerous 
for  the  ready  and  systematic  study  of  the  naturalist.  He,  therefore,  would  generalize  still 
further,  and  reduce  th^;  genera  to  still  fewer  and  broader  groups.  On  comparing  the  gen- 
era with  each  other,  he  finds  tliat  they  also  possess  in  common  certain  important  charac- 
ters which  are  of  a  more  general  nature  than  those  which  distinguish  them  from  each 
other.    By  these  general  characters  the  genera  are  associated  into  Orders. 

500.  For  example:  comparing  such  genera  as  the  Mustard,  Radish,  Cabbage,  Cress, 
Wallflower,  etc.,  it  is  seen  that,  while  they  differ  sufflciently  in  their  generic  characters, 
yet  they  all  have  certain  marked  resemblances  in  their  didynamous  stamens,  siliquous 
fruit,  whereby  they  are  obviously  associated  into  the  same  Order— the  Cruciferre.  So, 
also,  the  Pines,  the  Spruces,  the  Cedars,  the  Larches,  and  the  Cypress,  while  as  genera 
they  are  obviously  distinct,  yet  all  bear  cones  of  some  form,  with  naked  seeds ;  hence 
they  are  naturally  grouped  into  one  Order— the  Conifers. 

501.  Classes.  Li  like  manner  the  Orders,  by  traits  of  resemblance  still  more  general, 
are  associated  into  a  few  groups,  each  of  great  extent,  called  Classes. 

502.  Intermediate  Groups,  formed  on  the  same  principles,  are  recognized  as 
Subgenera,  Suborders  or  Tribes,  and  Subclasses  or  Cohorts,  which  will  be  particularly 
noticed  in  another  place.  Of  the  same  nature,  also,  are  Vai-ieties,  which  are  groups  sub- 
ordinate to  species,  already  described  in  §  2S. 

503.  Systems.  Two  independent  and  widely  different  meth 
ods  of  classifying  the  genera  have  been  generally  approved — the 
Artificial  Method  of  Linnaeus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu, 
The  former  is  founded  solely  on  characters  relating  to  the  organs 


THE  NATUEAL   SYSTEM.  155 

of  fructification,  leaving  all  other  natural  affinities  out  of  view. 
It  is  simply  an  arrangement  devised  by  Linnseus  for  convenience 
in  the  analysis  of  plants — as  words  in  a  dictionary,  for  con- 
venience of  reference,  are  arranged  alphabetically^  without  re- 
gard to  their  nature.     It  is  nov/  generally  sujoerseded  by — 

504.  The  Natural  Systesn.  This  system  of  classification, 
on  the  contrary,  takes  for  its  basis  all  those  natural  affinities  and 
resemblances  of  plants  whereby  jSTature  herself  has  distinguished 
them  into  groups  and  families.  It  seizes  upon  every  character 
wherein  plants  agi-ee  or  disagree,  and  forms  her  associations  only 
upon  the  principle  of  natural  affinity.  Hence,  each  member  of 
any  natural  group  resembles  tlie  other  members ;  and  a  fxir  de- 
scription of  one  will  serve,  to  a  certain  extent,  for  all  the  rest. 

505.  Tlie  species  and  genera  are  formed  on  this  principle  of 
classification,  as  above  stated,  and  are  truly  natural  associations. 
Individuals  altogether  similar — cast,  as  it  were,  in  the  same 
mould — constitute  a  species.  Species  agreeing  in  nearly  all  re- 
pects,  and  diffi^ring  but  in  few,  constitute  a  genus.  Thence  the 
genera,  associated  by  their  remaining  affinities  into  groups  of 
few  or  many,  by  this  same  method  are  organized  into  !N"atural 
Orders  and  other  departments  of  the  System. 

i?€ri«?w.— 492.  Object  and  use  of  Systematic  Botany.  493.  A  still  hijjhcr  import.  494. 
Show  the  subject  to  be  vast.  495.  A  wronj^  way  to  study  it.  49(1.  How  the  species  are 
limited.  A  short  road  to  knowledge.  497.  Give  examples.  Define  a  Species  in  the 
words  of  §  27.  Define  a  Genus  (§  29).  498.  How  exemplify  a  genus  ?  499.  Give  the  third 
step  in  classification.  500.  How  is  the  Order  of  Crucifers  made  np?— The  Conifers? 
502.  Name  four  sorts  of  intermediate  groups.  What  is  said  of  the  Variety  in  §  28?  503. 
Two  methods  of  classifying  the  genera.  Define  the  Artificial.  Its  author.  504.  Define 
the  Natural  System.    Its  purpose.    505.  Synopsis  of  the  groups. 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

506.  There  is  indeed  but  one  truly  Natural  System.  Yet  so 
long  as  any  portion  of  that  System  remains  imperfectly  under- 
stood, so  fiir  authors  may  be  expected  to  hold  different  views, 
and  to  attempt  by  difl:erent  methods  to  express  that  true  System. 
But  the  discrepancies  observed  in  the  several  "  Natural  Systems" 
proposed  by  different  writers,  are  slight  compared  with  the  num- 


156  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANT. 

ber  and  importance  of  the  principles  now  common  to  them  all, 
and  universally  admitted. 

Let  us  begin  with  the  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM  as  a  whole, 
507.  Sub-kingdoms.  It  is  first  divided  or  separated  into 
two  Sub-kingdoms,  viz.,  the  Phoenogamia,  or  Flowering  Plants, 
and  the  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  These  divisions 
were  first  propounded  by  John  Ray,  of  England,  in  1682.  They 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  the  System  of  Linnaeus  as  well  as  that 
of  Jussieu,  and  have  been  adopted  by  every  subsequent  author. 
It  is  a  division  founded  in  Natui'e — that  is,  mai'ked  b}^  Nature 
herself;  for. 


The  Cryptogamia  (xpuirru,  to  conceal, 

(Z,  Are  generally  destitute  of  a  regular  axis 
and  of  true  leaves ; 

b.  They   possess    mostly  only   a   cellular 

structure ; 

c.  They  do  not  develop  true  flowers  ; 

d.  They  produce  spores  having  no  embryo. 


The  rn.ESOGAMiA  (ijaivw,  to  appear,  ya- 
|XOfr,  nuptials) — 

c,  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with 
leafy  appendages ; 

I,  They  possess  a  woody  and  spiro-vascular 
structure ; 

c,  They  develop  stamens  and  pistils  consti- 
tuting flowers; 

tt,  They  produce  seeds  containing  an  em- 
bryo. 

508.  The  above  diagnosis  does  not  mark  the  absolute  limits  between  the  two  Sub-king- 
doms ;  for  the  higher  Cryptogams,  as  the  Ferns  and  Mosses,  give  indications  of  approach 
to  the  Phrenogams,  both  in  form  and  structure,  while  the  lower  Phjenogams  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  produce  flowers.  And  universally,  bo  gradual  is  the  transition  from  group  to 
group,  that  it  is  difficult  or  impossible  to  employ  characters  so  definite  as  to  circumscribe 
completely  any  one  group,  while  at  the  same  time  they  exclude  every  member  of  the  sur- 
rounding allied  groups. 

509.  Provinces.  The  Flowering  Plants  are  next  resolved 
into  two  great  Provinces,  indubitably  marked  by  Nature's  own 
hand,  and  employed  in  eveiy  natural  method.  The  following  is 
their  diagnosis.  They  were  also  first  propounded  by  John  Ray, 
under  the  names  of  Dicotyledons  and  Monocotyledons. 


ExoGENs  (jfw,  outside,  'vsvva.u,  to  gen- 
erate or  grow) — 

a.  Growing  by  layers  external  to  the  wood, 

internal  to  the  bark ; 

b.  Leaves  net-veined ; 

c.  Flowers  very  rarely  3-parted ; 

d.  Seeds  with  two  or  more  cotyledons  ; 

e.  The  radicle  producing  an  axial  root. 


Endogeits    OvOo\\    within,    ^jvvaw,    to 
grow,  etc.)— 

a,  Growing  by  scattered,    internal  wood- 

buudles ; 

b,  Leaves  parallel-veined ; 

c,  Flowers  very  generally  3-parted ; 

d,  Seeds  with  one  cotyledon  ;  and 

e,  The  radicle  never  producing  an  axial  root. 


510.  Classes.  The  Provinces  are  next  broken  into  Classes, 
groups  of  the  third  rank  in  extent.  Two  are  constituted  of  the 
Exogens,  viz. : 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  157 


Angiosperms  {ayysiog,  a  vessel,  O'cTEpjjt.a, 
seed),  (Oak,  Rose) — 

a.  Flowers  more  generally  perfect ; 

b,  Pistils  complete,  enclosing  the  ovules  ; 

c.  Seeds  enclosed  in  a  pericarp  ; 

d,  Embryo  with  only  two  cotyledons. 


Gtmnosperms  (yufxvoj:,  naked,  (frripixa), 

(Pine,  Yew)— 
a.  Flowers  imperfect ; 
5,  Pistils  scale-like,  with  no  stigma ; 
c.   Seeds  naked,  not  in  a  pericarp  ; 
(f.  Embryo    mostly  with    several   whorled 

cotyledons. 


511.  Two  Classes  also  constitute  the  Eridosfens,  viz. 


The  PETALiFERiE  (/TsVaXov,  a  petal, 
(pf'pw,  to  bear)— 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  hav- 
ing continuous  stems  and  petaloid  flowers  ; 
that  is,  flowers  invested  with  a  whorled 
perianth  or  none  (Lily,  Orchis,  Rush). 


GujMiFER.E  (gh/ma,  husk, /fro.  to  bear)— 
Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  hav- 
ing jointed  culms  and  glumaceous  llowers; 
that  is,  invested  with  an  imbricated  per- 
ianth of  green  glumes  (Grasses,  Grains, 
Sedges). 


512.  Cohorts.  The  Classes  are  each  of  great  extent,  both  as 
to  the  number  and  the  diversity  of  their  families,  and  obviously 
require  a  further  subdivision.  To  efiect  this  on  strictly  natural 
principles,  botanists  have  labored  hitherto  in  vain.  The  truth 
is,  the  members  of  these  several  classes  are  lanited  by  affinities 
so  equable  as  to  render  a  further  subdivision  impossible  except 
by  distinctions  more  or  less  arbitrary.  So  adjacent  territories, 
where  rivers  or  other  natural  boundaries  are  wanting,  must  be 
separated  by  artificial  lities. 

513.  The  AxGiosPERMS  Avere  subdivided  by  Endlicher  into 
three  cohorts,  and  nearl}^  all  modern  botanists  have  adopted  his 
plan  under  various  names. 

1.  Dialypetalce  (5iaXJcJ,  to  dissolve).  Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx  and  co- 
rolla, the  latter  composed  of  distinct  petals  (poli/petalous),  sometimes  slightly  cohering 
by  the  base  of  the  stamens,  rarely  abortive. 

2.  Gamopetalce  (yaaof,  union).  Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx  and  corolla, 
the  latter  composed  of  petals  more  or  less  united  (monopetaious). 

3.  Apetalm  (a,  privative).  Exogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  a  calyx  only,  or 
neither  calyx  nor  corolla  {acfdamydeous). 

514.  The  class  petalifer^e  may  be  conveniently  separated 
into  two  cohorts  as  follows  : 

1.  Spadiciflor(B.  Endogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  no  perianth,  or  a  scaly  one, 
and  borne  on  a  thickened  spadix,  which  is  often  enveloped  in  a  spathe. 

2.  Floridea.  Endogenous  plants  with  the  flowers  usually  perfect  and  complete,  the 
perianth  double,  3-parted,  the  outer  often,  and  sometimes  both,  green. 

515.  The  class  Glumiferse  is  equivalent  to  the  cohort  Grccmi- 
noidece,  including  the  Sedges,  Grain?,  and  Grasses — a  truly 
natural  assemblage. 

516.  The  Sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  is  resolved  into 
groups  which  are  analogous  to  those  of  the  Phaenogamia.     First, 


158  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

it  is  naturally  divided  into  two  Provinces,  founded  upon  their 
mode  of  vegetation.  The  Acrogens  include  those  tribes  whicli 
make  some  approach  toward  the  Phrenogams,  while  the  Thallo- 
gens  include  the  lowest  tribes  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  They 
are  thus  distinguished — 

Thallogeks  0xKkov,  green  expansion, 
yevvaw)— 

Flowerless  Plants  producing  in  vegetation 
a  thallns— an  indefinite  expansion  or  mass, 
witti  no  distinction  of  stem,  leaf,  or  root, 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  only  (Lichens, 
Fungi,  etc.) 


Acrogens  (axpov^  tlie  summit  or  point, 
yevvau}— 

Flowerless  Plants  having  a  regular  stem 
or  axis,  -which  grows  by  the  extension  of 
the  apes  only,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform 
ducts  (Ferns,  Mosses.  Club-mosses,  Horse- 
tails, etc.) 

517.  Classes  of  the  Flowerless  Plants.  For  the  sake  of 
analogy  and  an  advantageous  comparison  with  the  Pha^nogams, 
we  may  also  regard  these  two  provinces  of  the  Cryptogams  in 
the  light  of  Classes  founded  upon  their  different  modes  of  fruit- 
bearing.     Thus  the  Acrogens  constitute  the  class — 

AnGiospoRiE  (ayysioc:,  (f^opa),  or  Angiospores  : 

Acrogenous  plants,  producing  their  spores  in  sporangia  (vessels)  which  burst 
when  the  spores  are  mature. 

And  the  Thallogens  constitute  the  class — 

Gtmnospor^  (yuixvoj,  (fffopa),  or  Gymnospores : 

Thallogenous  plants  reproduced  by  spores,  which  are  produced  in  parent  cells, 
either  forming  a  part  of  the  vegetating  thallns,  or  growing  upon  the  surface  of  some 
definite  region  of  the  thallus. 

518.  The  class  A^"GIOSPOEEs  is  divided  into  three  cohorts  (or 
Alliances  according  to  Liudley) : 

Lycopodales.  Acrogens  with  vascular  tissue,  spores  of  two  kinds,  and  spore-cases  axil- 
lary or  radical,  one— many-celled.  Plants  with  well-developed  leaves.  (Lycopodiacese, 
Marsileacese.) 

FUiccdes.  Acrogens  with  vascular  tissue,  spores  of  but  one  kind,  spore-cases  borne  on 
the  margin,  back,  or  summit  of  the  frond,  one-celled,  usually  girded  by  an  elastic  ring. 
Plants  leafy  or  sheathed.    (Equisetacese,  Filices.) 

Muscales.  Acrogenous  plants  mostly  cellular,  with  two  kinds  of  floral  organs  (antheri- 
dia  and  archcgonia),  and  spore-cases  (thecte)  either  hooded  or  immersed  in  the  substance 
of  tlie  frond.    (Mosses,  Hepaticoe,  etc.) 

519.  The  class  Gyaixospores  also  consists  of  three  cohorts: 

Lichenaks.  Thallogens  growing  in  air,  cmstaceous,  without  mycelium,  including 
spores  plunged  in  the  thallus  as  well  as  in  shields.    (Lichens.) 

Algales.  Thallogens  living  in  water  or  very  damp  places,  cartilaginous,  brightly  colored, 
without  mycelium,  nourished  through  their  whole  surface.    (Algce,  or  Seaweeds.) 

Fvngales.  Thallogens  fructifying  in  the  air,  never  green,  nourished  by  their  own  my- 
celium, which  is  immersed  in,  and  feeds  upon  decaying  substances.    (Fungi.) 


THE   NATUEAL   SYSTEM. 


159 


520.  The  following  is  a  condensed  tabular  view  of  the  Natural 
System  as  aboye  constituted. 

THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 

The  Sub-kingdom  Ph^enogamia,  or  Flowering  Plants. 
Province  1st. — Exogens,  or  Dicotyledons. 
Class  I. — Angiosperms. 
Coliort  A. — DialypetalcT,  or  Polypetalous  Exogens  (Roseworts). 
Cohort  B. — Gamopetalnc,  or  IMonopetalous  Exogens  (Phloxworts). 
Cohort  C. — Apetake,  or  Apetalous  Exogens  (Pokeworts). 
Class  II. — Gymnosperms. 
Cohort  D. — Couoidea?,  or  Cone-bearing  Plants  (Pines). 
Province  2d. — Endorjens,  or  Ilonocotyledons. 
Class  III. — Petaliferse,  or  Aglumaceaj. 
Cohort  E. — Spadicifloras  (the  Aroids,  etc.) 
Cohort  F. — Floridcaj  (Lilyworts,  etc.) 
Class  IV. — Glumiferre,  glumaceous  Endogens. 
Cohort  G. — Graminoidea?  (Grasses,  etc.) 
The  Sub-kingdom  Chyptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants. 
Province  3d. — Acrogens,  the  Point-growers. 
Class  V. — Angiospores. 
Cohort  H. — Lycopodales,  or  Lycopods. 
Cohort  J. — Filicales,  or  Ferns. 
Cohort  K. — Muscules,  or  Mosses. 
Province  4th. — Thalhgens,  the  Mass-growers. 
Class  VI. — Gymnospores. 
Cohort  L. — Lichcnales,  the  Lichens. 
Cohort  M. — Algales,  the  Seaweeds. 
Cohort  N. — Fungales,  or  Funii. 


Fig,  524,  A  Moss  (Bartramia).    525,  Cliara  ;  526,  a  portion  mag- 
niGed.     527,  Lichens  (Cladonia).    528,  9,  Seaweeds  ; 
s,   a  spore  just  diseli.arged  ;   9,  Fucus  ;  a,  air-Tessel  ;  fi,  fruit  ; 
section  of  one  of.  the  fruit-clots  ;  c,  a  spore  with  paraphyses. 


160  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

521.  Orders  or  Families  succeed  to  the  Cohorts.  The 
Natural  Order  is  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all  the  associa- 
tions. Ou  the  accuracy  and  distinctness  of  the  characters  of 
these  groups  botanists  have  bestowed  the  highest  degree  of  at- 
tention, and  the  student's  progress  will  largely  depend  upon  his 
acquaintance  with  them. 

522.  Orders  are  formed  by  associating  together  those  genera 
which  have  the  most  intimate  relations  to  each  other,  or  to  some 
one  genus  previously  assumed  as  the  type.  As  species  form 
genera,  so  genera  form  Orders.  In  regard  to  extent,  the}-  differ 
widely  ;  some  consisting  of  a  single  genus,  as  Platauaceas,  while 
others  comprehend  hundreds  of  genera,  as  Compositoe.  For 
convenience  in  analysis,  the  larger  Orders  are  broken  up  into 
Sub-orders  or  Tribes. 

523.  The  Natural  System,  then,  with  all  its  divisions,  groups, 
and  subordinations,  may  be  exhibited  at  one  view,  as  follows  : 

The  Vegetable  Kixgdom  consists  of 

Two  SUD-ICINGDOMS, 

Four  PnovixcEs, 
Six  Classes, 

Thirteen  Cohokts,  with  Alliances, 

300  Oedeks,  with  Sub-orders  and  Tribes, 
20,000  Gexeea,  with  Sub-genera, 
100,000  Species,  with  Varieties,  and 
Finally,  of  Individuals. 


CHAPTER    III. 


BOTAXICAL    ANALYSIS 


Is  the  application  of  the  rules  and  principles  of  botany  to  the 
study  of  the  natural  plant,  in  order  to  determine  its  place  in  the 
system,  its  names,  history,  uses — all  that  is  on  record  concern- 
ing it. 

524.  In  the  flowering  months  the  learner  will  constantly  meet 
with  new  forms  of  bloom  ;  and  if  he  is  duly  interested  in  the 


BOTANICAL   ANALYSIS.  161 

science,  he  will  not  fail  to  seize  and  analyze  each  new  flower 
while  the  short  hour  of  its  beauty  may  last.  Thus  in  a  few 
seasons,  or  even  in  one,  he  may  become  well  acquainted  with 
thejiora  of  the  vicinity  where  he  dwells. 

525.  Suppose,  now,  the  pupil  to  be  in  possession  of  an  un- 
known plant  in  flower  and  fruit.  The  first  requisite  is,  its 
Natural  Order,  and  the  first  step  in  analysis  is  an  examination 
of  the  several  organs,  one  by  one,  until  the  general  structure  is 
well  understood.  This  done,  the  experienced  botanist,  who  has 
in  memory  the  characters  of  all  the  Orders,  might  determine  at 
once  to  Avhich  of  them  the  plant  in  question  belongs.  But  the 
beginner  must  be  content  with  a  longer  course  of  inquiry  and 
comparison, — a  course  Avhich  might  be  indefinitely  long  and 
vague  without  the  use  of — 

526.  Analytical  Tables.  These  are  designed  to  shorten 
and  define  to  exactness  the  processes  of  analysis.  Those  which 
appear  in  the  present  work  are  peculiar  in  form,  and  more  copi- 
ous and  complete  than  the  tables  of  any  other  similar  work. 
These  tables,  with  proper  use  in  connection  with  the  specimen, 
will  very  rarely  fail  to  conduct  the  inquirer  almost  immediately 
to  the  right  Order,  Genus,  and  Species. 

"VYe  subjoin  a  few  examples  of  the  analysis  of  particular 
species  by  the  aid  of  these  tables.  If  the  exercise  be  conducted 
in  the  class-room,  the  successive  steps  in  the  process  (indicated 
by  the  numbers  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  below)  may  be  assigned,  in  order, 
to  each  pupil  in  the  class. 

ANALYSTS    OF    A   POLTPETALOUS    HERB. 

527.  To  determine  tUe  Cobort.  A  good  specimen  of  a  little  yellow-flowered 
herbaceous  plant,  common  in  the  grassy  fields  of  cool  regions,  is  supposed  to  be  now  in 
the  hands  of  each  pupil  of  the  class.  (1.)  The  first  pupil,  reading  (if  necssary)  the  charac- 
teristic of  each  sub-kingdom,  pronounces  the  plant  one  of  the  Phaenogamia,  and  refers 
the  next  pupil  to  the  Provinces,  1  or  2. 

(-2.)  The  next  reads  the  characters  of  those  Provinces,  and  comparing  the  specimen 
(which  has  tiet-veiiied  leaves  and  h-nurous  Jlmvers),  concludes  that  it  is  an  Exogen.  Kefer 
next  to  the  Classes,  1  or  2. 

(3.)  "  Stigmas  present.    Seeds  enclosed  in  vessels." 

"  Stigma*  none.  Seeds  naked.  (Pines,  Spruces,  Ac.)"  Ourplant  has  stigmas,  &c., 
and,  moreover,  is  not  a  Pine,  Spruce,  &c.  It  is,  therefore,  an  Angiospenn.  Kefer  nest 
to  Cohorts  1,  2,  or  3. 

(4.)  "  Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct."  This  characterizes  our  plant,  and  it  is  pro- 
nounced one  of  the  Poljijetalas.    Refer  them  to  A. 


162  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

528.  To  determine  tlie  Order,  the  (5th)  pupil  reads  the  first  alternative,  or  trip- 
let, noted  hy  a  star  (*),  and  comparing  his  plant,  tinds  it  to  correspond  with  the  tirst  line, 
for  it  is  an  "  herb  with  alternate  leaves."    Pass  now  to  {\i). 

(6.)  "  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  go.    Fruit  never  a  legume." 

"Flowers  irregular,"  &c.    The  flower  is  regular.    Pass  to  (14). 

Again,  a  (7th)  pupil  reads,  "  Stamens  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals."  "  Stamens 
few  and  definite."    The  stamens  are  many.    Pass  to  (15). 

(8).  The  next  pupil  reads,  compares,  and  determines  that  the  stamens  are  "  perigynous 
on  the  base  of  the  calyx,"  and  announces  the  letter  (d)  as  the  reference  to  the  next  alter- 
native. (9.)  Next,  the  pupil  read«  and  compares  his  specimen  with  the  triplet  (d),  and 
concludes  that  tlie  sepals  are  5,  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Consequently,  it  is  announced 
that  the  plant  in  hand  belongs  to  the  Order  ROSACEA. 

529.  To  detcriiiiiie  tlic  Cioiius.  After  a  careful  comparison  of  their  specimen 
with  the  diagnosis  of  the  Roseworts  (Order  44),  in  order  to  verify  the  analysis  thus  far, 
the  learner  or  the  class  will  then  consult  the  table  of  the  Genera.  (10.)  A  pupil  reads  the 
couplet  marked  A,  and  determines  that  the  "  Ovary  is  superior,  fruit  not  enclosed,"  &c. 
Pass  to  (a). 

11.  "Carpels  00.  Calyx  persistent,  with  5  bractlcts  added,"  characterizes  our  plant. 
Pass  to  (/),  which  is  Tribe  V.  Pass  on  to  {g).  (12.)  The  next  ptipil  determines  that  the 
"style  is  deciduous."  Pass  to  (k).  (13.)  "  Torus  spongy  or  dry,"  is  true  of  our  speci- 
mens. Pass  to  (0.  (14.)  "  Bractlets  5"  reads  the  next,  and  announces  the  plant  to  be  a 
Potentilla.  Kow  all  turn  to  Genus  13,  and  together  verify  this  result  by  reading  and  com- 
paring the  stated  character  of  the  genus. 

530.  To  determine  tlie  Species.  (15.)  As  cur  plant  has  "stamens  CO  and  flow- 
ers yellow"  it  must  be  a /«/e  Potentilla.  Pass  to  (a).  (16.)  "Leaves  palmately  3-foliate" 
suits  our  jilaut.  It  is,  therefore,  cither  species  No.  3,  4,  or  5.  Lastly  (17),  after  a  due 
comparison  of  their  plant  wi;h  each  of  these  three  species,  it  is  determined  that  it  is 
P.  Norvegica. 

ANALYSIS    OF    AN    ENDOGEN. 

531.  A  grass-like,  blue-flowered  herb  is  nov>^  supposed  to  have  been  discovered  and  dis- 
tributed to  the  Class  for  analysis.  Having  (1)  determined  that  it  is  an  Endogcn  (for  it  has 
"  parallel-veined  leaves  and  3-parted  flowers"),  they  would  now  (2)  determine  its  Class, 
whether  the  3d  or  the  4th.    Tbey  read, 

"  Flowers  without  glumes,  and  colored,"  &c. 

"  Flowers  with  green  alternate  glumes,  and  no  perianth."  Tho  first  line  is  adopted,  and 
Petalifene  is  its  Class.    Pass  next  to  (t)  Cohorts  5th  or  fth,  and  read, 

(3.)  "  Cohort  5.    Flowers  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete." 

"Cohort  6.    Flowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth"— which  answers  to  the 
specimens  in  hand,  and  it  is  seen  to  belong  to  the  Floridese.    Pass  to  F. 

(4.)  The  next  pupil  having  read  and  compared  the  first  couplet  under  "  fiT,  Cohort  G, 
FloridcK,"  chooses  the  second  line.  Pass  to  No.  2.  (5.)  "  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary"  is  adopted.  Pass  to  (4).  (6)  "  Flowers  perfect."  The  second  line  of  this  couplet 
is  true  of  our  plant.  Next  pass  to  (i).  The  (7)  pupil  reads  "Anthers  3  or  0,"  which  is 
true  of  the  plant.  Pass  to  (c).  (8)  "Perianth  glabrous  outside"  is  true.  Next  read  (rf). 
(9)  "Anthers  3,  opening  lengthwise,  outward,"  is  also  true,  and  our  plant  is  thus  traced 
to  the  order  Ikidace^. 

532.  To  determine  the  Genus  and  Species  under  the  Irids,  Order  146,  is  the  next  and 
the  last  step.  Having  carefully  compared  their  specimens  with  the  characters  ascribed 
to  the  Irids,  the  pupils  next  apply  to  the  Table  of  the  Genera.  (10.)  "  Flowers  regular 
and  equilateral,"  in  the  first  dilemma,  is  chosen.  Read  the  (*)  couplet  next.  (11.)  "  Sep- 
als similar  to  the  petals  in  form,  size,  and  position"  is  true.  Next  to  (a).  (12.)  "  Stamens 
monadelphous.  Flowers  small,  blue.  Plants  grass-like,"  describes  the  plant  truly,  and 
it  must  be  a  Sisyrhinchium.  They  turn  to  Genus  7,  and  verify  by  reading  its  characters. 
Lastly,  the  brief  diagnoses  of  the  two  species  are  compared,  and  the  plant  is  found  to  be 
S.  Bermudiana. 


EULES   IN   NOMENCLATURE.  163 


CHAPTER    IV. 


RULES     IX     XOMENCLATUKE. 


533.  The  Names  of  the  Orders  are  Latin  adjectives, 
feminine,  jolural  (to  agree  with  2Jla?ita',  plants,  understood),  usu- 
ally derived  from  the  name  of  the  most  prominent,  or  leading 
genus,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  termination  into  acecj,  as 
liosacece,  the  Rose  tribe,  Papaveracem,  the  Poppy  tribe,  from 
Rosa  and  Papaver.  Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some 
leading  character  in  the  Order,  and  with  various  terminations, 
are  still  "retained.  Thus,  ComposiUp^  with  compound  flowers; 
ZiCibiata?,  with  labiate  flowers. 

534.  Generic  Names  are  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily 
formed,  often  from  some  medicinal  virtue,  either  supposed  or 
real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the  genus  ;  sometimes 
from  the  native  country  of  the  plants,  or  from  the  name  of 
some  distinguished  botanist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the 
genus  is  thus  said  to  be  dedicated.  Also  the  ancient  classic 
names,  either  Latin  or  Greek,  are  often  retained.  Examples  of 
all  these  modes  of  construction  will  be  hereafter  seen. 

535.  Specific  Namies  are  usually  Latin  adjectives,  singu- 
lar, and  agreeing  in  gender  with  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which 
they  belong.  They  are  mostly  founded  upon  some  distinctive 
character  of  the  species ;  as,  Viola  hlanda.  Sweet-scented  Vio- 
let ;  V.  cucullata^  Hood-leaved  Violet.  Frequently  the  species 
is  named  after  some  other  genus,  which,  in  some  respect,  it  re- 
sembles ;  as  Viola  delphinifoUa^  Larkspur  Violet. 

536.  Commemorative  Specific  Names.  Species,  like 
genera,  are  also  sometimes  named  in  commemoration  of  distin- 
guished persons.  The  rules  given  by  Lindley,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  such  names,  are:  1st.  If  the  person  is  the  discoverer,  the 
specific  name  is  a  substantive  in  the  genitive  case,  singular  num- 
ber ;  as,  Viola  SelkirJcii,  Selkirk's  Violet ;  Lobelia  ITahnii, 
Kalm's  Lobelia.  2d.  If  the  name  is  merely  conferred  in  honor 
of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  dedicated,  it  is  an  adjective  ending 
in  mis,  na,  or  Jiuni  (according  to    the  gender  of  the  generic 


101  RULES  IN  NOMENCLATURE. 

name) ;    as,  Tulipa   Gesnerlana^  Gesnerian  Tulip,  or  Gesner's 
Tulip  ;  Erica  Z,in7ieana,  Linnceus'  Heath. 

537.  Hules  for  the  use  of  Capitals.  The  names  of  the 
order,  the  sub-order  or  tribe,  and  of  the  genus,  should  always 
commence  with  a  capital  letter.  The  name  of  the  species  should 
never  commence  with  a  capital  except  in  the  following  cases  : 
(1),  when  it  is  dei-ived  from  tlie  name  of  a  person  or  of  a  coun- 
try, as  Phlox  Drumrnondii,  Aquilegia  Canadensis  ;  (2),  when  it 
is  a  substantive,  as  Delphinium  Consollda. 

538.  Synonyms.  Very  frequently,  the  same  ppecies  has  been  described  by  different 
(or  even  by  the  same)  authors,  under  different  names.  In  such  cases  it  becomes  a  ques- 
tion, often  of  difficult  solution,  which  name  is  to  be  adopted.  Obviously,  ih^  priorn&me, 
that  is,  the  original  one,  if  it  can  be  ascertained,  is  entitled  to  the  most  resjject ;  and  it 
is  a  rule  with  botanists  to  adopt  this  name,  unless  it  has  been  previously  occupied,  or  be 
strongly  objectionable  on  some  other  account.    All  other  names  are  synonyms. 

5.39.  Autliorltie.s.  In  the ^om  which  accompanies  this  work,  immediately  after  the 
Genus  we  insert  the  abbreviated  name  of  the  author  by  whom  it  was  originally  published, 
with  a  comma  between,  thus  :  Trltoliuni,  Tourn.  After  a  species  the  authority  is  in- 
serted 7vithoiit  a  comma,  as  T.  repens  L.,— that  is  to  say,  Trifolium  repens  (of)  Linnaeus. 
In  changing  the  generic  relations  of  a  species  (as  subsequent  writers  often  deem  neces- 
sary), it  is  a  custom  for  the  author  of  the  change  to  annex  his  own  name,  or  a  blank,  instead 
of  the  original  authority.  The  custom  is  often  un.iust,  and  always  liable  to  abuse.  It  offers 
a  bribe  for  innovations  in  the  Genera,  and  recent  works  abound  in  changes  which  other- 
wise could  scarcely  be  accounted  for.  When  such  changes  become  necessm-y,  the  just  and 
proper  rule  (actually  adopted  in  ConcJiology)  is  the  following.  Let  the  original  specific 
name  and  authority  both  be  retained,  the  latter  in  parenthesis,  thus.  Lychnis  Githago 
(Linn.) — originally  Agrostemma  Githago  Linn.  This  method  is  often  but  not  always  used 
in  the  present  work. 

Authorities  for  our  species  of  exotic  cultivated  plant*,  for  want  of  space,  have  all  been 
bere  omitted. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


A  (a,  privative),  prefixed  to  a  Greek  word^ 

signifies  witliout;  as  aphyllous,  without 

leaves. 
Abbreviations,  page  3,  Part  IV. 
Abortion,  non-development  of  a  part. 
Absorption,  4(50. 

Acaiilescent,  apparently  stemless,  233. 
Accessory,  something  superadded. 
Accrescent,  growing  after  flowering,  109. 
Accumbent.  lying  against  a  thing,  183. 
Acerpse  or  acerous,  needle-shaped,  299. 
Achenium,  plural,  achenia,  151. 
Achlamydeous,  without  floral  envelopes. 
Acicular,  finely  needle-shaped. 
Acotyledonous,  without  cotyledons. 
Acrogeiis,  summit-growers,  425. 
Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 
Acuminate,  drawn  out  into  a  point,  307. 
Acute,  ending  in  a  sharp  angle,  307. 
Adherent,  growing  to,  82,  94. 
Adnate.  growing  fast  to,  114. 
Adventitious,  growing  out  of  the  usual  or 

normal  position,  as  roots.  20(5. 
Aeration,  same  as  Respiration,  483. 
^^stivation,  3:35. 

Affinity,  resemblance  in  essential  organs. 
Ar/eoj  trees,  ^1. 

Aggregate,  assembled  close  together. 
Acjiumaceous,  without  glumes,  the  same  as 

PetaliferiB,  514. 
Air-bladders,  .323. 
Air-plants,  208. 
Ala.  wing;  Alee,  wings,  101. 
Ala/£,  winged,  274.  ^ 
Albumen,  179.    Albuminous,  178. 
Alburnum,  sap-wood,  410. 
Algce,  seaweeds,  519. 
Alternate,  215,  2C2. 

Alveolate,  with  pits  like  the  honey-comb. 
Ament,  a  deciduous  spike,  357. 
Amorphous,  without  definite  form. 
Amphitropous,  141. 
Amplexicaul,  stem-clasping,  275,  311. 
Analysis,  Botanical,  523. 
Anastomosis,  reunion  of  vessels  or  veins. 
Andtropous,  141. 
Ancipital,  two-edged. 
Andicecium,  110. 
Androgenous,  stamens  and  pistila  on  the 

same  pednucle. 
Angiospermoe.  angiosperms,  510. 
Angiospores,  517. 
Animal,  15. 

Annual,  yearly  (sc.  plants),  40. 
Annular  cells, 'i~S.  [bract. 

Anterior,  parts  (of  a  flower)  adjacent  to  the 
Anthelmintic,  expelling  or  killing  worms. 
Anther.  Ill,  113.  [ing. 

Anthesis,  the  opening  of  the  flower;  flower-  ' 


Antheridia.  the  staminate  organs  of  Mosses. 

Apetalce,  513.    Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 

Apophysis,  a  swelling,  e.  g.,  under  the 
thecse  of  some  Mosses. 

Apparatus,  4. 

Appendicular  organs,  77. 

Appressed,  closely  applied  but  not  adhering 
to  ;  the  same  as  adpressed. 

Apterous,  without  wings. 

Aquatic,  living  in  water. 

Arachnoid,  resembling  cobwebs. 

Arboreous,  arborescent,  tree-like. 

Archegonia,  the  pistillate  organs  of  Mosses. 

Apxuate,  arched  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Areolate,  having  the  surface  divided  into 
little  spaces  or  areas. 

Aril,  an  extra  seed-covering,  175. 

Aristate,  with  an  arista  or  awn  (Barley). 

Armed,  bearing  prickles,  spines,  etc. 

Articulated,  jointed,  as  the  cnlni  of  Wheat. 

Ascending,  arising  obliquely ;  assurgent. 

Ascidia,  leaves  holding  water,  322. 

Assimilation,  439. 

Attenuate,  becoming  slender  or  thin. 

Auriculate,  ear-bearing,  291. 

Atvn,  the  beard  of  Barley  and  the  like. 

Axial  root,  200. 

Axil  (arm-pit),  the  angle  between  the  petiole 
and  the  branch,  on  the  upper  side. 

Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axils. 

Axis,  ascending,  211,  212;  erect,  procum- 
bent, prostrate,  trailing,  decumbent,  212; 
excurrent,  solvent,  226 ;  descending,  197. 

Baccate,  berry-like  ;  covered  with  pulp. 

Bantier,  same  as  Vexillum,  101. 

Banyan  tree,  207. 

Bark,  411. 

Basilar,  basal,  attached  to  the  base,  136. 

BaM-cells,  wood-cells  of  bark,  412. 

Beaked,  ending  in  an  extended  tip. 

Bearded,  with  tufts  of  long,  weak  hairB. 

Berry,  159. 

Bi,  Bis,  twice  (in  compound  words). 

Bicolor.  two-colored. 

Bicuspidate,  with  two  points  or  cusps. 

Bidentate,  with  two  teeth. 

Biennial,  of  two  years,  41. 

Bifid,  cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bi/oliate,  with  two  leaflets. 

Bifurcate,  twice  forked,  or  merely  forked. 

Bilabiate,  two-lipped. 

Binate.  3U3. 

Bipinnate.  304. 

Bipinnatifid.  twice  pinnatifid.    (Fig.  342.) 

Biternate,  twice  ternate,  305. 

Bivalved,  two-valved. 

Blade.    (See  Lamina,  271.) 


166 


ES^DEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Blanched  (plants),  whitened  for  the  want 
of  light,  §  48()  (See  Etiolated.) 

Bloom,  a  fine  white  powder  on  some  plants. 

Border,  91,  92. 

Botany  defined,  18. 

Botany,  Elementary,  20,  3G8,  etc. 

Botany,  Physiological,  21.  436. 

Botany,  Systematic,  22, 153. 

Brdchiate,  with  opposite,  spreading  branch- 
es (arms).    (Fig.  275.) 

Bract,  329,  345. 

Bracteate,  having  bracts. 

Bracteoles  or  bractlets,  345. 

Branches,  34,  214. 

Bristles,  stift',  sharp  hairs. 

Bryology,  the  science  of  Mosses. 

Bud,  33.    Budding,  259. 

Buds,  axillary,  247 ;  accessory,  250. 

Buds,  adventitious,  251. 

Buds,  suppression  of,  218. 

Bud-scales,  24(5,  319. 

Bulb.ZW;  tunicated,  242;  scaly,  242. 

Bulblets,  260. 

Caducous,  dropping  off  early,  109. 

CoEspitous,  forming  tufts  or  turf. 

Calceolate,  slipper-shaped. 

Cdlycine,  calyx-like. 

Calyculate,  having  an  outer  calyx  or  calys- 
liiie  involucre. 

Calyptra.  the  hood  of  the  sporange  (spore- 
case)  of  a  Moss. 

Calyx,  the  ontcr  floral  envelope,  51 

Carnbium,  418. 

Campanvlate,  bell-shaped,  102. 

Campylbtropous,  141. 

Canaliculate,  channelled. 

Canescent,  grayish  white. 

Cdinllary,  capillaceous,  hair-shaped. 

Capitate,  head-shaped,  growing  in  close 
clusters  or  heads. 

Capitulum,  a  little  head,  301. 

Cdpreolate,  bearing  tendrils. 

Capsule,  107. 

Carbon,  443.    Carbonic  Acid,  490. 

Carina,  101.  Carinate,  boat-shaped,  having 
a  sharp  ridge  beneath. 

Carpel,  Carpellary,  126. 

Carpophore,  149, 151.    (Fig.  177.) 

Cartilaginous,  firm  and  tough  in  texture, 
like  cartilage. 

Caruncle,  175. 

Caryophyllaceous,  100. 

Caryopsis,  153. 

Catkin,  :357.    (See  Ament.) 

Caudex,  227. 

Caulescent,  223.    Caulis,  223. 

Caulinc,  relating  to  the  stem,  262. 

Cellular  tissue,  .886.    Cell,  369. 

Cell-growth,  448 ;  life,  439. 

Cellular  bark,  413. 

Cellulose,  379. 

Centrifugal  inflorescence,  35 

Centripetal  injlorescence,  352. 

Cephalous,  same  as  Capitate. 

Cereal,  relating  to  grains,  corn,  etc. 

Cernumis,  nodding  (less  inclined  than  pen- 
dulous). 

Chaff,  chaffy,  349.    (See  Paleaceous.) 

Chataza,  140. 

Channelled,  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter. 

Chartdceous,  with  the  texture  of  paper. 

Chlorophyl,  381,  4.35. 


Chorisis,  76. 

Ciliate,  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 

Cienchijma,  393. 

Cion  or  Scion,  218. 

Cinereovs,  ash-OTay,  ash-color. 

Clrcinate,  rolled  inward  from  the  top,  255. 

Circulation  of  the  sap,  468. 

VtrciimscUsile,  149. 

Cirrlioiis,  furnished  with  a  tendril. 

CirrliO'is  roots.  206. 

Clnsxf",  natural,  501. 

Classification,  artificial,  503. 

Clanite,  club-shaped. 

Codrctate,  contracted,  drawn  together. 

Coccus,  a  berry ;  Cocci  (plural),  the  1-secded 

carpels  of  separable  fruits. 
Cochleate,  spiral,  like  the  suail-shell. 
Cohesion,  82. 
Cohorts,  512. 

Collatercd.  placed  side  by  side. 
Collum,  199. 
Colored,  of  any  color  except  green,  which 

in  botany  is  not  a  color,  while  white  is. 
Column,  the  combined  stamens  and  styles. 
Coma,  173. 
Commissure,  the  joined  faces  of  the  carpels 

of  the  cremocarp  (151). 
Common,  belonging  alike  to  several. 
Complete  fiower,  60. 
Complicate,  folded  up  upon  itself. 
Compound  leaf.  300. 
Compound  flower,  348. 
Comf,ressed,  llattened  on  the  sides,  274. 
Conduplicate,  folded  on  itself  lengthwise. 
Cone,  169. 

Confluent,  uniting;  same  as  Coherent. 
Conglomerate,  clustered  or  crowded. 
Conjugate,  coupled,  joined  by  pairs. 
Connate.  311. 

Connectile,  connective,  113, 114. 
Connivent,  converging,  coming  together. 
Continumis,  the  reverse  of  Jointed. 
Contorted,  twisted,  338. 
Convolute,  256,  .339. 
Cordate,  heart-shaped,  291. 
Coriaceous,  leather-like,  315. 
Corni,  239. 

Corneous,  horr.-like  in  texture. 
C'orniculate,  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 
Corolla,  52,  etc. 

Corolline,  pertaining  to  the  corolla. 
Corona,  crown,  435,  407. 
Cortical  bark,  414. 
Corymb,  coi-j-m'bous,  358. 
Cosfati'.  ribbed,  with  rib-like  ridges. 
Coti/hdons,  180,  320. 
Crdsnuln.  (a  genus  of  plants),  63. 
Crutiriform,  of  the  form  of  a  goblet. 
Crecptr.  Creeping  stems,  2;31. 
Cremocarp,  151. 

Crenate,  bordered  with  rounded  teeth. 
Crenulate,  309. 

Crested  or  Cristate,  with  an  elevated  ridge 
Crispate  or  Crisped.  310. 
Croivn  of  the  root,  236. 
Cruciform  (corolla),  100. 
Crude  sap,  472. 

Crustaceous,  hard,  thin,  and  brittle. 
Cryptogamia.  Ci-yptogams,  507. 
Cucullate,  rolled  up  into  a  hood-shape. 
Culm,  the  straw  of  Grasses,  224. 
Cuneate.  Cuneiform,  wedge-shaped,  290. 
Cup-shaped,  102. 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSAEY. 


167 


C/tpule,  a  little  cup  (sc.  acorn),  155. 

Cuspidate,  with  a  sharp,  stiff  point,  307. 

Viificle,  399. 

Cyqriic,  blue,  or  any  color  except  yellow. 

Vydthiform,  cup-shaped. 

Oyck  (in  Phyllotaxy),  203,  264.        [cell,  380. 

Oi/closiSy  same  as  Rotation,  currents  in  the 

l^me.  cymous,  .303. 

Cymbifomi,  boat-shaped. 

Ci/pseia,  151 . 

C'yfoblast,  3S0. 

Deca  (in  Greek  composition),  ten. 

Deciduous,  falling  at  the  end  of  the  season. 

Declinate,  bent  downward.  [304. 

Decompound,  much  compounded  or  divided. 

Decumbent  213.    (Fig.  249.) 

Decurrent,  274.  [at  right  angles. 

Decussate  (leaves),  opposite,  and  the  pairs 

Dejinite,  1\8.         '      ^^         ^  v 

Deflexed,  bent  downward. 

Defoliation,  the  castii.g  off  of  leaves. 

Dehiscence,  113,  148. 

Deliquescent  (axis),  same  as  Solvent,  226. 

Deltoid,  form  of  the  Greek  letter  A,  288. 

Dendroid,  tree-like  in  form. 

Dendron  (in  Greek  compounds),  a  tree. 

Dentate,  309.    Denticulate,  309. 
Denuded,  become  naked. 
Depauperate,  less  developed  than  usual. 
Dependent,  hauging  down. 
Depressed,  flattened  from  above :  low. 
Dextrine,  455. 

Dextrorse  (twining),  turning  to  the  right. 
Di  (in  Greek  numerals),  two. 
Diadelphous.  120. 

Diagnosis,  a  brief  statement  of  the  distinc- 
tive character  of  a  plant  or  group. 
Dialypetalous,  Polypetalous,  513. 
Diaphanous,  transparent  or  translucent. 
Diandrouf,  with  two  stamens,  118. 
Diastase,  455. 

Dichptommts,  forked  or  two-forked. 
Diclinous,  (i~. 

Dicotyledons,  Dicotyledonous,  182,  284. 
Didymous,  double. 
J'idynamous,  119. 

Digitate,  with  several  distinct  leaflets  paj- 
niately  arranged  (as  in  the  leaf  of  the 
Horse-chestnut). 
Dlfuse,  much  divided  and  spreading. 
Dimidiate,  (anther),  halved,  114. 
Dicfcimis  (flowers),  07. 
Dipterous,  having  two  wings. 
Dixk,  85,  362.    Discoid,  no  rays.    (Fig.  446.) 
Dissected,  cut  into  deep  lobes. 
Dissepiment,  same  as  partition,  132. 
Distichovs,  arranged  in  two  rows. 
Distinct,  separate,  not  united,  82. 
Divaricate,  wide-spread,  straggling. 
Dircrqent,  spreading  with  a  less  angle. 
Dorsal,  on  or  relating  to  the  back. 
Double  term^,  301. 

Downy,  clothed  with  ehort,  weak  hairs. 
Drupe,  156.  Drupaceous.  (See  Tryma.) 
Drying-press.  6. 

Ducts.    (See  Trachenchyma,  391.) 
Duplicate,  in  pairs,  double. 
Duramen,  heart-wood,  410. 
Dwarfing.    (Fig.  250,  d.) 

E.  ex  (in  composition),  without ;  as, 
Ebracteate,  without  bracts. 


Echinate,  prickly  with  rigid  hairs. 

Ep'ete,  sterile,  exhausted. 

Eiaters,  spiral,  elastic  threads  accompany. 

ing  certain  spores. 
Elliptic,  Elliptical  (Icafl,  289. 
Elongated,  lengthened,'  extended. 
Emarginate,  307. 

Embryo,  31, 180.    Embryo  sac,  142. 
Embryonic  vesicle,  449. 
Endocarp,  156.  [See  Chlorophyl. 

Endochrome,  the  coloring  matter  of  plants. 
Endogenous  structure,  421. 
Endogens,  509, 180,  424. 
Endopleura,  same  as  Tegmen,  172. 
Endosmose,  465, 
Ensifoi-m,  sword-shaped,  297. 
Entire,  even-edged,  308. 
Ephemeral,  enduring  for  one  day, 
&>i  (in  Greek  composition),  upon;  as 
Epicai-p,  156. 
Epidermis,  396. 

Epigynous,  upon  the  ovarj',  97, 119. 
Epipetalous,  en  the  petats,  119. 
Ejnphytes,  plants  ou  other  plants,  20a 
Episperm^  the  skin  of  the  seed. 
Equitant  (astraddle),  258. 
Erase,  eroded,  as  if  gnawed,  310. 
Etcerio,  158. 

Etiolated,  colorless  for  want  of  light. 
Excdbni/dnous,  without  albumen,  178. 
Exciirrent.  226. 
Exogence,  Exogens,  182,  509. 
Exogenous  structure,  405. 
Exosmose,  flowing  out,  465. 
Exserted,  projecting  out  of,  or  beyond. 
Exstipulate,  without  stipules,  272. 
Extra  (in  composition),  beyond  ;  as, 
Extra-axillary,  same  as  supra-axillary. 
Extra  flour  (of  wheat),  446. 
Extrorse,  turned  outward,  114. 

Falcate^,  scythe-shaped,  curved. 

Farinaceous,  flour-like  in  texture. 

Fthinous,  mealy  on  the  surface. 

Fascicle,  a  bundle,  365. 

Fasciculate  (leaves),  262. 

Feather-veined.  285. 

Ferruginous,  of  the  color  of  iron-mst. 

Fertile  (flower),  seed-producing,  67. 

Fertilization,  etc.,  447. 

Fibrillm,  fibrils.  199,  428. 

Filament,  the  stalk  of  a  stamen,  111,  112. 

Filifoi-m,  slender  like  a  tiiread. 
Fimbriate,  fringed,  having  the  edge  bor- 
dered with  slender  processes. 
Fistular,  hollow,  as  the  leaf  of  Onion. 
Flabelliform,  fan-shaped,  298.  [supple. 

Flagellifomi,  whip-shaped :  long,  taper,  and 
Flavescent,  yellowish,  turning  yellow. 
Flexuous,  zig-zag  or  wavy. 
Floccous,  with  hairs  in  soft  fleecy  tufts. 
Flora,  (a)  the  spontaneous  vegetation  of  a 
country;  (b)  a.  written  descrfption  of  the 
same,  23. 
Floral,  relating  to  flowers. 
Floral  envelopes,  50,  87.  [362. 

Flai'ets,  the  flowers  of  a  compound  flower. 
Flower,  49,  etc. ;  origin  of,  37. 
Flower-bud,  244,  3:35,  etc. 
Foliaceous,  leaf-like  in  texture  or  form 
Foliation,  the  act  of  leafing. 
Follicle,  164. 
Foramtn,  same  as  Micropyle,  140. 


168 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Free,  not  adherent  nor  adnata,  81,  94. 

Fringed.    (See  Fimbriate.) 

Frond,  an  organ  which  is  both  stem  and 

leaf,  as  in  Irtickmeat,  Fern. 
Frondescent,  bursting  into  leaf. 
Frvctificaiion,  flower  and  fruit  as  a  whole. 
Fruit,  38, 143 ;  ripening  of,  457. 
Frvtescent,  shrubby,  becoming  shrubby. 
Fulcra  (roots),  206. 
Fktliginovs,  smoky  brown,  blackish. 
F\ilvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 
Funiculus  (a  little  rope),  140. 
Funnel-form.    (See  Infundibulifonn),  102. 
Furcate,  forked.    Fork-veined,  284. 
Furfuraceous,  scurfy.  [^vise. 

FuiTOiced,  marked  with  channels  length- 
Fuscous,  grayish  or  blackish  brown. 
Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  203. 

Galea,  galeate.  103. 

Gamopetalce,  Monopctalrc,  513. 

Gamopetalaus,  with  the  petals  united,  99. 

GamMphyllous,  of  united  leaves. 

Gamosepalous,  with  the  sepals  united. 

Geminate,  twin,  two  together.  [bud). 

Gemmation,  state  of  budding  (Latin,  gemma. 

Geniculate,  bent  as  the  knee  (genu). 

Genus,  29.    Genera,  498. 

Germ,  the  ovaiy.    (The  term  is  obsolete.) 

Germination,  1S8,  454. 

Gibbous,  more  tumid  in  a  certain  place. 

Glabrous,  smooth,  not  hairy,  312. 

Gladiate.  sword-shaped,  ensiform. 

Gland,  glandular,  80,  401. 

Glans,  155. 

Glaucous,  sea-^een,  bluish,  usually  with  a 

bloom,  or  whitish  powder. 
Gldbous,  in  form  nearly  spherical. 
Glomerate,  collected  into  close  heads. 
Glmierule,  363. 

Glossology,  the  same  as  Terminology. 
Glumes,  108,  349. 
Glumiferce,  511. 
Gluten,  445. 

Granular,  composed  of  grains. 
Grafting.    (Fig.  250,  e.) 
G^raminoidem,  515. 
Grand  Divisions,  65. 
Growth  is  downward.  477. 
Gymnos  (a  Greek  prefix),  naked ;  as, 
Cfymnospermous.  with  naked  seeds. 
Gymnospermm.  Gymnosperms,  510. 
Gymnosporm,  Gymnospores,  517. 
Gynandrous.  119. 
Gyncecium,  123. 
Gynobase,  a  process  of  the  toras  on  and 

around  which  the  carpels  are  suspended 

(sc.  Geranium,  Fig.  172). 
Gynophore,  a  produced  torus,  bearing  the 

ovary  on  its  summit.    (Fig.  112.) 
Gyrate,  same  as  Circiuate,  2.55. 
Oyroiis,  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit,  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant. 
Habitat,  the  natural   locality  or  place  of 

Jrowth  of  a  wild  plant. 
irs,  400.    Hairy,  hirsute. 
Halbert-s/iaj)ed,  hastate.    (Fi^.  313.) 
Halved,  one-half  apparently  deficient. 
Hastate,    with     the     base-lobes     abruptly 

spreading,  as  in  a  halbert,  291. 
Heart-shaped,  291.    Heart-wood,  410. 
Eerb,  herbaceous,  40,  41. 


Herbaceous,  green  and  cellular  in  texture. 
Hei-barium,  3. 

Hesperidium,  160.  [and  pistils. 

Hermaphrodite  (flower),  with  both  stamens 
Heteroctphalous,  heads  of  two  sorts  in  the 

same  plant,  some  i  and  some  $  . 
Heterbgamous,  two  sorts  of  flowers  in  the 

same  head,  some  3  and  some  9  . 
Hexa  (Greek  numeral),  six  :  as  in, 
Hexagonal,  6-sided  or  6-angled. 
Hexamerous,  6-parted. 
Hexandrous,  having  6  stamens. 
Hilum,  the  eye  or  scar  of  the  seed,  177. 
Hirsute,  haiiy,  with  rather  long  hairs,  313. 
Hispid,  bristly  with  stifl' hairs,  313. 
Hoary,  frost-colored,  grayish-white. 
Hontogamous,  head  with  all   the   flowera 

alike,  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
Honey,  Honev-bee,  458. 
Hood.    (See  Calvptra.  518.) 
Hooded.    (See  Cucullate.) 
Horny,  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hortus  siccus,  the  herbarium,  3. 
Humifuse,  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Hyaline,  transparent,  or  nearly  so. 
Hybrid,  a  cross-breed  between  two  epecies. 
Hyperborean,  inhabiting  northern  regions. 
Hypo  (in  Greek  compounds),  under;  as, 
Hypocratenform,  salver-form,  102. 
Hypogean,  growing  under  ground. 
Hypogynous,  95.  li9. 

Imbncate,  imbricated,  257,  339. 
Immarginate,  having  no  rim  or  border. 
Immersed.    (See  Submersed.) 
Inaxialroot.  201. 

Incised,  divided  deeply  as  if  cut,  310. 
Included,  enclosed  within,  or  shorter  tham. 

as  the  stamens  in  the  corolla. 
Incrassate,  thickened. 
Incumbent  (sc.  embryo),  183. 
Indehiscent,  not  opening,  148. 
Indefinite,  118. 

Indigenous,  native  of  a  country. 
Induplicate,  337. 
Indusium,  the  shield  of  the  fmit-dot  (soruB) 

of  a  Fern. 
Inferior,  lower  in  position. 
Inflorescence,  341,  etc. 
Infundibulifoi-m,  funnel-shaped,  102. 
Innate  (sc.  anther),  114. 
Inserted,  Insertion,  refer  to  the  point  of 

junction  or  apparent  origin. 
Integument,  a  coat  or  covering. 
Internode,  220. 

Interpetiolar,  between  the  petioles. 
Interruptedly  pinnate,  302.    (Fig.  .^58.) 
Intrbrse  (anthers),  turned  inward,  114. 
Involucre,  Invohicel,  347. 
Involute,  rolled  inward,  256.    (Fig.  287.) 
LTegular  flowers,  83, 101. 

Jointed,  having  joints,  separable  pieces. 
Jm5"/7«,  a  pair ;  as  ti/wya;/*,  with  two  pairs 
of  leaflets ;  'trijugous,  three  pairs. 

Keel,  Keeled.    (See  Carinate.) 
Kidney-shaped.    ^See  Reniform,  295.) 
Kingdoms  of  Kature,  12-14. 

Labillum.  the  odd  petal  of  an  Orchid,  101. 

Labiate,  lip-shaped,  103. 

Lacerate,  torn  iiTegnlarly  by  deep  IncisionB 


DJDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


169 


Laciniate,  slashed,  with  deep  incisions. 
Lactescent,  containing  lac,  or  milk. 
Lacunous,  with  large  depressions  or  pits. 
Lacustrine,  growing  in  lakes. 
Lamina,  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  271. 
Lameolate,  lance-shaped.    (Pig.  317.) 
Lanuginous,  woolly,  312. 
Latex,  the  turbid  or  milky  juice  of  plants. 
Latidferous  tissue.    (See  Cienchyma,  386.) 
Latin  names  of  plants,  25,  26. 
Layer.    (See  Stolon,  217.) 
Leaf,  271,  etc. ;  structure  of,  431,  etc. 
Leaf-bud,  244,  etc. 

Leaflet,  the  pieces  of  a  compound  leaf,  301. 
Leaf-stems,  232. 
Legume,  165. 

Lens,  7.  [lens. 

Lfnticulate,  shaped  like  a  double  convex 
Liber,  the  inner  bark,  412. 
Lichens,  519. 
Ligneous  system,  404. 
Li^ulate,  strap-shaped,  103. 
Ligule,  the  stipules  of  Grasses,  279. 
Liliaceous  flower,  100. 
Limb,  the  border,  91. 
Linear,  lou^  and  narrow,  297. 
Livid,  clouded  with  bluish,  brown,  and  gray. 
Lobate.  lobed,  294. 

Loculicidal,  opening  into  the  eell,  148. 
Locusta,  a  sf>ikelet  of  the  Grasses. 
Loment,  a  jointed  legume,  165. 
Lorate,  thong-shaped. 
Lunate,  crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate,  pinnatifid,   with  the   upper  lobes 
much  larger  than  the  lower,  293. 


Maculate,  spotted  or  blotched. 
Male  (flowers),  same  as  Staminate. 
Marcescent,  withering,  but  persistent,  109. 
Marginal,  belonging  to  the  border. 
Margiiiate,  having  the  border  different. 
Medulla,  pith.    Medullary  rays,  416. 
M'tdullary  sheath,  407.  [lucid,  315. 

Membranaceous^,  membranous,  thin  and  pel- 
Merocarn,  one  of  the  carpels  of  a  cremocarp 

of  iin  Umbellifer.    (Fi^  177.) 
iCicropyle,  177;  same  as  Foramen. 
Microscope,  8. 

Midrib,  the  central  vein  of  a  leaf,  282. 
Midvein  (used  in  this  work),  283. 
Mineral.  13. 

MUriform,  formed  like  a  conical  cap. 
Monos  (in  Greek  compounds),  one  only;  as, 
Monadelphous,  120. 
Monand7'Ous,  l-stamened,  118. 
Moniliform  (roots),  204. 
Monocarpic  herbs,  42. 
Monochlamydeous  (flowers),  66. 
Monocoty'iedons,  ISO,  284. 
Monoecious,  67. 

Monbgynous,  with  one  style,  124. 
Mowpetalm.    (See  Gamopetalse,  513.) 
Monopetalous,  90,  91. 
Monophyllous,  1-leaved. 
Monosepalous,  90,  91. 
Monstrous flowerit,  334. 
Morphology,  19;  of  the  leaf,  271. 
Mucro,  a  sharp,  small,  abrupt  point. 
Mucronate,  307. 
MuUi  (in  composition),  many. 
Muttifid,  cut  half-way  into  many  segments. 
Muricate,  bearing  short,  hard  points. 


Muriform,  like  a  wall  of  mason- work. 
Muscology,  a  treatise  on  Mosses. 
Muticou-s,  pointless,  not  pointed. 
Mycelium,  the  thallus  of  the  Fungi,  usually 
concealed,  519. 

NaJced  seeds,  147.    (Fig.  166.) 

Napiform  (root),  203. 

Natant,  swimming ;  under  water. 

Naturalized,    growing   spontaneously   but 

not  native. 
Natural  Orders,  499. 
Natural  System,  504,  506,  etc. 
Nectar,  honey.    Nectary,  77. 
Nepenthes,  322.    (Fig.  391.)  [called. 

Nerve,  the  veins  (282)  are  sometimes  so 
Netted  or  net-veined.  (See  Reticulate,  2S4.) 
Neutral  flower,  63.  [in  Snowdrop. 

Nodding,  nutant,  the  summit  bent  over,  a3 
A'ode,  a  joint  of  the  stem.  220. 
Nodous,  knotted,  large-jointed. 
Nodulous  (root),  204. 
Nomenclature,  25.  533,  &c. 
Normal,  according  to  rule,  regular. 
Nuciform,  nut-like. 
Nucleus,  kernel  (sc.  ovule),  140, 172. 
Nut.    (See  Glans,  155.) 

Ob  (in  composition),  denotes  inversion ;  as, 

Obcompressed,  flattened  back  and  front. 

Obcordate,  307.    Oblanceolate,  290. 

Oblique,  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaves  of  Elm. 

Oblong,  289.    Obovate,  290.    Obtuse,  307. 

Obvolute  (in  aestivation),  2.58. 

Ochrea,  sheathing  stipules,  279. 

Ochroleucous,  cream-color,  pale  yellow. 

Octo  (in  Greek  composition),  eight. 

Oclandrous,  having  8  stamens. 

Octogynous,  having  8  styles. 

Offset,  a  short  lateral  shoot,  218. 

Oliqos  (in  Greek  composition),  few  ;  aa, 

Oligandria,  with  few  stamens. 

Olivaceous,  olive-green,  brownish-green. 

Opaque,  dull,  not  shining. 

Opercular,  with  a  lid,  114. 

Opposite,  two  at  a  node,  215,  262. 

Orbicular,  Orbiculate.  circular,  289. 

Orchidaceous,  101. 

Organography,  19. 

Organic  world,  12. 

Or'thotropous  (ovule),  erect,  141. 

Osseous,  bony,  as  the  Peach-stone. 

Oval,  289.    Ovate,  288. 

Ovary,  125. 

Ovoid,  egg-shaped,  as  in  fruits. 

Ovule,  the  young  seed,  138. 

Palece  or  Pales,  108,  349. 

PalecKeous.  chafiy,  having  pales. 

Palmi-veined,  285.    Palmate,  295. 

Pandurifomv,  flddle-shaped. 

Panicle,  360.    Paniculate,  panicled. 

Papilionaceous,  101. 

Pappus,  the  calj'x  of  Composites,  104. 

Parallel-veined,  284. 

Pardphyses.  jointed  threads  around  the  an* 

theridia  of  Mosses. 
Parasites,  209. 
Parenchyma.  387. 
Parietal,  on  the  wall  {paries),  1.33. 
Parted,  deeply  divided  into  parts. 
Patent,  wide  open.    Patulous,  half  open. 
Pear-shaped,  obovoid,  larger  above. 


170 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


Pectinate,  combed,  finely  pinnatifld. 

Pedate,  shaped  like  a  bird's  foot,  296. 

Pedicel,  Peduncle,  343. 

Peltate,  shield-form,  295. 

Pendent,  Pendulous,  hanging,  drooping. 

Penicillate,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  if  a 

camel's-hair  pencil. 
Pente  (in  Greek  composition),  five  ;  as. 
Pentamerous,  5-parted. 
Pentandrous,  with  5  stamens,  118. 
Pepo,  a  fruit  like  a  melon,  161. 
Perennial,  living  several  years,  43. 
Perfect  flower,  (5)  with  both  stamen  and 

pistil. 
Perfoliate,  through  the  leaf,  311. 
Pen  (in  Greek  composition),  around  ;  as, 
Perianth,  53,  87 ;  forms  of,  99. 
Pericarp,  146 ;  forms  of,  150. 
Perigynium,  107. 
Perig'ynous,  96,  119. 
Pei'ix}7'rm,  same  as  Albumen,  179. 
Per.iideut,  remaining  long  in  place,  109. 
Personate,  103. 
Petala.  53 ;  forms  of,  89. 
Petaiiferm,  511. 
Petalbid,  resembling  petals. 
Petiole.  274.    Petiolate,  271. 
Pelioluk,  276. 
Phxnogamia,  507. 
Phyllo'dium  (plural  Phyllodia),  321. 
Phyllotaxy,  leaf-arrangement,  261. 
Physicn.  16. 
Pliygiology,  4-36. 

Phytolojy  (Greek,  phytos,  a  plant),  23. 
Pileorhiza,  cap  of  a  rootlet,  428. 
Pileus,  cap  of  some  Fungals. 
Pilous,  with  erect,  thin  hairs,  313. 
Pinnate,  302.    Pinnatifld,  290. 
HstiL  56,  123. 

Pitchers  (leaves).    (See  Ascidia,  322.) 
Pith,  406.    Pitted  cells,  376,  390. 
Pitted,  with  depressions  or  excavations. 
Placenta.  127 ;  free  axile,  1.35. 
Plant  defined.  14. 
Plan  of  the  Flower,  58. 
Pleurenchyma,  .389. 

Plicate,  pliiited  lengthwise  as  a  fan,  254,  310. 
Plumous,  feathery. 
Plumule,  a  little  plume,  31, 180. 
Pollen.  Ill,  121.    Pollen-tube.  450. 
Pollinia,  masses  of  pollen,  122. 
Poly  (in  Greek  compounds),  many;  as, 
Polyadelphous,  120. 

Poly'gamous,  with  some  imperfect  flowers. 
Polypetalce.    (See  DialypetaliE,  513.) 
Polypttalous,  Polysepalous,  90. 
Pome,  a  fruit  like  an  apple,  162. 
Posterior,  next  the  axis. 
Potato,  manner  of  its  growth,  233. 
Precocious,  flowering  before  the  leaves. 
PrcBfoliation,  vernation,  252. 
Prembrse,  ending  abruptly.  235. 
Press  for  drying  plants,  6. 
Prickles,  403. 

Primine,  same  as  Testa,  173. 
Primordial  utricle,  373. 
Prismatic,    prism-shaped,    having    several 

parallel,  longitudinal  angles. 
Procumbent  (stem),  212.    (Fig.  248.) 
Produced,  extended  more  than  usual. 
Proliferous,  reproducing;    as  cymes  from 

the  midst  of  a  cyme,  flowers  from  tlie 

midst  of  a  flower. 


Protein,  440.    Protoplasm,  380. 
Provinces,  509. 

Pruinous,  powdered,  as  if  frosted,  314. 
Pruriens,  causing  an  itching  sensation. 
Pseudo  (in  Greek  composition),  spurious. 
Pubescent,  downy  with  short,  soft  hairs. 
Puberulent,  minutely  downy. 
Pumilmts  (pumilus),  dwarfed  in  size. 
Punctate,  seeming  as  if  perforate,  or  marked 

with  minute  dots. 
Pungent,  piercing,  sharp-pointed. 
Putamen,  the  bony  nucleus  of  a  drupe. 
Pyramidal,  form  of  a  cone  or  pyramid. 
Pyriform,  of  the  form  of  a  pear. 
Pyxis,  a  pericarp  with  a  lid,  163. 

Quadri  (in  composition),  four;  as, 
Quadrifoliate,  four-leaved. 
Quadrangular,  four-angled. 
uuadrijugate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Quadrilateral,  four-sided. 
Quiiiqve  (in  composition),  five. 
Quinnte.  growing  in  fives,  306. 
Qulncuncial.  339.    (Pig.  300.) 
Quintuple,  flve-lold. 

liace  (Latin,  stiips),  a  permanent  variety, 

as  Red-cabbage. 
Paceme,  358. 

Rachis,  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  301,  343. 
Radiate,  diverging  from  a  common  centre. 
Radiate  (in  the  Composites),  the  outer  row 

of  florets  ligulate.    (Fig.  388.) 
Radiant,  outer  flowers  enlarged  (and  often 

neutral,  Fig.  271) ;  or  (in  the  Composites), 

all  the  florets  ligulate. 
Radical,  from  the  root,  262. 
Radical  (of  the  flower),  65. 
Radicle,  rootlet  (of  the  embryo),  31, 180. 
Ramial  (of  a  branch),  262. 
Raphe  (of  the  ovule  or  seed),  141. 
Rdphides,  .383. 
/lays,  3.59,  302. 

Receptacle,  57.    (See  Torus.) 
Recurved,  bent  (not  rolled)  backward.  - 
Reflexed,  curved  backward  excessively. 
Refracted,  bent  back  suddenly  as  if  broken. 
Regma,  fruit  as  of  Geranium,  168. 
Regular,  like  parts  similar,  60,  b. 
Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  295. 
Repand  (margin),  310. 
Repent,  creeping  (sc.  stems,  232). 
Respiration,  482. 

Resupinate,  reversed,  upside  down. 
Reticulate,  netted,  284. 
Retrorse,  backward,  downward. 
Retihe  (apex),  307.     (Fig.  367,  c.) 
Revolute,  rolled  backward.  256. 
Rhizorna,  Rhizome,  230,  233. 
Rhombic,  Rhomboidal,  in  the  figure  of  a 

rhomb,  or  approaching  it. 
i  Ribs,  the  chief  veins  of  a  leaf,  ridges. 
Ringent  (corolla).  103. 
Root,  197.    Root-stock.  233. 
Rosaceous  (corolla),  100. 
Rostrate,  beaked,  with  a  beak. 
Rosulate  (leaves),  arranged  around  the  baso 

of  the  stem,  as  the  petals  of  a  Roae,  262. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped,  102. 
Rotation,  circulation  of  fluids  in  the  cell. 
Rubicund,  blushing,  rosy  red. 
Ruliment,  the  beginning  of  a  thing. 
Rugous,  wrinkled,  315. 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


171 


Ruminated  (albumen),  full  of  chinks,  as  if 

composed  of  numerous  folds. 
Runcinate.  hooked  backward,  293. 
Runner,  219. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  291. 

Salver-shaped.    (See  Hypocrateriform,  102.) 

Samara,  15-t. 

Sap,  the  crude,  472;  the  true,  474 

Sarcocarp  (of  the  drupe),  15(j. 

Scabrovs,  rou;;h,  312. 

Scaldriform  (cells),  ladder-shaped,  378. 

Scales,  319.    Scale-stems,  79,  230. 

Scandent.  climbing. 

Scape,  344.    Scarious,  315. 

Scattered,  sometimes  used  for  alternate. 

Scorpoid  (inflorescence),  365. 

Sarobiculate,  pitted,  with  little  depressions. 

Sea-green,  light  bluish  green,  glaucescent. 

Secund,  all  on  one  side,  or  turned  one  way. 

Secundine,  same  as  Tegmen,  172. 

Seed,  172.    Seed-coverings,  173. 

Seed,  vitality  of,  185;  dispersion  of,  186. 

Semi  (in  composition;,  half;  as, 

Sewicordate,  half  of  cordate. 

Semilunar,  lialf'-moon  shaped. 

Setnisagittate,  and  Semiterete. 

Sejyals,  51.    Sepaloid,  sepal-like. 

Septum,  a  partition  between  two  spaces. 

Septicidal  (dehiscence),  148. 

Seplifi-agal  (dehiscence),  148. 

Sericeous,  silky,  312. 

Serotinous,  occurring  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  Serrulate,  309. 

Sessile,  sitting,  not  stalked,  125,  271. 

Sefct,  lOti.    Setaceous,  bristle-form. 

Setoi/s.  Setigirous,  bearing  bristles,  313. 

Sheath,   Sheathing,  as  the    leaves    of  the 

Grasses,  275. 
Shrub,  45. 
Silique,  Silicle,  lOfi. 

Siliqvous,  bearing  siliqnes  (as  the  Crucifers) 
Siher-grain  (of  wood),  417. 
Simple,  of  one  piece,  not  compound. 
Sinistrorse,  twining  from  right  to  left. 
Sinuate,  294.    Slips,  218. 
Solitary,  growing  alone,  or  singly. 
Solvent  axis,  226. 
S&ri,  patches  of  fruit  in  ferns. 
Sorosts,  171. 

Spadiciflbrm,  513.    Spadix,  356. 
Spathe,  Spathaccons,  346. 
Spatulate  (leaf),  290. 
Species,  27,  496.    Specific  name,  26. 
Specimens  (of  plants)  2,  5. 
SpiJce,  Spicate,  355. 
Spikelet,  a  little  spike,  as  in  a  Grass. 
Spine,  a  woody  thorn,  327. 
Spindle-shaped  (root),  203.    (Fig.  2.38.) 
Spiral  arrangement  (of  leaves;,  263. 
Spiral  cells,  or  vessels,  377. 
mxmgelet,  Spongiole,  199. 
^ores,  184. 

Spur,  a  projecting,  slender  appendage,  78. 
Squarrous,  spreading  widely,  as  the  involu- 

cral  scales  of  some  Composites. 
Stages  of  plant  life,  31. 
Stamens,  55, 110.    Staminate  ilower,  67. 
Staminodia,  117. 
Starch,  382. 

-Sfem.  or  Ascending  Axis,  211. 
Sterile,  not  bearing  seeds,  67. 
Stigma,  Stigmatic,  125, 129. 


Stings,  402. 

Stipe,  the  stalk  of  the  ovary  or  ovaries; 

also,  the  stem  of  a  Mushroom. 
Stipels,  Stipellate,  279. 
Stipules.  Stipulate,  272,  277.  [Ions. 

Stolon,  217.    Stoloniferous,  producing  sto- 
Stomata,  397,  etc. 

Strap-shaped,  flat,  narrow,  and  straight. 
Strict,  erect  and  very  straight. 
Strigous,  with  sharp,  close,  rigid  hairs. 
Strobile  (fruit),  169. 
Strophiolate,   having  an  appendage   (stro- 

phiole  or  caruncle)  about  the  hilam. 
Style,  125.    Styloid,  style-like. 
Sub  (in  composition),  317. 
Suberous,  corky  in  texture. 
Sub-kingdoms,  507. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped,  209. 
Succuleiit,  very  juicy  and  cellular,  315. 
Sucker,  216. 

Sufrutescent,  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Sulcate,  furrowed. 
Superior,  97,  98. 

Superior  calyx,  calyx  adherent  to  ovary 
Superior  ovary,  calyx  free  from  ovary. 
Supervotute,  340. 

Supra-a:cillary,  situated  above  the  axil. 
Sup?yidecoi7ipoun(l,  very  much  dividea. 
Suspended  (ovule),  139.     (Fig.  158.) 
Suspensor  (of  the  embryo).    (Fig.  523.) 
Sutural  (dehiscence),  148. 
Sword-shaped,  as  the  vertical  leaves  of  Iris. 
Syconus,  fruit,  such  as  the  Fig.,  170. 
Symmetry  (of  the  flower),  60,  c,  69. 
Syn  (in  Greek  compounds),  together,  union. 
Syncarpium,  169. 
Syngenesiou.s,  120. 
Synonyms,  5.38. 
Systematic  Botany,  492,  etc. 

Taper-pointed.    (See  Acuminate,  307.) 

Tap-root,  203. 

Tawny,  fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Taxonomy,  the  science  of  classiflcation. 

Tegmen,  the  inner  seed-coat,  140, 172. 

Tendril,  228,  .324. 

Teratology,  334. 

Terete,  cylindrical,  or  nearly  so. 

Term  of  plant  life,  .39,  etc. 

Terminal,  situated  at  the  end  or  apex. 

Terminology.    See  Nomenclature,  533. 

Ternate  (leaves),  in  threes,  .303. 

Tessellated,  checkered,  as  a  pavement. 

Testa,  the  outer  seed-coat,  140,  172, 173. 

Tetra  (in  Greek  composition),  four. 

Telrady'namous,  119. 

Tetragonal,  with  four  corners. 

Tetrdgynous,  with  four  pistils. 

Thallogens,  426.  516. 

Thallus,  the  cellular  vegetative  (system  of 

the  Thallogens. 
Theca,  Thecaj,  sporangia  or  spore-cases. 
Thorn,  327. 

Throat,  orifice  of  a  monopetalous  corolla. 
Thyrse,  360.  [312. 

Tomentous,  with  short,  dense,  woolly  hairs, 
Top-shaped,  inversely  conical. 
Torus,  same  as  Receptacle,  57,  84. 
Trachenchyma,  386,  391. 
Tree,  46.    Transpiration,  479. 
Tri  (in  Greek  compounds),  three  ;  as, 
Triaddphous,  the  stamens  in  three  sets. 
Triandrous,  having  three  stamens. 


172 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Trigynous,  having  three  style?,  134. 
THcoccom  (fruit),  with  three  1-seeded  car- 
pels. 
Tricolored  (tricolor),  Mith  three  colors. 
Triennial,  lasting  three  years. 
Trifid.  split  half- way  into  three  parts. 
Trifoliate,  with  three  leaflets,  303. 
Trilobate,  having  three  lobes,  296. 
Trimerous,  3-parted,  65. 
Tripartible,  separable  into  three  parts. 
THpli-veined,  285.    (Fig.  319.) 
Triquetrous,  three  angled,  258.  339. 
Tripinnate,  thrice  pinnate,  304. 
Trilemate,  thrice  teniate,  305. 
True  sap,  474. 

Truncate,  307.    (Fig.  367,  d.) 
Trunk  (of  a.  tree),  225. 
Tryma.  fniit,  as  the  hickory-nut,  157. 
Tube,  91.    Tubular  corolla.  102. 
Tuber,  2.37.    Tubercular,  204. 
Tub^rculate,  covered  with  warts  (tubercles). 
Tumid,  swollen  or  inflated. 
Tunicate,  coated,  as  the  bulb,  242. 
Tiirion.  voung  shoot,  as  of  asparagus 
Typical  Flotver,  60.    (Figs.  8-11.) 

Umbel,  359.    Umbcllet,  a  partial  umbel. 

Urnie'/ate,  bearing  umbels. 

Umdi/icate,  with  a  sharp  depression  at  end. 

Unarmed,  with  no  stings,  thorns,  etc. 

Undershrub,  a  low  shrub,  45. 

Undulate,  wavy,  310. 

Unequally  pinnate,  302. 

Unguiculate  (petal),  having  a  claw,  88. 

Uni  (in  compounds),  one :  as, 

Unifbliate,  with  one  leaf  or  leaflet. 

Uniform,  of  one  form. 

Unilateral,  1-sided. 

Unilocular,  1-celled. 

Vnivalved,  with  but  one  valve. 

trrceolate,  urn-shaped,  102. 

Utncle  (fruit),  152. 


Yaginate,  sheathing;  the  flattened  petiole    Zoology,  n. 
involving  the  stem.  Zoospore.    (Fig.  217.) 


Valvate.  257,  337. 

Valves,  Valvular,  114, 148. 

Varieties,  28. 

Vascular  tissue.  380. 

Vaulted,  arched. 

Vegetation,  or  Physiology  of  Plant  Life, 
4:36. 

Veins,  282.    Vcinlets,  Veinulets,  283. 

Venation  (of  the  leaf),  282. 

Ventricous,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 

Vernal,  appearing  in  the  Spring-time 

Vernation  (of  the  leaf-bud),  252. 

Ventrai,  belonging  to  the  front  side,  i.  e., 
the  Bide  toward  the  axis. 

Verrucous,  covered  with  warts  {verrucce). 

Versatile  (anther),  114. 

Vertex,  the  summit,  same  as  Apex. 

Vertical,  in  the  direction  up  and  down,  or 
parallel  with  the  axis. 

VerticiUate,  whorled,  215,  262. 

Verticillaster,  366. 

Vespertine,  appearing  in  the  evening. 

VexiUary  (jestivation).    (Fig.  425.) 

Vexitlum.  banner,  101.    (Figs.  59,  60.) 

Villous,  with  long,  weak  hairs,  312. 

Vimineous,  with  long  flexi))le  shoots,  osier- 
like. 

Virgate,  twiggy,  long,  slender. 

Vine,  228. 

Viscid,  Viscous,  sticky  or  glutinous. 

Vitality  of  seeds,  185. 

Vitta,  Vittae,  the  minute  oil-tubes  in  the 
fruit-coat  of  the  Umbelliferae.  [gus. 

Volva,  membrane  enclosing  the  young  Fun- 

Wedge-skaped,  tapering  to  the  base.    Woody 

plants,  41. 
Whorl,  a  circle  of  similar  organs. 
Witch-grass,  2:31. 
Wood,  408.    Wood-cells,  376. 

Teasl-plant,  4-11.    (Fig.  520.) 


THE 


American  Botanist 

AND 

Florist. 

PART   FOURTH, 

DESCRIPTIVE   BOTAM; 

BEING 

A  SIMPLE  ANALYTICAL  FLORA, 


INCLUDING  THE  NATINTJ  AND  CULTIVATED  PLANTS 

GROWING  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  DIVISION 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BY 

ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.  M., 

AUTHOR    OP     THE     CLASS-BOOK     OF     BOTANY,     ETC. 


A.    S.    BARNES    &    COMPANY, 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 
1871. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS. 


§   BOTANICAL  TERMS   OFTEN  RECURRING  IN  DESCRIPTIONS. 


ach.  achenia. 
cest.  aestivation. 
alter,  alternate. 
amplex.  amplexicanl. 
anth.  anther. 
axill.  axillary. 
ccU.  calyx. 
caps,  capsule. 
cor.  corolla. 
cyp.  cypsela. 
decid.  deciduous. 
diam.  diameter. 
ellip.  elliptical. 
emarg.  emarginate. 
epig.  epi»yn»u8. 
/.  or  ft.  feet. 
fil.  filaments. 
fl.  flower  ;  fls.  flowers. 


fr.  fruit. 

gl.  glume  ;  gls.  glumes. 

hd.  head  ;  hds.  heads. 

hyp.  hypogynous. 

imir.  imbricate. 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

leg.  legume. 

If.  leaf;  Ivs.  leaves. 

Ifts.  leaflets. 

lorn,  loment. 

oi)p.  opposite. 

ova.  ovary. 

pap.  pappus. 

l)ed.  peduncle. 

pet.  petals. 

perig.  perigynous. 


perig.  pjerigynium, 

pis.  pales. 

pn.  pinnae. 

pnl.  pinnulae. 

recep.  receptacle 

reg.  regular. 

rhiz.  rhizoma. 

rt.  root. 

sc.  scale,  scales. 

sds.  seeds. 

seg.  segment. 

sep.  sepals. 

St.  stem. 

sta.  or  stam.  sta  aiena. 

stig.  stigmas. 

sty.  styles. 

rar.  variety 


§  TIMES  OF  FLOWERING,   AND  LOCALITIES. 


1.  Names  of  the  Months  and  Seasons  are  abbreviated  in  the  nstial  manner,  as,  Jan. 
Jannary ;  Apr.  April ;  Spr.  Spring ;  Aut.  Auttnnn  ;  Sum.  Summer  ;  &c. 

2.  The  names  of  States  and  Territories  of  the  U.  S.  are  abbreviated  precisely  as  in 
other  works,  thus  : — Ala.  Alabama ;  Ark.  Aiicansas  ;  Conn.  Connecticut,  &c. 

3.  Sections  of  States  are  thus  designated:— iV.  N.  T.  Northern  New  York ;    W.  Pa. 
Western  Pennsylvania  ;  E.  Fla.  East  Florida  ;  S.  El.  Southern  Illinois,  &c. 

4.  Names  of  foreign  Countries  -.—Eur.  Europe ;  Afr.  Africa ;  S.  Afr.  South  Africa ; 
Aust.  Australia  ;  Can.  Canada  ;  3/(?,r.  Mexico;  iS'.  Am.  South  America,  &c. 

5.  E.  East,  Eastward,  indicates  the  States  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  Maine  to  Vir- 
ginia inclusive  ;  N-E.  or  N.  Eng.  denotes  the  New  England  States. 

6.  M.  is  used  to  denote  the  Middle  States ;  viz.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  N.  J.,  and  Del. 

7.  N.  North,  Northward,  indicates  generally  the  territory  north  of  42°  N.  latitude. 

8.  N-W.  Northwest,  indicates  Wis.,  Minn.,  and  parts  of  111.  and  Mich. 

9.  S.  South,  Southward,  is  used  to  indicate  the  SoHthern  States  in  general,— all  lying 
south  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

10.  S-W.  Southwest,  viz..  Miss.,  La.,  Ark.,  and  perhaps  Tennessee  and  Texas. 

11.  W.  West,  denotes  the  States  lying  due  north  of  Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 


ABBKEVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS. 


§  SIGNS. 


An  annual  Herb. 

A  biennial  Herb. 

A  perennial  Herb. 

An  undershrub,  deciduous. 

An  undershrub,  evergreen. 

A  Shrub,  deciduous. 

A  Shrub,  evergreen. 

A  Tree,  deciduous. 

A  Tree,  evergreen. 

An  herbaceous  Vine,  (Y)  or  ©. 

A  perennial  Vine,  li . 

Woody  Vine,  deciduous. 


■5  Woody  Vine,  evergreen. 
1^,  Trailing  Herb,  ®  or  ®. 
[^  Trailing  Herb,  v. 
y^  An  aquatic  Plant. 

$   Flowers  perfect. 

S  Flowers  stamicate. 

S   Flowers  pistillate. 

5  Monoecious. 

6  S   Dioecious. 

$  ^  2   Polygamous. 
0   Wanting,  or  none. 


00  Numerous,  or  indefinite. 


at  the  end  of  the  description. 


(Page  38.) 


§  A  Plant  introduced  and  naturalized 

t  Plant  cultivated  for  ornament ; 

t  Plant  cultivated  for  use ; 

0=  Cotyledons  accumbent;   ) 

oj  Cotyledons  incumbent ;      Vueed  only  in  the  Cruciferse, 

c))  Cotyledons  condtiplicate ;  ) 

1   (Note  of  exclamation),  used  technically,  denotes  certainty 

?  (Note  of  interrogation),  implies  doubt  or  uncertainty. 

f  (with  or  without  a  period),  a  foot 

'  (a  single  acute  accent),  an  inch J- after  a  number, 

"  (a  double  accent),  a  line  =1-12  of  an  inch. . 


§  AUTHORS'  NAMES  CITED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


Adans. 

Adanson. 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  De  Candolle. 

Desv. 

Desvaux. 

Ait. 

Alton. 

Dougl. 

Douglas. 

All. 

Allione. 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Anders. 

Andersson. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Arn. 

Amott. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Aub. 

Aublet. 

Engel. 

Engelmann. 

Bart. 

Barton. 

Fisch. 

Fischer. 

Bartl. 

Bartling. 

F.  &  31. 

Fischer  &  Meyer. 

Beauv. 

Beauvois. 

FrcEl. 

Froelich. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Gcert. 

Gaertner. 

Bernh. 

Bernhardt. 

Gmel. 

Gmelin. 

Berl. 

Berlandier. 

Good. 

Goodenongh. 

Bois. 

Boissier. 

Gr. 

A.  Gray. 

Bong. 

Bongard. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Bork. 

Borkhausen. 

Griseb. 

Griscbach. 

Br. 

Brown. 

Gron. 

Gronoviua. 

Bw. 

Bigelow. 

Hedw. 

Hedwig. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Hoffm. 

Hoffman. 

Cav. 

Cavanilles. 

Hook. 

Hooker  (W.  J.) 

Cham. 

Chamisso. 

Hook.f.  {Jiliu8) 

Hooker  (J.  D.) 

Darl. 

Darlington. 

Hornem. 

Homemann. 

DC. 

De  Canbolle. 

Ends. 

Hudson.             [Kuuth. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

H.  B.  K. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland  & 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Jacq. 

Jacqnin. 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND   SIGNS. 


AUTHORS'  NAMES— (CoNTiNXJKD). 


Just. 

JUSSIEU. 

RiohJi. 

Richardson. 

A.  Juss. 

Adrien  Jnssieu. 

Ram. 

Roemer. 

L.  or  Linn. 

LiNNJSUS. 

Salisb. 

Salisbmy. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Ledeb. 

Ledebour. 

SchvlL 

Schultes. 

Lehm. 

Lebmann. 

Schw. 

Schveeinitz. 

Lesq. 

Lesqnereux. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Lestib. 

Leetibudois. 

Ser. 

Seringe. 

rUer. 

L'Heritier. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Mart. 

Martins. 

Steud. 

Steudel. 

Mich. 

Micheli. 

SuUiv. 

Sullivant. 

Michx.  or  Mx. 

Michaux. 

Thunb. 

Thunberg. 

Mx.f. 

Michaux  (the  younger). 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Mill. 

Miller. 

T.&  G. 

Torrey  &  Gray. 

Mitch. 

Mitchell. 

Toum. 

Tonmefort. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

Trautv. 

Trautvetter. 

Nees. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Nutt.  •r  If. 

Nuttall. 

Tuckm. 

Pal. 

Pallas. 

Vam. 

Vailiant. 

Pav. 

Pa  von. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

nil. 

Villars. 

Ph. 

Pursh. 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberff. 

Pluk. 

Plukenet. 

Walp. 

Walpers. 

Plum. 

Plumier. 

Wait. 

Walter. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Wangh. 

Wangenheim- 

B.Br. 

Robert  Brown. 

mild. 

Willdenow. 

Paf. 

Rafinesqne. 

With. 

Withering. 

Reichenb. 

Reichenbach. 

Wulf. 

Wulfen. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

Founded  on  the  most  obvious  or  artificial  characters :  designed  as  a  key 
the  ready  determination  of  any  plant,  native,  or  naturalized,  or 
cultivated,  growing  within  the  limits  of  this  Flora. 


PROVINCES,  CLASSES,  AND  COHORTS. 

Sub-kingdom  I.  The  Flowering;  Plants . .  (See,  next,  Provinces  1,2)..  .PHJENOGAMIA, 
Sub-kingdom  H.  The  Flowerless  Plants . .  (See  the  Provinces  3,  4) ... .  CEYPTOGAMIA. 
Province  1.     Leaves  net-veined.    Flowers  never  completely  3- 

parted  (mostly  ^  and  ^).  Embryo  with  2  or  more  cotyledons. 

Wood  (if  any)  in  annual  circles.  .(See  Classes  1,  2) EXOGENS. 

Province  2.    Leaves  parallel-veined  (rarely  netted).    Flowers  3- 

parted.    Bark,  wood,  and  pith  commingled.    Embryo  with  but 

one  cotyledon . . (See  Classes  3,  4) ENDOGENS. 

Province  3.    Stem  and  leaves  distinguishable.  .(H) ACROGENS. 

Province  4.    Stem  and  leaves  undistinguishable. . (K) THALLOGENS. 

Class  1.  Stigmas  present.    Seeds  enclosed  in  vessels . .  (*) ANGIOSPERMS. 

Class  2.  StigmasO.  Seeds  naked  (Pines,  Firs,  Cedar8,&c.)  (**)..  GYMNOSPERMS. 

Class  3.  Flowers  without  glumes.  Perianth  colored  or  green,  .(t) .  .PETALIFER^. 

Class  4,  Flowers  with  green  alternate  glumes.  No  perianth.. (+t).  .GLUMIFERiE. 

*  Cohort  1.  Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct. . (A) Polypetala;. 

*  Cohort  2.  Corolla  with  the  petals  united.  .(B) Gamopetalae. 

*  Cohort  3.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  often  none . .  (C) Apetalae. 

**  Cohort  4,  The  cone-bearing  plants  (same  as  Class  2)..(I>) Conoids. 

t  Cohort  5.  Fls.  on  a  &padix,  apetalous  or  incomplete. .  (E). .  .Spadlclflorae. 

t  Cohort  6.  Flowers  complete,  with  a  true  perianth. .  (F) Florideae. 

+t  Cohort".  The  Grasses,  Grains,  &c.  (same  as  class  4)..(G)..Grainiiiotds>. 


A.    Cohort  1.    POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENS, 

Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. .  (12) 
Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem.  .(9) 
Shrubs,  trees,  or  undershrubs.  .(2) 
2  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. .  (-3) 
2  Flowers  irregular  (or  the  fruit  a  legume)  (§  165)..(>-) 

8  Polyandrous,— stamens  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals.. (4) 

3  Oligandrous,— stamens  1—2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer. .  (6) 


b  ANALYSIS   OF  THE  NATUEAL  ORDERS. 

4  Leaver  opposite.. (*) 
4  Leaves  alternate. . (5) 

5  Stamens  on  the  tonis  or  the  hypogjaotis  corolla.. (0 
5  Stamens  and  petals  on  the  calyx  tube. .  (r) 
6  Ovaries  simple,  distinct,  or  one  only.    Vines  or  erect  shmbs.  .(to) 
6  Ovary  compound,  and  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx.. (ar) 
6  Ovary  compound  and  free  from  the  calyx  or  nearly  so . .  (7) 

7  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number.. (y) 
7  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  different  niimlser . .  (8) 
8  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stems.. (2) 
8  Leaves  alternate,  and  compound.. (yy) 
8  Leaves  alternate  and  simple. . (zz) 
9  Polyandrous— stamens  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals. .  (m) 
9  Oligandrous,— stamens  1—2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer. .  (10) 
10  Pistils  separate  and  distinct,  few  or  solitary,  simple.. (n) 
10  Pistils  united  into  a  compound  ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  .(11) 
10  Pistils  united  into  a  compound  ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.. (») 
11  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number.. (p) 
11  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  greater  number.. (g-) 
12  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  never  a  legume. .  (14) 
12  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume). .  (13) 

13  Stamens  numerous,  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals.. (i) 
13  Stamens  few  and  definite,  4—12. .  (0 

14  Stamens  (or  anthers)  3—10  times  as  mauy  as  the  petals.. (1^ 
14  Stamens  few  and  definite.    Ovary  free  from  the  calyx. .  (17) 
14  Stamens  few  and  defiuite.    Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.. (j) 
15  Stamens  hypogj-nous- inserted  on  the  torus.. (16) 
15  Stamens  perigj-nous — inserted  on  the  corolla  at  the  base..(c) 
15  Stamens  perigynous— inserted  on  the  calyx  at  the  base..((i) 
16  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styles).. (a) 
16  Pistils  (and  styles  if  any)  completely  united.  .(6) 
17  Pistils  one,  or  indefinite  and  distinct,  simple. .  (<) 
17  Pistils  definitely—*  2  united,  the  short  styles  combined  into  one..(/) 
— *  3  or  4  united,  styles  or  stigmas  3,  4,  or  6.  .(<?) 
— *  5,  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  styles.. (A) 
— *  5,  united  and  the  styles  also  combined  into  one. .  (t) 

a  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduous.    Leaves  never  peltate Rajjuhculace^e.  1 

a  Petals  3  or  numerous.    Water  plants  with  peltate  leave* ) 

b  Sepals  4—6,  equal.    Petals  00,  imbricated  in  the  bud ...  T ^  YsiPH^ACEiE.  7 

b  Sepals  5,  equal.    Petals  5,  imbricate.    Leaves  tubular Sakeaceniace^.  8 

b  Sepals  5,  unequal.    Petals  5,  convolute.    Flowers  of  2  sorts Cistace^.  15 

b  Sepals  2,  with— W»  5  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud Portulaccaceje.  20 

—66  4  or  8  petals  usually  crumpled  in  bud Papavekace^.  9 

e  Filaments  united  into  a  tube.    Anthers  1-celled Malvacej:.  23 

d  Sepals  2,  persistent,  capping  the  lid  of  the  pyxis Portulaccace.e.  20 

d  Sepals  3 — 5,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Pod  long,  2-carpelled ,.Tiijace.e.  25 

d  Sepals  &—5.—dd  Petals  imbricate  in  bud.    Fruits  simple Rosacea.  44 

—dd  Petals  convolute  in  bud.    Fruit  compound Loasace^.  55 

e  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number.  Pistil  1  only.  .Bexberii)ace2B.  (t 

4  Stamens  altenyitc  with  the  petals  or  more  numerous BANUNCULACiLa.  1 

/  Stamens  6,  fetradyuamous.    Pod  2-celled.    Flowers  cruciform Cr0cifer.e.  11 

/  Stamens  4-^-32,  not  tetradynamous.    Pod  1-celled Capparidace^.  12 

g  Sepals  5,  unequal.    Flowers  perfect,  numerous,  minute CiSTACEiE.  15 

g  Sepals  5,  equal.    Flowers  moncecious.    Herbs  woolly  or  scurfy Order  113 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATUR.\L  ORDERS.  ? 

g  Sepals  5,  or  3,  equal,  and  the  stamens  twice  as  many GEr.ANiACE^.  30 

g  Sepals  5,  and  the  stamens  (anthers)  of  the  same  number.. (gry) 

gg  Sterile  filam.  numerous,  in  several  whorls.  Climbing.. Passiflor.\.ce,e.  57 
gg  Sterile  filaments  numerous,  in  5  clusters.  Herb  erect.. Saxifragace.!;.  45 
gg  Sterile  filaments  0.  .(*) 

*  Flowers  white,  racemed.    Climbing Order  106 

*  Flowers  yellow.    Plants  erect Turkerace.e.  56 

*  Flowers  cyanic.    Herbs  stemless Droserace.e.  17 

h  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  petals.    Styles  5  or  3.    Seeds  00 Linages.  28 

h  Stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  5  petals.    Styles  5,  but  the  seed  1 Order  S3 

h  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  .(AA) 

hh  Stamens  6.    Leaves  peltate Ntmph.eace^.  7 

hh  Stamens  6—24,  distinct Crassclace^.  46 

Jih  Stamens  10,  united  at  base Geraniace^.  30 

i  Ovary  1-celled.    Leaves  all  radical,  spinescent,  irritable Droserace^.  17 

i  Ovary  3-5-celled.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  not  dotted Order  73 

i  Ovary  3-5-celled.    Leaves  cauliue,  pinnate,  dotted Rutace.e.  31 

j  Style  1,  but  the  cai-pels  as  many  as  the  petals  (2—6) Onagrace.b.  SI 

j  Styles  3—5,  ovary  3-5-celled,  3-5-seeded,  wholly  adherent Araliace^.  64 

j  Styles  3—8,  ovary  1-celled,  half-adherent.    Sepals  2 Portulacace^e.  20 

j  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.—*  Seeds  several..  .Saxieragace^.  45 

— *  Seeds  2 Umbellifer^.  63 

k  Ovaries  many,  or  few,  rarely  1,  always  simple Ranunculace^.  1 

k  Ovary  compound,  3-carpellcd,  open  before  ripe Resedace^.  13 

I  Sepals  (4  or  5)  produced  into  1  slender  spur  behind,  petals  2  or  5 Gerauiace^.  30 

I  Sepals  2  (or  vanished),  petals  4  (2  pairs)  with  1  or  2  blunt  spurs. . . . Fumariace^.  10 

/  Sepals  5,  very  unequal ;  petals  3.    Stamens  6  or  8.    No  spur Poltgalace.*!.  42 

I  Sepals  and  petals  each  of  the  same  number,  viz...(^^ 

/M,  the  flowers  slightly  irregular.    Stamens  6— 32.    No  spur.  .Cafparidace^.  13 

U  4,  the  flowers  moderately  irregular.    Stamens  8.    A  vine Sapindace^.  37 

II  5,  -with  5  stamens,  and  generally  a  blunt  spur Violaceje.  14 

/^  5,  with  10  or  more  stamens.    No  spur.    Fruitalegume Leguminos^.  43 

m  Pistils  many,  entirely  distinct,  simple Ranunculaceje.  1 

m  Pistils  3—5,  united  more  or  less  completely Htpericace^.  16 

m  Pistils  5—10,  united,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  many  petals Ficoide^.  61 

n  Pistil  solitary,  simple.    Petals  6—9.    Stamens  12—18 Berbekidace^.  C 

n  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct,  simple.  Flowers  all  symmetrical.. Crassulace^.  46 

n  Pistils  2,  consolidated  with  the  5  stamens.   Juice  milky Order  100 

0  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals . .  {nn) 

o  Carpels  fewer  in  number  than  the  sepals . .  {oo) 

nn  Anthers  opening  at  the  top.    Flowers  4-parted Melastomace^.  52 

nn  Anthers  opening  laterally.    Styles  united  into  1 Onagrace^.  54 

nn  Anthers  opening  laterally.   Styles  or  stigmas  distinct..  Halorage^e.  48 

00  Each  carpel  00-seeded.    Styles  2 Saxifragace^.  45 

00  Each  carpel  1-seeded.    Styles  2  or  3 Araxiaceje.  64 

00  Each  carpel  1-seeded.    Style  1  (double) Cornace^.  C5 

p  Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.    Flowers  5-parted Portulacace^e.  20 

p  Style  and  stigma  1,  undivided.    Flowers  7-parted Order  81 

q  Leaves  pinnate,  with  interpetiolar  stipules ZTGornTLLACE.E.  29 

y  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  cruciform.  Stamens  6 Crucifer^.  11 

q  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  5-merons.  Stamens  10. .  Geraniaceje.  30 
q  Leaves  simple,  entire.. (g?) 

gg'  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx Ltthrace^.  5? 

qq  Petals  on  the  torus.  .(*) 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATUKAL  ORDERS. 

*  Flowers  irregular,  unpymmetrical Polygalace^.  42 

*  Flowers  regular,  2-(or  8-)parted  throughout Elatinace^.  18 

*  Flowers  regular,  5-parted.    Leaves  punctate Htpericace^.  16 

*  Flowers  regular,  5-parted.    Leaves  dotless Caktophtllace^.  19 

r  Pistil  a  simple  carpel,  becoming  a  legume.    Stamens  10—100 Leqtiminos^.  43 

r  Pistil  compound,  viz.  .(?t) 

rr  3-carpelled.    Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  digitate Sapindace^.  37 

rr  3-carpelled.    Flowers  monoecious.    Cultivated Begoniace^.  59 

fr  5-carpelled.— *  Stipules  present.    Cultivated Geraniace^.  30 

— *  Stipules  none.    Native Obder  73 

e  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  several  sets.    Leaves  dotted Hypericaoe^.  16 

$  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  1  set.   Lvs.  fleshy.   (S.  Fla) . . .  Clusia.  Guttiterje.  (21) 
Stamens  ou  the  calyx,  .{ss) 

ss  Sepals,  petals,  and  ovaries  indefinite Caltcanthace^.  3 

es  Sepals,  &c.,  definite.    Leaves  dotted,  entire Mtrtace^.  51 

ss  Sepals,  &c.,  definite.    Leaves  dotless,  entire Ltthraoe^.  53 

ss  Sepals,  &c..  definite.    Leaves  dotless,  subdentate SAXiTEAGACEiB.  45 

t  Filaments  united  into  1  set  (monadelphons).    Petals  convolute.. (m) 
t  Filaments  united  into  1  or  several  sets.    Petals  imbricate. .  {uti) 
t  Filaments  distinct . .  {tt) 

tt  Petals  6,  valvate,  lurid.    Erect  shrubs Anonace^.  4 

tt  Petals  3—9,  imbricate.    Trees  or  shrubs Magnoliacejs.  2 

tt  Petals  4—8,  imbricate.    Climbing  or  trailing Menispermace.e.  5 

«  Petals  4,  imbricated.    Shrubs,  S Capparbdace^.  12 

XI  Anthers  1-celled.    Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud Malvace^.  23 

M  Anthers  2-celled.    Sepals  valvate.    Handsome  tree Sterculiace^e.  24 

u  Anthers  2-celled.  Sepals  imbricate.  Alargetree  inS.Fla..CANELLACEiE.  (22) 
uu  Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  jointed  to  stalk. .  Aurantiace.e.  32 
KM  Leaves  opaque.. (*) 

*  Sepals  valvate.    Flowers  small Tiliace^.  25 

*  Sepals  imbricate.    Flowers  large Camelliace^.  26 

V  Style  1,  with  many  stigmas.    Green  fleshy  shrubs Cactaceje.  60 

V  Styles  several  or  1,  each  with  1  stigma.    Woody  trees  or  shrubs. .  .Rosacea.  44 

V  Style  1,  with  1  stigma.  Stam.  in  5  sets,  long,  red,  very  showy. .  .Myrtace^e.  51 
w  Trailing  vines,  with  crimson  fls.  Ovaries  GO,  in  a  little  spike..  .Magnoliace^.  3 
to  Climbing  vines,  with  white-greenish  fls.    Ova.  2—6,  capitate... Menispermace^.  5 

w  Erect  shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers,  6-parted.    Pistil  only  1 BERBERiDAOEiE.  6 

W  Erect  shrubs  (S.  Fla.)  with  yellow  fls.  Pistils  5,  2-ovuled,  1-sded. .  SuRiANACEiE.  (62) 
w  Trees,  with  greenish  fls.,—*  and  pinnate  lvs.  Pist.  3-5, 1-ovuled. .  Simarubace^.  34 

— *  and  simple  leaves.  Follicle?  .3—5. .  .Sterculiace^.  21 
X  Flowers  4-parted.  Stamens  8.  (Fls.  red  or  roseate,  drooping).. Onagrace^.  54 
»  Flowers  4-parted.  Sta.  8.  Fls.  light  yellow.  Coasts,  S.  Fla..  Rhizoporace^e.  (49) 

a;  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  4.    Flowers  whitish,  in  cymes Cornaceje.  65 

X  Flowers  5-parted ..  (a,u") 

XX  Ovary  5-carpelled,  5-styled,  S-seeded Araliaceje.  64 

XX  Ovary  5-carpelled,  1-styled,  1-seeded.    S.  Fla Combretaceje.  50 

XX  Ovary  2-4-carpelled,  GO-seeded Saxitragace^.  45 

y  Leaves  opposite.    Stem  climbing  with  tendrils  or  radicles . .  Vitace^.  41 
J/ Lvs.  alternate.  St.  erect,  or  climbing  without  tendrils..  Rhamnace^.  40 

z  Leaves  simple.    Stamens  5.    Carpels  3—5,  style  1,  short Celastbace^.  33 

Z  Leaves  simple.  Sta.  10.  Carpels  and  sty.  3.   S>.  Via... Byrsonima.  MAXPiGHiACE.a!.  (.39) 

z  Leaves  pinnate,  or  palmately  lobed.   Carpels  and  styles  2  or  3 SAPiNDACEiE.  37 

z  Leaves  pinnate.  .(*) 

*  Stamens  iO.    Small  tree  with  blue  flowers.    S.  Fla ZygophyllacEvE.  29 

2.  Carpels  1  or  2.    Style  1 Ordek  101 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATUKAL  ORDERS.  9 

*  Stamens  8.    Cai-pel  and  style  1 Bcrserace^.  35 

yy  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube  or  cup.    Flowers  in  panicles Mehaceje.  27 

yy  Filaments  6 — 10,  distinct.    Flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes Burserace^.  35 

yy  Filaments  6—10,  distinct.   Fls.  small,  white  or  hoary,  paniculate . .  Sapindace^.  37 
yy  Filaments  5,  distinct.. (*) 

*  Leaves  pellucid-punctate Rutace^.  31 

*  Leaves  opaque.    Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded Anacardiace^.  36 

zs  Petals  4,  yellow,  strap-shaped,  appearing  in  late  Autumn HAMAMELACEiE.  47 

zz  Petals  4—7,  cyanic  (rarely  yellow),  rounded  or  short,  .(t) 

t  Style  0,  the  stigmas  1,  4,  or  5,  sessile.    Drupe  4-6-8eeded Order  74 

t  Styles  (or  stigmas)  3,  but  the  drupe  only  1-seeded Anacardiace^.  36 

t  Styles  3,  capsule  many-sded.  Lvs.  minute  and  scale-form . .  Tamariscine  j:.  24  bis 
t  Style  !,..(« 

t  Capsule  3-seeded.    Seeds  with  a  scarlet  aril Celastrace^.  38 

i  Caps.  GO-seeded.  Clusters  fragrant.  Lvs.  evergreen.  Cult...PiTTOBPORACK^. 
t  Capsule  with  few  or  many  seeds.    Native  shrubs Order  73 


B.    Cohort  2.    GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS. 

§  Stamens  (6-  GO)  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  .(9) 
§  Stamens  (2—12)  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes  or  of  the  same  number. .  (2) 
2  Ovary  inferior,=adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx. . (3) 
2  Ovary  superior, = free  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.. (4) 
3  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers . .  (c) 
3  Stamens  entirely  distinct.. (at) 

4  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  symmetrical.  .(5) 

4  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  reduced  to  2  or  4.  .(n) 

4  Flowers  irregular.    Stamens  (except  in  3  or  4  species)  unsymmetrical.  .(o) 

5  Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  free),  .(e) 

6  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes  (rarely  connate) ..  (6) 

6  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  carpels  or  stigmas  3—6. .  (/) 
6  Herbs  l-lO-carpelled,  or  shrubs  2-carpelled..(7) 
7  Ovary  1,  deeply  4-parted  or  4-partible,  forming  4  achenia . .  ((7) 
7  Ovaries  2,  distinct  (often  covered  by  the  stamens) . .  (A) 
7  Ovary  1,  compound,—*  one-celled.. (i) 

— *  two-six-celled.. (m) 
9  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume).. (a) 
9  Flowers  regular  and  the  fruit  never  a  legume  (§  163).  .(6) 

a  Flowers  1-  or  2-8ided,  with  1  or  2  blunt  spurs.    Stamens  6,  in  2  sets. .  .Order  10 
a  Flowers  1-sided,  no  i^pur..(*) 

*  Leaves  compound.    Fruit  a  legume Order  43 

*  Leaves  simple.    Frait  2-celled,  2-seeded Order  42 

*  Leaves  simple.    Fruit  5-celled Ericacbje.  73 

6  Corolla  lobes  convolute  in  bud.    Stamens  CO,  united  into  1  tube Order  23 

b  Corolla  lobes  imbricate  in  bud.    Stamens  CO,  in  1  or  several  sets Order  20 

b  Corolla  lobes  imbricate..(M) 

u  Stamens  10—24.    Styles  5—12 Order  46 

w  Stamens  5— 10.    Style  1.    Capsule  5-celled Ericace^.  73 

M  StamensS— GO.    Style  1.    Nut  1-5-seeded Sttracace^.  76 

w  Stamens  8.    Styles  4.    Berry  S-eeeded Ebekacb^.  71 


10  ANALYSIS  OP  THE  NATTJEAL  OKDERS. 

c  Flowers  in  a  compact  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre Composite:.  70 

c  Flowers  separate,  irregular,  perfect.    Plants  erect Loeeliace^.  71 

c  Flowurs  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines Order  58 

d  Leaf  es  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  separate Campanulace^.  72 

d  Leaves  alternate.  Fls.  irregular,  5-parted.  S.¥\a...Sc(EVOla.  GooDENiACEiE.  (711) 

d  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  verticillate Rubiace^.  (37 

d  Leaves  opposite.    Stipules  none . .  (f) 

V  Stamens  5— 4.    Ovaries  S-5-celled CAPRiroLiACEiE.  66 

V  Stamens  3— 3.    Ovaries  1-celled Valerianace^.  6S 

V  Stamens  4.    Flowers  capitate Dipsace^.  69 

e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  5  styles  and  but  1  seed Plumbaginace^.  83 

«  Herbs.    Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds Primulace^.  81 

«  Trees  or  shrubs.    Appendages  between  the  stamens Sapotace^.  78 

«  Trees  or  shrubs.    No  appendages  between  the  stam.    S.Fla.  .Mtrsinace^.  (79) 

/  Leaves  opposite.  Style  1.  Drupe  4-seeded.  Herbs,  shrubs..  Verbenace^e.  90 
/  Leaves  alternate. .  {w) 

«7  Drupe -l-6seeded.    Shrubs,  trees AQUiroLiACEiE.  74 

w  Drupe  1-seeded.    Thorny.    S.  Fla Ximenia.  Olacace^.  (80) 

w  Capsule  2-5-cellcd,  QO-seeded Ericace-e.  73 

g  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  generally  rough-hairy Borraoinace.^.  92 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  convolute Apoctnace^.  99 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  valvate Asclepiadace^e.  100 

h  Stigmas  distinct.    Flowers  minute,  yellow Convolvulace^.  95 

k  Ovule  solitary.    Corolla  limb  entire Order  103 

k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  cleft  and  lobed Htdrophtllace.e.  93 

k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  or  leaflets  entire. .(a;) 

X  Flowers  not  spicate Gentianace.e.  97 

X  Flowers  spicate ....  I  Plantaginace.e.  82 

m  Leaves  all  radical.    Flowers  spiked  . . .  ' 

m  Leaves  opposite.    Ovary  2cened Logasiace.e.  98 

»7i  Leaves  alternate.. (y) 

m  Leaves  opposite.    Ovary  3-celled.    Not  twining. .  I        Polemoniace>e   94 

3/ Ovary  3-celled.    Not  twining ) 

y  Ovary  2-celled.    Twining Convolttjlace.e.  95 

y  Ovary  2-celled,  4-seeded.    Erect Bokraginace^.  92 

y  Ovary  2-celled,  00-seeded.— s  Styles  2 Utdrophtllace^.  93 

—z  Style  1 SOLANACE^.  96 

n  Stamens  4.    Ova.  4-(rarely  1-  or  2-)celled,  with  as  many  sds. .  Verbenace^.90 

n  Stamens  2.    Ovary  2-ceUed,  forming  1  or  2  seeds OLEACEiE.  101 

0  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer)  achenia..(/j) 

0  Ovary  entire,  4-ovuled,  4-  or  fewer-seeded.    Leaves  opposite.  .Verbenace^.  90 

0  Ovary  entire,  GO-ovuled,  00- or  several-seeded.. (s) 

p  Leaves  opposite.    Stems  square.    Stamens  2—4 Labiate.  91 

p  Leaves  alternate.    Stems  round.    Stamens  5 Borraginace^.  92 

s  Trees  or  climbing  shrubs.    Seeds  winged Bignoniaceje.  86 

<  Trees.    Seeds  not  \vinged Scrophul.  88.     Erect  shrubs Ebicaceje.  73 

S  Herbs.— «s  Leafless  parasites.    Native.    Ovary  1-celled Orobakchace^.  85 

— «s  Leafy  at  base  or  in  the  water.    Flowers  spurred .  .Lentibulace^.  84 
—w  Leafy.    Flowers  large,  spurless.    Ovary  1-celled... Gesneriace^.  87 

—ss  Leafy.    Spurless.    Fruit  4-  or  S-celled §  Bignoniacks.  86 

—ss  Leafy.    Fruit  2-celled . .  (0 

t  Seeds  on  hooks  or  cups.    Corolla  mostly  convolute Acanthace^.  89 

t  Seeds  without  hooks.    Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud Scrophxjlabiace^.  88 

t  Seeds  without  hooks.    Corolla  mostly  plicate Solanace-e.  % 


ANALYSIS   OF  THE   NATtJEAL  OEDERS.  11 

C.    CouoKT  3.    APETALOUS  EXOGENS. 

^  Plants  herbacoous,  the  flowers  uot  in  aments  (except  Hamulus,  115) . .  (2) 
T  Plants  woody, — shrubs  or  trees.. (8) 

2  Flowers  with  a  regular  cal3'x  (or  a  calyx-like  involucre) . .  (3) 
2  Flowers  achlamydeous, — neither  calyx  nor  corolla,  .(k) 

3  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire.  .(9) 
3  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  enclosing  it. . (4) 
4  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  1-styled,  l-0Yuled..((7) 
4  Ovary  1  only,  simple  or  compound . .  (.5) 
5  Style  or  stigma  1  only . .  (6) 
5  Styles  or  stigmas  2— 12.  .(7) 

G  Ovary  1-ovuled,  bearing  but  1  seed,  .(c) 
6  Ovary  many-ovuled,  bearing  many  seeds,  .{d) 
7  Ovary  1-3-ovuIed,  1-3-seeded.  .(<;) 
7  Ovary  4-  00-ovuled,  4-  CD-seeded ..  (/j) 
8  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  opposite.. (n) 
f  8  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  alternate.  .(10) 
8  Flowers  imperfect,  the  sterile  only  in  aments.. (v) 
8  Flowers  imperfect,  both  ihe  fertile  and  sterile  in  aments.. (a;) 
9  Stamens  1—12,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  stigmas.. (a) 
9  Stamens  2—10,  not  symmetrical  with  the  1  or  2  stigmas.. (ft) 
10  Style  or  stigma  1.    Fruit  1-sceded. . (11) 
10  Styles  or  stigmas  i..(s) 
10  Styles  or  stigmas  3—9. .  (0 

11  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. .  (p) 
11  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. .  (?■) 

a  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  1 — 1.    Stamens  1— S Okder  48 

a  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  6.    Stamens  6  or  12. .  .Aristolochlace^.  102 

b  Styles  2.    Ovary  many-seeded.    Stamens  8—10 Order  45 

ft  Style  1.    Ovary  1-  or  2-seeded.    Stamens  5 Santalace.e.  110 

c  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  1 — 4 Order  47 

C  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  colored.  .Nyctaginace.b.  101 

e  Flowers  diclinous.    Calyx  4-5-parted,  green Urticace.*;.  115 

d  Stamens  4,  opposite  to  the  4  sepals.    Leaves  numerous Order  53 

d  Stamens  4,  opposite  to  the  4  sepals.    Leaves  about  6 Order  145 

d  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  sepals Order  81 

d  Stamens  CO.    Leaves  large  and  showy.    Cultivated Order  9 

e  Fruit  3-(rarely  6-)seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  styles EcrnoRBiACEiE.  113 

e  Fruit  1-seeded.    Stipules  sheathing  the  stems Poltgonace^.  104 

e  Fruit  1-celled,  mostly  1-seeded.    Stipules  none . .  (/) 

/  Calyx  with  scarious  bractlets  outside Amarantace.e.  107 

/  Calyx  naked  (double  in  1  genus).    Lvs.  alternate.  .Chenopodiace.e.  106 

/  Calyx  naked.    Leaves  opposite Order  19 

ff  Stamens  hypogynous — on  the  torus Order  1 

g  Stamens  perigj'nous— on  the  calyx Order  44 

k  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  circumscissile,  a  pyxis Order  61 

h  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  4-5-valved,  a  capsule Order  19 

/*  Leaves  alternate . .  (i) 

i  Fruit  5-horned,  5-celled,  a  capsule Order  46 

i  Fruit  a  fleshy  4-10-seeded  berry Phttolaccace.e.  105 

i  Fruit  circumscissile,  a  utricle Asiarantace^.  107 

k  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe.    Monocotyledons Order  130 

Jb  Flowers  in  a  long  naked  spike.    Stamens  6  or  7 SAtmuRACEiE.  115 

k  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  minute.    Aquatic  plants . . (m) 


12  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

m  Stamen  1,  styles  2.    Leaves  opposite CALLiTRicHACEiE.  116 

m  Stamens  2,  styles  2.  Leaves  alteraate,  dissected.  .Podostemiaceve.  117 
m  Sta.  12-24,  style  1.  Lvs.  verticiUate,  dissected.. Ceratophyllace^.  118 

n  Fruit  a  double  samara  (2-winged) Order  37 

n  Fruit  a  single  samara  (1-winged),  or  a  drupe.    Stamens  2 Order  101 

n  Fruit  not  winged,— o  3-seeded.    Stamens  4 Euphorbiace^.  113 

— o  1-seeded.    Stamens  4  or  8 Eleagnace^.  112 

— 0  l-seeded.  Stamens  3.   Parasites.. Loranthacejs.  109 

p  Anthers  opening  by  valves.    Calyx  colored Laurace^.  108 

p  Anthers  opening  by  slits.— g  Calyx  colored.    Stam.  8 THratELACE.*:.  Ill 

— q  Calyx  greenish  ;  raccmed Order  37 

—q  Cal.  green ;  spiked.  S.  Fla..CoMBKETACE^.  (50) 

r  Ovary  and  seed  only  1,  in  the  juicy  drupe.    Trees Order  65 

r  Ovaries  2— 4,  seed  1.    Fruit  a  drupe  or  nut.    Shrubs... Santalaoe^e.  110 

e  Stamens  numerous Order  47 

e  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes §  1.    Urticace^.  114 

t  Leaves  pinnate.    Pistils  5,  scarcely  united Order  31 

t  Leaves  simple,  linear,  evergreen.  Shrubs  heath-like.  .Empetrace.*:.  119 
t  Leaves  simple,  expanded.  Fls.  3-parted.  Fruit  dry..  Euphorbiace^.  113 
t  Leaves  simple,  expanded.   Fls.  4-  or  5-parted.  Fruit  fleshy Order  40 

V  Nut  drupaceous,  naked.    Leaves  pinnate Juglandace^.  121 

V  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.    Leaves  simple Ccipulifer^.  122 

X  Fruit  fleshy,  aggregated  (sorosis).    Juice  (or  sap)  milky.  ..§  2.    Urticace^.  114 
X  Fruit  dry.    Plants  with  a  watery  juice  or  sap. .  (y) 

y  Aments  globular,  racemed.    Nutlets  2-celled,  woolly Order  65 

t/  Aments  globular,  solitary.    Nutlets  1-celled,  1-seeded Platanace^.  120 

y  Aments  cylindrical  or  oblong,  .(s) 

z  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  1-seeded.  Fruit  of  ten  winged..  Betulace^.  123 

2  Ovary  1-celled,  l-secded.    Fruit  often  fleshy Mtbicace^.  124 

z  Ovary  many-ovuled,  many-seeded.    Seeds  comona Samcace^.  125 


D.    Cohort  4.    THE  CONOIDS, 

•  Leaves  pinnate.    Stem  simple,  palm-like.    Sterile  flowers  in  cones. . .  .Ctoadack^.  126 

•  Leaves  simple.    Stem  branching.    Fertile  flowers  in  cones CokifeRjE.  127 

•  Leaves  simple.    Stem  branching.    Fertile  flowers  solitary Taxace.e.  128 


E.    Cohort  5.    THE  SPADICEOUS  END0QEN8. 
•f  Trees  or  shrubs  with  palmi-cleft  leaves  all  from  one  terminal  bud,  I      o  .,„.,„  „  mn 

,,,.,,,.,,„  ,  >  .  ..X^ALMACE^.  l^ 

and  a  branching  "  spadix"  from  a  spathe ) 

^  Herbs  \vith  simple,  rarely  temate  leaves.    Spadix  simple.  .(2) 

2  Plants  frond-like,  minute,  floating  loose  on  the  water Lesinace.e.  131 

2  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves,  rooting  and  fixed.  .(3) 

3  Spadix  evident,  in  a  spathe  or  on  a  scape Arace.*:.  130 

3  Spadix  obscure  or  spike-like.    Stems  leafy.  .(4) 

4  Flowers  with  no  perianth,  densely  spicate  or  capitate Ttpuace.*.  132 

4  Flowers  with  a  perianth  or  not.    Plants  submersed Naiadace*:.  ViS 


ANALYSIS   OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS.  13 

F.    Cohort  6. .  FLORIDE^,  or  FLOWERING  ENDOGENS. 

^  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadis)  in  a  small,  dense,  involucrate  head..(o) 
^  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  &c..(2) 
2  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly.. (4) 
2  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary..  (3) 

3  Petals  and  sepals  differently  colored  (except  in  Medeola,  147). .(«) 
3  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored.  .(5) 
4  Flowers  imperfect  ( i  ?  or  5  s  ? ) . .  (a) 
4  Flowers  perfect.. (5) 

5  Leaves  net-veined,  broad.. (A) 
5  Leaves  parallel-veined.. (6) 

6  Styles  and  often  the  stigmas  also  united  into  one.  .(nt) 
6  Styles  and  stigmas  3,  distinct.. («) 

a  Low  aquatic  herbs Htdkocharidacbje.  135 

a  Climbing  shrubby  vines Dioscoriace^.  143 

b  Anthers  1  or  2,  on  the  pistil  (gynandrous) Orchidace^.  187 

b  Anthers  1  or  5,  free  from  the  pistil.    Leaves  ample Scitamine^.  138 

b  Anthers  3  or  G..(c) 

c  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  outside.    Ovary  half  free H^ejiadorace^.  141 

c  Perianth  glabrous  outside. .  (d) 

d  Anthers  3,  opening  crosswise,  inward Burmanniace^.  13G 

d  Anthers  3,  opening  lengthwise,  outward Iridace^.  142 

d  Anthers  6,  opening  inward Amartllidace^.  139 

e  Pistils  3—  00,  distinct,  forming  achenia  in  fruit Alismace.e.  134 

Pistils  3  only,  more  or  less  united.  .(<?) 

g  Leaves  verticillate,  in  1  or  2  whorls.    Stigmas  3 Trilliace^.  146 

g  Leaves  alternate.. (A) 

h  Stigmas  3.    Plants  with  dry  leaves,  often  epiphytes Bromeliace-E.  140 

h  Stigmas  united  into  1 Commelynace^.  151 

k  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted Roxburghiace.3E.  145 

k  Flowers  dioecious,  6-parted Smilacej3.  144 

m  Flowers  colored,  regular.    Stamens  6  (4  in  one  species) Liliace.e.  147 

m  Flowers  colored,  irregular  or  else  triandrous Pontederiace^.  14'J 

m  Flowers  greenish,  glume-like  or  scarious Juncace^.  150 

n  Leaves  rush-like.    Ovary  of  3  1-secded  carpels I     Melanthace  *:    148 

n  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  &c.    0\-ary  6  -  00  -  seeded . . .  )  '  •  -^i^i-anthage^.  148 

0  Petals  yellow,  small  but  showy.    Plant  acaulescent Xtridaceje.  152 

0  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Plant  acaulescent..  ..Eriocaulonaceje.  154 


G.    Cohort  7.    GRAMINOIDEzE,  or  GRASS-LIKE  ENDOGENS. 

T  Flowers  with  6  bracts  in  2  whorls  (sepals  and  petals).    Culms  solid Order  150 

^  Flower  with  a  single  bract  (glume).    Culm  solid,  sheaths  entire Cyperaoe^.  15  J 

^  Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).    Culm  hollow.  I  ^  icr 

Sheaths  split  on  one  side.    Ovary  1-seeded.    Styles  2  i ^R^MOfE^.  155 


H.    PROvrscE,  ACROGENS. 


S  Plants  with  well-developed  foliage.. (T) 

1  Leaves  few,  mostly  ample  and  from  subterranean  rhizomes.. (a) 


14  AN.\LYSIS  OF  THE  NATUKAL  OKDEKS. 

a  Fruit  borne  on  the  leaves  which  are  often  more  or  less  contracted. .  .Filicej.  159 
a  Fruit  borne  at  the  base  of  the  radical,  entire  or  lobed  leaves..  Marsileace^.  156 
t  Leaves  numerous,  small,  mostly  spirally  imbricated  on  the  stem.. (6) 

b  Fruit  axillary,  sessile,  opening  by  a  slit Lycopodiace^.  157 

b  Fruit  mostly  terminal  and  usually  stalked,  opening  by  a  lid Musci.* 

^  Leaves  numerous,  small,  imbricated  on  the  stem  in  2  rows.  I       Hepaticje  * 

I  Plants  with  the  leaves  and  stem  confounded,  thallus-like ' 

S  Plants  with  verticillate  branches  instead  of  leaves . .  (c) 

c  Fruit  in  terminal  spikes,  and  of  one  kind  only Eqihsetace^.  158 

c  Fruit  lateral,  scattered  on  the  branches,  and  of  two  kinds Characeje.* 


PR0^^NCE,  THALLOGENS 


Plants  aquatic,  with  a  colored  thallns.    Fruit  immersed  in  the  frond Algje.* 

Plants  on  dry  rocks,  logs,  or  bark  of  trees,  thalloid  or  granular Lichens.* 

Plants  growing  on  decaying  organisms.    Thallus  cotton-like,  the  frait  very  (      __-pxrsQ\.* 
different,  all  without  chlorophyll  or  starch '  " ' " 


These  Orders,  the  lower  CrTptogams,  are  omitted  in  this  work. 


PAET  FOURTH. 

DESCKIPTIVE    BOTANY,    OE    PHYTOLOGY, 


COMPRISnstG  A  TABULAR  FLORA 


THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 

(WITHIK    THE     LIMITS     STATED     IX     THE     PREFACE). 


Sub-Kingdom,  PH^NOGAMIA,  the  Flowering  Plants,  hav- 
ing stamens  and  pistils,  producing  seeds  with  an  embryo.  (For 
sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia,  see  page  360.) 

Province,   EXOGEN^,  the    Dicotyledonous  Plants.     Stems 
composed   of  bark,  wood,    and   pith,  exogenous   (§  405)   in 
growth.     Leaves  mostly  net-veined.     Flowers  5-pai'ted  or  4- 
parted,   rarely   in    3s.      Embryo   with    2    or  more    opposite 
cotyledons.     (Province  Endogenoe,  p.  316.) 
Class  I,  ANGIOSPERM^.     Pistils  complete,  with  stigma 
and  ovary,  the  latter  enclosing  the  ovules,  and  in  fruit  en- 
closing the  seeds.      Cotyledons  only  2.      ^  CI  ass  II,  Gym- 
nospermce,  p.  311.) 

Cohort  1,  DIALYPETAL^E,  the  Polypetalous  Exogens. 
Flowers  having  a  double  perianth,  both  calyx  and  corolla, 
the  latter  composed  of  distinct  petals.    (Cohort  2,  p.  144.) 

Order  I.    KANUNCULACE.E.    Crowfoots. 

Herhs  (or  woody  climbers)  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice.  Leaves  mostly 
divided,  exstipulate,  with  half-clasping  petioles.  Sepals  3-15,  greeu  or  peta- 
\o\(\.  Petals  3-15,  distinct,  sometimes  irregular  or  none.  Stamens  hypogy- 
nous,  indefinite.    Ovaries  many  or  few,  distinct,  1  —  00-ovuled.    Fruit  either 


16 


Ohder  1 .— liANUNCULACE.E. 


dry  aclieuia,  or  follicles,  or  baccate,  1  —  co-seeded.    Seeds  anati'opous,  em- 
bryo straight  in  homy  albumen. — Abounding  in  cool  regions. 
Illustrated  in  figs.  33,  39,  83,  84,  109, 127,  132, 159,  loo,  156,  212,  234,  etc. 


TRIBES    AXD    GEXERA. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud.     Achenia  tailed.     (Tribe  I.) 
Kf  Oiils  imbricated  iu  tlie  bud. — a  Ovaries  1-seeded,  aclicniate.    (2) 
— a  Ovaries  2 — 00  -seeded     (3) 
2  Corolla  0,  or  undistinguisliable  from  the  colored  calyx.     (Tribe  II.,  5) 
2  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  either  in  color  or  fonn.     (Tribe  III..  <-; 
.S  Sepals  as  permanent  as  the  stamens.     Fruit  follicular.     (Trihs  IV.,  d) 
3  Sepals  caducous  sooner  than  the  stamens.     (Tribe  V.,  r;) 
3  Sepals  persistent  with  the  follicular  fruit.     (Tribe  YI.) 
I.  CLEMATIDE^.— Petals  0,  or  stamen-like.    Leaves  all  opp'^^ite. 
II.  AXKMONE^E.    i  Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.     Stem-leaves  opposite. 
b  Sepals  deciduous  with  tlie  stamens.     Leaves  all  radical. 
b  Sepals  caducous. —Leaves  temately  compound. 

— Leaves  palmate,  simple.     Flowers  g  . 
III.  KAXUXCULE.B.    c  Sepals  not  appendacred.     Petals  red  or  yellow,  no  scale, 
c  Sep.ils  not  appendaged.     Petals  xanthic,  n  scale  at  base, 
f  Sepals  appeudaged.     Plant     small.     Leaves  radical. 
rV.  HELLEBORE.K.—d  Perianth  regular,  (e) 

e  Petals  0.     Sepals  white. 
<  Petals  0.     Sepals  C-9,  yellow. 
e  Petals  slender,  tubular  at  apex.     Roots  yellow. 
e  Petals  minute,  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped. 
e  Petals  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.     Sepals  persistent, 
e  Petals  small,  concave,  2-lobed.    Fls.  racemed.  Rt.  yel. 
e  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  3-lobed. 
e  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spur-like,  equal. 
—J  Perianth  irregular.  (/) 

/  Upper  sepal  spurred,  containing  two  spurred  petals. 
/Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  two  deformed  petals. 
v.  CIMICIFUOEvE.    g  Flowers  numerous,  in  long,  spicate  racemes. 

.9  Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.     Fruit  baccate. 
ff  Flower  1  only.     Plant  2-leaved.     Berry  compound. 
VI.  F.£0NI.fi. — Petals  plane,  large,  showy.    Disk  sboathing  the  follicles. 


Clematis. 

1 

Anemokk. 

2 

Hepatica. 

3 

Thalictrcm. 

4 

Trautvetieru.  5 

ADONia. 

6 

Kanukculcs. 

7 

Mrost;RU3. 

8 

ISOPTRUM. 

9 

Caltha. 

10 

COPTIS. 

11 

Trollius. 

12 

Helleeorus 

13 

Zantuoruiz.v. 

14 

XlGELLA. 

15 

Aquilegia. 

J6 

DELPniNIUU. 

17 

ACONITUM. 

13 

CiMlCIFUGA. 

19 

ACTXA. 

20 

Hydrastis. 

21 

1.  CLEMATIS,  L.  tirgin's  BOWER.  Calyx  ot  4  (4— 9  in  the  exotics) 
colored  sepals,  in  aestivation  valvate-induplicate.  Petals  0,  or  if  present, 
more  like  sterile  filaments.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals,  the  outer  or 
all  sometimes  sterile.  Ovaries  oo  in  a  head.  Achenia  caudate  with  the 
lengthened  plumous  or  pubescent  styles  U-  "^  Somewhat  woody,  climb- 
ing by  the  clasping  petioles.    Leaves  opposite.    Fig.  359. 

SUBGENERA    AND    SPECIES. 
5  Atragene.    Outer  stamens  petal-like.    Lvs.  verticillate.    Fls.  solitary.    Vine... No.  1 
§  Clematis  proper.    Petals  none.    Leaves  opposite. . .  (*) 

*  Erect  herbs.    Lvs.  simple.    Fls.  solitary,  large,  terminal,  nodding.    May.. Nos.  9-11 

*  Climbing.— a  Fls.  panicled,  white,  often  diclinous,  sepals  thin Nos.  2-^ 

—a  Fls.  solitary,  nodding,— 6  bell-shaped,  pale  bluish  purple..  .Nos.  5,  6 

— b  ovoid,  dark  purple Nos.  7.  8 

Exotic.—*  Flowers  in  clusters,  white.    Leaves  pinnate Nos.  1 2,  13 

♦  Flowers  single,  large.— a;  Leaves  simple.    Sepals  4 Nos.  14,  15 

—X  Leaves  compound.    Sepals  4,  open Nos.  16, 17 

— a;  Leaves  compound.    Sepals  6—9,  open. .  .Nos.  18, 19 


Ordeu  1.— RANANCULACE.E.  17 

1  C  vertlcillarls  DC.    Lvs.  iu  whorls  of  4,  each  teruate,  and  2  large  purple  fls.  at 

each  node.    Highland  woods,  Me.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Rky.  Mts.    15f.    May,  June.    Rare. 

2  C.  Virgiiiiana  L.    Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  ternate,  Ifts.  lobed  and  cut-dentate  ;  achenia  long, 

plumed,  in  feathery  tufts.    Thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Mo.    lof.    Aug.    t 

3  C.  Catesb yana  Ph.    Pubescent ;  Ivs.  biternate,  Ifts.  ovate,  mostly  3-lobed,  lobes  en- 

tire ;  acb.  short-plumed  ;  sop.  small,  linear-oblong.    Coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    12f.   July. 

4  C.  Iiolosericea  Ph.    Silky-pubescent ;  Ivs.  teruate,  Ifts.  lance-oblong,  entire  ;  fls.  in 

small  corymbous  clusters  ;  sep.  linear  ;  ach.  long-plumed.    Carolina.    Dioecious. 

5  C.  crispa  L.    Lvs.  ternate,  pinnate,  or  decompound,  Ifts.  varying  from  ovate  to  lan- 

ceolate, and  linear,  acute,  thin,  smooth  ;  ach.  tails  short,  piibcscent.    Va.  to  Ga.  and 
La.    Lfts.  3—15.    Fls.  elegant,  15"  long.    (C.  Walter!  Ph.,  C.  cyliudrica  Sims,  &c.) 

6  C.  reticulata  Walt.    Lvs.  ternate  or  pinnate,  lfts.  3— 7,  obtuse  at  each  end,  at  length 

rigid  and  prominently  veined,  often  lobed  ;  tails  eilkj'.    Fla.    Sep.  12—15"  long. 

7  C.  Viorna  L.    Leather-flower.    Lvs.  pinnate,  lfts.  ovate,  acute,  smooth;  sep. lance- 

ovate,  the  cuspidate  points  reflexed;  ach.  tails  long,  plumous.    Woods,  O.  to  Ga. 
10 — 15f.    Peduncles  with  a  pair  of  simple  leaves.    Summer.    Rare. 

8  C.  Pitcheri  T.  &  G.    Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  coriaceous,  roughened  with  the  net- 

ted veins;  sepals  lance-ovate  ;  ach.  tails  short,  pubescent.    Dl.,  Iowa,  to  Ark. 

9  C.  ocliroleuca  Ait.    Lvs.  silky-pubescent  beneath,  ovate,  entire;  sep.  silky,  yel- 

lowish within  ;  ach.  plumes  long,  straw-color,     li  Woods,  L.  I.  to  Ga.    Rare.    If. 
IOC  ovata  Ph.    Leaves  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  broad-ovate  ;  flower  on  a  short 

peduncle,  purple  ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed,    n  N.  Car.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.    Leaves  entire. 
lie.  Baldwinii  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  oblong  to  lance-linear,  the  lower  3-lobed  or  cleft ; 

flower  on  a  long  peduncle,  purplish.    ii  Fla.    1— 2f.    Plumous  tails  2'  long. 
12C.ERECTA.    Stem  3f,  weak,  inclining ;  lfts.  lance-ovate,    a;  Europe.    August. 

13  C.  Fl-^mmula.    Climbing  12— 20f ;  leaflets  oval  to  oblong-linear,  often  lobed,  acute, 
smooth  ;  clusters  terminal,  fragrant.    From  France.    August,  September. 

1 4  C.  iNTEGRiFOLiA.    Upright ;  lvs.  lance.,  entire,  smooth  ;  fls.  nodding,  blue.   Eur.  2f. 

15  C  ciRRHOSA.    Climbing;  lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  toothed;  fls.  fragrant,  white.   Eur. 
1  6  C.  YiTicELLA.  Lfts.  3—15,  ovate  or  oval,  entire  ;  sep.  obovate,  purp.,  15".  Eur.  Sum. 

17  C  GRAVEOLENS.    Lfts.  3— 5,  lauccolatc,  acutc  ;  scp.  oblanccolatc,  ylw.,  9".    Tliibet. 

18  C  fl6rida.    Lvs.  ternate  and  bitem. ;  Sep.  ovate,  pointed,  wh.  or  purplish.    Japan. 

^.  SiEBOLDTii.    Fls.  4'  broad,  creamy-white  and  purple,  double.    Splendid. 

1 9  C.  C(ERui.EA.    Lvs.  ternate,  hairy  ;  fls.  very  large ;  sep.  lance-ovate,  blue,  &c.  Japan. 

^.  AZDREA-GRANDirLORA.    Flowcrs  5—7'  broad,  azure,  or  lilac-blue.    July. 

2.  ANEMONE,  L.  Wind-flower.  Involucre  remote  from  the 
flower,  of  3  divided  leaves,  calyx  regular,  of  3—15  colored  sepals.  Corolla 
0.  Ovaries  Co,  free,  collected  iato  a  roundish  or  oblong  head.  Achenia 
with  a  short,  rarely  a  lengthened  beak.  Seeds  suspended.  11  Lvs.  radi- 
cal. Stem  leaves  2  or  3,  opposite,  forming  the  involucre.  Figs.  IIG,  176. 
§  PuLSATfLLA.  Carpelsmany  (50— 75),  with  long  plumous  tails.  One  large  flower..  No.  1 
§  Anemonanthea.    Carpels  hairy,  but  neither  tailed  nor  grooved.,  .(a) 

a  Pistils  many  (50—70)  in  a  head,  densely  matted  with  wool  in  fruit. . .  (6) 

a  Pistils  fewer  (15—20)  in  ahead,  merely  pubescent  in  fruit Nos.  2,  3 

h  Stem  leaves  (involucre)  sessile,  with  a  single  flower Nos.  4—6    ■ 

h  Stem  leaves  (involucre)  petiolate,  with  2  or  3  flowers Nos.  7—9 

S  Stndesmon.    Carpels  few,  not  caudate,  glabrous  and  grooved No.  10 

Exotic,  cultivated  species Nos.  11—13 

1  A.  patens  L.    p.  JVuttalliaua,    Pasque-flower.    Clothed  with  long  silky  hairs; 

lvs.  many-cleft,  with  linear  segments,  developed  after  the  large  spreading  pale-purple 
flower.    Dry  hills.  111.,  Wise,  to  Dak.  (Matthews).    1'— If.    Sepals  5  or  0,  1'.    April. 

2  A.  nemorosa  L.    Smooth,  1-flowered ;  leaves  of  the  invol.  3,  petiolate,  3-5-parted./!/*^ 

Begm.  cleft  and  lobed.    Copses,  com.,  6—9'.    PI.  white,  purple  outside.    April,  May.      fJL 


18  Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

3  A.  Pennaylvanica  L.    Hairy,  1-,  finally  2-  or  3-flowered  ;  leaves  of  the  invol.  ses- 

sile, large,  veiny,  3-parted,  acnminate-lobed  and  toothed.    Prairies,  Can.  to  Penn., 
W.  to  the  Miss.    12—20'.    Flowers  pure  %Yhite.    June— August. 

4  A.  Carolfnlana  Walt.    Lvs.  3-parted  into  cuneate-linear,  twine  trifld  segm. ;  in 

volucre  similarly  cleft  half-way ;  sepals  obtuse,  15—20 ;  carpels  in  an  oblong  head. 
Car.  to  111.,  and  Nebr.    6—10'.    Flower  white-purple,  pretty,  fragrant.    April,  May. 

5  A.  lieteropliylla  Nutt.   Lvs.  of  roundish-oval,  creuate  segments,  invol.  linear-cleft 

to  the  base  ;  sepals  acute,  5—13  ;  carpels  in  a  cylindrical  head.    Ga.  to  La.  and  Ark. 
S— 16'.    Flower  white-green,  scentless.    March,  April. — Varies  toward  No.  4. 

6  A.  parviflora  Ms.    Leaves  of  involucre  2,  3-cleft,  segments  cuneiform,  3-cleft,  cre- 

nate-lobed  ;  sepals  5  or  6  ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head.   L.  Sup.,  and  N.   3—12'.  White. 

7  A.  multifida  DC.    Bed  Anemone.    Involucre  short-petioled ;  lateral  peduncles  in- 

volucellate  ;  head  of  carpels  oval.    N.  Vt.  to  L.  Sup.    Rare.    Red-white.    If.    June. 

8  A.  Virginian  a  L.    Invol.  lougpetioled ;  lateral  ped.  involucellate  ;  head  of  carp. 

oblong.    Can.  to  Car.    2— 3f    Fls.  white-green,  on  long  stalks.    Sepals  5.    Jn. — Aug. 

9  A.  cylindrlca  Gray.     Invol.  long-petioled ;  peduncles  all  naked,  long;  head  of 

carpels  cylindrical.   N.  H.,  Mass.,  to  Iowa.    Silky  pubescent.   2f.   White-green.   May. 

10  A.  thallctroides  L.  Biie  Anemone.  Glabrous,  slender;  invol.  of  2  sessile  bi- 
ternate  (apparently  of  G-petioled  ternate)  lvs.,  Ifts.  3-lobed  ;  fls.  umbelled  ;  sep.  5 — 10. 
Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,W.  to  Iowa.  6-10'.  Root  tuberous.  Fls.  white-pm-p.,  1'.  Apr.,  May. 

11  A.  coronIria.    iiVS.  multifid,  segm.  linear;  sep.  C,  roundish,  close.    Levant.    May. 

12  A.  HOKTENSis.  Lvs.  3-parted,  with  cuneate  cut-dentate  lobes;  invol.  sessile;  sep. 
10—12,  oblong.    Italy.    Varieties  are  double,  semidouble,  red,  white,  blue,  &c.  May. 

ISA.  Jap6nica.  Lvs.  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  broadly  3-5-lobed ;  fls.  many,  18" 
broad,  white  and  red  ;  sepals  in  2  rows,  roundish,  widely  spreading.    Autumn. 

3.  HEPATIOA,  Dill.  Liverleaf.  Liverwort.  Invol.  of  3  entire, 
ovate,  obtuse  bracts,  resembling  a  calyx,  situated  a  little  below  the  flower. 
Calyx  of  5—9  petaloid  sepals,  disposed  in  2  or  3  rows.  Cor.  0.  Achenia 
awnless.  U  Lvs.  all  radical,  cordate,  3-lobed,  thick,  evergreen.  Flowers 
single,  on  hair}'  scapes,  appearing  in  early  Spring  before  the  new  leaves. 
Figs.  333,  431.     Cultivated  as  a  border  flower. 

1  H.  triloba  Chaix.    Eound-lobed  L.    Lvs.  with  3  round-obtuse  lobes  ;  bracts  of  the//, 

invol.  obtuse.    Woods,  N.  Eng.    Scapes  and  leaf-stalks  3—4'.    Fls.  blue,  varying  to 
white,  neat  and  elegant,  becoming  double  in  cultivation. 

2  H.  acutiloba  DC.    Acute-leaved  L.    Lvs.  with  3  acute  lobes,  bracts  of  the  invol. 

acute.    Borders  of  woods,  Vt.  to  Wis.    4—5'.    Flowers  violet-blue  to  rose-purple. 

4.  THALIOTRUM,  Tourn.  IVIeadow  Rue.  Calyx  colored,  of  4—5 
concave,  caducous  sepals.  Petals  0.  Filam.  dilated  upward,  longer  than 
the  sepals.  Ov.  4 — 15.  Ach.  stiped  or  sessile,  ribbed  or  inflated,  short- 
beaked,  y  Lvs.  ternately  compounded,  with  stalked  leaflets.  Lfts.  3-7- 
lobed.    Flowers  paniculate,  often  diclinous,  of  no  beauty. 

*  Flowers  dioecious,  in  loose  panicles.    Styles  slender.    Achenia  sessile  or  nearly  so, 

ovoid,  conspicuously  angled  and  grooved Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Fls.  perfect,  few  in  the  corymbed  clusters.  Sty.  short.  Ach.  long-stipitate No.  4 

1  T.  dioicum  L.    Slender,  glaucous,  glabrous  (1— 2f ) ;  leaves  all  petiolate  (with  the 

general  petiole) ;  fls.  in  slender  panicles,  purplish  or  greenish;  fil.  capillary,  droop- 
ing, achenia  about  8.    Hilly  woods  :  common.    Leaflets  thin,  5-7-lobed.    April,  May. 

2  T.  cornuti  L.    Stouter,  tall  (3 — 4f),  smoolhish ;  stem  leaves  sessile  (no  common 

petiole) ;  lfts.  thickish,  veiny,  with  acutish  lobes  ;  anthers  on  white  erect  filaments  • 
achenia  about  12,  substipitate.    Meadows.    Leaflets  3-lobed.    July,  August, 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^.  19 

3  T.  purpurascens  L.    Stem  tall  (3— ef!),  purple;  stem  leaves  sessile,  or  nearly  so, 

Ifts.  thick  and  firm,  with  rolled  edges,  pale  and  often  glandular-downy  beneath  ;  anth. 
linear,  drooping ;  achenia  sessile,  as  long  as  their  stigmas.   Hilly  woods.  June,  July. 

4  T.  elavatuiii  DC.    Slender  (l-2f) ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  biternate.  Ifts.  obtusely  lobed ; 

ach.  curved,  5—10,  short-pointed,  long-stiped.    Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ala.    White.    July. 

5.  TRAUTVETTERIA,  Fiscli.  &  Meyer.  Sep.  4  or  5,  colored,  cadu- 
cous. Pet.  0.  Filam.  pctaloid.  Ach.  lo — 20  iii  a  head,  membranous,  in- 
flated, anguhir,  tipped  with  the  short  hooked  style.  U  Leaves  palinately 
lobed,  alternate.    Flowers  corymbous,  white. 

T.  palniata  F.  &  M.— Prairies  and  woods.    Can.  to  Va.,  W.  to  the  Cascade  Mts. ! 
3— 5f.    Radical  Ivs.  large,  5-9-lobcd  ;  stem  Ivs.  few  ;  corymb  terminal.    July,  August. 

6.  ADONIS,  L.  Fiieasant's-eye.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5 — 15,  the  claw 
naked  (no  scale).  Achenia  spiked  ou  the  torus,  ovate,  pointed  with  the 
persistent  style.    Herbs  with  dissected  leaves,  and  bright,  showy  flowers. 

1  A.  VERNALis.    FIs.  cup-shaped,  yellow,  of  10— li  oblong  petals.    ilBar.    6—10'.   May. 

2  A.  AUTUMNALis.    Fls.  globular,  red,  of  5 — S  concave  petals,    (i)  Eur.    If.    Aug.,  Sept. 

7.  RANUNCULUS,  L.  Crowfoot.  Buttercups.  Sepals  5,  ovate. 
Pet.  0 — 10,  roundish,  sliining,  each  with  a  honey-scale  (Fig.  39)  or  pore  at 
the  base  inside.  Ach.  flattened,  pointed,  crowded  in  a  head.  U  @  Leaves 
alternate.  Flowers  generally  yellow.  Figs.  39,  83,  84,  109,  118,  159,  212, 
234,  415,  416. 

§  Batrachium.   Petals  white,  with  a  yellow,  naked  honey-pore  on  the  claw.  Seeds  (ache- 
nia) transversely  wrinkled.    Leaves  multifid,  in  water No.  1 

§  Ranu-xcclus.    Petals  (yellow)  with  a  honey-scale  on  the  claw  of  each. .  .(*) 

*  Achenia  rough  with  points  or  prickles.    Leaves  palmate-parted.  ® Nos.  18, 19 

*  Achenia  smooth, — x  numerous,  in  an  oblong  head.    Wet  places Nos.  T — 9 

^x  man}',  in  a  rounded  head. .  .(a) 

a  Leaves  many-cleft,  in  thread-like  segments,  under  water No.  3 

a  Leaves  all  undivided,  entire  or  toothed.    Li  wet  places Nos.  3 — 0 

a  Lvs.,  at  least  the  lowest  ones,  undivided,  merely  lobed  or  crenate..  .Nos.  10 — 12 

a  Leaves  all  deeply  divided,  the  lower— y  pinnately  with  stalked  Ifts .  .Nos.  13—15 

■—y  palmately  with  sessile  Ifts. .  .Nos.  16,  17 

Exotic,  cultivated Nos.  20,  21 

1  R.  aqiiatilis  L.   )3.  trichophyUus  Chaix.     White  Water-C.    Leaves  all  filiformly 

dissected  and  submersed.    ^  In  slow  streams.    July,  Aug.    (R.  divaricatus  Schrank.) 
y.  heterophfiUug  DC.    Upper  leaves  floating,  3-5-lobcd.    Near  Boston  (Bigelow, 
now  lost).    In  Idaho  (Walker).    Submersed  leaves  as  in  /3. 

2  R.  miiltifldus  Ph.     Yellow  Water-C.    Floating  or  creeping:  some  of  the  leaves 

cmei-sed,  reniform,  3-5-parted,  and  cleft.    Sepals  reflexed ;  carpels  with  a  straight 
beak,  heads  globous.    Ponds  and  muddy  shores,  1— 2— 3f.    Petals  5—8.    May,  June. 

3  R.  Flaniniula  L.    Spearwort.    Stem  erect  from  an  ascending  base  ;  lvs.  all  lance- 

shaped,  on  sheathing  petioles  ;  ach.  roundish,  twice  longer  than  its  beak.    Can.  to 
Car.,  W.  toOreg.    8—16'.    Lvs.  3— 6'.    Fls.  showy.    Sum.    (R.  alismnsfolius  Geyer.) 

4  R.  reptans  L.    Stem  creeping,  geniculate,  rooting,  filiform  ;  nodes  1-flowered  ;  Ivs. 

linear  or  oblong ;  pet.  5—10,  bright.    N.  Eng.  to  Oreg.    Delicate.    Fls.  4".  Lvs.  1'.  Jl. 

5  R.  piisillus  Poir.    Erect ;  lvs.  all  petiolate,  lower  ovate,  upper  lance-linear;  pet, 

3  (1—5)  short ;  stam.  8—10  :  carp,  scarcely  pointed.  N.  Y.  to  Ga..  and  La.  6—12'.  May 

6  R.  oblongifolius  Ell.    Erect,  difi'use  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate  and  lanceolate,  allstalkc.'d 

pet.  5,  stam.  20  ;  carp,  pointless.    111.  to  Tex.    June.    Sf.    (R.  Texensis  Eng.) 


20  Okdek  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

T  K.  Cyiiibalaria  Ph.  St.  filiform,  creeping,  rooting ;  Ivs.  reniform-cordate,  crcnate- 
dentate  above ;  scapes  l-5-flo\vered  (2—6') ;  pstals  .5—8,  oval ;  carpels  istriate,  beak 
short,  uncinate.    Brackish  shores,  N.  J.  to  Dak.  (Matthews).    June. 

8  K.  .sccleratiis  Ph.    Erect,  smooth;  root  Ivs.  3-lobed.  lower  stem  Ivs.  3-parted  and 

cut-creuate  ;  flji.  small ;  carp,  pointless.    Wet.    Can.  to  Ga.    If.   Head  3".   Jn.— Aug. 

9  R.Feiinsylvanicns  L.    Very  hirsute  ;  leaves  ternatc,  Ifts.  subpetiolate,  deeply  .3- 

lobcd  and  cut ;  sep.  reflesed,  longer  than  the  5  pet. ;  carp,  beaked.  Wet.  2f.  Jn.-Aug. 

10  K.  abortivus  L.  Very  smooth;  root  Ivs.  roundish  cordate,  crenate,  petiolate ; 
upper  leaves  in  3  linear  segments  ;  sepals  reflexed,  longer  than  the  very  shoi-l  petals. 
Woods :  common.    8—16'.    Flowers  very  small.    Pretty.    May,  June. 

11  K.  recurvatus  Poir.  Hirsute  with  thin  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  all  similarly  3- 
partcd,  lobes  incised ;  sepals  recurved,  longer  than  the  petals  ;  carpels  with  a  hooked 
beak.    Woods.    If.    Pale  green.    Flowers  small.    May— July. 

12  R.  rhomboideus  Goldie.  Hairy,  much  branched  ;  root  Ivs.  rhomboid-ovate,  cre- 
nate-dentate,  long-stalked  ;  sep.  spreading,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  achenia  smooth, 
with  a  very  short  beak.    Prairies,  111.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  Can.    6—10'.    May. 

13  R.  fascicularis  Muhl.  Early  C.  Erect;  root  a  fascicle  of  fleshy  fibres  ;  root 
leaves  appearing  pinnate  ;  peduncles  terete ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  beak  slender. 
Rocky  hills.    5—10'.    Hairs  silky.    Flowers  1'  broad.    April,  May. 

1 4  R.  repcii."*  L.  Root  fibrous  ;  later  stems  creeping,  long  ;  root  leaves  ternate,  with 
stalked  leaflets;  pedicels  furrowed;  carpels  broadly  margined  and  stout-beaked. 
Moist  shades.    1 — 3f.    Flowers  showy.    Hairy  or  smooth.    Very  variable. 

1  5  R.  bulbosus  L.  Hairy  ;  stem  erect,  bulbous  at  the  base  ;  root  leaves  ternate,  seg- 
ments petiolate,  incised  ;  ped.  furrowed  ;  sepals  reflexed.  Fields,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  If. 
May,  Jn.   The  cup-shaped  flower,  golden-yellow,  is  larger  and  handsomer  than  No.  17. 

1  6  R.  palmatiis  Ell.  Erect ;  leaves  3-5-cleft,  with  the  sinus  at  the  base  closed,  seg- 
ments all  sessile,  cut-dentate,  or  lobed ;  carpels  margined  and  straight-beaked.  Pine 
woods,  Car.  to  Fla.    If— 18'.    Pubescent.    Flowers  small  (T").    April,  May. 

1 7  R.  acris  L.  Buttercups.  Erect ;  leaves  deeply  trifld,  the  base  segments  divari- 
cate, all  laciniate  and  sessile  ;  pedicels  terete  ;  carpels  with  a  short  recurved  beak. 
Common  in  N.  Eng.  and  Can.    Hairy.    2f.    Flowers  large,  1'  broad.    June— Sept. 

15  R.  niiiricatus  L.  Glabrous;  carpels  aculeate,  strongly  margined,  ending  in  a 
stout  recurved  beak.    Va.  to  La.,  also  in  Cal.    If.    Leaves  lobed  and  toothed. 

19  R.  parviflorus  L.  Villous;  carpels  rounded,  granulated,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  beak.    Va.  to  La.    6 — 12'.    Flowers  small.    March,  April. 

20  R.  AsiAticus.  Garden,  Ranunculus.  Erect;  leaves  ternate  or  biternate,  segments 
incised  or  lobed  ;  head  of  carpels  cylindric.  Levant.  If.  Flowers  variegated  end- 
lessly, of  every  form  and  hue.    Not  hardy. 

21  R.  AcoNiTiFoLius.  Branching  and  many-flowcred  ;  leaves  palmately  3-7-parted  and 
cut-toothed,  the  upper  sessile,  with  lance-linear  lobes  ;  calyx  appressed  ;  petals  pure 
white.    From  Europe.    A  fine  old  border  flower,  deep  green,  the  flowers  often  double. 

8.  MYOSURUS,  Dill.  Mouse-tail.  Sep.  5,  produced  downward  at 
base  below  their  iusertion.  Petals  5,  with  slender,  tubular  claws.  Sta- 
mens 5 — 20.  Achenia  spicate  on  the  spindle-shaped  torus.  ®  Leaves 
linear,  entire,  radical.     Scapes  1-flowered.    Fig.  133. 

M.  minimus  L.  Low  grounds.  111.  to  La.,  W.  to  Oreg. !  A  curious  iittle  plant,  re- 
markable for  its  tall  torus,  covered  with  numerous  blunt  carpels.    Pet.  yellow.    Apr. 

9.  ISOPYRUM,  L.  False  Rue  Anemone.  Sep.  4,  petaloid,  decidu- 
ous. Pet.  5,  small,  tubular,  sometimes  0.  Follicles  3  or  more,  subscssiio, 
pointed  with  the  style,  with  2  or  more  seeds.  Delicate  herbs.  Leaves  ter- 
nately  compound,  Ifts.  2-3-lobed.    Flowers  pedunculate,  white.    Fig.  33. 


Okder  1.— RANUNCULACE.E.  21 

I.  blternatum  T.  &  G.  Glabrous,  erect ;  stems  clustered ;  pet.  0 ;  follicles  3—6, 
strougly  veined,  2-seeded.    if.  Damp  shades,  O.  to  Ark.    4 — 10'.    May.    Very  pretty. 

10.  CALTHA,  L.  Cowslip.  Marsh  Marigold.  Sepals  5 — 9,  peta- 
loid.  Petals  0.  Follicles  5 — 10,  oblong,  poiutless,  spreading,  oo-seeded. 
U  Very  glabrous,  aquatic. 

C  palustrls  L.  Stem  hollow,  thick;  leaves  thickish,  large,  orbicular  or  reniform, 
crenate  or  entire  ;  flowers  yellow.    Wet  meadows.    If.    Flowers  18"  broad.    May. 

11.  COPTIS,  Salisb.  Gold-thread.  Sepals  5—7,  oblong,  concave, 
colored,  deciduous.  Petals  5 — 7,  clavate,  tubular  at  apex.  Follicles  5 — 10, 
stipitate,  rostrate,  divergent,  4^6-seeded.  If  Low,  smooth,  with  radical 
leaves  and  flowers  on  a  scape. 

C.  trifolla  Salisb.  Leaves  3-foliate,  leaflets  sessile  ;  scapes  l-flowered  ;  pet.  small  and 
stamen-like  ;  rhizome  thread-like,  of  a  golden  yellow.  Penn.  to  Can.  3—4'.  Flow- 
ers white,  the  small  yellow  petals  inconspicuous.    Root  bitter,  tonic. 

12.  TROL.LIUS,  L.  Globe-flower.  Sep.  5—15,  petaloid.  Pet.  5—25, 
small  and  inconspicuous,  linear,  tubular  at  base.  Stam.  and  pistils  (x> ; 
follicles  GO-scedcd.     Zf  Smooth,  with  palraately-parted  leaves. 

1  T.  laxus  Salisb.    Sepals  5,  rounded,  spreading ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens, 

orangc-colorcd.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Del.    Rare.    If.    Flowers  18"  broad ; 
sepals  yellow,  greenish  outside.    Pods  about  10.    June. 

2  T.  EuROPvEUs.    Sepals  1.5,  incurved,  concave  ;  petals  5—10,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

From  Europe.    2f.    Yellow.    June,  July.    Hardy,  and  very  ornamental. 

3  T.  AsiATicus.    Sepals  10,  partly  open  ;  petals  10,  longer  than  the  stamens.    From 

Asia.    2f,  with  ample  foliage  and  orange-red  flowers,  varying  to  yellow.    June,  July. 

13.  HELLEBORUS,  L.  Hellebore.  Sepals  5,  mostly  greenish, 
persistent.  Petals  8—10,  very  short,  tubular,  2-lipped.  Stigmas  3—10, 
orbicular.  Follicles  oo-seeded.  if  Leaves  coriaceous,  paluiatcly  or 
pedately  divided.     Flowers  large,  nodding.    Fig.  494. 

1  H.  Tirldis  L.    Glabrous ;  rt.  Ivs.  pedate,  cauliue  palmate,  sessile  ;  fls.  often  in  pairs  ; 

sepals  round-ovate,  acute,  pale  yellowish-green,  spreading  1'.    From  Eur.    If.    §  Apr. 

2  H.  NIGER.    Christmas  Rose.    Root  Ivs.  pedate ;  scape  naked,  bracted,  1-  or  2-flowercd  ; 

fls.  2'  broad,  white,  pink,  and  finally  green.    In  England,  it  flowers  about  Christmas. 
If.    Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  and  shining.    March,  April. 

14.  ZANTHORHIZA,  L.  Yellow-root.  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5,  of  2  round- 
ish lobes  raised  on  a  claw.  Stam.  and  pistils  5—10.  Ova.  2-  or  3-ovuled, 
follicles  mostly  1-seeded,  seed  suspended.  5  Roots  and  bark  yellow  and 
bitter.    Leaves  pinnate.    Racemes  axillary.    Flowers  dark  purple. 

Z.  apiifolia  L'Her.— River  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Lvs.  clustered  at  top  of  the  short, 
thick  stem  ;  leaflets  5,  sessile,  incised  ;  racemes  compound.    Fls.  3"  broad.    Apr. 

15.  NIGELLA,  L.  Fennel-flower.  Sep.  5,  petaloid.  Pet.  5,  3-cleft. 
Pistils  5,  becoming  as  many  follicles  which  are  distinct  or  united.  @  Lvs. 
1-2-pinnately  divided  into  linear-subulate  segments.    Fig.  343. 

1  N.  Damascena.    Fagged  Lady.    Flowers  in  a  leafy  involucre  ;  carpels  united  into  a 

roundish,  tumid  capsule.    From  Spain.    2f.    Flowers  light  blue.    June— Aug. 

2  N.  SATivA.    Nutmeg-flower.    Hairy ;  flowers  not  involucrate  ;  carpels  distinct.    Egypt. 


22  Order  1.-RANUNCULACE^. 

16.  AQUILEGIA,  L.  Columbine.  SepalsS,  equal,  ovate,  spreading, 
colored.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  lioru-shaped,  attached  by  the  margin  of  the 
dilated  mouth,  produced  to  a  honey  spur  behind.  Pistils  5,  follicles  5, 
many-seeded.  U  Leaves  bi-triternate,  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large  and 
handsome,  nodding.    April— June.    Figs.  127,  155,  156. 

*  Flowers  scarlet,  red,  and  orange-colored.    Spurs  of  the  petals  straiglit — Nos.  1—3 

*  Flowers  blue  and  white.    Spurs  straight  in  No.  4, incurved  iu Nos.  5—7 

1  A.  Canadensis  L.   Vei-y  smooth,  l—2f;  Ifts.  3— 9,  round-wedge-forra  ;  fls.  nodding, 

yellow  within  ;  stamens  and  styles  )'ellow,  exsertcd.    Rocky  woods,  and  cultivated. 

2  A.  Skinneri.    Like  No.  1,  but  with  larger  lis.,  the  spurs  and  scp.  greenish.    Mexico. 

3  A.  FORMOSA.    Sepals  and  spurs  much  longer  than  the  petals  ;  sta.  included.    Kamt. 

4  A.  cosRiiLEA.    Like  No.  3,  but  the  fls.  all  larger,  blue  and  white,  SJ'long.    E.  Mts. 

•5  A.  VULGARIS.    Common  C.    Spurs  little  longer  than  the  limb;  stam.  scarcely  exscrted. 

Europe.— Varies  to  purple,  and  white  ;  also  with  double  flowers,— spur  within  spur. 
G  A.  SiBiRiCA.    Stem  smooth,  nearly  naked,  few-flwd.,  Hf;  spur  some  longer  than  the 

white-tipped  limb  ;  sepals  very  obtuse,  violot.    Very  fine  and  choice  like  the  next. 

7  A.  OLANDULOSA.    GlanduUir-hairy  above  ;  steins  bracted,  1-2-flwd.,  If;  spurs  half  as 

long  as  the  snow-white  limb  ;  sepals  sky-blue,  acute,  1'  long.    From  Siberia. 

17.  DELPHINIUM,  L.  Larkspur.  Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  5, 
colored,  the  upper  one  spurred  behind.  Petals  4,  very  unequal,  the  two 
upper  spurred  and  enclosed  in  the  spurred  sepal.  Styles  and  follicles  1 — 5. 
Handsome  herbs,  with  palmately-divided  leaves.  Flowers  of  the  cyanic 
series,  never  yellow.    Figs.  26,  87,  88,  126. 

§  CoNSoLiDA.    Petals  united  into  one  piece.    Style  and  follicle  1.    ® Nos.  4,  5 

§  Delphinastrum.  Pet.  4,  distinct.  Pistils  and  follicles  2— 5,  mostly  3.   7i.,.(a) 

a  Species  indigenous,  Penn.,  South  and  West,  often  cultivated Nos.  1—3 

a  Species  exotic,  cultivated,  natives  of  Siberia  and  California Nos.  d—'.) 

1  I>.  tricorne  Mx.    Low  ((1—12');   leaf-lobes  linear;  raceme  few-flwd.,  loose:  spur 

ascending,  straight ;  pods  recurved.    Uplands.    Fls.  C— 12,  blue,  white.    April,  May. 

Xj  ^»a>.  azureuni  Mx.    Erect  (l—2f) ;  leaf-lobes  all  narrow-linear  ;  raceme  strict;  spur, 

nh4,        ascending;  pods  erect.    Wis.  to  Ark.    Flowers  GO,  azure,  or  light  blue.    May,  June. ' 

•3  D.  exaltatum  L.    Tall  (2-4f ) ;  leaf-lobes  wedge-lanceolate ;  rac.  strict,  QO-flow- 

ered :  spur  straight ;  pods  erect.    Mich,  to  Car.    Rac.  panicled  ;  fls.  purp.-blue.    July. 

4  D.  Coiisolida  L.    Field  L.    Branching;  Ivs.  finely  cut ;  fls.  loosely  racemed,  scat- 

tered ;  pod  smooth.    Fields,  gardens.    3— 4f.    Fls.  blue,  variable.  Aug.,  Sept.    §  Eur. 

5  I>.  Ajacis.    Jiocket  L.    Subsimple ;  leaves  finely  cut ;  flowers  many,  in  crowded  ra- 

cemes ;  pod  pubescent.    Alps.    1— 2f.    Flcuwers  pink,  rose,  white,  often  double. 

6  I>.  ELATUM.    Bee  L.    Pubescent,  tall  (5— Of) ;  leaf-segments  5,  cuneate,  cut-trifid  ;  rac. 

long;  spur  curved  downward  ;  petals  hairy,  resembUng  a  bee  inside  the  flower.  Blue. 
1  D.  GRANDIFLORUM.    Lvs.  5-~-parted,  segm.  3-cleft,  linear,  distant ;  petals  shorter  than 
the  calyx.    Stem  2f.    Flowers  large,  dark  or  purplish  blue,  often  double. 

8  D.  CHiLANTHUM.    Lcaf-lobcs  3  Or  5,  oblong,  acumlnatc  ;  pods  pubescent;  sep.  shorter 

than  the  calyx;  spur  decurved.    Siberia.    2f.    Dark  blue.— Var.  formosum  is  very 
beautiful,  blooming  from  July  to  Nov.,  the  large  flowers  light  blue,  white  at  centre. 

9  I>.  CARDiNALE.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  3-parted,  segm.  cleft  into  long  acute  lobes  ;  fls.  scarlet, 

large  ;  spur  longer  than  the  sepals.    California.    1 — 2f.    Splendid,  but  not  hardy. 

18.  ACONITUM,  Tourn.  Wolfbane.  Monk's-hood.  Sep.  5,  irreg- 
ular, colored,  upper  one  (helmet)  vaulted.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  minute  or 
0),  spurred  at  apex,  on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  helmet.  Sty.  and 
pods  3 — 5.    y  Lvs.  palmate.  Fls.  racer)ied  or  panicled.   Poisonous.   Fig.  29. 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACEiE.  23 

1  A.  nncinatuniL.    Erect,  weak  (2f) ;  leaf-divisions  rhomb-lanceolate,  cut-dcutate ; 

helmet  obtusel}^  conical,  erect,  short-beaked  in  front ;  flowers  blue.    Mts.,  N.Y.  to  Ga. 

Leaves  thick.  4—5'  wide.    Branches  divergent.    Panicle  loose.    June,  July. 
'Z  A.  recllnatum  Gray.  Trailing  (3— 7f  i :  leaf-divisions  wedge-shaped,  cut  or  lobed ; 

helmet  elongated-conical,  with  a  straight  beak  ;  flowers  white.    Mountains,  Ya. 

3  A.  Napellus.     Common  Monk's-hood,  or  Aconite.    Smooth  and  rigidly  erect,  3f;  Ivs. 

5-parted,  and  cut  into  broad-linear  segm.  channelled  above  ;  fls.  densely  racemed,  dark 
blue  (or  white  in  (3.  album),  the  hood  broader  than  high.   From  Europe.    Summer. 

4  A.  Anthora.    Erect  (1— af ) ;  Ivs.  multifld  with  narrowly  linear  segm. ;  fls.  pauicled, 

large  (as  in  the  others)',  purple  with  yellow  ;  hood  rather  high-crowned.    Europe. 

5  A.  Japonicum.    Smoothish,  veiny,  3— 5f ;  fls.  deep  blue,  in  panicled  spikes  ;  hood  or 

helmet  very  high-crowned  and  inflated,  with  a  thickened  inflcxed  spur.    Japan. 

6  A.  vakiegatum.    Erect  (3— 4f),  very  smooth  ;  leaves  with  rhomb-ovate  divisions  ;  fls. 

loosely  panicled,  blue,  edged  with  white  ;  helmet  crown  high,  curved  forward.    Jn.  + 

19.  CIMIOIFUGA,  L.  Bugbaxe.  Sepals  4  or  5,  caducous.  Petals 
stamen-like,  1 — 8,  clawed,  2-liorned  at  apex  ;  follicles  1 — 8,  dry,  dehiscent. 
Leaves  teruately  decompound.     Flowers  white,  in  long  racemes. 

§  ^Iacrotis.    Pistil  1,  with  a  broad  stigma  and  seeds  in  two  rows N^o.  1 

§  CiMiciFUG A.    Pistils  .3— S,  with  a  minute  stigma,  seeds  in  one  row Nos.  2,  3 

1  C.  raceniosa  Ell.    Black  Snakeroot.   Tall  (5— Sf) ;  rac.  very  long  (1— 3f ),  plume-like 

with  its  innumerable  white  stamens.    Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    Fetid.    July. 

2  C.  Americana  Mx.    Leaves  triternate,  thin  ;  racemes  slender,  panicled ;  ovaries 

mostly  5,  pods  obovate,  stiped.    Mountains,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.    .3 — If.    Aug.,  Sept. 

3  C.  cordllolia  Ph.    Leaves  biternate,  thick ;  racemes  panicled,  slender ;  ovaries  2 

or  3 ;  pods  oblong,  sessile.    Mountains,  N.  Car.    3 — Jf.    Sept. 

20.  ACT.ff3A,  L.  Bakeberry.  Sep.  4  or  5,  caducous.  Pet.  4—8,  spatu- 
late,  long-clawed.  Fil.  slender.  Ov.  1,  with  a  sessile,  2-lobed  stigma.  Berry 
globous,  with  a  lateral  furrow,  1-celled,  oo-seeded.  it  Lvs.  ternately  divi- 
ded. I.fts.  ovate,  cut-lobcd  and  toothed.  Fls.  white,  in  a  short  raceme. 
A.  spicata  L.  p.  rubra  Ms.  Raceme  hemispherical ;  petals  acute ;  pedicels  slen- 
der;  berries  red,  ovoid-oblong.  'Woods,  Can.  to  Penn.,  audW.  li — 2f.  Lvs.  ample. 
Raceme  as  broad  as  long.    May.    These  plants  are  often  described  as  species. 

y.  alba  Mx.  Raceme  oblong  ;  petals  truncate  ;  berries  white,  on  thick  stalks.  Can. 
to  Ga.  Common.  White  berries  sometimes  occur  with  slender  pedict-ls,  and 
vice  versa.    Foliage  exactly  as  in  /3.    Yar.  a.  is  European. 

21.  HYDRASTIS,  L.  Turmeric-root.  Sepals  3,  petaloid,  caducous. 
Pet.  0.  Ovaries  12  or  more,  becoming  a  baccate  fruit,  resembling  a  rasp- 
berry ;  aciues  1-  or  2-seeded.  Roots  j'ellow,  a  tangled  mass,  sending  up  a 
single  radical  leaf  and  a  stem  which  is  2-leaved  and  1-flowei-ed.  Fig.  101. 
H.  Canadensis  L.— In  damp  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.    If.    Leaves  palmately 

3-5-lobed.    Flower  terminal,  reddish- white.    Fruit  crimson.    June. 

22.  PiEONIA,  L.  P^ONY.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  leafy,  persistent.  Petals 
5.  Ovaries  3 — 5,  suiTounded  by  an  annular  disk.  Follicles  co-seeded. 
%  Root  fosciculate.  Leaves  ternately  or  pinuately  comiiound.  Flowers 
large,  terminal,  solitar^^     Figs.  36.  241. 

§  Stems  shrubby,  perennial.    Ovaries  and  pods  5.    China Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stems  herbaceous,  annual.—.-);  Leaflers  entire  or  cut-lobed.   Ovaries  2  or  3.  .Nos.  3,  4 

—.X'  Leaflets  many-cleft.   Ovaries  5 Nos.  5,  6 

1  P.  MouTAN.    Tree  Pceony.    Ovaries  distinct,  half  enveloped  in  the  disk.    3— 4f,  widely 
branching.    Flowers  large,  double,  purple  varying  to  white.    June. 


^■i  Order  3.— MAGNOLIACE.E. 

2  P.  PAPAVERACEA.    Ovarics  closely  united  into  a  globous  capsule.    3f.    Fls.  white, 

witli  a  purple  centre,  8—10'  broad,  single  or  double,  varying  to  rose.    May,  June. 

3  I».  OFFICINALIS.    Common  Bed  P.    Lfts.  lance-ovate,  incised :  carpels  2,  pubescent, 

snbcrect.    Alps.    Fls.  double,  red,  rose,  pink,  flesh-colored,  and  white.    June. 

4  E*.  ALBiFLORA.   Cliwese  P.  Lfts.  lance-elliptic,  entire  ;  carpels  2  or  3,  recurved,  smooth  ; 

calyx  bracteate.    Tartary.    Fls.  smaller,  white,  rose,  cannine,  &c. 

5  P.  ANOMALA.    Leaf-segments  lance-linear ;    carp,  depressed,    smooth ;    cal.  bracted. 

Siberia.    Fls.  concave,  rose-colored,  pink,  &c.    May,  June. 
G  P.  TENUiFoLiA.    Fennel  P.    Segments  many  linear  lobes,  very  smooth  ;  carpels  downy, 
spreading.    Siberia.    2— 3f.    Fls.  red,  concave,  open  the  first  of  May. 

Order  II.    MAGISTOLIACE^.    Magnoliads. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  aromatic,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves,  and 
regular,  polygynous,  hypogynous,  trimerous,  imbricated  flowers.  Sepals 
and  petals  in  several  circles,  often  similar.  Anthers  adnate.  Ovaries  im  • 
bricated  or  verticillate  on  the  enlarged  torus,  1  or  2-ovuled.  Fruit  diy  or 
baccate,  distinct  or  coherent  into  a  cone-like  head  (sorosis).  Embryo 
minute,  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen.    Illust,  figs.  274,  378,  331. 

§  WINTERED.    Stipules  0.    Fls.   s  .    Carpels  arranged  in  a  circle Illicium.  1 

S  MAGNOLIEjE.    Stipules  caducous.     Fls.   5.     Carpels  imbricated.     00-rowed.     (a) 

a  Anthers  introrse.    Leaves  folded  lengthwise  in  bud Magnolia.  2 

a  Anthers  extrorse.    Leaves  folded  crosswise  in  the  bud Liriodendron.  3 

§  SCIIIZANDRE/E.    Slip.  0.     Fls.   J  ?  .    Carpels  in  many  rows,  baccate Schizandra.  4 

1.  ILLICIUM,  L.  Star  Anise.  (Lat.  illicio,  to  attract;  alluding  to 
its  fragrance.)  Sep.  3—6,  colored.  Pet.  6—30.  Carpels  capsular,  dry,  ar- 
ranged circularly,  each  with  1  smooth,  shining  seed.  5  The  smooth  Ivs., 
when  bruised,  exhale  the  odor  of  Anise.    In  wet  grounds.    May. 

1  I.Floridanum  Ellis.    Lvs.  acuminate  ;  petals  21—30,  purple.    Fla.  to  La.    4— 8f. 

2  I.  parvlflorum  Mx.    Lvs.  acute ;  petals  6—12,  yellow.    Ga.  Fla.    Fls.  smaller. 

2.  MAGNOLIA,  L.  (Named  for  Prof.  Magnol,  a  French  botanist  of 
the  17th  century.)  Sep.  3.  Pet.  6—9.  Anth.  longer  than  the  filaments, 
introrse.  Ov.  imbricated,  1-celled,  2-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit  a  fleshy, 
cone-like  sorosis.  Seeds  berry-like,  suspended  from  the  opening  follicles 
by  a  slender  funiculus.  5  ^^^^  t)>  ^^^^^  large  fragrant  flowers.  Lvs.  con- 
duplicate  in  bud,  with  membranous  deciduous  stipules.    Fig.  331. 

*  Leaves  cordate  or  auriculate  at  the  base.    Trees Nos.  5,  6,  7 

*  Leaves  acute  at  the  base,— rusty  or  glaucous  beneath,  coriaceous Nos.  1,  2 

—green  (not  shining)  both  sides,  thin Nos.  3,  4 

Exotic  species,  cultivated  —  Nos.  8-10 

1  M.  grandiflora  L.    Big  Laurel.    Trees ;   lvs.  evergreen,  rusty-downy  beneath ; 

pet.  obovate,  white.    Swampy  woods,  S.  States.    80f.    Fls.  9'  broad,  lvs.  7  x  4'.  May. 

2  M.  glauca  L.     White  Bay.    Shrub  or  small  tree ;  lvs.  obtuse,  glaucous-white  be- 

neath ;  pet.  ovate-roundish,  erect.    Coast,  Ms.  to  La.    5— 20f.    Fls.  2',  cup-shaped, 
strongly  fragrant,  with  white  concave  petals.  Lvs.  nearly  evergreen.  South.  May-July. 

3  M.  acuminata  L.     Cucumber  Tree.     Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  scattered;  fls.  small 

(3—4'  broad),  petals  obovate.    S.  States,  rare  in  N.  Y.    70f.    The  cones  of  fruit  bear 
some  resemblance  to  a  small  cucumber.    May. 


Order  8.— CALYCANTHACE^.  25 

4  M.  umbrella  Lam.     Umbrella  Tree.    Lvs.  cuneate-lanccolate,  whorled  at  the  ends 

of  the  branches  (like  an  umbrella) ;   sep.  reflexed  ;  pet.  lanceolate,  acute.    S.  States, 
rare  in  N.  Y.  and  O.    25f.    Lvs.  and  fls.  very  large.    White.    May. 

5  M.  cordata  Mx.    Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  subcordate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  petals  6—9, 

oblong,  yellow,  with  reddish  lines.    Ga.  Car.    40f.    Lvs.  downy  beneath. 
G  M.  Fraseri  Walt.    Lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  auricled  at  the  narrow  base  ;  pet.  6,  pure 
white.    Va.  Ky.  to  Fla.    30f.    Fls.  6'.    Lvs.  If.    A  slender  tree. 

7  Jn.  macropliylla  Mx.     Lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  cordate ;    pet.  G,  rhomb-ovate, 

white,  with  a  purple  base  inside.    S.  States.    20-30f.    A  small  tree,  with  Immense 
lvs.  (2— 3f )  and  fls.  (petals  8'  long).    June. 

8  M.  coNSPicuA.     Yulan.    Sep.  0  or  veiy  small ;  pet.  6 — 9,  erect,  of  a  creamy  white, 

appearing  before  the  leaves  in  early  Spring.    Lvs.  acuminate.    15f. 

9  M.  PURPUREA.    Sep.  3;  pet.  6,  erect,  lilac-purple  outside,  preceding  the  obovate  lvs., 

which  are  pointed  at  both  ends.    China.    10— 15f. 

3,  lilRIODENDRON,  L.  Tulip  Tree.  Whitewood.  {Asipiov,  a 
Lily,  5eV5poT',  a  tree.)  Sep.  3.  Pet.  6,  iu  3  rows,  erect.  Antli.  opening  out- 
ward. Carpels  1  or  2-seeded,  imbricated  into  a  cone,  indeliiscent,  sepa- 
rating from  each  other  at  maturity.  ^  Large,  with  showy,  bell-shaped, 
upright  flowers.  Lvs.  4-lobed,  retuse-truncate  at  apex,  induplicate  iu  l)ud, 
with  large,  caducous  stipules.    Figs.  274,  378. 

li.  tullpifera  L.— A  noble  tree,  beautiful  in  foliage  and  flowers  ;  trunk  5— Sf  diameter ; 
lOOf  or  more  high  ;  lvs.  very  smooth  ;  fls.  greenish-yellow,  orange  within,  abounding 
in  honey.    May,  June. 

4.  SCHIZANDRA,  Mx.  (S^z'Cgj,  to  cut,  avSpa,  stamens.)  Sep.  and 
pet.  9 — 13,  gradually  larger  inward.  6  Stam.  5 — 15,  mouadelphous,  antli. 
cells  distinct.  S  Carp,  go,  at  first  imbricated  in  a  head,  in  fruit  baccate, 
and  loosely  spicate  on  the  lengthened  torus.  ^  Lvs.  pellucid-punctate, 
deciduous.    Fls.  solitary. 

S.  coccinea  Mx.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  pointed;  fls.  on, slender  peduncles,  small,  red; 
Btam.  5,  in  the  upper  fls.  chiefly.    Berries  and  torus  red.    Vine  12f.    South. 


Order  IIL    CALYCANTHACE^.    Calycantus. 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  axillary,  solitary, 
often  aromatic  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  oo-rowed,  imbricated  on  a  tubu- 
lar torus,  the  outer  bract-like.  Filaments  go,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the 
torus,  short.  Anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  Carpels  oo,  1-seeded,  distinct,  in- 
cluded in  the  green  fleshy  torus.    Seed  erect,  without  albumen. 

CALTCANTHUS,  L.  Sweet-scented  Shrxjb.  {KdXv^,  calyx,  av So?, 
flower.)  Sep.  and  pet.  oblong,  undistinguishable,  the  inner  gradually 
shorter.  Stam.  apiculate,  the  outer  longer,  inner  sterile.  Fruit,  the  en- 
larged green  torus  loosely  enclosing  few  or  many  aclienia.  +)  Fls.  lurid 
purple,  with  the  fragrance  of  strawberries. 

1  C.  floridus  L.     Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrous,  downy  be- 
ueath  ;  fls.  on  very  short  axillary  branches  ;  sep.  and  pet.  about  20,  near  1'  in  length. 
S.  States  :  common  in  gardenn.    Lvs.  2—5'.    Shrub  4— 8f.    Apr.  May. 
2 


26  Order  5.— MENISPERMACE^. 

2  C.  l{evig:atus  Willd.    Lvs.  thin,  oval,  obtuse  cr  merely  acute,  nearly  glabrous  both 

sides  :  ils.  smaller,  sometimes  inodorous.  Pa.,  &  S.  to  Fla.    Mar.  Apr. 

3  C.  glancus  Willd.    Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  large  (4—7')..  glaucous  beneath;  sep.  and 

pet.  lance-oblong,  1'  in  length.    Mt.  woods,  Ga.  to  N.  Car.    6— 8f.    May,  June,  t 

Order  IV.    ANONACE^E.    Anonads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  naked  buds,  entire,  alternate  lvs.  destitute  of  sti- 
pules. Flowers  usually  green  or  brown,  axillary,  hypogynous,  valvate  in 
{Estivation.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  in  two  circles,  sometimes  coherent.  Sta- 
mens 00,  with  an  enlarged  connectile,  short  filament,  on  a  large  torus. 
Ovaries  several  or  oo,  separate  or  coherent,  fleshy  or  not,  in  fruit.  £Jm- 
bryo  minute  in  the  end  of  the  raminated  albumen.    lUust.  fig.  314. 

ASIMINA,  Adaus.  Pap  aw.  Sep.  3.  Pet.  G,  the  outer  row  larger  than 
the  inner.  Stam.  densely  packed  in  a  spherical  mass.  Pistils  several,  dis- 
tinct, ripening  but  few,  which  become  large,  oblong,  pulpy  fruits,  with 
many  fiat  seeds.  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  brownisli,  axillary,  solitary, 
flowers. 

*  Flowers  appearing  before  the  lea^-es.    Petals  purple Nos.  1 ,  2 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Outer  petals  yellowish Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  triloba  Dunal.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  acuminate;  pet.  dark  purple,  the  outer 

orbicular,  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  fruit  ovoid-oblong.  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W. 
15— 20f.    Lvs.  10',  smooth.    FIs.  1',  Mar.  Apr.    Fr.  3',  eatable  in  Oct. 

2  A.  parviflora  Dunal.     Lvs.  obovate-oval ;   pet.  oval,  green-purple,  twice  longer 

tiian  sep.    Woods,  coastward,  Car.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    Lvs.  5'.    FIs.  G".    Fr.  1',  roundish. 

3  A.  grandiflora  Dunal.    Lvs.  obov.-obl.  obtuse,  grayish-tomcntous  ;  outer  pet.  very 

large  (2'  long),  yellowish  white.    Ga.  Fla.    2— 3f.    Fr.  small,  obovate.    Mar.  Apr. 

4  A.  pygnia?a  Dunal.    Lvs.  coriaceous,  evergreen,  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 

smooth  ;  pet.  obov.-obl.,  yellowish  and  brownish.    Ga.  Fla.    G — 12'.    Carp.  1'.    May. 


Order  V.    MENISPERMACE^.    Menispermads. 

Shrubs  twining  or  climbing,  with  alternate,  palmate-veined,  cxstipulate 
leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  rarely  ^  or  2  ^  6  ,  hypogynous,  3-6-gynous.  Se- 
pals and  pe^<?s  similar,  in  3  or  more  circles,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  *SY«- 
mens  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them,  or  3  or  4  times 
as  many.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or  long  curved  embryo 
in  scanty  albumen.    Illust.  347. 

g    stamens  12— 20.     Sep.  4— 8,  nut  moon-shaped.     Lvs.  peltate Memspkhmum.       1 

i    Stamens  6.     Sep.  6,  nut  moon-shaped.     Lvs.  sinuate,  3-lobed Cocculus.  2 

S   Stamens  6.    Sep.  6,  nut  cup-shaped.    Lvs.  deeply  5-lobed Calycocari-um.    :i 

1.  MENISPERMUM,  L.  Moon-seed.  {M7)yTj,  the  moon,  (jTts'pjua, 
seed  ;  from  the  crescent  form  of  the  seed.)  Fls.  ?  $ .  Sep.  4 — 8.  Pet.  4—8, 
minute,  retuse.  $  Anth.  12 — 20,  4-celled.  2  Ovaries  and  styles  2—4. 
*>  Drupes  1-3-seeded.  Seeds  lunate  and  compressed.  Fls.  white,  in  axil- 
lary clusters.    Fig.  347. 


OitDEU  6.— BERBERIDACE^.  27 

M,  Canadeuse  L.  St.  climbing;  Ivs.  5-7-angled  or  lobcd,  peltate,  the  petiole  in- 
serted near  the  base;  rac.  compound;  petals  G — 7,  small,  v  ThiclvCts  :  common. 
8— 12f.   Drupes  black,  resembling  grapes,  ripe  In  Sept.    Fls.  in  July. 

2.  COCCULUS,  DC.  (Diminutive,  from  Lat.  coccmn,  a  berry.)  Fls. 
S  S  .  Sep.,  pet.,  and  stam.  6.  Anth.  4-celled.  ?  Ov.  3  to  6.  Drupe  glo- 
bular-compressed, nut  curved  as  in  Menispermum.  "^  Fls.  in  axillary 
panicles,  small,  greenish. 

C.  Carolinlaniis  DC— S.  LI.  to  Fla.  10— 13f.  Lvs.  ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  lobed. 
Drupes  red,  1—3  together,  as  large  as  a  pea.    June,  July. 

3.  OALYCOOARPUM,  Nutt.  Cuf-seed.  {IuUvZ,  a  cup,  xaprrd?, 
fruit.)  Sep.  0.  Pet.  0.  $  Stam.  12.  Anth.  2-celled.  ?  Stam.  6,  abor- 
tive. Ov.  3.  Stig.  fimbriate-radiate.  Drupe  oval,  -with  the  putamen 
deeply  excavated  in  front  and  cup-shaped.  "^  Fls.  grecnish-wbite,  in  long 
axillary  panicles. 

C  liyoni  Nutt.— Ga.  to  Ky.  Vine  20— 30f.  Lvs.  G— S'diam.,  lobes  acuminate;  drupe 
1',  oval,  greenish.    Fls.  small,  2"  diameter.    June, 


Order  VI.    BERBERIDACE.E.    Berberids. 

Serbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  with  perfect,  hypogynous, 
regular  flowers.  Sepals  and  petefe  imbricated  in  bud,  each  in  one  or  seve- 
ral rows.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them,  rarely 
more.  Anthers  opening  mostly  by  valves,  hinged  at  top.  Pistil  1.  Style 
short  or  none.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  /Seeds  several,  albuminous. 
Ulust.  49,  91,  92,  189,  364,  403,  43G. 

g  Shrubs,  with  bristly-serrate  loaves,  yellow  flowers  and  acid  berries Berbekis.  1 

g  Herbs.-*  Anthers  opening  by  2  valves  hinged  at  the  top. . .(«) 

a  stamens  6.     Fruit  2,  dnipe-like,  soon-naked  seeds Caulophtllum.  2 

a  Stamens  6.    Berry  1-1-seeded.     Petals  white,  larger  than  sep Diphvlleia.  3 

a  Stamens  8.    Pod  opening  by  a  lid.     Petals  8 Jeffersonia.  i 

—*  Anthers  opening  by  slits.    Stamens  9—18 Podophyllum.  5 

1.  BERBERIS,  L.  Berberry.  (Name  from  the  Arabic.)  Calyx  of 
6  obovate,  spreading,  colored  sepals,  with  the  3  outer  ones  smaller.  Co- 
rolla of  6  suborbicular  petals,  with  3  glands  at  the  base  of  each.  Fil.  6, 
flattened.  Anth.  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  Style  0.  Berry  oblong,  1- 
celled.    Seeds  3  or  3.    +>  with  yellow  wood  and  yellow  fls.  Figs.  91,  92,403. 

1  B.  vulgaris  L.    Spines  (reduced  lvs.)  3-forked ;  lvs.  simple,  serraturcs  terminated 

by  soft  bristles  ;  raceme  pendulous,  many-flowered ;  pet.  entire  ;  berries  oblong.    N. 
States,    fi— !)f.    Eac.  12-flo\vered.    Berries  red,  very  tart.    May,  June. 

2  B.  Canadensis  Ph.     Lvs.  repaudly-toothed,  teeth  with  short,  soft  bristles ;  rac. 

few  (6-8)-ilowered  ;  pet.  notched  ;  berries  oval.    Mts.  Va.  to  Ga.    2— 3f.    May,  June. 

3  B.  Aquifolium  Ph.     Lvs.    pinnate ;    Ifts.    7—11,    coriaceous,    polished,    evergreen, 

spinulous-toothed  ;  clusters  erect,  crowded.   Oregon.    3— 5f.    Berries  globular.    April. 

2.  CAULOPHYLLUM,  Mx.  Conosn.  {KavXd?,  stem,  (pvXXov,  leaf; 
tlie  stem  appearing  as  the  stalk  of  the  compound  leaf.)    Cal.  of  6  green 


28  Order  7.-NYMPH^ACE^. 

sepals,  3-bracted  at  base.  Cor.  of  6  short,  gland-like  thickened  petals, 
opposite  the  sepals.  Stam.  6.  Ov.  2-ovuled,  becoming  a  thin  pericarp,  which 
soon  breaks  away  after  flowering,  and  the  2  round  drupe-like  seeds  ripen 
naked.  U  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  arising  from  a  knotted  rhizome.  Lvs. 
2  only,  2  and  3-ternate. 

C.  tliallctroidcs  Mx.  Pappoose  Root.— Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  1— Sif.  Lfts.  lobed. 
2—3'.  Fls.  grceuish,  in  a  simple  terminal  panicle.  Seeds  on  thick  stipes,  blue,  as 
large  as  peas.    May. 

3.  DIPHYIiLEIA,  Mx.  Umbrella-leaf.  (5??,  twice,  cpvXXov, 
leaf)  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  caducous.  Cor.  of  6  oval  petals  larger  than  the 
sepals.  Stam.  6.  Ov.  eccentric.  Stigma  subsessile.  Berry  few-seeded, 
seeds  attached  laterally  below  the  middle.  U  Glabrous,  arising  from  a 
thick,  horizontal  root-stock.    Lvs.  simple,  peltate,  1  or  3  only. 

D.  cymosa  Ms.— Mts.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  1— 2f.  Leaf  centrally  peltate,  or  if  2, 
alternately  reniform-peltate,  ample,  lobed.    Fls.  white.   June.    Berries  blue. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA,  Bart.  Twin-leaf.  (In  honor  of  President  Jef- 
ferson, a  patron  of  science.)  Sep.  4.  Pet.  8,  spreading.  Anth.  8,  linear. 
Stig.  peltate.  Caps,  obliquely  obovate,  stiped,  circumscissile,  opening  by  a 
lid.  U  Rhizome  and  matted  fibres  blackish.  Scape  bearing  a  single  flower, 
as  tall  as  the  2-parted  or  binate  leaves.    Figs.  49,  189,  364,  426. 

J.  dipliylla.  Bart.— N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.  If.  Fl.  handsome,  white.  April.  A  singular 
plant,  called  Bheumatistn  Root.    The  pod  has  a  persistent  lid. 

5.  PODOPHYLLUM,  L.  May  Apple.  (/Tou?,  ttoSo?,  foot,  ^ju'/Uoi', 
leaf)  Sep.  3,  concave,  caducous.  Pet.  6 — 9,  obovate,  concave.  Anth. 
9 — 18,  linear.  Berry  large,  ovoid,  1-celled,  crowned  with  the  solitaiy 
stigma.  IC  Barren  stems  with  1  centrally  peltate  leaf,  flowering  stems 
with  2  equal,  opposite  broad  cordate-peltate  leaves,  and  a  large  white 

flower  between. 

,  a 

1  plum,  with  flavor  of  strawberry.    July.    Lvs.  and  roots  poisonous.  t/Vi 


P.  peltatum  L.— In  rich  shady  soils.    If.    Fl.  nodding,  2'.    May.    Fruit  the  size  of  a    \j^ 


Order  VII.    NYMPH^ACE^.    Nymphiads. 

TIerhs  perennial,  aquatic  (in  deep  water),  with  rhizomes  submersed, 
scapes  one-flowered  (rarely  a  leafy  stem),  and  leaves  peltate  or  deep-cor- 
date. Floiccrs  regular,  showy,  hj^pogynous  (rarely  epigj-nous),  with  im- 
bricated petals  and  sepals.  Carpels  3 —  QO,  distinct  or  united.  Ovules 
parietal,  never  on  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  with  the  embr}^o  enclosed  in 
a  sac  at  the  end  of  copious  albumen,  or  (in  Nelumbium)  exalbuminous. 
lUust.  202,  407-414,  505,  &c. 

§  CABOMBE.*;.   .Sepals  3.   Petals  3.  Carpels  distinct,  fewovuled.  Flowers  small,    (a) 

a  Stam.  6.    Carpels  3.     Submersed  leaves  dissected ^ Cabomba.         1 

a  Stam.  6— 18.     Carpels  6— CO.    Leaves  all  peltate Brasenia.        2 

§  NELU.MBONEjE.    Sep.  4  or  5.    Pet.  and  stam.  00 .   Carp,  immersed  in  the  torus,  dis- 
tinct, e.\albuminou8.    Fls.  very  large Nelumbium.    3 


Order  7.— NYMPiLEACE.^.  29 

§  NYMPHE.E.     Sep.  4— 6.     Pet.  and  stam,  00.     Carp,  united.    Fls,  large,  showy,    (h) 

6  Pet.  (stamen-like)  and  stain,  hj-pogynous.     Fls.  yellow Nuphar.  4 

6  Pet.  petaloid.     Stamens  epigynois  (on  the  torus  raised  into  a  disk) Nymfhea.  5 

6  Pet.  (petaloid),  sep.  and  staraons  epigynous.    Lvs.  peltate Victoria.  6 

1.  BRASENIA,  Sclireb.  Water  Target.  Sep.  3  or  4,  colored  with- 
in, pereistent.  Stam.  12—24.  Pet.  3  or  4.  Carp.  6—18,  oblong,  2  (or  by 
abortion  l)-seeclecl.  U  The  stems  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  are 
covered  with  a  viscid  jelly.    Lvs.  all  floating,  entire,  elliptical. 

B.  peltata  Th.  Pools  and  muddj-  shores.  The  slender  ped.  and  petioles  long  as  the 
depth  of  the  water.    Lvs.  2i  x  V.    Fls.  pui-ple,  6"  broad.    July. 

2.  CABOMBA,  Aublet.  Sep.  3,  petaloid.  Pet.  3.  Stam.  fi.  Pistils  3 
(rarely  2  or  4),  nearly  the  length  of  stamens,  and  half  as  long  as  the  petals 
and  sepals.  Carp,  few-seeded.  U  Lvs.  opposite,  mostly  submersed  and 
filiformly  dissected.    Fls.  in  the  axils  of  the  floating  lvs. 

€.  Carollnlana  Gray.  Floating  lvs.  few  and  small  (C'xl'O,  immersed  lvs.  many. 
Stems  branched.    Fls.  white,  fi",  strictly  trimerous.    July,  Aug. 

3.  NELUMBIUM,  Juss.  {l^elumho  is  the  name  of  the  species  in 
Ceylon.)  Pet.  and  stam.  go,  hypogynous,  in  many  rows.  Carp,  oo,  sepa- 
rate, becoming  1-seeded  nuts,  imbedded  in  as  many  cavities  on  the  large, 
obconic,  fleshy  torus.  Seed  w-ith  large  cotyledons,  very  short  radicle  and 
no  albumen.  Rhizome  horizontal.  Lvs.  peltate,  emersed.  Scape  1-flow- 
ered.    There  are  only  2  species,  N.  speciosum  of  E.  India,  and 

N.  luteiim  L.  Petals  yellowish  ;  anth.  lengthened  beyond  the  cells  to  a  clavate  appen- 
dage. A  magnificent  aquatic,  frequent  S.  and  W.  In  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y.  (Ilankeusou), 
Lyme,  Ct.,  near  Philadelphia  (Parish).  Lvs.  erect,  round,  centrally  peltate,  10—18'. 
Fls.  several  times  larger  than  those  of  Nymphrea  odorata,  fragrant.  Nuts  as  large  as 
acorns.    Jime — Aug. 

4.  NUPHAR,  Smith.  Yellow  Poxd-Lily.  [JVeiifar  is  the  Arabic 
name.)  Sep.  5  or  6,  concave.  Pet.  go,  small,  linear,  inserted  with  the  go 
stamens  on  the  torus.    Stig.  discoid,  with  prominent  rays.    Caps,  co-celled, 

00  -seeded.    If  Lvs.  sagittate-cordate  at  the  base,  entire  at  the  margin,  on 
stout  stalks. 

1  N.  advena  Ait.    Lvs.  floating  or  erect,  oval ;  lobes  rounded,  petioles  half  terete ; 

stig.  12-24-rayed ;  scp.  6,  unequal.    Slow  streams  and  muddy  pools.    Lvs.  thick  and 
large.    Fls.  deep  yellow  (save  the  3  outer  sep.),  2'  diam.,  globular.    June,  July. 

2  jV.  Kalmiana  Ait.    Lvs.  floating  and  submersed,  the  latter  membranous,  reniforni- 

cordate  ;  stig.  8-14-rayed,  crenate  ;  sepals  5,  equal.    Plant  small  and  delicate.    Floa^ 
ing  leaves  oval,  1— .3'  long,  the  lobes  nearly  meeting.    Flowers  about  1'  diam.    Sum. 

3  IV.  saglttlfolia  Ph.    Leaves  oblong,  sagittate-cordate,  obtuse  ;  sep.  6  ;  pet.  0 ;  anth. 

subsessile.    Slow  waters,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.    Lvs.  10—15'.    Fls.  2',  globular.    June,  July. 

5.  NYMPH^A,  L.  Water-lily.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Pet.  oo,  gradually 
passing  into  stamens,  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  OD,  the  outer  with 
broad  filaments.  Stigma  surrounded  with  rays.  Seeds  go,  arillate.  if  ^t 
Flowers  white,  roseate,  or  blue,  very  lovely.     Figs.  202,  407-414. 

1  N.  CCERULEA.  Lvs.  crenate,  lobes  partly  united,  becoming  peltate;  pet.  sky-blue.  Egypt. 


BO  Order  8.— SARRACENIACE.^ 

2  N.  odorata  L.    Lvs.  orbicular,  entire,  cleft  at  base  to  tlie  iusertion  of  the  petiole; 

fis.  very  fragrant,  open  from  0  a.m.  to  3  p.m.  upon  the  water's  surface,  white,  vary, 
ing  to  rose-color;  seeds  oblong.    June — Aug. 

3  N.  tuberosa  Paine.    Lvs.  reniforni-orbicular,  cordate-cleft.  If  wide;  rhizome  bear- 

ing tubers,  which  separate  spontaneously ;  fls.  nearly  scentless  ;  seeds  globular.  N.Y. 
(Oneida  Lake  ;  Sodns  Bay  (Hankenson),  and  westward.    Aug. 
V 
6.  VICTORIA,  Lindl.     (Name  in  honor  of   Queen   Victoria)    Carp. 

immersed  in  the  cup-form  torus,  united.     Sep.  4.    Pet.  oo,  graduated  into 
stamens,  as  in  Nj-mphsea.    Lvs.  spiny,  floating,  strongly  veined. 
v.  KEGiA  is  the  only  species,  native  of  the  rivers  of  Trop.  Am. ;  rarely  cultivated.    The 
lvs.  arc  several  feet  in  diam.    Fls.  like  immense  Water  Lilies. 


Order  VIII.    SARRACENIACE^.    Water  Pitchers. 

Herbs,  aquatic,  in  hogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  perennial,  and  with  the  leaven 
all  radical,  urn-sliaped,  or  trumpet-shaped,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes. 
Floral  enveloiJes  4 — 10,  imbricated,  the  outer  greenish,  sepaloid.  Stamens 
GO,  hypogynous.  Carpels  imited  into  a  several-celled  capsule.  A  cuiious 
family,  remarkable  for  its  leaves,  which  are  of  that  class  called  ascidia 
(§  322),  holding  water.    Figs.  392,  393,  394. 

1.  SARRACENTA,  Tourn.  Pitcher  Plaxt.  (In  honor  of  Dr.  Sar- 
razen,  of  Quebec.)  Sep.  5,  colored,  persistent,  subtended  by  3  bractlets. 
Pet.  5,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stig.  5,  united  into  a  large  peltate,  persistent 
membrane,  covering  the  ovary  and  stamens.  Caps.  5-celIed,  5-valved. 
Seeds  veiy  numerous.  U  Lvs.  all  radical,  urn-shaped  or  trumpet-shaped, 
V:'iUi  a  wing  on  the  front  side  and  a  hood  (the  lamina)  at  top.  Fl.  large, 
nodding. 

§  Lamina  inflected  over  the  throat  of  the  tube Nos.  1,  2 

§  Lamina  erect  or  nearly  so,  the  throat  open.  (*) 

*  Leaf-tube  pitcher-shaped,  with  a  broad  wing No.  .3 

*  Leaf-tube  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  narrow  wing No.  4 

1  S.  psittacina  Mx.    Lvs.  short,  reclined,  with  a  broad  semi-ovate  wing;  fls.  deep 

purple.  Bogs,  Fla.  Ga.  La.  If.  Tube  nearly  closed.  The  leaf  resembles  a  parrot  in 
foi-m,  hence  the  specific  name.    March. 

2  S.  variolaris  M.\.    Lvs.  elongated,  suberect,  mottled  with  white  on  the  back  ;  fls. 

yellow.    Bogs,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    Lvs.  12— IS',  scape  shorter. 

3  S.  purpurea  L.    Side-saddle  Flotver.    Lvs.  short,  recumbent,  inflated  most  near 

the  middle  ;  lamina  broad-coidatc.  Bogs :  common.  Scapes  14—20',  each  bearing  a 
large  handsome  deep-purple  flower,  in  June. 

p.  heterophfylla  Terr.    Fls.  greenish  yellow.    No  purple  veins  in  the  lvs.     Ms. 

y.  alata,    Fls.  large,  yellow.    Lvs.  slender,  erect,  wing  but  U"  broad.   La.    1— 2f. 

4  S.  Gronovli  Wood.     Trumpei-leaf.    Lvs.  tall,  erect,  tube  gradually  enlarged  to  the 

open  throat,  wing  narrowly  linear,  lamina  roundish,  contractetl  at  base.  Swampy 
pine-woods,  S.  States.    2— 3f    Fls.  very  large,  4—5'  broad. 

a.  nata.    Foliage  yellowish  green,  fls.  yellow.    Plant  large. 

/3.  rubra.    Foliage  with  purple  veins,  fls.  red-purple.    Plant  smaller. 

S.  Itrtnnmondii.  Lvs.  mottled  above,  with  purple  veins  and  white  diaphanous 
interstices.    Plant  verj-  large.    Fla. 


Order  9.— PAPAVERACE.E.  31 


Order  IX.    PAPAVERACEJS.    Poppy-worts. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  generally  a  milky  or  colored 
juice.  Floicers  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  never  blue,  bypogynous,  regu- 
lar, v'  or  v'-  Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  caducous,  and  x>etals  4,  rarely  6,  all  imbri- 
cated. Stamens  indefinite,  but  some  multiple  of  4.  Anthers  2-celled, 
innate.  Ovaries  compound.  Style  short  or  0.  Stigmas  2,  or  if  more,  stel- 
late upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary.  Fniit  either  pod-shaped,  with  2  parietal 
placentse,  or  capsular,  with  several.  Seeds  oo,  minute.  Embryo  minute, 
at  the  base  of  oily  albumen.     Illust.  148,  344,  404,  405,  406,  463,  493. 

T  Plants  with  a  wbite  juice.    Petals  1,  cnimpled  in  bud Papai-kr.  6 

T  Plants  with  a  watery  juice.     Calyx  a  mitre,  falling  off  whole Eschscholtzia.  7 

1  Plants  with  a  red  juice.     Petals  8,  plane  in  the  bud Sa.ngci.naria.       1 

T  Plants  with  a  yellow  juice.     Petals  crumpled  in  the  bud.   (*) 

*  Stigmas  and  placentic  2  only.     Capsule  lou^,  pod-shaped.  («) 

*  Stigmas  and  placenta;  3,  4,  or  6.     Capsule  ovoid.  (Ji) 

a  Pod  1-celled,  smooth.    Lvs.  pinnate Chklido.niu.m.  2 

a  ]'od  2-celled,  rough.    Lvs.  palmate Ulaucium.  3 

h  Style  distinct,  but  short Mecoxofsis.  4 

I  Style  none,  stigma  sessile Argemone.  i 

t  No  petals.    Juice  reddish. Boccoma.  8 

1.  SANGUINARIA,  L.  Blood-root.  (Latin  s«?i;7mw,  blood  ;  all  its 
parts  abound  in  a  red  juice.)  Sep.  2,  caducous.  Pet.  8 — 12,  in  2  or  3  rows, 
the  outer  longer.  Stam.  about  24.  Stig.  sessile,  1  or  2-lobcd.  Capsule 
silique-form,  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each  end,  many-seeded. 
11  A  low,  acaulescent  plant,  with  a  white  flower,  and  a  glaucous,  palmate- 
veined  leaf     Fig.  463. 

S.  Canadensis  L.  An  interesting  flower,  appearing  in  early  Spring:  common  in  t>e 
woods.  (!'.  From  each  bud  of  the  root-stalk  there  springs  a  single  large,  glaucous 
leaf,  and  a  scape  with  a  single  flower.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with  roundish  lobes 
separated  by  rounded  sinuses.  Fl.  of  a  quadrangular  outline,  white,  scentless,  and  ol 
short  duration.    The  juice  is  emetic  and  purgative. 

j8,  Leaf  not  lobed,  margin  imdulate.    Bainbridge,  Ga.,  and  elsewhere. 

2.  CHELIDONIUM,  L.  Celaa^di>-e.  (XeXiScjv,  the  swalloAV,  being 
supposed  to  flower  with  the  arrival  of  that  bird,  and  to  perish  with  its  de- 
parture.) Sep.  2.  Pet.  4,  roundish,  contracted  at  base.  Stam.  24 — 32, 
shorter  than  the  petals.  Stig.  small,  sessile,  bifid.  Capsule  silique-form, 
linear,  2-valved,  1-celled.  Seeds  crested.  11  Fragile,  pale  green,  with  saf- 
fron-yellow juice.    Figs.  344,  493. 

C.  majns  L.  Lvs.  pinnate ;  Ifls.  lobed,  segments  rounded  ;  fls.  in  umbels.  By  fences, 
roadsides,  &c.    1— 2f.    Fls.  in  loose  umbels,  yellow,  very  fugacious.    May— Oct. 

3.  GLAUCIUM,  Toum.  Horn  Poppy.  {TXavxdv,  glaucous,  the 
hue  of  the  foliage.)  Sep.  2.  Pet.  4.  Style  none.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Pod  2- 
celled,  linear,  very  long,  rough.  ®  or  (g)  sea-green  herbs,  with  clasping 
leaves,  yellow  juice,  and  solitary,  yellow  flowers. 

G.  luteum  Scop.  Sparingly  naturalized  near  the  coast,  from  the  Potomac  southward. 
2f     Lvs.  5-7-lobed.    Fls.  2',  of  short  duration.    Pods  6—9'.    June— Aug. 


0'2  Order  9.— PAPAVERACE^. 

4.  MECONOPSIS,  Viguier.  Yellow  Poppy.  {Mt;Jhcov,  a  pojvpy 
orpii,  resemblance.)    Sep.  2,  hirsute.     Pet.  4.     Style  conspicuous.     Stig. 

4—6,  radiating,  convex,  free.  Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  opening  by  4  valves. 
U  Herbs  with  a  yellow  juice,  pinnately-divided  leaves,  and  stems  2-leaved, 

bearing  an  umbel. 

M.  dipltylla  DC.  Lvs.  sinuately  5-7-lobed,  the  cauline  but  2,  opposite  ;  fls.  few,  large 
(2').  ycUow ;  pod  bristly,  oval.  Woods,  W.  States.  12— IS'.  Pet.  orbicular;  style 
surpassing  the  stamens  ;  pod  3'.    May. 

5.  ARGEMONE,  L.  Prickly  Poppy.  C'Apyei.ios,  a  disease  of  the 
eye,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.)  Sep.  3  or  3,  caducous, 
smaller  than  the  4  or  6  roundish  petals.  Stig.  sessile,  capitate,  4  or  G-rayed. 
Capsule  ovoid,  prickly,  opening  at  the  top  by  valves.  ®  Herbs  with 
yellow  juice,  spinous-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 

A,  Mextcana  L.  Calyx  prickly;  caps,  prickly,  6-valvcd ;  fls.  axillary  and  terminal, 
2—3'  diam.,  yellow,  varying  to  white.    Waste  grounds.  South. 

6.  PAP  AVER,  L.  Poppy.  (Celtic,  pajm,  pap,  a  soporific  food  for 
cliildreu,  composed  of  poppy  seeds,  «&c.)  Sep.  2,  caducous.  Pet.  4.  Caps. 
1-celled,  opening  by  pores  under  the  broad,  persistent  4-20-rayed  stigma. 
Exotic  herbs,  with  white  juice,  abounding  in  opium.  Fl.  buds  nodding, 
erect  in  flower  and  fruit.    Figs.  148,  404^6. 

1  P.  soniiiiferum  L.     Opium  Poppy.    Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  lvs.  clasping,  cut- 

dentate  ;  caps,  globous.  (T)  with  large  white  or  purplish  flowers,  often  double.    1^ — 3f. 
Extensively  cultivated  for  opium.    June,  July.    §. 

2  I*.  DUBiuM  L.    St.  hispid  with  spreading  hairs  ;  lvs.  pinnately-parted ;  scgm.  incised; 

sep.  hairy ;    caps,  club-shaped.    (T)  Fields.    2f.    Slender.    Fls.  light  red  or  scarlet. 
June,  July.    §. 

3  P.  Rh.eas  L.    St.  many-flowered,  hairy ;  lvs.  incisely  pinnatifld ;  caps,  globous.    © 

Fls.  very  largo,  deep  scarlet,  more  or  less  double.    June,  July. 

4  P.  oniENTALE  L.  St.  1-flowered,  rough ;  lvs.  scabrous,  pinnate,  serrate ;  caps,  smooth. 

2;  Levant.  3f.  Fls.  very  large,  scarlet,  too  brilliant  to  be  looked  upon  in  the  sun.  June. 

7.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham.  (Named  for  EscJischoltz,  a  German 
botanist  well  known  for  his  researches  in  California.)  Sep.  2,  cohering, 
caducous.  Pet.  4.  Stam.  00,  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Stig. 
sessile.  Caps,  pod-shaped,  cylindric,  10-striate,  many-seeded.  @  Lvs. 
finely  pinnatifld,  glaucous.  The  juice,  which  is  colorless,  exliales  the  odor 
of  hydrochloric  acid. 

1  E.  DouGLAsii  Hook.    St.  branching,  leafy;   torus  obconic ;   cal.  ovoid,  with  a  very 

short,  abrupt  acumiuation  ;  pet.  bright  yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at  base.  Cal.  On-g. 
Foliage  smooth,  abundant,  and  rich.    Fls.  2'— 3'  broad. 

2  E.  Californica  Ilook.    St.  branching,  leafy;  torus  funnel-form,  with  a  mueh-dibtetl 

limb  :  cal.  conic,  with  a  long  acumination  ;  flowers  orange-yellow.    Cal. 

8.  BOCCONIA,  Plum.  Sep.  2,  colored.  Pet.  0.  Sty.  bifid.  Caps.  2- 
valved,  1-3-seeded.  If  Cult,  for  tiie  handsome  glaucous  lvs.  Fls.  in  panicles. 

1  B,  coRDATA.    Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  maiiy-lobed,  veiny  ;  flowers  white  or  yellowish, 

numerous  in  the  ample  pyramidal  panicle,  in  Summer.    From  China.    Hardy. 

2  B.  FKUTESCENS.    Lvs.  oblong,  large,  einuate-lobed,  splendid ;  fls.  in  Spr.  wh.  W.  Ind. 


Order  10.— FUMAEIACE^.  33 

Order  X.    FUMARIACE^.    Fcmeworts. 

herbs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  exstipulate,  alter- 
nate, many-cleft.  Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  2,  yery  small.  Petals  4,  par- 
allel, one  or  both  of  the  outer  saccate,  2  inner  cohering  at  apex.  Stamens 
6,  diadelphous.  Anthers,  3  outer  1-celled,  middle  2-celled.  Omries  supe- 
rior, 1-celled.  Fruit  a  nut  1-2-seeded,  or  a  capsule  oo-seeded.  Seeds 
shining,  arilled.    Albumen  fleshy.    lUust.  61,  252-4. 

*  Corolla  equally  2  spurred  or  2-saccate  at  base,    (a) 

*  Corolla  unequal,  ouly  1  of  the  petals  spurred.     {&) 

a  Petals  slightly  united  or  distinct,  mostly  deciduous.    Not  climbing Dicentra.  1 

a  Petals  firmly  united,  persistent.     Plants  climbing Adlumia.  2 

b  Ovary  with  several  seeds,  forming  a  slender  pod Cortdalis.  3 

h  Ovary  with  1  seed,  forming  a  globular  nut Fusiaria.  4 

1.  DICENTRA,  Borkh.  Ear-drop.  Sep.  2,  very  small,  sometimes 
disappearing.  The  2  outer  petals  alike,  saccate  at  base,  with  spreading 
tips ;  the  2  inner  alike,  spoon-shaped,  crested,  meeting  face  to  face  over 
the  stam.  and  pistil.  Fil.  flat,  in  2  sets,  united  at  top.  Stig.  2-crested.  Pod 
many-seeded.  U  Lvs.  ternately  divided  or  cleft.  Fls.  racemed,  nodding. 
Delicate  and  beautiful  plants.    Figs.  61,  252-4. 

*  Herbs  native,  acaiilescent,  the  sepals  small  but  manifest Nos.  1,  9,  3 

*  Herbs  exotic,  caulescent,  the  sepals  obsolete  or  wanting.  No.  4 

1  ».  cucullaria  DC.     White  Ear-drop.    Root  bulb-like ;  spnrs  of  the  fls.  divergent, 

acute,  straight ;  flower  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Woods,  Can.  to  Ky.  6—10'.  Lvs.  all 
radical  of  numerous  oblong  linear,  segm.  The  bulb  consists  of  reddish,  scale-like 
tubers.    Apr.  May. 

2  D.  Canadensis  DC.    Squirrel-corn.    Root  bearing  yellow  tubers  as  large  as  peas  ; 

rac.  simple  ;  fls.  white,  cordate-ovate  ;  spurs  rounded,  incurved.  Rocky  woods.  Can. 
to  Ky.    6— S'.    Lvs.  as  in  Ko.  1.    Fls.  fragrant.    May,  June. 

3  D.  exinila  DC.    Purple  E.    Rhizome  scaly;   rac.  paniculate;  fls.  cordate-oblong, 

rose-purple,  spurs  blunt,  incurved  ;  scp.  ovate,  acute  ;  lvs.  triternate,  segm.  cut  into 
oblong,  acute  lobes.    N.  Y.  to  Oreg. !    10—15'.    Fls.  all  summer,  t 

4  D.  sPECTABiLis.    Bleeding  Heart.    Stems  recurved,  branched ;  lvs.  bitemate,  segm.  -/^^^^ 
,.j-_        2  or  3-lobed  ;  fls.  in  spreading  racemes,  bright  purple  ;  cor.  broad,  heart-shaped ;  sep.     -^^ 

obsolete.    China.    Very  fine  and  showy. 

2.  ADLUMIA,  Raf  Mountain  Fringe.  Sepals  2,  minute.  Petals  4, 
united  into  a  cellular,  monopetalous  corolla,  persistent,  bi-gibbous  at  base, 
4-lobed  at  apex.  Stam.  united  in  2  equal  sets.  Pod  2-valved,  many-scevkt!.. 
(2)  ^  Delicate,  with  tripinnate  leaves,  and  ample  pendulous  cymes. 

A.  cirrliosa  Raf.— Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  N.  Car.  20f.  The  leaf-stalks  serve  for  tendrils. 
Leaflets  3-lobed.    Flowers  pinkish  white.    June— Aug. 

3.  CORYDALIS,  DC.  Sepals  2,  small.  Petals  4.  Cerclla  with  a 
single  spur  at  base  on  the  upper  side.  Capsule  silique-form,  many-seedeol. 
Seeds  crested  or  arilled.  Herbs  caulescent,  with  multifid  leaves.  Racemes 
bracted,  with  ebracteolate  pedicels. 

1  C.  glauca  Ph.  Glaucous,  erect ;  fls.  red,  yellow  at  the  tip  ;  pods  erect ;  lobes  of  the 
leaflets  obtuse,  bracts  minute.  @  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  N.  Car.  1— 4f.  Raceme  ter- 
minal.   Flowers  horizontal,  spur  short,  blunt.    May,  June. 


34  Order  ll.-CRUCIFER^, 

2  C.  aiireaWilkl.    Low,  diffuse,  finally  ascending ;  leaf-lobes  acute  ;  rac.  opijosite  (lie 

Ivs.  and  terminal ;  fls.  secnnd,  bright  yellow,  spur  deflected ;  pods  pendulous,  torn- 
Ions;  seeds  turgid,  polished,  (t)  Rocky  shades.  8—12'.  Cor.  0".  Bracts  lance- 
ovate.    Apr.— July. 

p.  macrdntha,  Fls.  10",  spur  nearly  as  long  as  limb  ;  bracts  and  leaf-lobes  linear. 
Dakota ;  sent  by  Dr.  W.  Matthew.*. 

y.  ndvttla.    Fls.  3—4",  pale  yellow,  spur  very  short,  petals  pointed.    Common. 

3  C.  inontana  Engelm.  ?    Ascending ;  rac.  terminal ;  leaf-lobes  obtuse,  bracts  lance- 

olate ;  cor.  yellow,  spur  ascending,  nearly  as  long  as  limb,  lower  petal  at  length  pen- 
dent ;  pods  erect ;  seeds  lenticular.    La.  Tex.  1 

4.  FUMARIA,  L.     Fumitory.     (Lat.  fumus,  smoke  -,  from  its  disa- 
gi'eeable  odor.)    Sep.  2,  caducous.    Pet.  4,  unequal,  1  of  them  spurred  at 
the  base.    Nut  ovoid  or  globous,  1 -seeded,  and  indeliiscent.    Lvs.  cau- 
line,  finely  dissected. 
F.  ofQcindlls  L.    Diffusely  branched,  erect ;  lvs.  bipinnate ;  rac.  loose ;  fls.  minute, 

purple  at  the  tip ;  calyx  serrated ;  ped.  erect,  twice  longer  than  bract ;  nut  rovmd- 

retuse.    @  Waste  grounds,  §.    If.    July,  Aug, 


Order  XI.    CRUCIFER^.    Crucifers, 

Herhs  with  a  pungent,  watery  juice,  and  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves, 
■with  flotcers  cruciform,  tetvadynamous,  generally  in  racemes,  and  bractless. 
Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  with  long  claAvs  and  spreading 
limbs.  Stamens  G,  the  3  outer  opposite  ones  shortci-  than  the  4  interior- 
Ovary  2-carpelled,  2-cclled  by  a  false  partition,  with  parietal  placentae. 
Fruit  a  silique,  or  silicle,  usually  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Seeds  2-rowed 
in  each  cell,  but  often  so  intercalated  as  to  form  but  1  row.  Embryo  with 
the  2  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the  radicle.  Albumen  0.  lUust.  55, 
104,  192,  193,  239,  336,  429,  506. 

A  large  and  important  Order,  difficult  ot 
analysis.  The  Genera  cannot  be  well 
distingTiished  by  their  flowers,  so  nearly 
alike  are  they  in  all.  Their  characters 
are  taken  from  the  fruit  and  seeds.  Hence 
it  is  indispensable  that  specimens  for  analysis  should  be  in.  fruit  as  well  as 
in  flower.  DeCandolle  arranged  the  Genera  into  Tribes  according  to  the 
folding  of  the  cotyledons  upon  the  radicle.  This  occurs  in  three  diff"erent 
modes,  as  follows : 

Cotyledons  incumbent,  when  they  are  so  bent  or  folded  as  to  apply  the 
back  of  one  of  them  to  the  radicle,  as  in  the  seed  of  Capsella,  fig.  1. 

Cotyledons  accumbeut,  when  they  are  so  turned  as  to  apply  their  edges 
to  the  radicle,  as  seen  in  the  seed  of  Arabis  Canadensis,  fig.  2. 

Cotyledons  conduplicate,  when  they  are  not  only  incumbent,  as  in  the 
first  case,  but  also  folded  on  and  partly  embracing  the  radicle,  as  in  Mus- 
tard, fig.  3. 


Ordeu.  11.— CRUCIFER^E.  35 

111  the  following  table  we  endeavor  to  combine  with  the  systematic 
arrangement  of  DeCandolle  a  more  practical  artificial  method  : 

*  Cnicifers  native,  or  cultivated  for  food.    (§) 

*  Crucifers  exotic,  cultivated  for  ornament  or  art.     (§  §) 
§  Fruit  a  long  pod,  silique  (§  166),  opening  by  2  valves,    (a) 

g  Fruit  a  short  pod,  silicle  (§  166),  opening  by  2  valves,     {e) 

§  Fruit  a  jointed  pod,  loment,  partitioned  across Nos.  28,  29 

a  Flowers  cyanic. — b  Seeds  arranged  in  a  double  row  in  each  cell Nos.  1,  2 

— 6  Seeds  in  1  row. — c  Pods  sessile  on  the  torus Nos.  3,  4,  5 

— r.  Pods  on  a  slender  stipe No.  12 

a  Flowers  yellow. — d  Seeds  flat,  wing-margined No.  6 

— d  Seeds  ovate  or  oblong '....Nos.  9,  10,  11 

— d  Seeds  globular No.  15 

e  Flowers  bright  yellow.     Silicle  turgid,  or  slighily  flattened Nos.  1,  20,  21 

e  Flowers  cyanic.^  Silicle  turgid,  with  a  broad  partition Nos.  19,  22 

— /  Silicle  flattened  parallel  with  a  broad  partition Nos.  16,  18 

— f  Silicle  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition Nos.  24,  26 

§§  Fruit  a  silique  or  long  pod,  opening  by  2  valves Nos.  7,  8,  13,  14 

§  §  Fruit  a  silicic—^  with  1  seed  only,  and  indehiscent No.  27 

— <7  with  2  or  more  seeds. — h  Petals  all  equal Nos.  16,  17 

— h  Petals  unequal No.  23 

Tribe  I.     ARABIDE.E. — Pods  mostly  elongated.     Seed  oval  or  orbicular,  more  ar  less  flattened.     Co- 
tyledons accumbeut  C=o). 

1  Seeds  small,  turgid,  in  a  turgid,  oblong  or  oval  pod ;.. Nasturtium. 

2  Seeds  flattened,  in  a  long,  line.ir  pod.    Plants  very  erect Turritis. 

3  Silique  linear,  seeds  in  1  row,  not  bordered.    Purple Iodanthus. 

4  Silique  linear,  each  valve  with  1  central  vein,  not  opening  elastically Arabis. 

5  Silique  linear  or  lanceolate,  valves  veinless,  opening  elastically Cardamine. 

6  Silique  oblong,  flattened,  seeds  wing-margined.    Leaves  radical Leavenwortuia 

7  Silique  long,  OO-seeded.    Stigmas  distinct,  2horned Matthiola. 

8  Silique  long,  OO-seeded.    Stigmas  capitate.    Leaves  entire.    Flowers  yellow.. Cheira.nthus. 

9  Silique  4-angled,  2-edged,  rigid.    Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid Barbarea. 

Tribe  II.     SISYMBRIE^.— Pod  elongated.     Seeds  oblong.    Cotyledons  incumbent  (Jo),  oblong. 

10  Calyx  erect.    Pods  4-sided,  valves  strongly  1-veined.     Leaves  lanceolate Ertslvd.m. 

11  Calyx  half  spreading.    Pods  subterete.    Leaves  dissected  or  incised Sisymbrium. 

12  Very  smooth  herbs,  with  (he  white  flowers  in  corj-mbs.     South  Warea.' 

13  Stigma  of  2  converging  lobes.    Petals  entire,  oblique.    Leaves  lanceolate Hespkris. 

14  Stigma  lobes  connate.     Petals  pinnatifid,  involute  in  aestivation SunizoPETAi.oN 

Tribe  III.    BRASSICE.E.— Pods  elongated.    Seeds  globular,  ((o. 

15  Pod  terete  or  4-sided Brassic A. 

Tribe  IV.    ALYSSI.N'E.E.— Fruit  short,  septum  broad.    Seeds  in  2  rows.     Cotyledons  =o. 

16  Silicle  mostly  orbicuiar,  flattened.     Cells  1-4  seeded Altssum. 

17  Silicle  very  large,  orbicular-oval,  very  flat,  stipitate.     Cultivated Lumaria. 

18  Silicle  oblong  or  elliptical.     Seeds  Oo,  not  margined.     Pet.  entire  or  2-cleft Draba. 

19  Silicle  globular  or  ellipsoid.    Seeds  few.     Flowers  white Armoracia. 

20  Silicle  globular,  inflated,  thin,  veinless.   Flowers  yellow Vesicaria. 

Tribe  V.    CAMELINEJi:.— Pods  mostly  short.    Septum  broad.     Cotyledons  il  o. 

21  Silicle  obovoid,  with  ventricous  valves,  many  seeds.     Flowers  yellow Camelina. 

22  Silicle  oval,  turgid,  few-seeded.    Leaves  linear,  radical.     Flowers  white Subui.aria. 

Tribe  VL  THLASPIDE.E.— Pods  short,  septum  narrow.  Cotyledons  accnmbent.  (23)..Iberis. 
Tribe  VII.    LEPIDINE.E.— Pods  short,  septum  narrow.    Cotyledons  incumbent. 

24  Silicle  triangular,  many-seeded.    Flowers  white Capsella. 

25  Silicle  oval-orbicular,  2-seeded.     Flowers  white,  often  incomplete Lepidium. 

26  Silicle  didymous,  each  half  1-seeded.    Flowei-s  minute Senebiera. 

Tribe  VIIL  ISATIDE.E.— Silicle  short,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.  (27)  Cult....ISATis. 
Tribe  IX.  CAKALINE^E.— Pod  2-jointed.  Cotyls.  —  o.  (28)  Fleshy  sea-side  herbs.  ..Cakile. 
Tribe  X.    RAPHANE.iE.— Pod  raoniliform.   Cotyledons  ((o.   (29)    Leaves  lyrate....RAPHANCS. 


36  Ordeii  11.— CRUCIFER^. 

1.  NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br.  Water-cress.  (Lat.  nasiis  tortus,  nose 
tortured ;  alluding  to  the  pungent  qualities.)  Sep.  spreading.  Siliques 
subterete,  turgid,  generally  curved  upward,  often  shortened  to  a  silicle, 
valves  veinless.  Seeds  small,  go,  turgid,  generally  arranged  in  a  double 
row  in  each  cell  (=  o ).    ^  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves. 

*  Petals  white.    Siliques  rather  long  (10—12") No.  1 

*  Petals  yellow,  minute.  Siliques  shortened  (4— S"),  but  longer  than  the  pedicels,  (a) 

*  Petals  yellow.    Siliques  or  silicles  (1—6"),  shorter  than  the  pedicels.   (6) 

a  Leaves  pinnate  or  piunatilid.    Diffusely  branched Nos.  2,  3 

a  Leaves  lyratc,  or  merely  toothed.    Stems  erect Nos.  4,  5 

b  Petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  obscure Nos.  6,  7 

b  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow,  the  flowers  showy Nos.  8,  !) 

1  N.  officinale  R.  Br.    Entjlish  W.    Lvs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  subcordate,  repand ; 

petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx.    il  Springs,  &c.    May,  June.    §  % 

2  N.  tanacetifolinm  Hook.    Upper  leaf-segm.  confluent,  lower  distinct,  oblong,  or 

roundish,  sinuate-toothed,  teeth  obtuse ;    pods  4—8",  ped.  \  as  long,     (g)   South. 
j3.  obttiHUK:,    Lfts.  mostly  distinct,  obtuse,  oval.    Pods  shorter  (3—5").  Miss.  R. 

3  N.  Walteri  Wood.    Segments  of  the  leaves  all  distinct,  narrow,  with  a  few  linear, 

acute  lobes  or  teeth  ;  pods  linear  (5'0,  ped.  2—3".    11  South.    ,3—5'.    March,  April. 

4  N.  limosum  N.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  toothed,  the  lower  lyrate  ;  pods  elliptic-oblong, 

3—4",  ped.  much  shorter,    (s)  Rivers,  La.    10—15'.    Fls.  minute.    Too  near  the  next. 

5  N.  sessiliflorum  N.     Lvs.  wxdge-obovate,  repandly-toothed  or  subentire  ;    pods 

linear-oblong,  5 — 6",  snbsessile.  @  Miss.  Kiv.   Stem  erect.  Fls.  minute.  Apr.— June. 

6  N.  palustre  DC.   Marsh  Cress.  Glabrous;  lvs.  piunately  lobed,  amplexicaul,  lobes 

confluent,  dentate  ;  rt.  fusiform  ;  pet.  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  silicle  spreading,  turgid, 
twice  longer  than  wide.    %  Wet  places.    1— 2f.    Pod  3".    June- Aug. 

7  N.  hisplduin  DC.    Villous  :  lvs.  runcinate-pinnatifld,  lobes  obtusely  dentate  ;  sili- 

cles tumid,  ovoid,  or  globular,  the  pedicels  longer,  ascending ;  pet.  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  calyx.    @  Streams,    1— .3f.    Pod  I".    Ped.  2—3".    June— Aug. 

8  N.  sylvestre  R.  Br.    Wood.  Cress.    Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  serrate  or  incised; 

pods  linear,  style  very  short,    if.  Meadows,  Ms.  to  Pa.    Rare.    June,  July.    § 

9  N.  sinuatuiu  Nutt.    Lvs.    pinnatifid,    segm.  lance-oblong,  nearly  entire;    pods 

oblong,  acute,  with  a  slender  style,    n  Rivers,  St.  Louis  to  Oreg.    June. 

2.  TURRITIS,  Dill.  Tower  Mustard.  (Lat.  turns,  a  tower;  from 
the  strict  form  of  the  plants.)  Sep.  erect,  converging.  Seeds  flattened, 
minute,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  long,  narrOwly-linear  2-edged  silique  ; 
valves  plane,  1-veined.  Embrj^o  =  c .  Glabrous  and  strictly  erect,  stem- 
leaves  sagittate-clasping.     (Runs  into  Arabis.) 

1  T.  glabra  L.    Fls    cream-white,  erect;  silique  long  (30,  strictly  erect;  stem  lvs. 

ovate-lanceolate.    (T)  Can.,  to  Pa.CPorter.)    2— 3f.    Glaucous.    Lvs.  entire.    July. 

2  T.  stricta  Graham.    Fls.  rose-white,  erect ;  silique  long  (.3'),  erect,  finally  ascending 

or  spreadhig ;  stem  lvs.  linear-lanceolate.    ®  Rocks,  N.  Y.  (rare)  to  Greg.  1— 2f.  May. 
|3.  braehycdrpa.    Fls.  and  siliques  spreading,  the  latter  shorter  (10.  Westward. 

3.  lODANTHUS,  T.  &  G.  False  Rocket.  (/oJ^t;?,  violet-colored, 
«V3o5,  flower.)  Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Si- 
lique linear,  terete,  veinless.  Seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell 
(=c).  y  Glabrous,  with  violet-purple  flowers  in  panicled  racemes. 
Leaves  lanceolate. 

I.  hesperioides  Torr  &  Gr.    Penn.  to  111.  and  Ark.    2— 3f.    Lvs.  serrate  or  the  lower 
pinnatifid-lyrate.    Pods  15—20",  spreading.    May,  June.    (Arabis,  Gr.) 


Order  11.— CRUCIFER^.  37 

4.  ARABIS,  L.  Rock-cress.  Sepals  mostly  erect ;  silique  linear,  com- 
pressed ;  valves  plane,  each  with  1  or  3  longitudmal  veins,  seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle row  in  each  cell,  mostly  margined,  cotyledons  accumbent  or  oblique. 
Flowers  white.    Figs.  336,  506. 

*  Leaves  (all  or  at  least  the  radical)  pinnatifld.    Stems  clustered Nos.  1,  2,  3 

*  Leaves  all  undivided,  toothed  or  entire,  often  clasping. .  (a)    (Exotic.   No.  10.) 

a  Siliques  short  (6—12")  and  straight.  Sds.  not  winged.  Stems  clustered.  .Nos.  4,  f 
a  Siliques  longer  (1—2'),  straight  or  curved.  Sds.  not  winged.  St.  simple.  .Nos.  6.  7 
a  Siliques  long  (.3'),  curved,  pendent.    Seeds  winged Nos.  8,  !1 

1  A.  liudovlciana  Meyer.    All  the  leaves  pinnatifld  or  pinnate,  smoothish  ;  stems 

branched  at  base  ;  siliques  ascending  ;  seeds  bordered.    (I)  South.    6—10'.    March. 

2  A.  lyrata  L.   Upper  leaves  smooth,  linear,  entire ;  radical  leaves  Ij-rately  pinnatifld. 

often  pilous  ;  st.  branched  at  base  ;  pedicels  spreading ;  siliques  erect,  seeds  not  bor- 
dered, obliquely  =o .  (2)  Hills,  Can.  to  Va.  6—12'.  Pods  IJ— 2'.  Pet.  3"  long.  Apr.,  May. 

3  A.  pctrsea  Lam.    Upper  leaves  linear,  entire,  minute,  radical  pinnatifld,  very  small  ; 

stems  clustered;  pods  ascending  (1— If) ;  seeds  bordered,  =o.    u  Rocks  (Green- 
wich), Ct.,  Vt.,  O.,  Mich.    6—12'.    Flowers  white  or  roseate.    June. 

4  A.  Tliallaiia  L.    St.  clustered,  erect ;  Ivs.  pilous,  oblong,  nearly  entire  ;  pet.  twice 

longer  than  calyx  ;  pods  erect,  squarish  (9") ;  seeds  obliquely  Jo.  fj)  Fields,  Vt.  to  III. 
and  Car.  (Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  Ilankenson.)  4-12'.  Fls.  small.  May.  (Sisymbrium,  Gay.)  § 

5  A.  dcnta.ta  T.  &  G.    Stems  clustered,  diffuse  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sharply  toothed  ;  petals 

hardly  longer  than  the  calyx;  pods  spreading.    (I)  N.  Y.  to  Mo.    If.   Fls.  small.  May. 

6  .4,  patens  Sull.    Erect,  pubescent ;  cauline  leaves  coarsely  toothed  ;  siliques  spread- 

ing and  curved  upward,  beaked  with  a  distinct  style.    @  O.  to  Tenn.    1— 2f.    May. 

7  A,  liirsiita  Scop.    Erect,  hirsute ;  radical  leaves  oblong-ovate,  caulino  lanceolate, 

sagittate-clasping,  entire  or  toothed  ;  siliques  straight,  erect ;  style  none.    @  Can.  to 
A'a.,  and  W.    1— 2f.    June. 

8  A.  Iievigata  DC.    Tall,  glaucous,  smooth  ;  stem  leaves  liuear-lanccolate  and  linear, 

sagittate-clasping,  the  upper  entire  :  siliques  very  long,  linear,  at  length  spreading 
and  pendulous.    ®  Can.  to  Tenn.,  and  W.    2f.    Pod  3'.    May. 
j3.  m/nor  (Porter).  Plant  smaller,  10—15',  with  the  Ivs.  sessile— not  clasping.  Penn. 

9  A.  Canadensis  L.    Sickk-pod.    Tall,  pubescent ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed 

both  ways,  sessile ;  silique  subfalcate,  veined,  pendulous.    @  Rocky  hills.    2— 3f. 
Petals  small,  but  twice  longer  than  sepals.    Pods  3'.    May,  June. 

10  A.  ALPINA.  Erect,  8—12',  hoary  with  stellate  hairs  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  with  slender  teeth, 
clasping;  fls.  showy,  pure  wh.,  in  many  little  long-stalked  corymbs.  Alps.  Mar.— May. 

5.  OARDAMIN3,  L.  Bitter  Cress.  Calyx  a  little  spreading.  Sil- 
ique linear  or  lanceolate,  with  flat,  veinless  valves  narrower  than  the  dis- 
sepiment, and  often  opening  elastically  from  the  base.  Stigma  entire. 
Seeds  not  margined,  =  o .    Flowers  white  or  purple. 

§  Dentaria.  Pod  lance-linear.  Rhizome  thickish,  knotted.  Stem  with  2  or  3  palmated 
leaves  near  the  middle.    Flowers  large,  corymbed. .  .(*) 

*  Leaves  of  the  stem  subopposite  or  subverticillate Nos.  1,  2,  3 

*  Leaves  of  the  stem  alternate Nos.  4,  5 

§  Card  AMINE.    Pod  linear.    Root  tuberous  or  fibrous.    Leaves  alternate. ..  ^t) 

t  Leaves  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets Nos.  6.  7 

t  Leaves  simple  or  partly  temate. . .  (a) 

a  Siliques  pointed  with  a  slender  style.    In  low,  wet  grounds Nos.  8,  !i 

a  Siliques  tipped  with  the  sessile  stigma.    In  high  mountains Nos.  10,  11 

1  C  dlplij^lla.  Stem  2-leaved  ;  leaflets  subovate  ;  rhizome  continuous,  toothed. 
"K  Damp  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  If.  Leaves  3-parted,  nearly  opposite.  Root-stock 
pungent,  aromatic.    May. 


38  Order  11.— CEUCIFER.E. 

2  €.  laclniata.    Cauline  Ivs.  3,  3-parted,  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear-ohlong, 

obtusK.',  lobed,  toothed  or  entire  ;  rhizome  moniliforni.    if  Woods.    If.    Apr.  IMay. 

3  €.  iiiultifida.    Cauline  Ivs.  mostly  3,  and  vcrticillate,  rarely  2,  multifid  with  nu- 

merous linear  lobes  ;  rhizome  tuberous.    V  Woods,  N.  Car.  to  Ala.    Eare.    9'. 

4  C.  maxima.    Stem  about  3-leaved  (2  to  7) ;  Ifts.  3,  ovate,  toothed  or  cleft ;  rhizome 

moniliform,  the  tubers  toothed,    n  N.  Y.  and  Penn.    Eare.    1— 3f.    May. 

5  C.  lieteropli^lla.    Stem  about  2-leaved  (2  or  3),  leaflets  .3,  lanceolate  and  nearly 

entire ;  root-lvs.  of  3  ovate-oblong,  toothed,  and  cut-lobed  leaflets  ;  rhizome  monili- 
form, scarcely  toothed.    7i  Penn.  Va.  Ky.    6'.    Flowers  purple.    June. 

6  C.  Iiir.suta  L.    Stem  (hirsute  in  Europe)  glabrous,  erect;  leaves  pinnately  5-11- 

foliatc,  terminal  leaflet  largest ;  flowers  (white)  small,  silique  erect,  linear  or  filiform ; 
stigma  minute,  sessile.    (2)  Wet.    Variahle.    Stem  3-12',  slender  or  thick.    Leaflets 
obtuse.    Pod  1'.    March— June. 
jS.   aylvdtica.     Slender  and  delicate ;  leaflets  1  or  2-toothed ;    pods  filiform,  in- 
curved.   Grows  in  dryer  places.    6'.    (C.  Virginica  Mx.) 

7  C.  pratensis  L.     Cuckoo  Flower.    Stem  ascending,  simple  ;  leaves  pinnately  7-15- 

foliate  ;  leaflets  petiolate,  subentire,  lower  ones  suborbicular,  upper  linear-lanceolate  : 
style  distinct.    Of  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Arc.  Am.    10—16'.    Flowers  large.    Apr.  May. 

8  C  rliomboidea  DC.    Stems  simple,  erect  or  ascending,  tuheriferous  at  base ; 

siliques  linear-lanceolate  ;  rt.  Ivs.  roundish,  entire,  st.  Ivs.  rhomboidal.  n  May.  8—14'. 
/3.  purpurea.    Slender,  erect,  few-leaved  and  purple-flowered.    N.  Y.,  O.,  Wise. 

9  C.  rotuiidifolia  Ms.    Stems  decumbent,  branching,  finally  stoloniferons ;  leaves 

all  petiolate  ;  pod  linear-subulate ;  rt.  fibrous.  7i  Cool  springs,  Pa.  to  Car.  1— 2f.  May,  Ja. 

IOC.  bellidlfolla  L.  Leaves  smooth,  orbicular-ovate,  nearly  entire,  petiolate  ;  cau- 
line entire  or  3-lobed;  siliques  erect.    7{  White  Mts.  &c.    1}— 3'.    July. 

lie.  spatulata  Ms.  Lvs.  hirsute,  the  radical  spatulate,  petiolate ;  cauline  sessile, 
siliques  spreading.    ®  Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.    Trailing.    6—8'.    April. 

6.  liEAVENWORTHIA,  Torr.     (Named  for  Br.   Lcavemcorth,  the 

tliscovci-cr.)     Petals  cuneate,  retuse,  or  trimcate.     Silique  flat,  oblong, 
valves  indistinctly  veined.     Seeds  in  a  single  row,  flattened,  wing-mar- 
gined.   Embryo  nearly  straight,  curving  toward  an  accumbent  form.    (2) 
Low,  smooth  herbs  with  lyrate-pinnatifid  leaves.     Pet.  yellow  at  base, 
li.  OTicliaiixli  (and  aurea)  Torr.— Rocks,Ky.toTex.  2—6'.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Fls.l— 4. 

7.  MATTHIOLA,  R.  Br.  Stock.  (In  honor  of  P.  A.  3fatthioU,  phy 
sician  to  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  botanic  author.)  Calyx  closed,  2  of 
the  sepals  gibbous  at  base.  Siliques  terete  ;  stigmas  connivant,  thickened 
or  cornute  at  the  back.  Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  oriental  plants,  clothed 
with  a  hoary,  stellate  pubescence. 

1  M.  ixcIna.    Common  Stock.    Brompton  S.    July-flmver.    Erect,  branching  from  the 

woody  base  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire.    (2)  n  Eur.    2f.    FIs.  often  double,  white,  purple. 

2  M.  ANNUA.    Ten-xveelis  Stock.    Erect,  branched ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  toothed.    (1) 

S.  Eur.    2f.    Flowers  infinitely  various,  mostly  double.    June— Nov. 

8.  CHEIRANTHUS,  L.  Wall-flower.  (Xtip,  the  hand,  aVSo5, 
flower.)  Calyx  closed,  2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base.  Silique  terete  or 
compressed.  Stigma  2-lobed  or  capitate.  Seeds  flat,  in  a  single  sei-ies, 
often  margined.  (=  o ).  Garden  perennials,  mostly  European.  Leaves  un- 
divided.   Fig.  55. 

O.  CuEiRi.  St.  somewhat  shrubby  and  decumbent  at  base;  lvs.  lanceolate,  ^-lubrous; 
pet.  obovate,  long-clawed,  yellow ;  stig.  capitate.    %.  S.  Eur.    2f.    June. 


Order  11.— CRUCIFER^.  S9 

9.  BARBAREA,  R.  Br.  Winter-cress.  (Dedicated  to  Sta.  Barbara.) 
Sepals  erect.  Siliques  columnar,  3  or  4-angled,  valves  carinate  with  a  mid- 
vein.    Seeds  in  a  single  row  (=  o ).    Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.    Fls.  yellow. 

1  B.  Tu!ga,vis  R.  Br.    Upper  Ivs.  toothed  or  pinnatifld  at  base  ;  siliques  obtusely  4- 

anglcd,  pointed  with  the  style,    (g)  Brooksides :   common.    1— 2f.    Eacemes  dense, 
showy -panicled.    Pod  9".    May,  June. 

2  B.  precox  R.  Br.    ScurVTj-grass.    Upper  Ivs.  pinnatifld,  with  the  lobes  all  linear- 

oblong  ;  silique  2-edged.    V-  %  X  South.    Pod  2—3'.    May,  June. 

10.  ERYSIMUM,  L.  False  Wall-flower.  {'Epvcj,  to  cure  ;  from 
its  salutary  medicinal  properties.)  Calyx  closed.  Siliques  columnar,  4- 
sided,  valves  with  a  strong  mid-vein.  Stigma  capitate.  Seeds  in  a  single 
series.     Cotyledons  oblong,  ||  o .    Lvs.  narrow,  undivided.    Fls.  yellow. 

1  E.  cUeirantlioides  L.    Pubescence  minute,  appressed,  branched  ;  lvs.  lanceo- 

late, denticulate,  or  entire :  fls.  small ;  siliques  short  (8—10"),  on  slender,  spreading 
pedicels  ;  stig.  small,  nearly  sessile,    (i)  Wet  grounds.    1— 2f.    Rac.  long.    July. 

2  E.  Arltansanum   N.     Yellow  Phlox.     Simple,  scabrous ;    lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 

remotely  dentate ;    rac.  corymbcd  at  top ;  pod  long  (.30,  erect ;  stig.  capitate.    @ 
Blufl's,  O.  to  Ark.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large,  orange-yellow.    June,  July. 

3  E.  orieiitale  R.Br.    Glabrous  and  glaucous;   radical  lvs.  obovate,  stem  lvs.  cor- 

date-clasping, obtuse,  entire ;  fls.  white.    @  Near  Phila  (A.  H.  Smith).    §  Eur. 

11.  SISYMBRIUM,  Allioni.  (An  ancient  Greek  name.)  Calyx  half- 
spreading,  equal  at  base.  Petals  unguiculate,  entire.  Silique  subterete, 
valves  concave,  marked  lengthwise  with  1 — 3  veins.  Style  very  short. 
Seeds  in  a  single  series,  ovoid,  ||  o .    Flowers  small,  yellow. 

1  S,  ofBcinale  Scop.    Hedge  ifustard.    Leaves  runcinate  ;  racemes  slender,  virgate  ; 

siliques  subulate,  erect,  closely  appressed  \p  the  rachis.    (i)  A  common  weed,  with 
branches  at  right  angles.    1— 3f.    June— Sept.    § 

2  S.  Sophia  L.    Flixweed.    Lvs.  bipinnatitid,  lobes  linear-oblong,  acute  ;  sep.  longer 

than  pet. ;  pod  linear,  erect,  longer  than  the  spreading  pedicel,    (i)  N.  Y.  Can.   § 

3  S.  canescens  Nutt.     Tanseij  Mustard.    Lvs.  bipinnatifid,  canescent,  lobes  oblong, 

subdentate,  obtuse  ;  pet.  about  equalling  the  calyx  ;  pod  oblong-linear,  3—6",  ascend- 
ing, shorter  (or  never  longer)  than  the  spreading  pedicel.    (T)  U.  S.  1— 2f.  Mar.— June. 

12.  WAREA,  N.  (Named  for  Mr.  Ware,  the  discoverer.)  Sep.  colored, 
ligulate.  Pet.  with  very  slender  claws.  Silique  flattened,  long  and  slen- 
der, raised  on  a  slender  stipe.  Cotyledons  oblong,  I  o .  (i)  Glabrous, 
entire-leaved.  Flowers  white  or  purple,  in  short  racemes.  Siliques 
curved  and  decliuate. 

1  W.  cunelfolla  N.    Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  cuncate  at  base,  and  subsessile.     Ga.  Fla. 

1— 2f.    Pet.  obovate,  white.    September. 

2  M\  aniplexifolia  N.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  partly  clasping.    Sand  hills,  Fla.    1— 2f. 

Pet.  oval,  purple.    September. 

13.  HESPERIS,  L.     Rocicet.     {"Edrrepa,  evening,  when  the  flower 
is  most  fragrant.)    Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  c>f  the  petals.    Pet. 
bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate.     Silique  subterete.     Seeds  not  margined. 
Stig.  forked,  with  the  apices  converging  (||  o).    Flowers  white  or  purple. 
H.  matronalis  L.    Simple,  erect ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  denticulate ;  pet.  obovate ;  pod 

torulous,  elongated  (30,  erect.    (5)  Shores  of  L.  Erie  (Hankeuson)  and  Huron.    §  t 
14 


4:0  Order  11.— CKUCIFER^. 

14.  SCHIZOPETALON,  Sims,  {^x^^oo,  to  cut,  as  the  petals  a}3pear 
to  be.)  Sep.  erect.  Pet.  pinnately  lobed,  involute  in  the  bud.  Silique 
linear,  compressed.  Stig.  lobes  erect,  connate.  Seeds  oblong  or  globular, 
cotyl.  twisted  (||  c ).    ®  Lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid.     Fls.  white  or  purple. 

S.  Wai.keri.    Stem  slcuder,  erect,  branching,  2f.    Lvs.  canescent.    Fls.  racemed.    Chili. 
Raised  from  seed.    Flowers  large,  curious,  soon  perishing. 

15.  BRASSICA  (and  Sinapis)  L.  Cabbage,  Mustard,  &c.  (The 
ancient  names.)  Silique  long,  terete,  or  4-sided,  pointed  with  a  stout  style 
or  an  ensiform  1-seeded  beak.  Valves  1-3-veined.  Seeds  in  1  row,  globu- 
lar, ((o.  Root  lvs.  piunatifid.  Rac.  elongated.  Fls.  yellow.  Figs.  239, 193, 429. 

§  Sinapis.    Sep.  spreading.    Pet.  ovate.    Pod  with  an  acute  bealc Nos.  1,  2,  3 

§  Bkassica.    Sep.  erect.  Pet.  obovate.  Pod  squarish,  with  a  blunt  style. .  .Nos.  4,  5,  6 

1  S.  nigra  L.    Black  Mustard.    Smooth ;    pod  1',  smooth,    somewhat  4-angled,  ap- 

pressed  to  the  rachis,  and  beaked  with  a  slender,  4-sided  style.    (T)  3— Gf.    § 

2  S.  arvensis  L.    Field  Mustard.    St.  and  lvs.  hairy  ;  pod  11',  smooth,  many-angled, 

torulousi,  spreading,  thrice  longer  than  the  slender  ancipital  style,    (i)  §  June,  July. 

3  S.  alba  L.    White  Mustard.    Lvs.  smoothish  ;  siliques  hispid,  torulous.  shorter  than 

the  ensiform  beak  ;  seeds  large,  pale  yellow.    (Ti  Eur.    3— .'jf.    Pod  4-seeded. 

4  B.  caiupestrls  L.     Cale.    Lvs.  somewhat  ileshy  and  glaucous,  the  lower  lyrate- 

dcntate,  subciliate,  upper  cordate-amplexicaul,  acuminate.    (T)  Fields.    2f.    July.    § 
|3.  Itutabag-a,  Swedish  Turnip.  Root  tumid,  napiform,  subglobous,  yellowish,  t 

5  B.Rapa  L.    Radical  lvs.  lyrate,  rough,  not  glaucous,  cauline  ones  incised,  upper 

entire,  smooth. 
/3.  DEPKEssA.    Common  Turnip.   Root  depressed,  globons  or  napiform,  contracted 
below  into  a  slender  radicle,    (g)  Long  cultivated  for  its  root,    t 

6  B.  OLEKACEA  L.     Cabbage.    Lvs.  rery  smooth  and  glaucous,  fleshy,  repand-toothed 

or  lobed.    @  Europe,  on  rocky  shores,  forming  no  head. 
/5.  BULLATA.    Savoy  Cabbage.    Lvs.  curled,  subcapitate,  finally  expanding.    $ 
y.  BoTKTTis-CArLiFLoRA.     Caulifloivcr.    Stem  low  ;  heads  thick,  compact,  term* 

nal ;  flowers  abortive,  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles,    i 
S.  BoTRTTis  ASPARAGoiDEs.    BroccolL    Stem  taller ;    heads  subramous  ;   branches 

fleshy  at  the  summit,  consisting  of  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds.    % 
£.  CAPiTATA.      Head  Cabbage.     Stem  short ;    leaves  concave,  packed  in  a  dense 

head  before  flowering  ;  raceme  paniculate.    % 

16.  ALYSSUM,  L.  Mvdwort.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  Xvddcx,  rage;  sup- 
posed })y  the  ancients  to  allay  anger.)  Calyx  equal  at  base.  Pet.  entii-e : 
some  of  the  stamens  with  teeth.  Silicle  orbicular  or  oval,  with  valves  flat, 
or  convex  in  the  centre.  Seeds  1 — 4  in  each  cell  (=  o ).  Showy  European 
herbs,  half  shrubby  at  base. 

1  A.  luaritliuum  Lam.    Sweet  A.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  acute,   entire,   some  hoary; 

pods  oval,  smooth,  2-seeded;  fls.  white,  small,  sweet,    n  If.  Escaped  from  gardens.  § 

2  A.  calycitium  L.    Calyx  persistent ;  lvs.  linear-spatuiate,  canescent ;  pods  orbicu- 

lar, lens-shaped,  with  a  thin  border,  4-seeded ;  fls.  yellowish.    CD  If-    Fields :  rare. 
Mass.  N.  y.  (Wayne  Co.,  Hankenson).  § 

3  A.  SAXATiLE.  liockA.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  downy;  pods  round-obovate,  2-seeded-: 

flowers  yellow,  corymbed,  abundant  and  brilliant.    2f  Candia.    9'.    April. 

17.  LUNARIA,  L.  Honesty.  (Lat.  luna,  the  moon  ;  from  the  broad, 
lound  silicles.)  Sep.  somewhat  bisaccate  at  base.  Pet.  nearly  entire. 
Stam.  without  teeth.     Silicle  pedicellate,  elliptical,  or  lanceolate,  with  flat 


ORDEn  11.— CRUCIFER.E.  41 

valves  ;  funiculus  adhering  to  the  dissepiment  (=  z ).    European.    Leaves 
cordate.    Flowers  lilac. 

1  li.  KEDivivA  L.    Perennial  Satin-flower.    Lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  mncronately  serrate; 

gilick's  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  each  end.    U  2— 3f.    June. 

2  li.  BIENNIS  DC.    Honesty.    Lvs.  with  obtuse  teeth ;  silicles  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends. 

@  Flowers  large,  purple.    May,  June. 

18.  DRABA,  L.  Whitlow  Grass.  (Jpa'/i/;,  acrid,  biting ;  from  the 
taste  of  the  plant.)  Calyx  equal  at  base.  Pet.  equal.  Fil.  without  teeth. 
Silicle  oval  or  oblong,  entire,  the  valves  flat  or  slightly  convex,  veined. 
Seeds  not  margined,  2-rowed  in  each  cell  (=o).  Flowers  white,  rarely 
yellow.    Plants  small. 

§  Erophila.   Petals  2-parted No.  1 

§  Draba  proper.    Petals  entire  or  only  emarginate.    (a) 

a  Style  distinct,  long  or  short.    Pods  twisted  when  ripe.   Perenn .  .Nos.  2,  3,  4 
a  Style  rone.    Pods  straight,  plane.    Plants  annual  or  bienn.    (b) 

b  Pedicels  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  pods  Nos.  5,  6 

b  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  pods Nos.  7,  8 

1  D.  (Eropliila)  veriia  L.     Whitlow  Grass.    Scape  naked  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  sub- 

serrate,  hairy;  pet.  bifid;  stig.  sessile;  silicle  oval,  flat,  shorter  than  the  pedicel.    (T) 
A  little  Spring  flower,  in  rocky  places.    Can.  to  Va.    1— .3'. 

2  D.  rainostsslina  Desv.    Minutely  pubescent,  diff'use ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  with 

remote  and  slender  teeth ;  rac.  panicled ;  silicle  lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the 
pedicel,  the  style  half  as  long.    K  Va.  Ky.    5—8'.    May. 

3  I>.  arabisans  Mx.     Slightly  pubescent ;   root  leaves  in  tufts,  wedge-lanceolate, 

toothed  ;  stems  leafy,  erect,  its  Ivs.  oblong ;  silicle  glabrous,  lance-oblong  (6"),  spread- 
ing ;  style  very  short.    il  Lake  shores,  Vt.  N.  Y.  Mich.    6—10'.    White.    May. 

4  D.  incana  L.    Hoary  pubescent;   root  leaves  in  tufts,  wedge-lanceolate,   slightly 

toothed ;  st.  nearly  naked,  branches  and  ped.  very  erect ;  silicle  oblong  (.5"),  twisted, 

sty.  very  short.  H  or  @  Mts.  N.Vt.  and  N.  6 — 8'.  Lvs.  C".  Fls.  verj' small,  white.  June. 
.5  D.  nemoralis  Ehrh.     Pubescecnt,  branched;    lvs.   oval,  the  cauline  lanceolate, 

toothed  ;  pet.  emarginate;  silicles  half  the  length  of  the  spreading  pedicels.  ©  Mich. 

Mo.    8—10'.    Flowers  small,  white  or  yellowish.    May. 
6  D.  bracliycarpa  N.     Minutely  pubescent;  lvs.  ovate,  the  cauline  oblong;  rac. 

GO-flowered  ;  pet.  obovate,  entire  ;  silicle  as  long  as  the  ped.    6-seeded.    (i)  Mo.  and 

South.    3—4'.     Pod  2".    April. 
T  D.  cuiieifolia  N.    Hirsute,  pubescent,  branching  and  leafy  below,  naked  above ; 

lvs.  cuneate-oblong,  sessile,  denticulate;  rac.  elongated  in  fruit;  silicles  twice  longer 

(4")  than  the  pedicels.    (T)  Ky.  to  La.    3—8'.    March. 
8  D.  Caroliiiiana  Walt.    Hispid,  branching  and  leafy  below,  naked  above ;  lvs.  en- 
tire, obovate  and  oval ;  rac.  short ;  silicles  oblong-linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels  (5"). 

(T)  R.  I.  to  Ga.  and  W.    1—3'.    Much  like  No.  7.    April— June. 
p.  mfcrdntlia.  Silicles  minutely  hispid ;  pet.  often  wanting.  (D.  micrantha  N.)  W. 

19.  ARMORACIA,  Rupp.  Horse-radish.  {Armorica,  its  native 
country,  now  the  province  Brittany,  France.)  Sep.  spreading.  Pet.  entire, 
much  exceeding  the  calyx.  Silicles  ellipsoid  or  globular,  turgid,  1-celled 
from  the  incomplete  partition.  Style  distinct.  Seeds  few  (=  r  ).  U  Lvs. 
oblong,  undivided,  or  the  lower  pinuatifid.    Flowers  white. 

1  A.  rnstlcana  Rupp.     Radical  lvs.  oblong,  crenate;   cauline  long,  lanceolate,   in 
cised ;  siliele  roundish,  ellipsoid,  much  longer  than  the  style.    §  Eur. 


42  Order  11.— CRUCIFER^. 

2  A.  Anierica.ua  Arn.  Aquatic;  immersed  Ivs.  doubly  pinuatifid  with  capillar}'  seg 
meiits,  emerged,  oblong,  piunatifld,  serrate  or  entire  ;  silicle  ovoid,  little  longer  that 
tlie  style.    Lakes  and  rivers.  Can.  to  Ky.    July,  Aug. 

20.  VE  SIC  ARIA,  Lam.  Bladder-pod.  (Lat.  vesica,  a  bladder  or 
blister;  from  the  inflated  silicles.)  Pet.  entire.  Silicle  globous  or  ovoid ; 
inflated  valves  nerveless,  hemispherical  or  convex.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cell,  sometimes  margined  (==  o ).    Flowers  yellow. 

V.  Sliortli  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  elliptical,  sessile,  entire ;  style  twice  as  long  as  tlie  globous 
silicle  ;  seeds  2—4,  not  margined.    ®  Ky.  rare. 

21.  CAMEIilNA,  Crantz.  False  Flax.  {Xa/^ial,  dwarf,  Xivov, 
flax.)  Calj'x  equal  at  base.  Pet.  entire.  Silicle  obovate  or  subglobous, 
with  veiitricous  valves  and  many-seeded  cells.  Styles  filiform,  persistent. 
Seeds  oblong,  striate,  not  margined  (||  c ).    Flowers  small,  yellow. 

C.  sativa  Crantz.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  sagittate  at  base,  subentire ;  silicle  obovate-pyri- 
form,  margined,  tipped  with  the  pointed  style.    Ti)  Fields.    §  Eur.    2f.    June. 

22.  SUBUIiARIA,  L.  Awlwort.  (Named  in  reference  to  the  linear- 
subulate  leaves.)  Silicle  oval,  valves  turgid,  cells  many-seeded.  Stigma 
sessile ;  cotyledons  linear,  curved  and  inctimbently  folded  on  themselves. 
@  Aquatic  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  aquatlca  L.— Shores  of  ponds,  Me.  N.  H.  Lvs.  all  radical,  entire,  subulate,  1'. 
Scape  2 — 3',  with  a  few  minute  white  flowers.    Julj'. 

23.  IBERIS,  L.  Candytuft.  (Most  of  the  species  are  natives  of 
Iberia,  now  Spain.)  The  2  outside  petals  larger  than  the  3  inner.  Silicles 
compressed,  truncate,  emargiuate,  the  cells  1-seeded.  Handsome  herbs 
from  the  Old  World,  pretty  in  cultivation.    Flowers  white  or  purple. 

1  I.  UMBELLATA.     Fuvple  C.     Hcrbaccous ;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 

serrate  ;  silicles  umbellate,  acutely  2-lobed.    ©Eur.    If.    Purple.    June,  July. 

2  I.  AMARA.    Bitter  C.    Herbaceous ;  lvs.  lanceolate,   acute  ;  fls.  finally  racemed  ;  sili- 

cles obcordate,  narrowly  emarginate.    ®  Eng.    If.    White.    June,  July. 

3  I.  ODORATA.    Herbaceous  ;   lvs.  linear,  toottied,  dilated  at  end ;  siiicle  round,  with 

acute,  spreading  lobes,    (i)  Alps.    If.    Sweet  scented.    Foliage  pretty.    July. 

4  I.  riNNATA.    Lvs.  piunatifld,  smooth.    ©Eur.    If.    White,  corymbed. 

5  I.  sAXATiLis.    Shrubby  ;  lvs.  linear,  entire.    2f  Eur.    If.    White,  corymbed. 

24.  CAPSEIjLA,  Vent.  (Lat.  capsa,  a  chest  or  box  ;  alluding  to  the 
fruit.)  Calyx  equal  at  base  ;  silicles  triangular-cuneiform,  obcordate,  com- 
pressed laterally ;  valves  carinate,  not  winged  on  the  back  ;  septum  sub- 
linear  ;  style  short ;  seeds  oo,  oblong,  small,  ||  o .  Fls.  white.  A  common 
weed.    Fig.  193. 

fC.  Bursa-pastoris  Msench.  8hei}herd''8  Purse.  ®  Grows  everywhere.  0'— If— 2f.j. 
Root  lvs.  rosulate,  cut-lobcd  ;  stem  leaves  lance-lin.  clasping-sagittate  ;  rac.  long. 

25.  LEPIDIUM,  R.  Br.  Pepper  Grass.  {Astti?,  a  scale;  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  silicle.)  Sepals  ovate ;  petals  ovate,  entire ;  silicles 
oval-orbicular,  emarginate ;  septum  very  narrow,  contrary  to  the  greatej 


Order  11.— CRUCIFER^.  43 

diameter ;  valves  carinate,  dehiscent ;  cells  1-seeded.    Cotj-ledons  ||o,  often 
■=o.    Flowers  small,  white,  often  incomplete. 

*  Stamens  only  2.    Petals  often  wanting.    Leaves  not  clasping Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stamens  6.    Silicles  evidently  winged Nos.  3,  4 

1  !i.  Virginicum  L.     Tongtie-grass.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  incisely  ser- 

rate;  pet.  4;  silicles  orbicular,  cmarginate ;  cotj'ledons  =  o .    (T)  Dry  places.    If. 

2  li.  riKlerale  L.    Cauline  lvs.  incised,  those  of  the  branches  entire  ;  pet.  none;  pod? 

broad-oval,  notched,  wingless.    ©Dry  fields.    Rare.    10—15'.    Always  apetalous.    § 

3  li.  eaiupestre  R.  Br.      Telloiv-seed.     Cauline  Ito.  sagittate-clasping,  denticulate; 

silicles  ovate,  notched,  winged,  rough,    (i)  Dry  fields.    Rare.    6—10'.    Jn.    §  Eur. 

4  li.  SATIVUM  L,     Pepper-gi-ass.    Lvs.  oblong,  variously  incised  and  pinnatifid;  silicles 

elliptic-ovate,  notched  and  winged,    (i)  Eur.    2f.    A  garden  salad.    July. 

26.  SENEBIERA,  Poir.  Carpet  Cress.  Swine  Cress.  (In  honor 
of  Senebkr,  a  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.)  Sihcle  didymous,  with 
the  partition  very  narrow  ;  valves  ventricous,  separating  but  indehiscent, 
and  each  1-seeded,  cotyledons  incumbently  folded  on  themselves.  (T)  or 
(2)  Prostrate  and  diffuse,  with  minute  white  flowers. 

1  S.  didyjsia  Pcrs.    Lvs.  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  segments  ;  silicles  rugously  reticu- 

lated, notched  at  the  apex.    Waste  places  coastward,  Atlantic  and  Pacific. 

2  S.  Coronopus  DC.    Lvs.  pinnate,  with  the  segm.  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid ; 

silicles  tubercled,  not  notched  at  apex.    R.  Isl.  (Robbins)  to  Car.    Rare. 

27.  ISATIS,  L.  "WoAD.  ClddZoo,  to  make  equal ;  supposed  to  remove 
roughness  from  the  skin.)  Silicic  elliptical,  flat,  1-celled  (dissepiment  ob- 
literated), 1-seeded,  with  boat-shaped  valves,  which  are  scarcely  dehiscent 
(||o).    None  North  American. 

I.  TiNCTop.iA  L.  Silicles  cuncato,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  spatnlate  at  the  end, 
very  obtuse,  three  times  as  long  as  broad.  (T)  Eug.  4f.  Yellow.  May— July.  Culti- 
vated for  the  dye  which  is  yielded  by  its  leaves. 

28.  CAKILE,  Tourn.  Sea  Rocket.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.)  Sili- 
cic 2-jointecl,  the  upper  part  ovate  or  ensiform  ;  seed  in  the  upper  cell  erect, 
in  the  lower  pendulous,  sometimes  abortive.  ®  Maritime,  fleshy  herbs. 
Flowers  purple. 

C.  maritima  Scop.  Lvs.  oblong,  bluntly  serrate,  obtuse,  often  lobed  ;  lower  joint  of 
silicle  clavate,  upper  ovate-ensiforra  :  racemes  spike-like.  Coasts,  N.  States.  Pros- 
trate.   6—12'.    July,  August. 

29.  RAPHANUS,  L.  Radish.  ('P«,. quickly,  cpaivco,  to  appear;  from 
its  rapid  groAvth.)  Calyx  erect.  Pet.  obovate,  unguiculate.  Siliques  terete, 
torulous,  not  opening  by  valves,  transversely  2-jointed,  joints  with  1  or 
several  cells.     Seeds  large,  subglobous,  in  a  single  series  ((o. 

1  K.  Raplianistrum  L.      Wild  Radish.     Lvs.  lyrate;    silique  moniliform,  3-S 

seeded,  becoming  in  maturity  1-celled,  longer  than  the  style.    ®  Fields  :  rare.    1— 2f. 
Pet.  yellow,  blanching  as  they  decay.    June,  July.    §  Eur. 

2  R.  SATivA  L.     Garden  Radish.    Lower  lvs.  lyrate,  petiolate  ;  silique  2-.3-geeded,  acu- 

minate, scarcely  longer  than  the  style.    (T)  China.    2 — 4f    Root  napiform  or  fusiform, 
red,  black,  or  white.    Flowers  pink-white. 


44  Order  13.— RESEDACE.E. 

Order  Xn.    CAPPARIDACE^.    Capparids. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  destitute  of  true  stipules.  Leaves  alternate, 
petiolate.  Flmcers  cruciform,  liypogyuous.  Sepals  4,  Petals  4,  unguicu- 
late.  Stamens  6 — 13,  or  some  multiple  of  4,  never  tetradynamous,  on  a 
disk  or  separated  from  the  corolla  by  an  internode  of  the  torus.  Ovaries 
often  stipitate,  of  2  united  caipels.  Style  united.  Fruit  either  pod-shaped 
and  dehiscent,  or  fleshy  and  indehiscent.  Seeds  many,  reniform.  Albu- 
men 0.    Embryo  curved.     Cotyledon  foliaceous. 

§  Tribe  CAPPARE^.     Shrubs  (or  trees)  with  baccate  or  drupaceous  fruit.  S.  Fla.  ..Cappaeis. 

§  Tribe  CLEOMEyE.     Herbs  (or  shrubs)  with  capsular  1-celled  pods,    (a) 

a  Stamens  6,  separated  from  the  petals  by  an  internode Gynandeopsis.   1 

a  Stamens  6,  not  separated  from  the  petals Cleome.  2 

o  Stamens  8— 32,  free.    Torus  not  developed  to  an  internode Polanisia.  3 

1.  GYNANDROPSIS,  DC.  {Oynandrin,  a  Linnsean  class,  o^z?,  ap- 
pearance.) Sep.  distinct,  spreading.  Stam.  6,  separated  from  the  4  petals 
by  a  slender  internode  of  the  torus.  Pod  linear-oblong,  raised  on  a  long 
stipe  which  rises  from  the  top  of  the  torus.  @  Lvs.  digitate.  Fls.  racemed. 
G.  pcntax>liylla  DC.    Middle  lvs.  petiolate,  5-foliate,  floral  and  lower  ones  3-foliate, 

leaflets  obovate,  entire,  or  denticulate.    Waste  grounds,  Va.  to  Ga.    2— 3f.    MTiite.    § 

2.  CLEOME,  L.  Spider  Flower.  Sep.  sometimes  united  at  base. 
Pet.  4.  Torus  not  developed  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens,  which 
are  6 — 4.  Pod  stipitate  more  or  less.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple  or 
digitate.    Flowers  racemed  or  solitary. 

1  C.  pitngens  L.    Stem  simple,  prickly;  Ifts.  5—9,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acnte ;  flowers 

racemed  ;  petals  on  filiform  claws,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens.   @  Gardens  and  fields. 
3— 4f.    Flowers  purple,  curious.    May— Aug.    § 

2  C.  sPEciosissiMA.    Stem  branched  below;  Ifts.  5— 7,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  petals  as 

long  as  their  claws,  rose-purple.    Mexico.    3— 4f.    June— Sept. 

3.  POLANISIA,  Raf  {JJoXv,  much,  avidoi,  unequal.)  Sep.  dis- 
tinct, spreading.  Pet.  4,  unequal.  Stam.  8—32,  filaments  filifonn  or 
dilated  at  the  stimmit.  Torus  not  developed,  minute.  Pods  linear.  (T) 
Strong-scented  herbs,  with  glandular,  viscid  hairs. 

1  P.  graveolens  Eaf.    Viscid-pubescent;  lvs.  ternate,  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong;  fls.  axil- 

lary, solitary;    stam.  8—12;    caps,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base.    Gravelly 
shores,  Vt.  to  Ark.    If.    Flowers  in  leafy  racemes,  yellowish-white.    July. 

2  P.  tennlfolla  T.  &  G.    Viscid-glandular  ;  Ifts.  8,  filiform-linear ;  pet.  unequal,  oval, 

on  short  claws  ;  stam.  12—15  ;  pod  linear.    Ga.  Fla.    1— 2f.    White. 


Order  XIII.    RESEDACE^.    Mignonettes. 

Herbs,  with  alternate,  entire,  or  pinnate  leaves.  Stipziles  minute,  gland- 
like. Floicers  in  racemes  or  spikes,  small  and  often  fragrant,  4-7-merous, 
unsymmetrical  and  open  in  bud.  Petals  unequal,  entire  or  cleft.  Stamens 
8 — 20,  inserted  on  the  hypogynous.  one-sided  glandular  disk.     Ovai'ies  ses- 


Order  14.— VIOLACE^.  45 

sile,  3-lobed,   l-celled,  many-seeded.    Fruit  a  capsule,  1-celled,  opening 
between  the  stigmas  before  maturity.    Illust.  40, 165. 

RSSEDA,  L.  (Lat.  resedo,  to  calm  :  the  plants  are  said  to  relieve  pain.) 
Sep.  4 — 7.  Pet.  of  an  equal  number,  often  cleft.  Torus  large,  fleshy,  one- 
sided, bearing  the  8 — oo  stamens. 

1  R.  luteola  L.    Dyer's  Weed.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base  ; 

sepals  4,  united  below ;  petals  (greenish-yellow)  3-5-cleft.    ®  Roadsides,  N.  Y.    2f. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  a  tall  raceme.    §  Eur. 

2  R.  ODORATA  L.    Mignonette.    Lvs.  cuneiform,  entire  or  3-lobed ;  sepals  shorter  than 

the  7-13-clcft  petals.    Egypt.    If.    Fragrant. 


Order  XIV.    YIOLACEJi:.    Violets. 

Herbs  %yith  simple  (often  cleft)  alternate  leaves  with  stipules.  Flowers 
irregular,  spurred,  with  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  in  5's.  Sepals  per- 
sisteut,  slightly  united,  elongated  at  base,  the  3  lateral  interior.  Petals 
commonly  unequal,  the  inferior  usually  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  5, 
usually  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  dislv.  Filaments  dilated,  prolonged 
bej^ond  the  anthers.  Ovary  of  3  united  carpels,  with  3  parietal  placentas. 
Style  1,  declinate.  Stigma  cucullate.  Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule.  Seeds 
many,  with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  distinct  chalaza.  Illust.  50,  93,  137, 
302,  515,  533. 

Sepals  not  auricled  at  base.     Filaments  united  into  a  tube Solea.     1 

Sepals  more  or  less  auriculate  at  base.     Filaments  scarcely  cohering Viola.     2 

1.  SOLEA,  Gingins.  Green  Violet.  (Dedicated  to  W.  Sole,  an 
English  writer  on  plants.)  Sep.  nearly  equal,  not  auriculate.  Pet.  unequal, 
the  lowest  2-lobed  and  gibbous  at  base,  the  rest  emarginatc.  Stam.  united 
into  a  tube,  sheathing  the  ovary  and  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle.  Sds. 
G — 8,  very  large.  U  An  erect,  leafy  plant,  with  inconspicuous  axillary  fls. 
S.  concolor  Gingins.     G^reen  Violet.— WooAs,  W.  N-Y.  (Hankenson)  to  Car.  and  Mo. 

1 — 2f.    Lvs.  large,  lanceolate,  acuminate.    Fls.  greenish.    Pod  1'.    May,  June. 

2.  VIOLA,  L.  Violet.  Panset.  (From  the  Latin.)  Sep.  5,  unequal, 
auricular  at  base.  Pet.  5,  irregular,  the  broadest  spurred  at  base,  the  3 
lateral  equal,  opposite.  Stam.  approximate,  anthers  connate,  3  of  them 
with  appendages  at  the  back.  Caps.  1-celled,  3-valved,  seeds  attached  to 
the  middle  of  the  valves,  y  Low,  herbaceous  plants.  Ped.  angular, 
solitary,  1-flowered,  recurved  at  the  summit  so  as  to  bear  the  flowers  in 
a  resupiuate  position.  Joints  of  the  liiizome  often  bearing  apetalous 
flowers.    Figs.  50,  137,  &c. 

§  Acaulescent. — a  Petals  yellow No.  1 

—a  Petals  white Nos.  2,  3,4 

—a  Petals  blue,— 6  beardless Nos.  5,  6,  7 

—b  bearded.— c  Lvs.  divided Nos.  S,  9/3,  9-y 

—c  Lvs.  undivided.  ...9, 10, 11,  and  the Exot.  19 


46  Ordeh  14.— VIOLACE^. 

§  Caulescent.— (^  Petals  yellow.    Stems  leafy  at  the  top  only Nos.  19, 13, 14 

—d  Petals  not  quite  yellow.— e  Stipules  entire No.  15 

—e  Stipules  fringe-toothed Nos.  16, 17, 18 

—e  Stip.  lyrate-pinnatifid,  very  large.. Nos.  20-23 

1  V.  i-otundifolia  Mx.    Fig.  50.    Lvs.  smooth,  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,  with  the 

sinus  closed  ;  petiole  pubescent;  sep.  obtuse.    Woods,  N.  E.  to  Tenn.    Mar. — May. 

2  V.  lauceolata  L.    Lvs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  the  long  petiole, 

obtusish,  subcrenate.  Wet  meadows.  Lvs.  3— 5'.  Rt.  stock  creeping.  Fls.  white.  May. 

3  V.  priinulsefolia  L.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  and  decurrent 

on  the  petiole  ;  pet.  subequal,  beardless.  Damp  soils,  Mass.  S.  and  W.  White.  Ap.May. 

4  V.  blaiida  Willd.    Lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  slightly  pubescent ;  petiole  pubescent ; 

petals  beardless.    Meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.    Root  creeping.    Flowers  fragrant.    May. 

5  v.  palustrls  L.    Lvs.  reniform-cordate ;  stip.  broadly  ovate;  sep.  ovate,  obtuse, 

spur  very  short ;  caps,  oblong-triangular.    White  Mts.    3'.    Pale  blue.    June. 

6  V.  iSelkirlcIi  Goldie.    Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  crenately  serrate,  the  sinus  deep  and 

nearly  closed  ;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  thick,  very  obtuse.    Hills,  N.  Y.  to 
Can.  and  Mich.    2'.    Pale  blue,  with  a  large  blunt  spur.    May. 

7  V.  i>edata  L.    Rt.  premorse  ;  lvs.  pedately  5— 9-parted,  segments  linear-lanceolate, 

entire ;  stig.  large,  obtusely  truncate,  scarcely  beaked ;   spur  short,  obtuse.    Hilly 
woods,  4 — 1'.    Smooth  and  beautiful.    Flowers  large,  violet-blue.    April,  May. 
|3.  hicolor.    Upper  petals  violet,  the  lower  pale  blue  and  yellow.    Mass.  to  Ga. 
8~  V.  dclplilnlf olia  Nutt.     Lvs.  pedately  7— 9-parted,  with  linear,  2—3  cleft  seg- 
ments all  similar  ;  stig.  thick,  distinctly  beaked.  111.  Iowa,  Mo.  Deep  Wue.  Mar.  Apr. 

9  v.  cuculla.ta  Ait.    Lvs.  reniform-cordate,  cucullate  at  base,  acute,  crenate :  stip. 

linear;  inferior  and  lateral  petals  bearded.     Common  everywhere.    3 — 12'.    Known 
by  its  broad  hooded  leaves  and  blue  flowers.    Varies  much.    April,  May. 

ii.  palnibta,  Lvs.  cordate,  hastate-lobed,  middle  lobe  largest.  Fls.  large.  South,  &c. 

y.  aeptemJoba,    Lvs.  concave  at  base,  deeply  5—7  lobed,  mid.  lobe  lance.     South. 

1 0  V.  villoma  Walt.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  flat,  pubescent,  sinus  nar- 
row or  closed  ;  pet.  bearded  ;  stig.  beaked.    Woods,  Pa.  to  Ga. ;  com.   2—3'.    Apr. 

1 1  V.  f^agrittata  Ait.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate,  subacute,  often  in- 
cised at  base,  serrate-crenate  ;  pedicel  longer  than  the  leaves ;  pet.  densely  boarded. 
Dry  hills.    3—5'.    Lvs.  varying  to  triangular-hastate.    April — June. 

(3.  ovata,    Lvs.  ovate,  incised  and  decurrent  at  base.    N.  J.,  southward. 

12  V.  liasta.ta  Mx.  Smooth;  st.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above;  lvs.  deltoid-lanceolat« 
or  hastate,  acute,  dentate;  stip.  ovate,  minute,  ciliate-dentate ;  lower  pet.  dilated, 
obscurely  3-lobed  ;  spur  very  short.    Fla.  to  Tenn.     6—10'.     April,  May. 

1 3  v.  tripartita  Ell.  Hairy.  St.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above ;  lvs.  deeply  3-parted, 
lobes  lanceolate,  dentate;  stip.  lanceolate.    Upper  Ga.    If.    Yellow. 

11  V.  pubesccns  Ait.    Villous-pubescent ;  st.  erect,  naked  below;  lvs.  broad-cor- 
date, toothed ;  stip.  ovate,  large,  subdeutate.    Dry  Avoods.    5—20'.    May,  June. 
j3.  ertocarpa.    Tall,  pubescent ;  pods  woolly.    Westward. 
y.  acabriiisciila.    Some  scabrous  ;  sts.  decumbent,  branched  at  base.    Ct.  to  Ky. 

15  V.  Canadensis  L.  Smooth ;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  ped.  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  stip.  short,  entire.  Woods.  S— 12'.  Leafy  all  the  way.  Flowers  large, 
subregular,  white  or  light  blue.    Summer. 

16  V.  striata  Ait.  Smooth,  nearly  erect;  lvs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  crenate-ser- 
rate ;  stip.  large,  ciliate-dentate,  oblong-lanceolate ;  spur  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
corolla.    Wet  grounds.    6—12'.    St.  semi-terete.    Flowers  cream-white. 

17  V.  Mulilenbergii  Torr.  St.  weak,  assurgent ;  lvs.  reniform-cordate,  upper  ones 
rather  acuminate ;  stip.  lanceolate,  somewhat  fimbriate ;  spur  half  as  long  as  tho 
corolla,  obtuse.    Swamps.    6— S'.    Pale  purple.    May. 

18  V.  rostra.ta  L.  Smooth;  st.  terete,  diffuse,  erect;  lvs. cordate, roundish, serrate, 
upper  ones  acute  ;  stip.  lanceolate,  deeply  fringed ;  petals  bearded  ;  spur  longer  than 
the  corolla     Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Ky.    6— S'.    Pale  blue.    May. 


'ijf 


Or.DER  15.— CISTACE^.  47 

19  V.  ODORATA  L.    Sweet,  or  English  Violet.    Neapolitan.    Stolons  creeping;  Ivs.  cor- 
date,  crenate,  nearly  smooth  ;  sep.  obtuse.    Eiir.    Flowers  fragrant,  blue,  white,  &c. 
0  v.  tricolor  L.    Pansey,  Heartsease.    St.  angular,  difl'usely  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong-  /ff^ 
ovate,  lower  ones  ovate  cordate,  deeply  crenate  ;  stipules  as  large  as  the  leaves  ;  spur       ** 
ebort,  thick.  Gardens.  Flowers  large,  white-yellow-violet  to  black,  in  endless  variety. 
/3.  arv^nsis.    Slender,  pubsimple  ;   petals  scarcely  longer  than  sepals.    Fields. 
Perhaps  this  is  the  primary  form.    Abundant  in  Oregon. 

21  V.  GKANDirLOKA  L.  Stem  S-cornered,  procumbent;  leaves  crenate,  shorter  than 
the  peduncles,  much  larger  than  the  stipules  ;  flowers  large,  all  violet. 

22  V.  CORNUTA.  Stems  3-cornered,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  crenate  ;  stip.  cut-toothed  ; 
fls.  violet-purp.,  the  spur  subulate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  From  the  Pyrenees.  Hardy. 

Order  XV.    CISTACE^.    Rock  Roses. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  simple,  entire,  opposite  (at  least  the  lower) 
leaves,  v!i\.\i  flowers  perfect,  regular,  hypofijmous,  in  one-sided  racemes,  very 
fugacious.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  persistent.  Petals  5  (sometimes  3  or  want- 
ing), convolute  in  bud.  Capsules  1-celled,  3-5-valvod,  with  as  many  parie 
tal  placentsD.     Seeds  albuminous.    Embryo  curved  or  spiral. 

T  Petals  3,  linear-Ianceolafe,  small,  brown-purple.     Stamens  3—12 Lecuea.  1 

T  Petals  5,— a  large,  yellow,  very  fugacious,  or  none.     Stamens   CO Helianthemom.  2 

—a  small,  bright  yellow.    Tufted  shrublets.     Stamens  9—30 HnDSONiA.  3 

1.  LECHEA,  L.  PiNWEED.  Sep.  5,  the  3  outer  minute.  Pet.  3,  lan- 
ceolate, small.  Stig.  3,  scarcely  distinct.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  placentae 
nearly  as  broad  as  the  valves,  roundish,  each  1-2-seeded.  U  Often  shrubby 
at  base,  with  numerous  very  small  brownish  purple  flowers. 

1  li.  major  Ms.   Hairy  ;  leaves  elliptical,  mucronulate  ;  flowers  minute,  about  as  long 

as  the  pedicels.    In  dry  woods.    1 — 2f,  rigid,  brittle,  purple,  much  branched.    Leaves 
4''.    Capsules  the  size  of  a  small  pin-head.    July,  August. 

2  li.  minor  Lam.    Smoothish ;  leaves  linear,  very  acute;  flowers  small,  on  pedicels 

which  are  mostly  twice  longer.    Dry,  sandy  ground*.    Stems  8—16',  slender,  red. 
Leaves  6— 10".    Capsules  the  size  of  a  large  pin-head.    Summer. 

3  li.  tliymifolia  Ph.    Shrubby;  hoary  with  appressed  hairs  ;  leaves  linear  and  lin- 

ear-oblancoolate,  rather  acute,  often  verticillate ;   flowers  small,  on  pedicels   still 
shorter.    Coasts,  Mass.  to  N.  J.    If.    Very  bushy.    Capsules  size  of  a  pin-head.    Sum. 

4  !>.  Novje  Cassareae  Austin.    Hairs  minute,  appressed ;  Ivs.  ellip.,  (>",  often  opp. ; 

pan.  leafy,  narrow  ;  outer  sep.  lin.,  longer  than  the  fl.  or  pedicels.  N.  J.  (Prof.  Porter). 

2.  HELIANTHEMUM,  L.  Rock  Rose.  Sep.  5,  the  3  outer  smaller. 
Pet.  5,  or  rarely  3,  convolute  contrary  to  the  sepals,  sometimes  0.  Stam.  oo. 
Stig.  3,  scarcely  distinct.  Capsules  triangular,  3-valved,  opening  at  top. 
Sds.  angular.     Fls.  yellow,  often  of  3  kinds,  the  later  ones  being  apetalous. 

§  Flowers  of  2  sorts,  the  later  ones  apetalous,  and  S-lO-androus Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  all  alike,  pentepetalous  and  polyandrous Nos.  3,  4 

1  H.  Canadense  Ms.  Frost  Plant.  Hoary  pubescent ;  petaliferous  flowers  solitary, 
pedicellate,  terminal ;  apetalous  axillary,  small,  clustered,  subsessile  ;  sepals  acute ; 
leaves  revolute  on  the  margin,  lanceolate,  acute.    In  dry  soils,  Can.  to  Va.    8 — 12'. 

3  H.  corymbosiim  Ms.  Canescently  tomentous  ;  fls.  in  crowded,  fastigiate  cymes, 
the  primary  ones  on  elongated,  filiform  pedicels,  and  with  petals  twice  longer  than  tha 
calyx  ;  sep,  obtuse  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  margins  rovolute.  Sands,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  If 


48  Order  16.— HYPERICACE^. 

3  H.  rarolinianiim  Mx.  Villous,  simple,  erect ;  fls.  all  large,  petaliferous  and  snb- 

terminal :  sepals  acuminate  ;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  edges  denticulate,  not  revolute.    Dry 

woods.  South.    8—12'.    April,  May. 
•1  H.  arcnicola  Chapm.    Iloary-tomentous  ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  small  (9'0  ;  fls. 

few  or  solitary,  pedicellate  (7'0i  terminal.     Fla.  in  sand.     3 — 6'.    Apr.     (H.  Cana- 

dense,  )3.  obtusum  Wood.    Ed.  5th.) 

3.  HUDSONIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  William  Hudson,  author  of  Flora  An- 
glicii.)  Sep.  3,  united  at  base,  subtended  by  2  minute  ones  outside  ;  pet.  5  ; 
sta.  9 — 30 ;  style  filiform,  straight ;  cap.  1-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
5  with  very  numerous  branches,  minute  leaves,  and  small,  bright  yellow 
flowers.    May. 

1  H.  tonientosa  Nutt.    Hoary  tomentous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  appressed-imbricate,  acute ; 

fls.  subsessile  ;  scp.  obtuse.    Coasts,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Wise.    In  tufts,  7— »10'. 

2  H.  ericoides  L.    Hoary-pubescent;  Ivs.  subulate,  a  little  spreading;  pedicels  ex- 

scrtcd,  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  sep.  acutish.    Shores,  Vt.  N.  H.  to  Va.    Delicate,  6'. 

3  H.  moiitaiia  Kutt.    Minutely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  flJiform-subulate ;  pedicels  longer 

than  the  flowers ;  sep.  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  longer,  subulate.    Mts.  Car.   5'. 

Order  XVI.    HYPERICACE^.    St.  John's  worts. 

Herhs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  entire,  dotted,  exstipulate  leaves,  wiih.  flow- 
ers perfect,  regular,  hypogynous,  4  or  5-merous,  cymous  and  mostly  yellow ; 
sepals  unequal,  persistent ;  petals  mostly  oblique  or  convolute  m  the  bud ; 
stamens  few  or  many,  polyadelphous  ;  anthers  versatile ;  ovary  compound, 
with  styles  united  or  separate,  becoming  in  fruit  a  1-celled  capsule  with 
parietal  placentae,  or  3  to  5-celled  when  the  dissepiments  reach  the  centre. 
Seeds  exalbuminous,  minute.    (lUust.  138,  129,  275.) 

§  Sepals  i.    Petals  4,  oblique,  contorted  in  testivation,  yellow Ascyrum.        1 

§  Sepals  5.     Petals  5,— a  obliqxie,  contorted  in  festivation,  yellow Htfeeicum.  2 

—    a  equilateral,  imbricated  in  bud,  purplish Elodea.         3 

1.  ASCYRUM,  L.  St.  Peter's  Wort.  Sep.  4,  the  two  outer  usually 
very  large  and  foliaceous ;  pet.  4,  oblique,  convolute  ;  fil.  slightly  united  at 
base  into  several  parcels  ;  stjdes  2 — 4,  mostly  distinct ;  cap.  1-celled.  5 
Lvs.  punctate  with  black  dots.  Fls.  pale  yellow,  1  or  3  terminating  each 
branch. 

The  outer  pair  of  sepals— a  very  large,  ovate.    Styles  1  or  2 Nos.  1,  2 

—a  still  larger,  orbicular.    Styles  3 Nos.  3,  4 

—a  small,  like  the  two  inner.    Styles  3,  long,  distinct No.  5 

1  A.  Crux-Andreie  L.    Branches  many,  suberect,  ancipital  above ;  lvs.  linear-ob- 

long, obtuse  ;  outer  sep.  twice  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  2  bracteoles  a  little  below  the 

flower.    Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  6—12".    Jn.— Sep. 

p.  ang-uKtifblia,    Lvs.  smaller  (3-0"),  crowded  ;  bractlets  close  to  the  fl.    Car.  Ga. 

2  A.  puiuiluin  Mx.    Low,  trailing  at  base;  lvs.  oval  and  obovate,  obtuse,  sessile; 

outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel,  inner  sepal  0  ;  bracteoles  0.    Ga.  Fla. 

3  A.  stans  Mx.    St.  erect,  ancipital;  lvs.  oblong,  sessile  and  half-clasping,  obtuse; 

caps,  ovate,  acute.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.    1  to  3f.    Lvs  10—15".   Jn.— Aug. 

4  A.  ainplcxicaule  Mx.    St.  erect,  terete  below  ;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  clasp 

ing ;  caps,  oblong ;  bracteoles  0.    Ga.  and  Fla.    1  to  2f.    Lvs.  8—12".    Apr.— Sep. 

5  A.  inlcrosepaluin  Torr.  and  Gr.    Lvs.  oblong-linear,  crowded ;  sep.  muchshortei 

than  the  obovate,  unequal  petals.    Bushy,  1— 2f.    Lvs.  3—6". 


Order  16.— HYPERICACE^.  •  49 

2.  HYPERICUM,  L.  St.  Joitn's-wort.  Sep.  5,  connected  at  base, 
subequal.  Pet.  5,  oblique,  contorted  in  bud.  Stam.  mostly  oo,  generally 
cohering  in  3 — 5  sets  (polyadelphous),  with  no  intervening  glands.  Styles 
3 — 5,  distinct  or  united.  Caps.  1-5-celled.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flowers 
cymous,  yellow.  June— August.  Figs.  128,  129,  275. 
§  Stamens  25—100,  more  or  less  united  into  sets  (polyadelphous). .  .{a) 
§  Stamens  5—15,  not  at  all  united.    Annuals.    Flowers  small,    (g) 

a  Carpels  (and  styles)  5  or  more.    Capsule  5-celled Kos.  1,  2 

a  Carpels  3,  capsule  3-celled  (the  placentae  meeting) ...  (6) 

a  Carpels  .3,  capsule  1-celled  (the  placentae  not  quite  meeting) . . .  (c) 

b  Shrubby.    Petals  not  dotted.    Lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate Nos.  3,  4,  5 

6  Shrubby.    Petals  not  dotted.    Leaves  linear , Nos.  6,  7 

b  Herbaceous.    Petals  sprinkled  with  black  dots Nos.  8,  9, 10 

c  Shrubs.    Styles  imited  into  1 . . .  (c?) 

c  Half-shrubby.    Styles  united  into  !...(«) 

c  Herbaceous.    Styles  distinct,  at  least  at  the  top ...(/) 

d  Flowers  solitary  or  in  3's,  axillary.   Stems  2-edged Nos.  11, 12 

d  Flowers  clustered  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme Nos.  13,  14 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafless,  stalked  cyme.    Leaves  obtuse Nos.  15, 16 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafy  (few-leaved)  cyme.    Leaves  acute Nos.  17,  18 

/  Stem  and  branches  4-cornered  or  square Nos.  19,  20 

/  Stem  and  branches  terete,  not  angular Nos.  21,  22 

g  Flowers  in  corymbous  cymes,  orange-colored Nos.  23,  24 

g  Flowers  racemed  on  the  slender  branches Nos.  25,  26 

1  H,  pyrainldatum  Ait.     Herbaceous;  lvs.  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acute;  sty.  5; 

placentae  retroflexed.     U  O.  Pa.  to  Can.    3 — 5f.    Flowers  very  large  (2'). 

2  H.  Kalmia.nnni  L.     Shrubby  ;   lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  numerous,  obtuse  ; 

caps.  5-celled,  tipped  with  the  5  styles.    Niagara,  &c.    If.    Flowers  9". 

3  H.  Buckleyi  Curtis.    Low,  difl'use,  shrubby ;  lvs.  obovate,  very  obtuse  ;  fls.  soli 

tar}',  peduncled  ;  caps.  3-celled,  styles  united.    Mts.  N.  Car.  to  Ga.    8—12'. 

4  H.  prolsticuni  L.     Branches  ancipital,  smooth;   lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse; 

cymes  compound,  leafy ;  sepals  unequal,  leafy,  ovate,  cuspidate.    M.  W.    .3 — 4f.    t 
p.  fUnxtnbrtim,  Branches,  lvs.  and  fls.  crowded,  and  smaller.  Lvs.l'.  Fls.  C".  South. 

5  H.  galioides  Lam.    Branches  erect,  terete;   lvs.  linear-lanceolate;  cymules  axil- 

lary and  terminal,  paniculate  ;  sep.  subequal,  linear-lanceolate.    S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2— 3f. 

6  H.  rosniarinilolium  Lam.    Erect,  sparingly  branched ;  lvs.  linear,  shorter  than 

the  intemodes,  narrowed  to  a  petiole.    South.    Handsome.    2f. 

7  H.  fasclculatum  Lam.    Shrub  much  branched,  bushy ;  lvs.  linear,  1',  very  nar- 

row, longer  than  the  intemodes,  sessile  ;  cymules  leafy.    Pine-barrens,  South.    1— 2f. 
p.  abbrei'iattnn,    Lvs.  very  short  (2—3"),  tufted  in  the  axils.    Car.  to  Ga. 

8  H.  perforiitiiin  L.    Stem  2-edged,  branched  ;  lvs.  with  pellucid  dots ;  sep.  lanceo- 

late, half  as  long  as  the  petals,    n  Dry  pastures.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  6—10".    Flowers  V. 

9  H[.  corynibosum  Muhl.    Stems  terete,  corj^mbonsly  branched ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate 

or  oval,  obtuse,  marked  with  black  (as  well  as  pellucid)  dots  ;  sep.  ovate,  acute  (very 
small),  I-  as  long  as  the  petals,    n  Can.  to  Pa.  and  Ark.    2f.    Lvs.  1—2'.    Flowers  9". 

10  H.  niaculatum  Walt.    Stem  terete,  corymbously  branched  ;  lvs.  oblong,  thickly 
sprinkled  with  black  dots  ;  sep.  lanceolate,    n  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  2— If.   Lvs.  V.   Fls.  10". 

1 1  H.  aureuni  Bartram.    Branches  spreading,  ancipital ;  lvs.  thick,  lance-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, sessile  ;  flowers  (large)  solitary,  sessile.    Ga.  to  Ark.    2— 4f.    Stamens  500 !    t 

12  H.  ambiguum  Ell.    Branches  ancipital;  lvs.  lance-linear,  thin,  acute;  fls.  soli- 
tary and  in  3' s  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.    Ga.    1— 2f.    Flowers  8". 

13  H,  iiiyrtifoliuin  L.    St.  terete;  lvs.  thick,  ovate,  or  oblong,  cordate-clasping; 
fls.  in  a  leafy  compoimd  fastigiate  cyme,  the  dichotomal  sessile.    Ga.  Fla.    1 — 2f. 


50  Order  17.— DEOSERACE^. 

14  H.  Oistifolinm  Lam.  St.  2-wir,sred,  snhsimple ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong.  obf\i?e,  sea 
silc  ;  flowers  in  a  leafless,  compound  cyme.    Ga.  to  Fla.  and  La.    (No.  0,  (3.  ?) 

15  H.  nudifloruni  Mx.  St.  and  branches  4-anRled  and  win2;ed ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile ;  cj'me  leafless,  pediincled  ;  sep.  linear ;  capsule  almost 
.3-celled.     U  Wet.    Penn.  to  La.  and  Ga.    1— 2f.    Leaves  2',  thin. 

1 6  H.  splia3rocarpon  Mx.  St.  obscurely  4-sided ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with 
a  minute  callous  tip  ;  sep.  ovate,  mucronate  ;  caps,  globular.  U  Rivers,  W.  If.  Fls.  7". 

17  H.  adpres-siiiJi  Bart.  St.  2-winged  above ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  half  erect;  cymes 
few-Ieavcd  ;  petals  obovate.    n  R.  I.  to  Ark. 

1 8  H.  dolabriforme  Vent.  St.  scarcely  2-edged  above ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
spreading ;  fls.  in  a  leafy,  fastigiate  cyme  ;  pet.  very  oblique  Cdolabriform).  n  Ky.Tenii. 

19  H.  angulosuni  Mx.  Herb  smooth ;  st.  acutely  4-cornered;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute  ;  cymes  leafless  ;  style  distinct,  thrice  longer  than  the  ov.     if  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

20  H.  ellipticum  Hook.  Herb  smooth  ;  st.  quadrangular,  simple  ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  ob- 
tuse, somewhat  clasping,  pellucid-punctate  ;  cyme  pcdimcnlate  ;  sep.  unequal ;  style 
united  to  near  the  summit,  as  long  as  the  ovai-y.     2i  Can.  to  Pa.    If.    Flowers  6". 

21  H.  graveolens  Buckley.  Stem  terete,  smooth;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  clasping; 
sepals  and  petals  narrow  ;  styles  3.    n  High  Mts.,  N.  Car.    Strong-scented. 

22  H.  pilosuiii  M''alt.  Rough-downy;  stem  simple,  terete,  virgatc ;  Ivs.  ovate-lance- 
olate, apprcssed,  clasping,  acute ;  styles  distinct.    (T)  Pine-barrens,  South.    1— 2f. 

23  H.  mutilnm  L.  Stem  square,  branched ;  Ivs.  ovate,  5-veined,  clasping,  obtuse  ; 
cymes  leafy  ;  pet.  shorter  (1")  than  sep. ;  sta.  6—12.  (T)  Damp  sandy  soils.  3—9'.  Com. 

/3.  g-ymndnthum.  Strict,  simple  or  branched,  cy.  only  bractcd.  Del.,  Penn.  (Porter). 

24  H.  Caiiadense  L.  Stem  quadrangular,  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  with  pellucid  and  also  with  black  dots,  rather  obtuse ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate,  acute  sepals  ;  stamens  5—10.    (T)  Wet  sandy  soils.    Capsule  red.    fi— 12'. 

25  H.  Sarotlira  Mx.  Stem  and  branches  filiform,  erect,  and  parallel;  Ivs.  very  mi- 
nute, subulate  ;  flowers  sessile  ;  stam.  5—10.    ®  Sandy  soils.    4—12'.    Fls.  minute. 

26  H.  DruKimondil  T.  &  G.  Branches  alternate ;  Ivs.  linear,  very  narrow;  flow- 
ers pedicellate  ;  stamens  10—20.    (T)  Dry.    El.  and  South.    If.    Leaves  0". 

3.  ELODEA,  Adams.  {^FAcoStj<^,  mai-shy;  from  the  habit.)  Sep.  5, 
equal.  Pet.  5,  equilateral,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stam.  9  (rarely  more),  tria- 
delphous,  the  sets  alternating  with  3  orange-colored  glands.  Styles  8,  dis- 
tinct. Capsule  3-celled.  %  Herbs  with  pellucid-punctate  leaves,  the  axils 
leafless.    Flowers  dull  orange-purple.    July — Sept. 

1  E.  "Vlrginica  Nutt.    Stem  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  subsimple  ;  leaves  oblong, 

amplexicaul:  stamens  united  below  the  middle,  with  3  in  each  set.    Swamps.    If. 

2  E.  petlolata  Ph.    Leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  mostly 

in  3's,  axillary,  nearly  sessile  ;  filaments  united  above  the  middle ;  caps,  oblong,  much 
longer  than  the  sepals.    Swamps,  S.  States,  N.  to  N.  J.    Flowers  smaller  (4"). 

Order  XYII.    DROSERACE^.     Sukdews. 

nerhs  gi-owing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glandular  hairs,  with  leaves 
alternate  or  all  radical,  mostly  circinate  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  verna- 
tion. Flowers  regular,  hypogynous,  5-merous,  the  Sepals,  Petals,  and  Sta- 
mens persistent  (withering).  Ovaries  compound,  1-celled,  with  the  Styles 
and  Stigmas  variously  parted,  cleft,  or  united.  Seeds  co  in  the  capsule, 
albuminous.    Embryo  minute. 

»  stamens  .5.    Styles  distinct.     Seeds  on  the  valves  of  the  capsiJe Drosi.ra.      1 

•  Stamens  10— 15.    Styles  united.    Seeds  all  at  the  base  of  the  cell 'Diohma.       i 


OuDEu  18.— ELATINACE^.  51 

1.  DROSERA,  L.  Sundew.  {Jpodo?,  clew ;  from  the  dew-like  se- 
cretion.) Sep.  5,  united  at  base,  persistent.  Pet.  5.  Stam.  5.  Sty.  3 — 5, 
each  2-parted,  the  halves  entire  or  many-cleft.  Caps.  3-5-valved,  1-celled, 
many-seeded.  (?)  or  U  Small  marsh  herbs.  Lvs.  covered  with  reddish, 
glandular  hairs,  secreting  a  viscid  fluid.  Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  slender 
scape  which  is  at  first  coiled,  uncoiling  as  the  flowers  open. 

*  Scapes  4—6  times  as  long  as  the  spreading  leaves Nos.  1-3 

*  Scapes  1 — 2  times  as  long  as  the  ascending  leaves  Nos.  4-6 

1  D.  rotundifolia  L.    Lvs.  orbicular,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  hairy  petiole ;  fls. 

white.    (D  A  curious  little  plant,  in  bogs  and  muddy  shores.    Scapes  6—9',  C-O-How- 
ered.    Leaves  1—2',  glistening  as  with  dew-drops.    June — Aug. 

2  D.  eapillaris  Poir.    Lvs.  obovate,  cuneiform  at  base,  the  petioles  naked ;  flowers 

purple  ;  scape  erect.    (5)  Marshes,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.   Scapes  .'3—12',  6-12-flowered.    May. 

3  D.  brcTifolla  Ph.  Lvs.  cuneiform-spatulate,  forming  a  small,  dense  tuft  (1'  diam.) ; 

petioles  very  short,  hairy ;  flowers  few,  rose-colored.    (5)  N.  Car.  to  Fla.    2—5'. 

4  D.  longlfolia  L.    Lvs.  spatulate-oblong  or  obovate,  ascending,  alternate,  tapering 

at  base  into  a  long,  smooth  petiole  ;  scape  declined  at  base ;  pet.  wh.    2j:  4-7'.  Lvs. 2-3'. 

5  O.  linearis  Goldie.    Lvs.  linear,  obtuse;  petioles  elongated,  naked,  erect;  scapes 

few-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves  (3') ;  calyx  glabrous,  much  shorter  than 
the  oval  capsule ;  seeds  oval,  smooth,     v  Borders  of  lakes.  North.    White. 

6  I>.  filiformis  Raf.    Lvs.  filiform,  very  long,  erect;  scape  nearly  simple,  longer  than 

the  leaves,  many-flowered ;  petals  obovate,  erosely  denticulate,  longer  than  the  glan- 
dular calyx  ;  style  2-parted  to  the  base,    n  Wet  sand.    If.    Purple. 

2,  DION.ff3A,  L.  Venus'  Fly-trap.  (One  of  the  names  of  Venus.) 
Stam.  10 — 15.  Sty.  united  into  1,  the  stigmas  many-cleft.  Caps,  breaking 
irregularly  in  opening,  1-celled.  Seeds  many,  in  the  bottom  of  the  cell. 
U  Glabrous  herbs.  Lvs.  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  convulsively  when 
touched.     Scape  umbelled. 

1>.  muse ipula  Ell.— A  very  curious  plant.  Sandy  bogs  in  Car.  Lvs.  rosulate,  lamina 
roimdish,  spinulose  on  the  margins  and  upper  surface,  instantly  closing  upon  insects 
and  other  objects  which  light  upon  it.  Scape  6—12',  with  an  umbel  of  8—10  white 
flowers.    April,  May.    t 


Order  XVIII.    ELATINACE^.    Water  Peppers. 

Herds  small,  annual,  with  opposite  leaves  and  membranous  stipules. 
Flotoers  minute,  axillary.  Sepals  2—5,  distinct  or  slightly  coherent  at  base, 
persistent.  Petals  hypogynous,  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Stamens  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  antluirs  introrse.  Ovaries  2-6-celled.  Stigmas  2—6,  capi- 
tate ;  placenta  in  the  axis.     Fruit  capsular.    Seeds  numerous,  exalbuminous. 

ELATINE,  L.  ]\Iud  Purslane.  Fls.  2-,  3-,  or  4-parted,  symmetrical, 
all  the  parts  distinct  except  the  united  ovaries.  Stig.  sessile,  ^v"  Very  small 
plants  growing  in  mud,  with  minute,  axillary,  sessile  flowers. 

1  E.  Americana  Arn.  Stems  creeping,  difi"use,  in  patches  ;  branches  ascending  1—2' ; 

leaves  wedge-obovate,  2",  obtuse  ;  flowers  2-parted,  rarely  3-parted  ;  seeds  6—8. 

2  E.  Clintoniana  (Peck).    Stems  erect,  4",  in  very  dense  tufts,  from  matted  roots; 

lvs.  spatalate,  i"  ;  fls.  2-parted  ;  seeds  slightly  curved.  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.  (C.  H.  Peck), 


52  Ordeu  19.— CAEYOPHYLLACE^, 

Order  XIX.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  Pinkworts, 
Herbs  with  swollen  joints,  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  regular  v^  (rarely 
4/)  flowers.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  often  unguiculate,  or  bificl,  or  0. 
Stamens  distinct,  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  fewer.  Torus  often  some 
developed,  separating  the  Avhorls.  Styles  2 — 5,  ovary  1.  Fruit  a  1-5-celled, 
1  -  co-seeded  pod.  opening  by  teeth  or  valves.  Embryo  curved  around  the 
albumen.    Figs.  6,  41,  44,  45,  5G,  131,  376,  330,  456. 

§  stipules  present,  dry  (0  in  No.  17).     Calyx  open.     Petals  sessile,  minute,  or  0.     Tribe  III. .  .(/i) 
§  Stipules  0. — a  Caly.x  a  tube  including  the  long  claws  of  the  petals.     Pod   00 -seeded.     Tribe  I...  (c) 
—a  Calyx  open.     Petals  sessile  (rarely  0  in  No.  10).     Pod  3- CO -seeded.     TuibeII...(p) 
—a  Calyx  open,  i(?!)(e.     Petals  0.     Styles  3.     Pod  3-celled.     Tribe  IV.., Molhigo.  18 

I.  SILENE/E.—c  Calyx  with  scale-like  bractlets  at  base.    Styles  2 Diantiius.  1 

— c  Calyx  bractless.— d  Styles  2 Saponaria,  2,  or  Gypsofhila,  2^ 

— d  Styles  3.    Pod  C-toothed  when  open Silene.  3 

—d  Styles  5.     Pod  10-toothed  or  5-valved Lychnis.  i 

II.  ALSINEjD.— e  Petals  erose-denticulate  at  the  end.     Styles  3 Holosteum.        5 

— s  Petals  2-parted  (sometimes  wanting  in  No.  7). . .(/) 

/  Styles  5.     Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  10  teeth Cerastium.  6 

/  Styles  3.     Capsule  opening  to  the  base  by  half-valves Stellaria.  7 

— e  Petals  entire  (often  wanting  in  No.  9). .  A;j) 

g  Styles  3,  or  if  5,  opposite  to  the  sepals.     (No.  6  or) Arenaria.  8 

g  Styles  4,  opposite  to  the  4  sepals.     Stamens  4 M<enchia.  9 

g  Styles  4  or  5,  and  alternate  with  the  sepals S agina.  10 

III.  ILLECEBREyE.— 7i  Styles  or  stigmas  3— 5.     Pod  several-seeded.     Pet.  colored ...  (A-) 

/.■  Leaves  opposite.— Z  Flowers  axillary,  solitary Spergularia.  11 

—I  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters Siipclicida.  12 

k  Leaves  whorled.— m  Styles  5,  pod  5-valved Spebgcla.  13 

— m  Styles  3,  pod  3-valved Polycarfo.n.  14 

—h  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  1.     Utricle  1-seeded. .  .(n) 

n  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so,  greenish Paronychia.  15 

»  Sepals  united  into  a  tube  below,  white  above Syfiionycuia.  15 

11  Sepals  united  into  an  urn  below,  green  above Scleranthus  17 

1.  DIANTHUS,  L.  Pink.  Calyx  tube  cylindrical,  striated,  with  2  or 
more  pairs  of  imbricated  scales  or  bracteoles  at  base.  Pet.  5,  with  long 
claw^s,  limb  irregularly  notched.  Stam.  10,  styles  2,  recurved.  Capsule 
cylindrical,  1-celled,  4-valved  at  top.  Beautiful  Oriental  plants,  every- 
where cultivated.    Figs.  6, 131,  276. 

§  Bracts  long-pointed,  equalling  the  calyx  tube  (dry,  obtuse,  No.  2) Nos.  1 — J 

§  Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube Nos.  5—7 

1  1>,  Armeria  L.     Wild  Fink.    Leaves  linear-subulate,  hairy ;  flowers  aggregated, 

fascicled ;    bracteoles  erect,  lance-subulate.     (T)   Sandy  fields,  E.     1 — 2f.    Flower* 
small  (()"  broad),  pink-red  sprinkled  with  white.    August.    §  Europe. 

2  D.  prolifer  L.    Slender,  strict,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  linear,  erect,  1 — 2' ;  bracts  dry,  ovate, 

covering  the  calyx  and  pod  ;  pet.  small,  pink  ;  fl.  mostly  but  1.   Peun.  (Porter).   §  Eur. 

3  D.  BAEEATUS.     Siveet-William,  or  Bunch  P.    Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  in  dense 

cymes  ;  bracteoles  erect,  ovate-subulate.     %  Europe.    IJf.    Red-white.    May— July. 

4  D.  CiiiNENSis.    Leaves  lance-linear;  flowers  solitary;   bracteoles  spreading,  line:ir. 

(2)  China.    If.    Evergreen,  not  glaucous.    Flowers  large,  variegated. 

5  I>.  CARTOPHYLLUS.     Camation  P.    Glaucous  ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  solitary  ;  bract- 

lets  very  short,  ovate ;  petals  very  broad,  crenate.    n  England.    2— 3f.    Fragrant. 

6  D.  PLUMARius.    PheasanVs  Eye.    Glaucous  ;  flowers  solitary ;  bracts  ovate,  acute  ; 

petals  many-cleft,  hairy  at  throat,    n  Europe.    White-purple.    June— August. 

7  D.  suPERBUS.     Leaves  linear-subulate,  green  ;  cymes  fastigiate ;  bracts  ovate,  mu- 

ci-oiiatu  ;  petals  pinnatifld-fringed.    y  Europe.    White-roseate.    July,  August. 


Order  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE.^.  53 

2.  SAPONARIA,  L.  Soapwort.  Calyx  tubular,  S-toolhed,  without 
bractlets.  Petals  5,  uuguiculate.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3.  Capsules  ob- 
iQug,  l-celled.     Flowers  in  cymous  panicles.     July,  August.     Fig.  45. 

§  Cal.yx  tube  oblong,  neither  angled  nor  veined.    (Saponaria.) No.  1 

§  Calj's  tube  ovoid,  5-angled,  at  length  5- winged,  very  smooth.    (Vaccauia.).  ..No.  2 

1  S.  officinalis  L.    Bouncing  Bet.    Lvs.  lanceolate  ;  pet.  crowned,    ii  2f.    White.  § 

2  S.  Vaccaria  L.    Lvs.  lance-ovate  :  fls.  cymous,  pale  red.    ©If.    Waste  grounds.  § 

2^.  GYPSOPHILA,  L.  Gypsum  Pink.  Sepals  half  united  into  a 
bell-form  calj'x.  Pet.  scarcely  clawed.  Caps,  globular,  l-celled,  4-valved. 
— Neat,  free-flowering  exotics.    Flowers  panicled.    June — Sept.    Europe. 

1  G.  ELEGANS.    Lvs.  lauce.,  thick  ;  pan.  loose,  forked  ;  pet.  notched,  \vh.  or  pink.   If.  (I) 

2  C  MURALis.    Low,  diffuse,  with  linear  l7s.  and  a  profusion  of  pinkish  small  fls.  (i)  6'. 

3  G.  PANiccLATA.  Tall ;  lvs.  lance-lin. ;  fiS.  minute,  numerous,  white,  in  filiform  pan.  n 

4  G.  Stevexi.    Lvs.  lancc-lin.,  keeled;  fls.  white,  in  corymbs,  fine  for  bouquets,     %  2f. 

3.  SILENE,  L.  CAJrpiON.  Catch-fly.  {Silejuis  was  a  drunken  god 
of  the  Greeks,  covered  with  slaver  as  these  plants  are  with  a  viscid  secre- 
tion.) Calyx  tubular,  swelling,  without  scales  at  the  base,  5-toothed ;  pet. 
5,  unguiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the  mouth,  3  or  many-cleft,  or 
entire  ;  sta.  10  ;  styles  3  ;  capsule  o-celled,  opening  at  top  by  6  teeth,  many- 
seeded.     Figs.  41,  56,  330. 

§  Acaulesccnt,  low,  tufted.    Petals  crowned.    Perennial No.  1 

§  Caulescent.— Petals  fringe-cleft,  white  or  rose-color,  crownless.    Perennial. Nos.  2—4 

—Petals  bifid  or  entire.— Calyx  inflated,  veiny.    Perennial Nos.  5,  6 

—Calyx  close  on  the  pod.    (*) 

*  Flowers  spicate,  alternate.    Upper  leaves  linear,  lower  spat.    Annual. .  .Nos.  7,  8 

*  Fls.  not  spicate.— Petals  pale,  closed  in  sunshine.    L^pper  lvs.  linear. .  .Nos.  9, 10 

—Petals  red,  purple,  &c.,— bifid Nos.  11,12 

—entire Nos.  13—15 

1  S.  acauils  L.    Moss  Campion.   Low,  moss-like  ;  lvs.  linear  (6'0  ;  ped.  solitary,  short, 

1-tld. ;  calyx  bell-shaped  ;  pet.  obcordate,  crowned,    n  White  Mts.    1—3'.    Purp.    Jl. 

2  S.  stellata  Ait.   Erect, pubescent ;  lvs.  in  whorls  of  4's,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate; 

cal.  loose  and  inflated ;  pet.  fimbriate,    li  Can.  to  Car.  and  W.    2— 3f.    Wliite.    July. 

3  S.  ovata  Ph.    Erect,  puberulent ;  lvs.  opposite,  lance-ovate,  acuminate ;  cal.  ovate, 

not  inflated  ;  pet.  many-cleft,  crownless.    n  Car.  Ga.    .3f.    White.    July. 

4  S.  Baldwinii  Nutt.    Weak,  hairy  ;  lvs.  obovate-spatulate  ;  calyx  not  inflated  ;  pet. 

cuneiform,  divaricately  fimbriate,    n  Ga.  Fla.    If.    Fls.  2',  roseate.    April. 

5  S.  nivea  DC.    Minutely  puberulent,  erect,  subsimple  ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 

minate ;  fls.  few,  solitary,  leafy ;  cal.  inflated  ;  pet.  2-cleft,  with  a  small  bifid  crown  ; 
caps,  shorter  than  its  stipe,    li  Penn.  to  111.    Rare.    2f.    Fls.  few,  white.    July. 
G  S.  iiiflata  Smith.    Bladder  Campion.  Glabrous  and  glaucous;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate; 
fls.  in  cymous,  leafless  panicles,  drooping ;  cal.  ovoid-globular,  much  inflated  ;  caps, 
on  a  short  stype.    n  Fields.    2f.    White.    July.    § 

7  S.  quinquevuliiera  L.    Villous;  spike  somewhat  one-sided;  cal.  very  villous; 

pot.  roundish,  entire,  crowned.    ®  S.  Car.  If.    Pet.  crimson,  with  a  pale  border.    § 

8  §.  nocturna  L.    Lvs.  pubescent;  fls.  small,  appressed  to  the  stem  in  a  dense  1-sided 

spike  ;  cal.  cylindrical,  smoothish  ;  pet.  narrow,  2-parted.  d)  Ct.  to  Pa.  Rare.  2f.   Jl.  § 

9  S.  Antirrliina  L.    Snaii-dragon  Catch-fly.    Sticky  in  spots  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute ; 

fls.  few,  on  slender  branches;  cal.  ovoid;  pet.  emarginate.    ©Waste  pi.   IJf.    Fls.  r. 
^.  liuaria.    Very  slender ;  lvs.  all  linear ;  cal.  globular.    Ga.  and  Fla. 

10  S.  iioctiflora  L.    Viscid-pubescent;  lower  lvs.  spatulate  ;  cal.  cylindrical,  teeth 
pubulate,  very  long ;  petals  2-parted.    ®  Cult,  grounds.    Flowers  large,  white.    § 


54  OiiDER  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

11  S.  Virginica  L.  Slender,  erect,  brandling;  root-lvs.  spatulate,  cauline  oljTonp;- 
lar.ccolate  ;  flowers  large,  cynious,  cal.  large,  clavate  ;  pet.  bifid,  broad,  crowned,  y 
Wood9,  Pa.  to  HI.  and  S.    1— 2f.    Eed.    June. 

12  S.  rotundlfolta  Nntt.  Decumbent,  branching;  Ivs.  thin,  ronndish-oval ;  fls.  sol 
itary,  very  large  ;  calyx  cylindric-campannlate  ;  petals  bifid  and  toothed,  deep  scarlet, 
crowned,    n  Rocks,  W.  States.    Rare.    Jnne— August. 

1  3  S.  regia  Sims.  Splendid  Catch-fly.  Scabrous,  somewhat  viscid  ;  st.  rigid,  erect ; 
Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  cyme  paniculate  ;  pet.  oblanceolate,  entire,  crose  at  the  end  ; 
sta.  and  stig.  exserted.    oc  O.  to  111.  and  S.    3— 4f.    Bright  scarlet.    June,  July. 

14  S.  Peiiusylvanica  Mx.  Wild  Phil:.  St.  clustered,  low,  ascending;  Ivs.  spatn- 
late  or  cuneate,  of  the  stem  lanceolate  ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  pet.  slightly  emarginatc, 
subcrenate.    Tf.  Dry  soils,  N.  Eng.,  S.  and  W.    6—10'.    Fls.  pink-red.    Jnne. 

1 5  S.  Arnieria  L.  Garden  Catch-fly.  Very  smooth,  glaucous ;  St.  branching,  glu- 
tinous below  each  node  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  flowers  in  flat  cymes  ;  pet.  obcordate, 
crowned  ;  cal.  clavate,  10-striate.    (J)  12— IS'.    July,  September,    t  § 

4.  LYCHNIS,  L.  {Avxi^o?,  a  lamp;  from  fancied  resemblance  or  use.) 
Cal.  tube  bractless,  lO-veined,  limb  5  -lobed.  Pet.  5,  entire  or  cleft,  often 
crowned.  8tam.  10.  Styles  5.  Caps,  more  or  less  5-celled  at  base,  open- 
ing by  5  or  10  teeth.    Handsome  exotics,  cultivated  or  §. 

§  Agrostemma.    Calyx  limb  of  5  leafy,  deciduous  lobes  exceeding  the  petals No.  1 

§  liT cnKis ]7roper.    Calyx  limb  of  5  persistent  lobes  shorter  than  the  petals.,  .(a) 

a  Fls.  dioecious.    Petals  2-lobed,  white  or  purplish.    Escaped  from  culture No.  2 

a  Fls.  all  perfect.— 6  Petals  2-lobed  or  entire Nos.  3,  4 

—b  Petals  4-parted  or  laciniate Nos.  5,  f! 

1  Jj.  Critliago  Lam.     Co7-n  Cockle.    St.  forked ;  Ivs.  linear,  hairy  ;  fls.  few,  large,  dull 

purple  ;  seeds  large,  blackish.    (I)  Fields.    2— 3f.    A  handsome  weed.    July.    § 

2  Ij.  diikrna  L.    Stem  forked  and  panicled ;  fls.  5  ?;  pet.  half-2-cIeft ;  pod  ovoid  or 

snbglobous.    ©  Rare  in  cultivated  grounds.    2f.    June— August.    §  Eur. 

3  li.  CORONARIA  DC.    Mullein  Pink.   Pose  Campion.    Villous;  stem  dichotomous ;  ped. 

long,  1-flowered  ;  petals  broad,  entire,    n  Italy.    2f.    Purple,  &c. 

4  Ii.  Chalcedonica  L.    Scarlet  Lychnis  or  Sweet  William.    Smoothish  ;  fls.  fasciculate  ; 

calyx  cylindric-clavate,  ribbed;  petals  2-lobed.    ic  Russia.    2f.    Scarlet. 

5  1j.  Floscuculi  L.    Ragged  Bohin.    Fls.  fascicled;  cal.  campanulate,  10-ribbed ;  pet. 

in  4  deep,  linear  segments.    ix  Europe.    1— 2f.    Flowers  pink. 

6  Ii.  coRONATA  L.     Chinese  Lychnis.    Fls.  terminal  and  axillary,  1 — 3 ;  calyx  rounded, 

clavate,  ribbed  ;  petals  laciniate.    ii   1— 2f.    Flowers  large,  red,  <&c. 

5.  HOLOSTEUM,  L.  ('OXoi,  all,  odre'ov,  bone ;  by  antipbrasis,  as 
the  plant  is  no  bone,  but  soft.)  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5,  erose-denticulate  at  the  end. 
Stam.  3 — 5,  rarely  10.  Styles  3.  Caps.  1-celled,  oo-seeded,  opening  by  6 
teeth.    Fls.  white,  in  an  umbel. 

H.  iiinl>ellatiim  L.  Lvs.  smooth  and  glaucous,  oblong,  sessile ;  ped.  long,  tei-miual, 
viscid,  pedicels  reflexed  after  flowering.    ®  Fields  :  rare.    6'.    §  Eur. 

6.  CEjRASTIUM,  L.  Mouse-ear  Chickweed.  {Kipai,  a  liorp; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule.)  Sep.  5,  ovate,  acute.  Pet.  5,  2-cleft 
or  lobed.  Stam.  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  5,  opposite  to  the  sepals.  Cap- 
sule cjdindrical  or  ovoid,  elongated,  opening  at  top  by  10  teeth,  Go-seeded., 
Flowers  cjmious,  white.    Fig.  44. 

§  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals Nos.  1,  2 

§  Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals Nos.  3,  4, 5 


Order  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE.E.  55 

1  C.  VHlgatum  L.    Haiiy,  ctcspitons;  Ivs.  obovate  or  ovate,  obtnse,  attenuated  at 

base  ;  fls.  in  subcapitate  clusters  ;  scp.  acute,  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  stam.  often  5. 
{T)  Fields  and  waste  grounds.    6 — 12'.    June— Aug.    § 

2  C.  viscosiim  L.    Hairy,  viscid,  spreading;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute  ;  lis. 

in  loose  cymes  ;  sep.  obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margin  and  apex,  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cels.    It  Fields  and  waste  grounds.    5 — 9'.    Plant  greener.    June— Aug. 

3  C  arvense  L.    Pubescent;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  cyme  on  a  long,  tei-minal 

peduncle, 4-flowered ;  petals  more  than  twice  longer  than  the  calyx;  capsule  scarcely 
exceeding  the  sepals,    n  Rocky  hills.    4—10'.    May— Aug. 

4  C.  obloiigffollniu  Toit.    Villous,  viscid  above;   Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate;   flowers 

numerous,  in  a  spreading  cyme  ;  pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  capsule  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.    V  Rocky  places.    Rare.    0-10'.    Fls.  large.    April— June. 

5  C.  nutans  Raf.    Viscid-pubescent,  erect;   Ivs.  lanceolate;   fls.  many,  diffusely  cy- 

mous,  on  long,  filiform,  nodding  pedicels  ;  pet.  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  cap- 
sule a  little  curved,  nearly  thrice  as  long.    (T)  Low  grounds.    S — 12'.    May. 

7.  STELLARIA,  L.  Star  Chickweed.  (Lat.  Stella,  a  star;  from 
the  stellate  or  star-like  flowers.)  Sep.  5,  connected  at  base.  Pet.  5,  2-partecl, 
rarely  0.  Stam.  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  3,  sometimes  4.  Caps,  ovoid,  1- 
celled,  valves  as  many  as  styles,  3-parted  at  top.  Sds.  many.  Small  herbs  in 
moist,  shady  places.    Fls.  in  forked  cymes  or  axillary,  small,  wh.    F'vj:.  456. 

§  Stems  haiiy  mostly  in  lines,  leafy  to  the  top.    Leaves  broad Nos.  1,  2,  .3 

§  Stems  all  glabrous,— a  leafy  to  the  top.    Petals  sometimes  wanting Nos.  4,  5,  G 

— «  leafless  above,  with  scarious  bracts Nos.  7,  8,  9 

1  S.  media  Smith.    Lvs.  ovate  ;  st.  procumbent,  with  an  alternate,  lateral,  hairy  line  ; 

pet.  shorter  than  the  sep. ;  stam.  3  to  5  or  10.    (J)  A  common  weed.    April — Nov. 

2  S.  prostrata  Baldw.    Lvs.  ovate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles  ;  ets.  procumbent,  pu- 

bescent ;  fls.  on  long  pedicels  ;  pet.  longer  than  sepals  ;  stam.  7.  (T)  Ga.  Fla.  Mar.  Ap. 

3  S.  piibera  Michx.    Stem  ascending,  pubescent  in  1  lateral  or  2  opposite  lines  ;  lvs. 

oblong,  acute,  sessile  ;  pet.  longer  than  the  white-edged  sep.    n  Pa.  S.  and  W.  Apr.Jn. 

4  S<  uniflora  Walt.    Smooth,  erect  from  a  prostrate  base  :  lvs.  linear-subulate,  remote  ; 

ped.  long,  1-flwd. ;  pet.  obcordate,  twice  longer  than  cal.    @  Swamps,  S.  10 — 12'.  May. 

5  S.  boi-ealis  Bw.    Smooth, weak  ;  lvs.  veinless,  lance-oblong;  ped.  at  length  axillary, 

1-flwd. ;  pet.  2-parted  (often  0),  as  long  as  calyx,  a  Wet  shades,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  6—15'. 

6  S.  crasslfolla  Ehrh.    Sts.  weak;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  thickish;  pet.  longer  than  the 

cal.,  or  0 ;  sds.  roughened.  Wet  rocky  places,  Ky.  and  N.   (Sagina  fontinalis  Sh.&  Pet.) 

7  S.  ullgluosa  Murr.    Decumbent ;  lvs.  lance-oval  and  oblong,  veiny  ;  cymes  lateral, 

sessile,  leafless  ;  sep.  3-veined,  as  long  as  the  bifid  pet.  n  Springs,  Md.  toN.  n.,and  W. 

8  S.  longipes  Goldie.    Smooth  and  shining;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base; 

ped.  erect,  filiform,  cymous ;   sep.  with  membranous  margins,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
71  Me.  to  Mich,  and  N.    June. 

9  S.  longifolla  Muhl.    Lvs.  linear ;  cyme  terminal,  naked,  at  length  lateral,  the  pedi- 

cels spreading ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.    2f  Common.    July. 

8.  ARENARIA,  L.  Sandwort.  (Lat.  arena,  sand,  in  which  most 
species  grow.)  Sep.  5,  spreading.  Pet.  5,  entire,  or  notched,  rarely  0. 
Stam.  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  to  as  many 
sepals.  Capsule  1-celled,  co-seeded,  opening  by  valves  or  half-valves. 
Slender  herbs,  mostly  tufted,  with  white  flowers.  (The  following  sections 
have  sometimes  been  regarded  as  genera.) 

§  Arenaria.    Caps,  splitting  into  0  half-valves.    Lvs.  acute.    Seeds  naked Nos.  1,  S 

§  McERfNGiA.    Caps,  as  above.    Lvs.  and  sep.  obtuse.    Sds.  strophiolate No.  3 


56  Order  19.— CAKYOPHYLLACE^. 

§  HoNKENYA.  Caps.  Splitting  into  3  (—5)  valves.    Disk  large,  10-lobed No.  11 

§  Alsine.    Capsule  splitting  into  3  entire  valves.    Disk  inconspicuous . .  (a) 

a  Sepals  3  or  5-veined,  acute,  or  acuminate Nos.  4,  5,  6 

a  Sepals  veinless,  obtuse.— &  Leaves  rigid,  subulate,  imbricated No.  7 

— b  Leaves  soft,  opposite,  spreading Nos.  8,  9, 10 

1  A.  serpylllfolla  L.    St.  dichotomous,  spreading;   Ivs.   ovate,  acute,  subciliate; 

pet.  shorter  than  the  acute  sep. ;  pod  ovate.    ®  Sandy  pi.  2—5'.  Lvs.  2—3".  Jn.-Aug.  § 

2  A.  diffufsa  Ell.   St.  long,  diffuse  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  acute  at  both  ends  ;  ped.  l-flwd. ; 

pet.  oval,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  or  0.    it  Moist  woods,  S.    2— 5f.    Apr.  June. 

3  A.  lateriflora  L.    Upright,  slightly  pubescent;  lvs.  oval,  obtuse  ;  ped.  lateral,  2  to 

3-fl\vd. ;  seeds  (stropliiolate)  appendaged  at  the  hilum.  n  Damp  shades,  N.  0—10'.  Jn. 

4  A.  patula  Mx.    Sts.  divaricately  branched,  very  slender;  lvs.  linear-filiform,  obtuse  ; 

petals  emarginatc.    (i)  Cliffs,  Va.  and  Ky.    G— 10'.    June— July. 

5  A.  Pitclicri  T.  &  G.    Erect,  fastigiately  branched,  almost  glabrous ;  lvs.  linear,  ob- 

tuse, flat ;  pet.  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  5-veined  sepals,    (i)  Teun.  and  W.    " — ('/. 
G  A.  strscta  Mx.    Glabrous,  diffuse;  st.  branched  from  the  base  ;  lvs.  subulate-linear, 
rigid,  so  fascicled  in  the  axils  as  to  appear  whorled  ;  cymes  few-flowered,  with  spread- 
ing branches,     u  Sterile  grounds.    S — 10'.    May,  June. 

7  A.  squarrosa  Mx.    Ctespitous  ;  stem  few-flowered  ;  lower  leaves  squarrous-imbri- 

cate,  crowded,  upper  ones  few,  all  subulate,  channelled,  smooth ;  petals  obovate,  3 
times  longer  than  the  sepals,    •y  Barrens,  L.  I.  to  Ga.    6—10'.    April -Aug. 

8  A.  Grcenlandica  Spr.    Ctespitous  ;  sts.  numerous,  filiform  ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  spread- 

ing; ped.  l-flwd..  elongated,  divaricate.  2f  HighMts.  N.  3'.  Fls.  8",  numerous.  Jl.Aug. 

9  A.  brevifolia  N.    Erect  (not  tufted),  few-leaved  ;  stems  many,  filiform  ;  lvs.  minute, 

few,  remote,  ovate-subulate ;  sepals  oblong.    (T)  Rocks,  Ga.    2—4'.    May. 

10  A.  gl^ibra  Mx.    Crespitous,  glabrous  ;  sts.  filiform  ;  lvs.  linear  setaceous,  spread- 
ing; sep.  oval,  veinless,  half  as  long  as  the  petals.    Tf  Mts.  S.    4— G'.    Fls.  G".    July. 

11  A.  peploides  L.    Sts.  creeping,  with  upright  branches,  tufted  ;  lvs.  ovate,  fleshy, 
half-clasping;  fls.  small,  the  veinless  sepals  exceeding  the  petals,    n  Coast.   If.   May. 

9.  MCBNOHIA,  Elirh.  (Dedicated  to  Momcli,  a  German  botanist.)  Sep. 
4,  as  long  as  the  4  entire  petals  and  opposite  to  the  4  styles.  Stam.  4.  Caps, 
ovoid,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  opening  by  8  teeth,  co-seeded.  ®  Low, 
smooth,  glaucous.    Flowers  white. 

OT.  quaternella  Ehrh.— Dry  places,  Md.    Stems  simple,  2—3',  with  1  or  2  flowers. 
Leaves  lance-linear,  acute.    Apr.  May.    §  Eur.    (Sagina  erecta  L.) 

10.  SAGINA,  L.  Pearlwort.  (Lat.  sagina,  food  or  nourishment ; 
badly  applied  to  these  minute  plants.)  Sep.  4  or  5.  Pet.  4  or  o,  entire, 
often  0.  Stam.  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Styles  4  or  5,  al- 
ternate with  the  sepals,  but  the  valves  of  the  pod  are  opposite.  Diminutive 
herbs  with  linear  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 

*  Petals  0,  or  4,  and  much  shorter  than  the  4  sepals.    Stam.  4 Nos.  1,  S 

*  Petals  5,  equalling  or  much  exceeding  the  5  sepals.     Stam.  10 Nos.  3,  4 

1  S.  procMinbens  L.   Procumbent,  glabrous  ;  pet.  about  half  as  long  as  the  roundish, 

obtuse  sepals,  sometimes  0 ;  lvs.  linear-filiform.     Ti  Damp,  N.    3 — 4'.    June. 

2  S.  apetala  L.    Erect,  puberulent ;  pet.  very  minute,  or  none  ;  sep.  oblong,  acute ; 

lvs.  linear-subulate.    (T)  Sandy,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  W.    Stems  filiform,  2—4'.    May,  Jn. 

3  S.  subula.ta  Wimmer.    Smooth  or  puberulent,  tufted ;  lvs.  filiform-linear,  mucro- 

nate,  shorter  than  the  erect  ped. ;  pet.  5,  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  Sep.,  rarely  0.  @ 
Sandy,  S.  2— C'.    Lvs.  6".    March,  April.    (S.  Elliottii  Fenzl.) 

4  S.  nodOJ«a  Fenzl.    Tufted,  ascending,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  subulate,  the  upper  very  short 

and  fascicled ;  pet.  much  longer  than  the  sepals.    %  Sandy  shores,  N. 


Okdek  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^.  57 

11.  SPERGULARIA,  Pers.  Sand  Spurry.  (Name  derived  from 
Spergula.)    Sep.  5.    Pet.  5,  entire.     Stam.  2—10.    Styles  3.    Caps.  3-valved, 

oo-seeded.— Herbs  low,  spreading,  with  narrow  opposite  leaves  and  sca- 
rious  stipules.    Flowers  red  or  rose-colored. 

1  S.  rubra  Presl.     Decumbent,  divaricately  branched,  slender;   stip.  triangular-acu- 

minate ;  Ivs.  linear ;  sep.  lanceolate,  with  scarious  margins ;  pet.  as  long,  pink-red ; 
seeds  rough,  marginless.    U  Sandy,  near  the  coast.    3—0'.    May— October. 

2  S.  marina.    Plant  thick  and  fleshy ;  caps,  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  the 

seeds  nearly  smooth  and  mostly  margined.    Otherwise  like  No.  1,  and  perhaps  not 
distinct,    n  Salt  marshes.    May— October.    (Arenaria,  L.) 

12.  STIPULICIDA,  INIicbx.  (Lat.  stipula,  ccedo ;  the  stipules  being 
niucb  cleft.)  Sep.  with  scarious  margins.  Pet.  5,  as  long  as  the  sepals,  en- 
tire. Stig.  3,  subsessile.  Caps,  subglobous,  S-valved,  few-seeded.  ®  A 
slender,  tufted,  dichotomously  branched  herb,  almost  leafless,  with  the 
small  flowers  in  terminal  cymulcs. 

S.  setacea  Ms.— Dry  sand,  Ga.  Fla.    Stems  almost  setaceous,  G— 10'.    Joints  distant, 
with  a  fringe  of  leaves  and  stipides  i".    Koot  leaves  roundish,  1".   Fls.  reddish.   May. 

13.  SPERGULA,  L.  Spurry.  (Lat.  spergo,  to  scatter ;  from  the  dis- 
persion of  the  seeds.)  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5,  entire.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5. 
Caps,  ovate,  5-valved,  seeds  oo.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring.  (T)  Herbs 
with  fls.  in  loose  cymes.    Leaves  verticillate.     Stipules  scarious. 

S.  arvensis  L.    Lvs.  filiform;  ped.  reflesed  in  fruit;  sds.  reniform,  angular,  rough. 
Cultivated  grounds.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  1—2',  many  in  a  whorl.    May— August.    § 

14.  POLYCARPON,  L.     All-seed.    {TIoXv-.,  much,  -Kapno^,  fruit; 
the  pods  are  many.)    Sepals  5,  carinate.    Pet.  5,  emarginate.     Stam.  3 — 5. 
Style  short,  3-cleft.    Caps.  3-valved.    @  Low,  diffuse,  with  whorled  lvs. 
P.  tetrapliyllum  L.    Lvs.  spatiilatc  or  oval,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  some  of  them  in 

whorls  of  4;  stam.  3.    Around  Charleston,  S.  Car.    3—6'.    Lvs.  3— 5".    Pis.  minute.    § 

15.  PARONYCHIA,  Tourn.  Nailwort.  {Tlapd,  with  ovv'c,  the 
uail;  i.  e.,  the  wMthic  ;  supposed  cure  for.)  Sep.  5,  linear-oblong,  conni- 
vent,  mucronate  or  awned  near  the  apex.  Pet.  or  sterile  filaments  very 
narrow  and  scale-like,  or  none.  Stam.  2,  3,  or  5.  Stig.  2,  with  the  styles 
more  or  less  united  into  1.  Utricle  1-seeded.  Low  herbs  dichotomously 
branched,  with  scarious,  silvery  stips.,  and  at  least  the  lower  lvs.  opposite. 

§  Paronychia.    Sepals  evidently  awned  at  apex.   Lvs.  linear  and  subulate  —  Nos.l,  2 
§  Antchia  (Mx.  partly).    Sep.  merely  mucronate  at  apex.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  oval.(*) 

*  Stems  procumbent,  diffuse  on  the  ground.    Stamens  5 Nos.  .3,  4 

*  Stems  erect,  with  diftusely  ascending  branches.    Stamens  2  or  3 Nos.  5,  fi 

1  V.  dichotoma  Nutt.    Glabrous,  densely  branched  ;  lvs.  acerose,  mucronate ;  bracts 

like  the  leaves  ;  cymes  fastigiate,  with  no  central  flower  ;  sepals  3-veiued,  cuspidate. 
n  Kocks,  Ya.  to  Car.  and  Ark.    C— 12'.    Lvs.  1'.    July— November. 

2  P.  argyrocoina  Nutt.    Pubescent,  tufted,  decumbent ;  lvs.  linear,  acute ;  cymes 

glomerate,  terminal ;  fls.  enveloped  in  dry,  silvery  bracts  ;  sep.  hairy,  1-veined,  seta- 
ceously  cuspidate,     n  Mts.  N.  H.  Va.  to  Ga.    4—10'.    Lvs.  (i— 10".    July. 

3  P.  liernlarloides  Nutt.    Scabrous,  difl'iiscly  branched;  lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  mu- 

cronate ;  the  ramial  alternate.    Fls.  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  sep.  3-veiued, 
merely  mucronate.    u  Sand,  S.    Small,  flat.    Lva.  1—3".    July— October. 


58  Order  20.— PORTULACACE^E. 

4  P.  Baldtvinii  Cliapm.    Biffiisely  branched,  procumbent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 

very  acute,  all  opposite  ;  flowers  longer  than  the  setaceous  stipnles,  mostly  terminal, 
stalked ;  stani.  5.    ®  Dry  fields,  Fla.  Ga.   6—10'.    Lvs.  few.    July— Oct. 

5  F.  Canadensis.    Stem  erect,  slender,  pubescent,  many  times  forked,  with  slender 

or  capillary  branches  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  ramial  alternate ;  style  none  ;  utricle  equal- 
ling the  sepals,    (i)  Woody  hills. 
J3.  pumila.    Dwarf  (2—40,  tufted  ;  fls.  closely  sessile ;  style  as  long  as  ovary,  forked 
at  apex.    Dry  hills,  Md.    (Mr.  Shriver.) 

16.  SIPHONYCHIA,  Torr.  and  Gr.  {^icpoov,  a  tube;  that  is,  Amjchia 
Avith  a  tubular  calj'x.)  Sep.  linear,  petaloid  above,  coherent  into  a  tube 
below,  nuarmed.  Pet.  5  sette  alternate  with  the  stamens  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx.  Style  filiform,  minutely  bifid ;  utricle  included.  ®  DiflTuse  and 
widely  spreading.    Fls.  in  glomerate,  terminal  cymes,  white.    Jn. — Oct. 

§  Calyx  tube  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.    Stems  prostrate,  diflfiise Nos.  1,  2 

§  Calyx  smooth  or  merely  pubescent.    Stems  erect Nos.  3,  4 

1  S.  Americana  T.  &  G.    Sts.  pubescent  in  lines  ;  lvs.  lanceolate ;  sep.  rounded,  in- 

curved at  apex  ;  fls.  solitary  and  clustered.    (T)  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  small. 

2  S.  diffiisa  Ohapm.    Pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  sep.  linear,  mucronate  ;  fls. 

in  dense  cymes.    (T)  Pine-barrens,  Fla.    If. 

3  S.  crecta  Chapm.    Sts.  smooth,  rigidly  erect,  subsimple  ;  lvs.  linear ;  sep.  lanceolate, 

tube  smooth,  furrowed,    n  Sands,  Fla.    6—12'. 

4  S.  Rug'elii  Chapm.  Erect,  dichotomous,  pubescent ;  lvs.  oblanceolate  ;  sep.  conspic- 

uously mucronate,  the  tube  hairy.    ®  E.  Fla.    If.    (Paronychia,  Shutt.) 

17.  SCLERANTHUS,  L.  Knawel.  {^nXifpo^,  hard,  civ^oi;  the 
calyx  hardens  in  fruit.)  Sep.  5,  united  below  into  a  tube  contracted  at  the 
orifice.  Pet.  0.  Sta.  10,  rarely  5  or  2.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Utricle  very 
smooth,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tube.  (\)  A  prostrate,  diffuse  little 
Aveed,  exstipulate. 

S.  annnus  L.    Dn,'  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  and  M.    3— C.    Lvs.  linear,  acute,  short, 
partially  united  at  their  bases.    Fls.  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles.    July. 

18.  MOLLUGO,  L.  Cahpet-weed.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  inferior,  united 
at  base,  colored  inside.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  5,  sometimes  3  or  10.  Fil.  setaceous, 
shorter  than  and  opposite  to  the  sepals.  Anth.  simple.  Caps.  3-celled,  3 
valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  reniform.  Lvs.  at  length  apparently  verticil- 
late,  being  clustered  in  the  axils. 

OT.  verticillata  L.    Lvs.  cuneiform,  acute  ;  st.  prostrate,  branched ;  pedicels  1-flow- 
ered,  subumbellate  ;  sta.  mostly  but  3.    (T)  Dry  fields.    6—10'.    White. 


Order  XX.    PORTULACACE^.    Purslanes. 

Herbs  succulent  or  fleshy,  with  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular 
flowers.  Sepals  2,  united  at  base.  Petals  5,  more  or  less  imbricated.  Sta- 
mens variable  in  number,  but  opposite  the  petals  Avhen  as  many.  Ovaries 
free,  1-celled.  Styles  several,  stigmatous  along  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  a 
pyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid,  or  a  capsule,  loculicidal,  with  as  many  valves  as 
stigmas.    Seeds  with  a  coiled  embryo. 


Obder  23.— MALVACE^.  59 

•  stamens  8—20,  perigynous.  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid  (a  pyxis) PoRTULACi.      1 

»  Stamens  10—30,  hj-pogj-nous.  Capsule  opening  by  valves Talinum.  2 

•  Stamens  5,  each  on  the  base  of  a  petal.     Capsule  S-ralved Clattonia.        3 

•  Stamens  4— 15.     Capsule  3- valved.    Leaves  alternate Calandkinia.  4 

1.  PORTULAOA,  Tonrn.  Pcrslakes.  Sep.  2,  the  upper  portion 
deciduous.  Pet.  5  (4  to  G),  equal.  Stain.  8—20.  Style  3-6-parted.  Pyyis 
opening  near  tlie  middle,  (X-sceded.    Low,  fleshy  herbs. 

1  I».  oleracea  L.    Stems  reddish,  prostrate ;  leaves  cuneate.    (T)  Ciilth-ated  grounds, 

especially  gardens.  If.  Plant  very  smooth,  succulent.   Fls.  small,  yellow.   Ji«ne— Aug. 

2  P.  GRANBiFLORA.    Upright ;  Ivs.  linear,  acute  ;  fls.  large,  rose-purple.    (T)  S.  Am.    8'. 

3  V.  GrLLESii.    Upright ;  Ivs.  short,  terete,  blunt ;  fls.  large,  deep  purple.    ®  S.  Am. 

2.  TALINUM,  Adans.  Sep.  2,  ovate,  deciduous.  Pet.  5,  sessile,  in- 
serted with  the  10 — 20  stamens  into  the  torus.   Style  trifid.   Caps.  3-valved, 

co-seeded. — Herbs  fleshy,  smooth. 
T.  terctifolium  L.    Stem  short,  thick,  with  crowded  linear  Ivs.  at  the  ends  of  the 

short  branches,  with  long  (00  terminal,  naked  peduncles,  bearing  a  cyme  of  purple, 

ephemeral  flowers.    U  Rocks,  Penn.  to  Ga.    June— Aug. 

3.  CLAYTONIA,  L.  Spring  Beauty.  (In  memory  of  John  Chiyfon, 
one  of  the  earliest  botanists  of  Virginia.)  Sep.  2,  oyate  or  roundish.  Pet. 
5,  emargined  or  obtuse.  Stam.  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Stig. 
3-cleft.  Caps.  3-valved,  2-5-seeded. — Small,  fleshy,  early  flowering  plants, 
arising  from  a  small  tuber.    (Stem  with  2  opposite  leaves.) 

1  C  Caroliiiiuiia  ils.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse.  U  Moist  woods. 
Stxsm  3',  bearing  2  (rarely  .3  or  4)  leaves ;  root  leaves  few  ;  fls.  white,  wiih  purple  lines. 

3  C.  Virgiuica  L.  Lvs.  linear  or  lance-linear;  sepals  rather  acute;  petals  obovate, 
mostly  emarginate  or  retuse  ;  ped.  slender,  nodding.  2f  In  low,  moist  grounds,  more 
common  than  the  first,  the  2  opposite  leaves  3—5'  long.    Flowers  roseate. 

4.  CALANDRINIA,  H.  B.  K.  {Calamlrini  was  an  Italian  botanist.) 
Sep.  2.  Pet.  3 — 5.  Stam.  4 — 15,  mostly  hypogynous.  Style  short,  stig.  3. 
Caps.  3-valved. — Herbs  of  Chili  and  California,  smooth,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  purple  flowers. 

1  C.  GRANDiFLoRA.    Lcavcs  rhomboid ;  raceme  terminal.    %  Chili.    If.    Fls.  near  2'. 

2  C.  sPECiosA.    Leaves  linear-spatulate  ;  flowers  axillary.    (T)  Cal.    (>'.    Fls.  V  broad. 

Order  XXIII.    MALVACE.^.    Mallows. 

Herbs  or  slirvls  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  with 
.5  sepals  united  at  base,  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  subtended  by  an  involucel; 
5  petals  hj-pogynous,  convolute  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  oo  monadel- 
phous,  hypogynous,  and  1-celled  reniform  anthers.  Pistils  several,  dis- 
tinct, or  united,  and  stigmas  various.  Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule,  or  a 
collection  of  1-seeded  indehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen, 
and  a  curved  embryo. 

%  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.,  having  no  involucel.     (W 
§  Calyx  involucellate.— Carpels  (and  styles)  move  than  5.    (a) 
—Carpels  3  to  5  only,— I-seeded.    (c) 

—3—  oo-eeeded,    (i) 


60  Ordek  23.— MALVACE^. 

a  Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded Alth.iia.  1 

o  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded.     Stigmas  linear Malva.  2 

a  Involucel  of  3  united  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded Lavatera.  3 

a  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.    Carpels  2-seeded Modiola.  4 

o  Involucels  (of  2  or  3  distinct  bractlets).  Carpels  1-seeded.  Stig.  capitate.. ..Malvastuum.  5 

6  Flowers  dioecious.     Stigmas  10,  linear Nap^a.  6 

6  Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  5  or  more,  1-seeded Sida.  7 

6  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  many,  3  to  9-seeded Abutilon.  8 

c  Stigmas  10.    Carpels  5,  baccate,  united Malvaviscus.  9 

(•  Stigmas  10.    Carpels  5,  dry,  distinct Pavonia.  10 

c  Stigmas  5.     Carpels  5,  dry,  united  into  apod Kosteletzkta.  U 

d  Involucre  of  many  bractlets.    Calyx  regular Hibiscus.  12 

d  Involucre  of  3  incisely-tootlied  bractlets Gossypium.  13 

1.  ALTH^aEJA,  L.  Marsh  Mallow.  {"JXScoyto  cure;  the  mucilagi- 
nous root  is  liiglily  esteemed  in  medicine.)  Calyx  surrounded  at  base  by  a 
6-9-cleft  involucel.  Styles  co,  with  linear  stigmas.  Carpels  go,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and  at  maturity  separating  from  the  axis. 

1  A.  officinalis  L.    Lvs.  soft-downy  on  l)oth  sides,  cordate-ovate,  dentate,  somewhat 

.3-lobed ;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  many-flowered.  7J.  Salt  marshes, 
North.    3f.    Flowers  large,  pale  purple.    Sept.    §  Eur. 

2  A.  I'osea  Cav.    HollyJwck.    St.  erect,  hairy  ;  lvs.  cordate,  5-7-angled,  rugous ;  fls.  ax- 

illary, sessile.    (3)  Gardens,  often  sowing  itself.    6f.    Flowers  of  all  colors.    § 

2.  MALVA,  L.  Mallow.  {MaXaxv,  soft;  on  account  of  the  soft 
mucilaginous  properties.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  involucel  3-leaved.  Pet. 
obcordate  or  truncate.  Styles  co,  with  linear  stigmas.  Carpels  co,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularlj-,  and  at  maturity  sepa- 
rating from  the  axis. 

*  Leaves  triangular-hastate,  crenate,  scabrous.    Carpels  acute No.  1 

*  Leaves  orbicular,  with  5—7  angular  lobes.    Carpels  obtuse Nos.  2 — i 

*  Leaves  palmately  5-7-parted Nos.  5—7 

1  M.  triangiilata  Lav.    Rough-hairy  ;  lvs.  triang. -hastate,  crenate :  the  lower  cor- 

date ;  panicle  many-flowcrcd  ;  carp.  10— l.o,  slightly  beaked,  at  length  2-valved.  n  Dry 
prairies,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.    Petals  1',  purple.    July,  Aug.    (CallirrhoS  triang.  Gr.) 

2  M.  rot undifolia  L.   Low  Mallow.    St.  prostrate  ;  lvs.  obtusely  5-!obed  ;  cor.  pale, 

twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    il  Waste  grounds.    If.    June,  July.    §  Eur. 

3  M.  sylvestris  L.    High  Mcdloio.    St.  erect ;  lvs.  .5-7-lobed,  lobes  rather  acute  ;  pet. 

purple,  .3  times  longer  than  sepals.    (5)  Waysides.    3f.    June,  July.    §  Eur. 

4  M.  crispa  L.    St.  erect ;  lvs.  angular-lobed,  dentate,  crisped,  smooth  ;  fls.  axillary, 

sessile,  white.    (T;  Gardens  and  v,'aste  grounds.    5f.    June— Aug.    §  Syria. 

5  M.  nioscUata  L.    Musk  Mallow.    Erect ;  radical  lvs.  reniform,  incised,  cauline  5- 

parted,  the  segments  linear-cuneiform,  incisely  lobed ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves.    %  Gardens  and  waysides.    2f.    Flowers  large,  roseate.    July.    §  Eur. 

6  in.  A'lcea  L.    Erect;  rt.  lvs.  angular;  st.  lvs.5-lobed,  the  lobes  merely  incised;  stem 

and  calyx  velvety,    n  Escaped  from  gardens :  rare.    3f.    Fls.  purple.    July,  t    §  Eur. 

7  M.  Papavcr  Cav.    Poppy  Mallmv.    Lvs.  3-5-parted,  segm.  oblong  or  linear,  entire 

or  toothed  ;  fls.  on  very  long  peduncles  ;  bracteoles  1—3,  subulate.    U  Open  woods, 
South.    12—18'.    Flowers  bright  red.    May,  June.    (Callirrhoii  Papaver  Gr.) 

3.  LAVATERA,  L.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  two  Lavaters,  physicians 
of  Zurich.)  Calyx  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  3  united  bracteoles. 
Stigmas  oo,  filiform.  Carpels  GO,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged 
circularly  as  in  Malva. 

li.  TRiMESTRis.    Annual;  lvs.  roundish-cordate,  the  upper  angular ;  fls.  large,  red,  soli- 
tary.   Europe.    2f.    The  flowers  vary  to  white.    July,  Aug. 


Order  23.— MALVACEAE.  61 

4.  MODIOLA,  Mccnch.  (Lat.  modiolus,  a  certain  measure ;  from  tlie 
fancied  resemblance  of  tlie  fruit  to  a  baslvct.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  witli  an  in- 
volucel  of  3  bractlets  at  base.  Stigmas  15 — 20,  capitate.  Carpels  same  num- 
ber, 2-seeclecl,  transversely  2-cellecl,  2-valvecl.  (T;©  Prostrate,  -with  cleft 
leaves  and  small  flowers. 

Hd.  inultiflda  Moench.    Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  3—5  cleft;  segm.  cut-toothed;  ped. 
soon  louger  than  the  petioles.    U  Car.  Ga.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Fls.  6",  red.    July,  Aug. 

5.  MALVASTRUM,  Gray.  (Name  altered  from  Malta.)  luvolucel 
of  1 — 3  leaves,  or  0.  Styles  5 — 20.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carp.  5 — co  ,  often 
beaked  or  awned,  each  1-seeded. 

1  ai.  angustuni  Gr.  Branched,  erect,  liairy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  with  bristle-form  stip. ; 

invol.  bristleform ;  carps.  5,  dehiscent.    (I)  S.  Car.  Ga.    If.    Fls.  yellow.    (Sida,  Ph.) 

2  M.  tricuspidatum  Gr.    Shrubby ;  rough-hirsute ;  Ivs.  ov. -oblong ;  stip.  lanceo- 

late ;  invol.  3-leavcd ;  carp.  10—12,  3-awned  at  apex,     n  S.  Fla.    If.    Yellow. 

6.  NAP.ffiA,  Clayt.  {Ncxitij,  a  wooded  valley  between  mountains, 
where  Clayton  discovered  the  plant.)  Involucel  none.  Calyx  5-toothed  ; 
fls.  dioecious.  Styles  6 — 8,  with  filiform  stigmas.  Carpels  as  many,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent,  beakless,  circularly  arranged.  U  Tall,  with  large,  palmately 
divided  leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  leafy  panicles. 

N.  dioica  L.— Rocky  thickets.  Pa.  Va.  to  111.    Stem  weak.    4— Gf.    Leaf  segm.  5—11, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed.    Flowers  4—5".    August. 

7.  SIDA,  L.  Involucel  0.  Fls.  perfect.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Styles  5  or 
more,  with  the  stigmas  capitate  or  truncate.  Carp.  5 —  oo,  1-seeded,  finally 
separable.    Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  tomentous. 

*  Leaves  palmately  parted.    Flowers  rose-white.    Carpels  beaked Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  undivided.    Flowers  red  or  yellow.— a  Carpels  5  or  7 Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Carpels  10—12 Nos.  5—8 

1  S.  Napaea  Cav.    Nearly  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  palmately  5-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acuminate, 

coarsely-toothed ;   ped.  many-flowered ;   carpels  10,  acuminate-beaked,     n  Woods, 
Penn.  to  Va.    3f.    Fls.  S".    White.    July. 

2  S.  alcaeoides  Mx.     Strigous-pubescent ;   Ivs.  palmately  5-7-parted,  the   segments 

laciuiate  ;  fls.  corymbed,  terminal ;  carp.  10,  acute,    if  In  barren  oaklands,  Tenn.  Ky. 
1— 2f.    Fls.  nearly  as  large  as  in  the  Musk  Mallow.   (Callirrhoe  alcoeoides  Gr.) 

3  S.  spiuosa  L.    St.  rigid ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  with  a  spinous  tubercle  at 

the  base  of  the  petiole  ;  stip.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  petioles  or  axillary  pedun- 
cles ;  carp.  5,  birostrate.    @  Sandy,  M.  and  W.    8— IC.    Yellow.    July.    § 

4  S.  cUiaris  Cav.     St.  prostrate ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  obtuse ;  stip.  setaceous,  and  calyx 

ciliate  ;  carp.  7,  tipped  with  2  spines  ;  fls.  red.     n  S.  Fla. 

5  S.  stlpulata,  Cav.    Smoothish  ;  leaves  rhombic -lanceolate,  dentate  ;  stip.  subulate, 

longer  than  the  petioles,  persistent ;  carpels  10—12,  pointed  with  2  short  spines,    n 
Sandy  soils,  S.    IS'.    Pet.  5",  yellow.    July.    (S.  hispida  C-B.) 

6  S.  Elliottii  Torr.  &  Gr.    Lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  base  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  a  little 

longer  than  the  petioles  ;  caps,  truncate,    ii  Sandy  soils,  S.    3f.    Yellow. 

7  S.  rlioinbifolia.  L.    Leaves  rhombic-oblong,  serrate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base  ; 

ped.  much  longer  than  the  petioles ;  caps.  2-beaked.    (I)  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2f.    Yellow. 

8.  ABUTILON,  Dill.  Indian  Mallow.  Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an  in- 
volucel, often  angular.  Styles  5  to  20,  with  capitate  stigs.  Carps,  as  many, 
arranged  circularly,  each  1-celled,  3  to  6-seeded,  and  opening  by  2  valves. 


62  Order  23.— MALVACExE. 

§  IlEKBACEotTS.    Lvs.  ovatc,  crenate,  acuminate,  velvety.    Fls.  erect Ncs.  1,  9 

§  Shrub.    Leaves  .3-5-acuminate-lobed.    Fls.  pendulous No.  3 

1  A.  Avicennse  G;ert.  Tomentous  ;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate  ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  long 

petiole  ;  carp,  about  1.5,  inflated,  2-beaked,  3-seeded.    (T)  Waste  places.   3f.  Ycl.   Jl.  § 

2  A.  IIul!^ca,iiuni  Torr.    Pilous-hispid:  lvs.  roundish;  ped.  3-.5-flowered ;   carpels 

about  1-2;  fls.  near  2' broad,  light  purple.    Fla.    Lvs.  small,  whitish  beneath. 

3  A.  STRIATUM.     Tassel-Tree.   Shrub  with  maple-like  lvs.  and  tasselform  fls.,  the  column 

csserted.    Greenhouse.    5— lOf.    Orange-red,  scarlet-veined.    Brazil. 

4  A.  VEXILLARIU3I.    Shrub  with  long,  slender,  drooping  branches ;  leaves  lance-ovate, 

cordate,  crenate-serrate ;  flowers  droop  on  filiform  stalks,  cylindric ;  calyx  scarlet, 
corolla  golden  yellow,  column  asserted.    Greenhouse.    Flowers  all  Winter. 

9.  MALVAVisCUS  DRUsmoNDir.  Glue  Mallow.  Shrub  4f,  with 
showy,  erect,  axillary  scarlet  flowers.  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.  Pet.  erect.  Styles 
10,  with  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit  fleshy.  Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  angularly  3-lobed, 
coarsely  crenate-toothed.    Coluoin  loug-exserted.    §  About  N.  Orleans. 

10.  PAVONIA,  L.  (Latin  pavo,  peacock;  suggested  by  the  colors.) 
Invohicel  of  5  or  more  bracteoles.  Catyx  5-cleft.  Carpels  5,  half  as  many 
as  the  brandies  of  the  style,  1-seeded.     Stig.  capitate.    Fruit  dry.     5 

P.  liecontii  T.  &  G.  Shrubby;  lvs.  sagittate-oblong,  obtuse,  hoary-tomentous  be- 
neath ;  bractlets  5  ;  carpels  blunt,  rugous.  5f.  Ga.  (Mr.  Jones),  rare.  Fls.  IS"  diam., 
rose-white,  with  a  deep  purple  centre.    (P.  Jonesii  C-B.) 

11.  KOSTELETZKYA,  Presl.  (In  honor  of  Kosteletzly,  a  German  bot- 
anist.) Calyx,  involucel,  styles,  &c.,  as  in  Hibiscus.  Fruit  a  5-celled,  de- 
pressed capsule,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

K.  Vlrsinlca  Presl.  Lvs.  acuminate,  cordate,  ovate,  dentate,  upper  and  lower  ones 
undivided,  middle  3-lobed  ;  ped.  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes ;  fls.  nodding,  pis- 
tils declinate.     n  Marshes,  L.  I.  to  Ga.    3f.    Fls.  2i',  rose-red.    Aug. 

12.  HIBISCUS,  L.  Calyx  5-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  many 
bractlets.  Column  long  with  the  stamens  lateral  and  the  5  stigmas  capitate. 
Fruit  a  5-celled  capsule,  loculicidal,  the  valves  l)earing  the  partitions  in  the 
middle.  Seeds  3  or  many  in  each  cell.  5  U  Flowers  large  and  showy. 
Plants  often  cultivated. 

§  Hibiscus  proper.    Calyx  equally  5-cleft  or  toothed,  persistent. . .  («) 

§  Abelmoschus.    Calyx  tube  in  flowering  split  down  to  the  base  on  one  side.  .Nos.  12, 13 

a  Shrubs  and  trees.    Leaves  undivided,  ovate,  &c.    Slip,  persistent Nos.  9— 11 

a  Herbs.— &  Calyx,  &c.,  tomentous.    Lvs.  undivided,  angularly  lobed  Nos.  1,  2,  3 

—b  Calyx,  &c.,  hispid.    Leaves  palmately  divided Nos.  4,  5 

—h  Calyx,  ifcc,  glabrous.— c  Leaves  strongly  3-5-lobed Nos.  C,  7 

— c  Leaves  ovate,  undivided No.  8 

1  H.  MoscUeutos  L.    Simple,  erect,  hoary-tomentous  ;  lvs.  ovate,  obtusely  dentate, 
some  3-lobed  ;  ped.  long,  often  cohering  with  the  petiole ;  pod  and  seeds  smooth ; 
sepaU  abruptly  pointed.    Brackish  marshes.    4— Gf.    Fls.  6'  diam.,  roseate.    Aug. 
p.  navescens.    Fls.  larger  (pet.  4' long),  of  a  light  sulphur-yellow,  with  a  puri)le 
centre.    Marshes,  Indiana  to  Fla.    (H.  incanus  Wendl.) 

3  H.  grantllflorus  Mx.  Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  repand-dentate,  downy  both  sides, 

hoaiy  beneath ;  pods  densely  hirsute.    S.  andW.  5— 7f.   Pet.  4i',  flesh-color.  Jl.-Oct, 

4  H.  aciileatus  Walt.    Prickly-hispid ;  lvs.  3-5-lobed,  repand-toothed ;  bractlets  ol 

the  involucel  linear,  forked  at  the  end;  sep.  red-veined.  S.  3— 5f.  Fls.  \\',  y-p.   Jn.  + 


Ordeu  24.— TAMARISCINE^.  63 

5  H.  Trlonuin  L.    Floiver-of-an-Hour.     Hi?pid ;  leaves  S-parted,  middle  segments 

long,  nil  siiniatc-lobfd ;  bractlets  entire ;  calyx  inflated,  membranouH  ;  flowers  yel- 
lowisn,  dark-brown  centre,  ephemeral,  numerous.    Fields  and  gardens.    §  Italy. 

6  H.  iBiilitaris  Cav.    Glabrous  ;  leaves  hastately  3-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  serrate ; 

corolla  tul)ular-campanulate  ;   capsules  smooth,  ovoid-acuminate  ;   seeds  hairy,    u 
Penn.,  S.  and  W.    4f.    Petals  flesh-color,  purple  at  base,  3'.    July,  August. 

7  H.  cocciueus  Walt.    Very  smooth  ;  Ivs.  palmate,  5-parted,  lobes  lanceolate,  acu- 

minate ;  corolla  expanding ;  caps,  ovoid.    2f  South.  6f.  Flowers  (/,  scarlet.  July,  Aug. 

8  H.  Caroliiiiauus  Muhl.    Smooth  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  ped.  free  from 

jjetiole  ;  pet.  downy  inside,  purple,  4';  pod  globular,  n  Wilmington  Isl.,Ga.  (Elliott). 

9  H.  Syriaciis  L.    Althcea.     Tree  Hibiscus.    Lvs.  ovate,  cuneiform  at  base,  .3-lobed, 

dentate  ;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  petiole.    Fls.  wh.-purp.  or  roseate.  8— 15f.  §  Syria. 

10  H.  Floi-Iddiius  Shutt.    Ilispid ;  lvs.  ovate-cordate,  obtuse,  small ;  fls.  pendulous 
on  long  peduncles,  scarlet  or  crimson  ;  stamens  esserted.    S.  Fla.    4— 5f.    Fls.  V. 

1 1  H.  RosA-SiNENSis.     Chinese  H.    Shrub  with  very  smooth  ovate  pointed  lvs.  coarsely 
dentate  at  end ;  fls.  very  large,  dark  red,  varying  to  buff,  yellow,  striped,  and  double. 

1 2  H.  ESCULENTUS.  Okra.  Lvs.  cordate,  5-lobcd,  obtuse,  dentate ;  petiole  longer  than  the 
fl. ;  involucel  about  5-leaved,  caducous,    (i)  5f.    Cult,  for  its  large,  mucilaginous  pods. 

1 3  H.  Manihot.    Lvs.  divided  into  5—7  linear,  pointed,  few-toothed  lobes  ;  bractlets 
of  the  involucel  5 — 7,  persistent.    ii  China.  4f.  Fls.  sulph. -yellow,  purp.  centre.  Jl.  + 

13.  GOSSYPIUM,  L.  Cottoi^  Plant.  Calyx  obtusely  5-tootliecl, 
surrounded  by  an  involucel  of  3  cordate  leaves,  deeply  and  incisely  toothed. 
Stamens  very  numerous,  lateral.  Stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  clavate.  Seeds  go, 
involved  in  cotton.    Flowers  yellow.    Fig.  201. 

1  O.  HERBACEUM.    Lcavcs  3-5-lobed,  with  a  single  gland  below,  lobes  mucronate  ;  seeds 

brownish,  cotton  white.    (T)  5f.    Cultivated  South.    Yellow. 

2  G.  Barbadense.    Sea  Island  C.    Leaves  with  3  glands  on  the  mid-vein  below  ;  seeds 

black,  cotton  white,  long  and  silky.    (S)  Coasts,  South.    Planted  in  Autumn. 

Order  XXIV.    STERCULIACE.^.    Silk  Cottons. 

Large  trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  with  flowers 
similar  to  those  of  the  Mallow,  except  that  the  anthers  are  2-celled  and 
turned  outward.     Fruit  capsular,  of  3,  rarely  5  carpels. 

*  Involucel  0.    Petals 0.    Carpels  5.    Stamens  10— 20,  all  fertile,  monadelphous..STEUCnLiA. 

*  Involucel  0.    Petals  5,  long-clawed.     Carpels  5.    Fertile  stamens  5.     S.  Fla.  .AYENlA;j!(siHa. 

*  Involucel  3-leaved.     Petals  5.     Carpel  1.    Stamens  5,  all  fertile.     S.  Fla Waltheria  *4»iericijna. 

1.  STERCULIA,  L.  Calyx  5-lobed,  sub-coriaceous.  Stam.  monadel- 
phous,  united  into  a  short,  sessile  cup.  Anth.  adnate,  10,  15,  or  20.  Carp. 
5,  distinct,  follicular,  1-celled,  1  -  co-seeded. — Trees  with  axillary  panicles 
or  racemes. 

S.  PLATANIFOLIA  L.    Leaves  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3-5-lobed,  smooth  ;  calyx  rotate, 
reflexed,  greenish,  in  clusters.    Cultivated  South.    30f.    Japan.    A  handsome  tree. 

Order  XXIV.  Us.    TAMARISCINE^.    Tamarisks. 

ShruTjs  or  herbs  with  minute,  scale-like  leaves,  dense  slender  racemes  of 
small  4-5-parted  flowers.  /Stoffie/is  definite,  hypogynous.  Styles '3.  Capsules  3- 
valved,  1-eelled,  oo-seeded.  /Sfe(?(Zs  with  a  coma.  Albumen  0.  Embi'yo  straight, 


04  Order  26.— CAMELLIACE.E. 

TAMARIX  Gallica.     Characters  mainly  as  given  in  the  Order.     Pet. 

and  sta.  5.    A  beauUful  shrub,  lOf,  with  virgate  branches,  bearing  numerous  exceedingly 
delicate  racemes  of  flesh-colored  fls.    Lvs.  lance-subulate,  clasping.    Eur.    Nearly  hardy 

Order  XXV.    TILIACE^.    Lindenblooms. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (rarely  lierhs)  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  dentate 
leaves,  with  floicers  axillaiy,  hj'pogynous,  usually  perfect  and  polyadel- 
phous ;  with  the  sepals  4  or  5,  deciduous,  valvate  in  bud,  the  petals  4  or  5, 
imbricated.  Stamens  oo,  with  2-celled,  versatile  anthers.  Ovary  of  2 — 10 
united  carpels,  and  a  compound  style.  Fi'uit  dry  or  succulent,  many-celled, 
or  1-celled  by  abortion.    Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.  CORCHORUS,  L.  Sep.  and  pet.  4  or  5.  Stam.  oo,  rarely  as  few 
as  the  petals.  Style  veiy  short,  deciduous,  stig.  2  to  5.  Caps,  roundish  or 
siliquose,  2-5-celled,  many-seeded.     5  Flowers  yellow. 

C  siliqnosus  L.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,   equally  serrate,  4  times  longer 
than  the  petioles  ;  caps,  siliquose,  linear,  2-valved.    La.  to  Fla.    Flowers  4-merous. 

2.  TILIA,  L.  Linden  or  Lime  Tree.  Calyx  of  5,  united  sepals, 
colored.  Cor.  of  5,  oblong,  obtuse  petals,  crenate  at  apex.  Stam.  oo, 
somewhat  polyadelphous,  each  set  (in  the  N.  American  species)  with  a 
petaloid  scale  (staminodium)  attached  at  base.  Ov.  superior,  5-celled, 
2-ovuled.  Caps,  globous,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1-2-seeded.  ^  Lvs.  cor- 
date. Fls.  cymous,  cream-Avhite,  with  the  peduncle  adnate  to  the  vein  of 
a  large  leaf-like  bract. 

§  Staminodia  5,  petaloid,  opposite  the  petals.    Leaves  mucronate-serrate Nos.  1,  2 

§  Staminodia  none.    Stamens  scarcely  cohering No.  3 

1  T.  Anierica.na  L.    Bass-ivood.    Lvs.  broad  cordate,  unequal  at  base,  acuminate, 

coriaceous,  smooth,  and  green  on  both  sides  ;  pet.  truncate  or  obtuse  at  apex ;  sty.  as 
long  as  the  petals.    Woods,  N.  and  M.  States.    70f.    June.    Timber  valuable. 
/3.   Wdlteri,    Lvs.  pubescent  (but  green)  beneath.    A  large  tree.    Va.  to  Fla. 

2  T.  lieterophylla  Yent.     White  Bass-ivood.     Lvs.  obliquely  subcordate,  scarcely 

acuminate,  white  and  velvety  beneath,  shining,  and  dark  green  above  ;  pet.  obtuse, 
crenulate  ;  sty.  hairy  at  base,  longer  than  the  petals.    River  banks,  W.    40f. 
/3.  alba,    Lvs.  whitish  and  minutely  tomentous  beneath,  serratures  flue  and  long- 
mucronate.    Ky.  and  South  along  the  mountains.    SOf. 

3  T.  EuRor.EA  L.    Lime  Tree.    Lvs.  suborbicular,  obliquely  cordate,  abruptly  acumi- 

nate, serrulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles,  glabrous  except  a  woolly  tuft  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath.    Parks.    40f.    t  Eur. 

Order  XXVI.    CAMELLIACE^.    Camellias  or  Teaavorts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  feather-veined,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Floicers  regular,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  cyanic,  with  sepals  and  i-)etals 
imbricated,  the  former  often  imequal  in  size.  Stamens  more  or  less  cohe- 
rent at  base  into  one,  three,  or  five  sets.  Anthers  2-celled.  Seeds  few,  with 
little  or  no  albumen.     Cotyledons  large. 

§  Cilyx  of  many  imbricated  sepals.     Stamens  monadelphous Camellia.      1 

8  Calyx  simple.— Stamens  united  at  the  base  into  one  set Stuartia.      2 

—Stamens  in  5  Bets,  adhering  to  the  bass  of  the  petals Gordokia.    3 


OiiDER  27.— MELIACE.^.  65 

1.  CAMELLIA,  L.  Tka  Rose.  Tea.  Sepals  many,  imbricated,  the 
inner  ones  larger.  Fil.  go,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  united  at  base,  some 
of  the  interior  free.     Styles  united.     Stigmas  3 — 5,  acute.     5  t) 

1  r.  Japonica  L.    Japan  Eose.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  glabrous  and 

shining ;  flowers  terminal,  solitary ;  petals  obovate  ;  stamens  50  (mostly  transformed 
to  petals) ;  stigmas  5-cleft.    Tree  in  Japan,  here  a  beautiful  greenhouse  shrub. 

2  €.  (Thea)  Bohea.    Shrub  4f ;  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  some  rugous,  twice  as  long  as 

broad  ;  flowers  axillary,  white.    Cultivated  throughout  China  and  Japan— rarely  here. 

3  C.  (Thea)  vir.iDis.    bhrub  4f ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  thrice  longer  than  broad,  flat,  acute  ; 

fls.  white,  1'  broad.    China.    The  leaf  of  these  shrubs,  variously  COT-ec?,  is  the  Bohea, 
Biack,  Green,  or  Imperial  Tea. 

2.  STUARTIA,  Catesby.  Sepals  5  (or  6),  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petals 
5  (or  6),  obovate,  crenulate.  Stamens  monadelphous  at  base.  Capsules 
5-celled,  5-  or  10-seeded,  seeds  ascending.  +>  Leaves  large,  deciduous ; 
flowers  showy,  fragrant,  axillarj',  nearly  sessile. 

%  Qrvkv.TiK  proper.    Styles  united.    Capsule  globous.    Seeds  lenticular No.  1 

§  Malachodendkok.    Styles  distinct.    Capsule  ovoid.    Seeds  margined No.  2 

1  S.  Y'irginica  Cav.    Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  thin,  serrulate,  downy  beneath  ;  sepals 

roundish  :  pet.  white  ;  fil.  purple,  anth.  blue.    Va.  toFla.  andLa.   6— 12f.    Apr.,  May, 

2  S.  pentagyna  L'Her.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  ;  sep.  lanceolate :  one  pet.  smaller 

than  the  others,  all  cream-white  ;  capsules  5-angled.    Ky.  to  Ga.    10— 15f.    June,  Jl 

3.  GORDONIA,  Ellis.  Loblolly  Bay.  Sepals  5,  roundish,  strongly 
imbricated.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  5-adelphous,  one  set  adhering  to  each  petal  at 
base.  Styles  united  into  one.  Caps,  woody,  5-celled.  Seeds  2  or  more  in 
each  cell,  pendulous.     ^  With  large,  white,  axillary,  pedunculate  flowers. 

§  Gokdonia  proper.    Stam.  inserted  on  a  5-lobed  cup,  as  short  as  the  style No.  1 

§  Franklisia.    Stam.  inserted  on  the  pet.  at  base,  longer  than  the  style No.  2 

1  G.  liaslantlius  L.    Leaver  coriaceous,  perennial,  glabrous,  shining  on  both  sides, 

lance-oblong  ;  peduncles  half  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  fls.  3'.    S.    70f.    July,  August. 

2  C  pubescens  L'Her.    Leaves  thin,  serrate,  deciduous,  oblong-cuneiform,  shining 

above,  canescent  beneath  ;  fls.  on  short  pednncles  ;  sep.  and  pet.  silky.  S.  30f.  May.  -f 

Order  XXVIL    MELIACE^. 

TreeB  or  slmibs  with  exstipulate,  often  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  4-5-me- 
rous.  Stamens  6 — 10,  coherent  into  a  tube,  with  sessile  anthers.  Disk  hy- 
pogynous,  sometimes  cup-like ;  style  1.  Ovary  compound,  several-celled, 
cells  1 — 2-6-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy  or  dry,  often  1-celled  by  abortion.  Seeds 
winged  or  wingless. 

§  MELIE/E.     Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.     Seeds  wingless,  few  (in  a  fleshy  drnpe) Mklia.  1 

§  SWIETEXIE-E.   Cells  of  ovary  many-ovuled.   Seeds  winged,  many  in  the  capsule.  .Swietexia.  2 

1.  MELIA,  L.  Prede  op  Lsdl*..  {MiXi,  honey ;  the  name  was  first 
applied  to  the  Manna  Ash.)  Sep.  small,  5,  united.  Pet.  spreading.  Sta. 
tube  10-cleft  at  summit,  with  10  anthers  in  the  throat.  Ovary  5-celled,  10- 
ovuled.  Style  deciduous.  Drupe  with  a  5-celled,  bony  nut,  cells  1-secded. 
^  With  bipinnate  Ivs.  and  panicles  of  delicate  flowers. 

M.  Azedaeach  L.    Lvs.  deciduous,  glabrous,  Ifts.  obliquely  lauce-ovale,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate.   S.  States.    30— 40f.    Fol.  light ;  fls.  lilac  ;  drupes  as  large  as  cherries,   t  W.  Ind 


66  Order  29.— ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 

2.  SWIETENIA  Mahogoni,  L.  Mahogaxy  Tree.  A  large  and 
beautiful  tree  growing  iu  South  Florida,  Mexico,  and  the  Isthmus.  80— lOOf.  The  reddish- 
hrown  ornamental  wood  is  well  known.  Lvs.  smooth,  abruptly  pinnate,  with  6—10  lance- 
ovate  Ifts.  Fls.  small,  j-ellowish,  in  panicles,  5-partcd.  Pod  size  of  a  goose-egg,  GO-sceded. 

Order  XXVIII.    LINAGES.    Flaxworts. 

iZe?'is -with  entire,  simple  leaves,  and  no  stipules;  with  flowers  regular, 
symmetrical,  and  perfect,  5-(rarely  3  or  4)-parted.  Cali/x  strongly  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  corolla  contorted.  Stamens  definite,  hypogynous,  alter- 
nate with  the  petals.  Styles  distinct,  with  capitate  stigmas,  and  each  cell 
of  the  capsule  more  or  less  divided  by  a  false  dissei^iment  into  two  1-seeded 
compartments.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen,  attached  to  a.xile  pla- 
centa?.   Figs.  10,  11,  130,  130,  469. 

LINUM,  L.  Flax.  Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  the  latter 
rarely  3.  Caps.  6-10-celled.  Seeds  10,  suspended,  mucilaginous.  Herbs 
witli  a  bark  of  strong  fibres,  and  simple,  sessile  leaves. 

Flowers  yellow,  small  (2—7"  broad).    Species  (T),  native.    Jane— August. . .  (a) 
a  Sepals  entire,  1-veined,  as  long  as  the  depressed  or  globous  capsule..  .Nos.  1 — 4 
a  Sepals  glandular-fringed,  longer  than  the  globular-ovoid  capsule Nos.  5,  6 

*  Flowers  blue,  large  (1'  broad).    In  flelcls  and  gardens Nos.  7,  8 

*  Flowers  large,  showy,  red  or  j-ellow.    Garden  exotics Nos.  9,  10 

1  li.  Virginianum  L.  Sts.  teretish,  erect,  corymbous  above,  branches  short,  spread- 

ing, terete ;  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  mostly  scattered  ;  fls.  4-5'  broad  ;  caps,  depressed, 
styles  distinct.    Woods  and  hills.    2f.    P)vf.  Porter  distinguishes  No.  2  from  this. 

2  li.  striatum  Walt.    St.  striate,  often  clustered  ;  branches  short,  ascending,  sharply 

about  4-angled  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  the  lower  mostly  opp.   Fls.  and  fr.  as  in  No.  1.  Com. 

3  Li.  simplex  Wood.   Stem  single,  terete,  corymbed  at  top,  branches  subterete  ;  leaves 

linear-subulate,  erect,  scattered  ;  caps,  globular  ;  sty.  distinct ;  fls.  .3",  few.   S-W.  18'. 

4  li.  diiTusuiu  Wood.    Stems  very  slender,  ascending,  with  long,  filiform,  diffuse,  an- 

gular branches  ;  lvs.  veiny,  lance.,  spreading,  9-13"  ;  fls.  2" broad;  pod  depressed.  W. 

5  li.  sulcatum  Riddell.    St.  and  branches  silicate,  strict,  erect ;  lvs.  lin.,  erect ;  sep.  3- 

veined,  acuminate;  sty.  united  below.    Conn,  to  111.,  and  S.    1 — IJf.    (L.  rigidiim  C-B.) 

6  Ii.  riglduni  Ph.    Stems  low  and  branches  rigidly  erect,  angular-sulcate  ;  lvs.  linear- 

subulate,  erect ;  sepals  lance-linear,  twice  longer  than  the  pod.    Iowa,  Min.,  and  W. 

7  li.  usiTAxfssiMUM  L.     Comnioii  Flax.    (I)  Leaves  lance-linear;  panicle  corymbous; 

flowers  axillary ;  petals  crenate.    2f.    The  strong  bark  yields  linen.    §  Europe. 

8  Ij.  peuenne  L.     71  Leaves  linear  ;  flowers  supra-axillary  and  terminal ;  petals  retuse, 

light  blue.    California  !  and  Europe.    Flowers  numerous  and  showy. 

9  Ij.  GRANDiFLoRUM.    Lcavcs  lauce-elliptical ;  flowcrs  red  ;  styles  5.    N.Africa.    10'. 

10  li.  TKIGTNU3I.    Leaves  elliptical ;  flowers  yellow  ;  styles  3.    E.India.    If. 

Order  XXIX.    ZYGOPHYLLACE.E.    Beai.-  C.\peiis. 

Herbs,  sJirubs,  or  trees,  with  leaves  opposite,  mostly  pinnate  (not  dotted) 
and  stipulate.  Floicers  4-  or  5-merous,  corolla  imbricate  or  convolute  in 
bud.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  hypogynous,  distinct,  each  often 
with  a  scale.  Ocary  compound  ;  style  and  stigma  1  •  fruit  and  seeds  as  in 
LinaceJE. 


Order  30.— GERANIACE^E.  67 

Herbs.    Disk  annular,  10-lobed.     Fruit  of  5— 12  indebiscent  carpels Tribui.us.  1 

Trees.    Disk  inconspicuous.     Fruit  of  2 — 5  dehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels Guiacum.    2 

1.  TRIBULUS,  L.  Sep.  and  pet.  5,  imbricatecl.  Stam.  10,  the  5  al- 
ternate with  the  petals  placed  inside  of  hypogjoious  glands.  Ov.  sessile, 
cells  1-5-seeded,  separating  into  nutlets. — Loosely  branched,  prostrate' 
herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves.    Flowers  solitaiy  (yellow). 

1  T.  (Kallstroemia)  maximus  L.    Lfts.  3  or  4  pairs,  oblong  or  oval,  oblique,  the  ter- 

minal pair  lartrcst ;  nutlets  10,  tubercled,  1-seeded.    Ga.  Fla.    1— 2f. 

2  T.  cistoides  L.    Lfts.  5—8  pairs,  linear-lanceolate,  subequal ;  ped.  elongated,  with 

one  large  flower  ;  nutlets  5,  spin}',  2-5-seeded.    Fla.    2f. 

2.  GUAIACUM,  Plm.  LiG>fUM-ViT^.  Sep.  and  pet.  4  or  5,  decidu- 
ous, imbricatea.  Stam.  8 — 10.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-5-celled,  cells  many-ovuled, 
in  fruit  1-seeded.  ^  t)  ^"ood  hard  and  resinous.  Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate. 
Ped.  in  pairs,  between  the  stipules,  1-flowered. 

G,  sanctum  L.  Branches  jointed  ;  lfts.  3  or  4  pairs,  oblong,  oblique,  entire,  mucro- 
nate  ;  ped.  short ;  pet.  obtuse,  blue.    S.  Fla.    20f.    Bark  white. 

Order  XXX.    GERANIACE.E.     Ger.inia. 

Herhs  or  shrubs  with  perfect,  hypogynous,  symmetrical  and  regular,  or 
irregular,  3-5-merous  flowers.  Stamens  as  many  or  tnice  as  many  as  the 
sepals,  often  some  of  them  abortive  or  rudimentary.  Carpels  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  1-few-seeded,  mostly  separating  from  the  persistent  axis  at  ma- 
turity.— A  large  and  rather  incongruous  order,  as  now  constituted  (by  Ben- 
tham  and  Hoolier),  including  the  following  tribes,  heretofore  regarded  as 
orders.    Figs.  27,  28,  173,  2-43,  26.^,  270,  315,  350,  497. 

S  Flowers  regrular. — a  Styles  5.     Carpels  several-seeded.    Tribe  I. 

—a  Style  1.— J  Sepals  valvate.     Fruit  beakless.    Tribe  IT. 
— h  Sepals  imbricate.    Fruit  beaked.    Tribe  III. 
5  Flowers  irrejrular. — c  Petals  perigynous.     Stamens  7  or  8.    Tribe  IV. 

— c  Petals  bypogyno\is.     Stamens  5.  short.    Tribe  V. 

I.  OXALIDE.E.     Symmetrical.     Stamens  10 -(-.     Petals  convolute.     Pod  5-celled OxALIS.  1 

II.  LIM.N'ANTHE.E.— Symmetrical.    Stamens  (10  in  Limnanthes,  No.  3)  6  in Fl(EBKKA.  5 

III.  GERANIEyE.—St.araens  10  +  .  5  often  sterile.     Glands  between  the  petals.    Fruit  »  regma..(«) 

e  Stamens  10.  all  antheriferous.    Tail  of  carpels  beardless GERANlfM.         3 

f  Stamens  ,T  autheriferous.    Tail  of  the  carpels  bearded Erodium.  4 

IV.  PELARGONIEvE.— Sepals  spurred  behind.     Glands  0.     Stamens  declined. .(/) 

/  Spur  adnate  to  the  pedicel.    Fruit  rostrate,— a  regma PELARGOUioif.  5 

/"Spur  free.     Fruit  not  beaked.     Carpels  1-seeded,  separating Trop^OLCM.      6 

V.  BALSAMIXE^.— Sepals  spurred  behind.     Pod  opening  elastically Impatiens.         7 

1.  OXALIS,  L.  Wood  Sorrel.  ('0|li?,  acid:  the  herbage  is  sour.) 
Sep.  5,  distinct  or  imited  at  base.  Pet.  contorted,  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Sty.  5,  capitate.  Caps,  oblong  or  subglobous.  Carp.  5, 1  to  seve- 
ral-seeded. Mostly  U,  with  palmately  trifoliate  leaves  and  inversely 
heart-shaped  leaflets.    Figs.  2G5,  270,  497. 

1  O.  Acetosella  L.  Acaulcscent ;  scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-flowered ;  leaflets 
broad-obcordate  with  rounded  lobes  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens ;  root  den- 
tate, scaly,    v.  Woods,  Can.  and  N.  States.    6'.    Flowers  white-purple.    June. 


68  Ohdek  30.— GERANIACE^. 

2  O.  vioiacea  L.  Bulbous  at  base,  acaulescent ;  scape  umbelliferous  ;  flowers  nod- 
tji^  cling ;  tips  of  the  calyx  fleshy  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  outer  stamens,  n  An  elegant 
^  species  in  rocky  woods.    5— S'.    Flo\vers  violet-purple.    May. 

-  3  ©.  strieta  L.    Caulescent ;  st.  branching  ;  ped.  umbelliferous,  longer  than  the  peti- 
oles ;  style  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens  ;  flowers  yellow,    (i)  Fields.    3 — 9'.    Common. 

4  O,  FLAVA.    Scapes  W,  l-flowered  ;  leaflets  6—10,  linear ;  petals  yellow,  1'  long.    S.  Afr. 

5  O.  ROSEA.    Stem  erect,  8' ;  Ifts.  3,  obcordate  ;  pet.  roseate,  1',  toothed ;  fls.  many.  Chili. 

6  O.  VERsicoLou.  St.  3' ;  Ifts.  3,  linear,  emarginate  ;  pet.  crimson-striped  outside.  S.  Afr. 

2.  FLCERKEA,  Willd.  False  Mermaid.  Sep.  3,  longer  than  the  3 
petals.  Glaiuls  3.  Stam.  6.  Ovaries  3,  tuljcrciilate.  Style  2-cleft.  Fruit 
separating  into  3  achenia.  ®  Small  aquatics,  with  pinnately-divided  leaves. 
F,  proserpinacoides  Lindl.— By  streams  and  lakes,  Vt.  to  Penn.,  and  W.    6—10'. 

Prostrate  ;  Ivs.  alternate  ;  If.  segm.  3—5  ;  pet.  white,  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  ach.  1—3. 

3.  LIMNANTHES,  Br.     Sepals  5,  valvate.    Pet.  5,  convolute,  with  5 
glands.     Stamens  10.     Style  1.     Ovary  deeply  5-lobed,  separating  5  ache- 
nia in  fruit. — Herbs  with  pinnate  leaves  and  cut-lobed  leaflets.     Summer. 
li.  DouGLAr.ii.   stems  low,  diflfuse,  with  numerous  axillary  flowers  V  broad  ;  petals  wedge- 
oblong,  yellow,  edged  with  white,  notched  at  the  end.    California. 

4.  GERANIUM,  L.  Crane's  Bill.  Sep.  and  pet.  5,  regular.  Stam. 
10,  all  perfect,  the  5  alternate  ones  longer,  and  eacli  with  a  gland  at  its 
base.  Fruit  at  length  separating  from  the  axis  into  5  acheuia,  and  up- 
lifted on  the  smooth  curving  styles. — Herbs.    Ped.  1-3-flowered.    Fig.  172. 

*  Petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  awned  sepals,  purplish Nos.  1,  2 

*  Petals  emarg.  or  2-lobed,  not  longer  than  the  Sep.,  roseate.    May — Aug. .  .Nos.  3 — 6 

European  perennials,  cultivated,  hardy,  ornamental No.  7 

1  G.  maculatuin  L.    Stem  erect,  angular,  dichotomous,  retrorsely-pubescent ;  leaves 

palmately  3-5-lobed,  lobes  cuneiform  and  entire  at  base,  incisely  serrate  above,  radi- 
cal ones  on  long  petioles.     71  Woods.    2f.    Flowers  1',  purple.    April — June. 

2  C  Robertmuum  L.    Herb  Robert.    Stems  weak,  reddish,  difi'use,  hairy ;  leaves 

piunately  2-parted  to  the  base,  the  segments  pinnatifld,  and  the  piunse  incisely  tooth- 
ed ;  capsule  rugous,  seeds  smooth.    ©  Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Va.    1— af.    Jn.— Aug. 

3  G.  Carolinmuum  L.    Erect,  at  length  diflfuse,  hairy  ;  leaves  5-7-parted  ;  segm.  3- 

lobed,  lobes  entire  or  incised  ;  ped.  short,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branchlets  ;  sepals 
awned  ;  fruit  hairy  ;  seeds  obscurely  reticulated,    (i)  Hills,  dry  or  rocky.    \—^t. 

4  G.  disssctum  L.    Diffuse,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  5-  or  7-parted,  segm.  linear,  many-cleft ; 

seeds  strongly  reticulated,    (i)  Fields  :  rare.    6—12'.    Fruit  some  hairy.    §  Europe. 

5  G.  piisilluni  L.    Procumbent,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  round-reniform,  7-parted,  segments 

3-cleft ;  sepals  aivnless  ;  seeds  smooth,    (i)  Waste  grounds,  N.  Y.,  Mass.    If.    §  Eur. 

6  G.  columbiiiiiiu  L.    Slender,  decumbent,  with  long,  filiform  flower-stalks  ;  sep. 

awned,  enlarged  after  flowering  ;  fr.  glab. ;  Ivs.  and  sd.  as  in  No.  4.  Penn.  (Porter).  § 

7  G.  SANQTJINEUM.    Erect,  diffuse  ;  leaf-lobes  3-cleft,  linear  ;  ped.  l-flowered  ;  flowers  red, 

large.    j3.  Lancastuiense  is  prostrate,  with  smaller  (1')  purple  flowers,  very  elegant. 

5.  ERODIUM,  L'Her.    Heron's  Bill.   Sep.  and  pet.  5,  regular.    Stam. 

10,  the  5  shorter  ones  sterile.     Styles  in  fruit  spirally  twisted  and  bearded. 

E.  cicutarium  Sm.  Difi'use,  hairy  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided,  segments  sessile,  pin- 
natifld, incised,  acute ;  ped.  several-fiowered  ;  petals  equal,  red.  ®  Lake  shores,  N. 
Y. :  rare.    In  California  it  is  one  of  the  chief  forage  plants.    jNIay,  June.    §  Europe. 

6.  PELARGONIUM,  L'Her.     Stork's  Bill.    Geranium.    Sepals  5, 


Order  30.— GERANLVCE.E.  69 

the  upper  one  ending  in  a  nectariferous  tube  extending  down  the  pedicel. 
Petals  5,  irregular,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Filaments  10,  3  or  5  of 
them  sterile.  }j  or  herbs.  A  large  and  ornamental  genus,  chieflj^  S.  Afri- 
can, everywhere  cultivated.  Lower  leaves  (in  plants  raised  from  the  seed) 
opposite,  upper  alternate.    Figs.  243,  350. 

§  Filaments  10,  the  alternate  ones  bearing  anthers.    Upper  petals  larger Nos.  1,  2 

§  Filaments  10,  of  which  7  bear  anthers,  and  3  arc  sterile ...  (cr) 

a  The  2  upper  petals  smaller,  all  scarlet,  1-colored.    Shrubby Nos.  3—5 

a  Petals  nearly  equal  in  size,  mostly  variegated. . .  (b) 

b  Stemless.    Root  tubei'ous.    Leaves  laciniate,    Flowers  brown Nos.  G,  7 

b  Stems  shrubby.— c  Lvs.  cordate,  palmate,  lobed.    Flowers  small Nos.  8,  9 

— c  Lvs.  peltate  or  cordate,  5-lobed,  smooth No.  10 

a  Two  upper  petals  longer  and  broader.    Stems  shrubby.  ..(d) 

d  Flowers  white,  the  2  upper  petals  striped  with  red Nos.  II.  12 

d  Flowers  purple.— e  Leaves  undivided Nos.  13,  14 

—e  Leaves  divided  below  the  middle  Nos.  15—17 

1  P.  TRICOLOR.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  cut-dentate;  3  lower  pet.  white,  2  upper  purp.-blk.  18'.  n 

2  P.  COEIANDRIFOHUM.  Lvs.  bipinnate ;  pet. white,  Upper  purp. -veined,  very  large.  If.  @ 

3  P.  zoNALE.  Ilorse-sJioe  G.  Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  slightly  lobed,  toothed,  zoned ;  stem 

fleshy,  shrubby ;  petals  cuneiform  ;  flowers  nmbelled.    2— 3f.    Numerous  varieties. 
/3.  MAEGixATDM.    Silvcr-cdged ;  the  leaves  bordered  with  white. 

4  P.  fNQCiNANs.    Lvs.  round,  reniform,  scarcely  lobed,  crenate  viscid  ;  pet.  obov.  2— 3f. 

5  P.  FoTHERGiLLii.  Lvs.  reuifm.,  5-lobed,  crenate,  zoned  ;  slip,  toothed,  ciliate  ;  pet.  obov. 

6  P.  FL.lvuM.     Carrot-leaved  Geranium.    Lf.  lobes  many,  lin.,  hairy:  fls.  brownish-yell. 

7  P.  TRisTE.    Moxnming  Ger.    Lf.  lobes  lin.,  acute  ;  pet.  dark-green,  obi.,  obovate.    If. 

8  P.  FRAGRANS.  Nutmeg  G.  Branches  thick  velvety,  lvs.  very  soft ;  stip.  subulate.  Fls.w. 

9  P.  ALCHEMiLLOiDES.    Villous  ;  Ivs.  5-lobed  ;  peduncle  few-flowered ;  fls.  pink-colored. 

10  P.  PELTATUM.    Ivij-Ieaved  G.    Br.  fleshy  ;  lvs.  more  or  less  peltate  ;  fls.  purplish. 
IIP.  GLAUCUM.    Glabrous,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire ;  pcd.  1-2-flowered.    3f. 

12  P.  GRANDIFLORUM.    Glab.,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  5-lobed,  toothed  at  end  ;  fls.  very  large.  3f. 

13  P.  BETULiNUM.    Smoothish  ;  Ivs.  ovatc,  uneQually  scrratc  :  pcd.  2-4-flwd.    Pale.    3f. 

1 4  P.  WATSoNn.    Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  some  lobed,  dentate  ;  fls.  large,  varieg.    3f. 

1 .5  P.  GRAVEOLENS.  Eose  Ger.  Lvs.  palmately  7-lobed ;  lobes  toothed,  revolute,  very 
rough  at  the  edge  ;  umbels  many-flowered,  capitate.    3f.    Very  fragrant. 

1  G  P.  R.iDULA.  Lvs.  palmate,  rough,  lobes  narrow,  rolled  at  edge,  piniiatifld  with  linear 
segments  ;  umbels  few-flowered.    3f.    Fragrance  mint-like. 

1  7  P.  QUERCiFOLiuM.   Hispid  ;  lvs:  sinuate-pinnatifid,  often  spotted,  cordate  at  base.  3f. 

7.  TROP2EOLUM,  L.  Iitoian  Cress.  Nasturtion.  Fls.  irregular. 
Sep.  5,  produced  behind  into  a  free  spur.  Pet.  5,  the  2  upper  exterior,  dif- 
ferent from  the  3  lower.  Stamens  8,  free,  unequal,  perfect.  Style  1.  Ov. 
3-celled,  in  fruit  separating  from  the  short  axis  into  3  hardened  achenia. 
^  Leaves  alternate.     Stipule  0.    Flowers  showy.     S.  Am. 

1  T.  MA.TUS  L.    Nasturtion.    Lvs.  peltate,  roundish,  repand  on  the  margin  ;  pet.  obtuse, 

the  3  lower  fringed  and  long-clawed  at  base.    Flowers  orange,  scarlet,  crimson,  &c. 

2  T.  MINUS.    Smaller,  erect ;  petals  pointed,  yellow  to  white,  or  variegated.    Peru. 

3  T.  LoBBiANUJt.    Leaves  peltate,  reniform,  wavy,  fixed  near  the  base  ;  petals  ci-enate, 

rounded,  the  2  lower  fringe-toothed,  all  shades  of  red.    Columbia. 

4  T.  PEREGRiNtiM.    Canary  Bird.  Leaves  deeply  5-7-lobed,  lobes  toothed  ;  spur  hooked  ; 

petals  light  yellow,  2  of  them  large  and  much  lobed.    A  tall  climber. 

8.  IMPATIENS,  L.  Toitch-me-not.  Sepals  colored,  4  (the  upper 
one  double),  the  lowest  saccate  and  spurred.  Petals  apparently  2,  each 
of  them   2-lobed  (double).     Stamens  5,  short,  the  anthers  cohering  at 

\ 


70  Ordeb  31.— RUTACE^. 

apex  ;  caps,  often  1-celled  by  the  obliteration  of  the  dissepiments,  S-ralvecl, 
bursting  elastically. — Sts.  smooth,  succulent,  tender,  subpellucid,  with  tu- 
mid joints.    Lvs.  simple,  alternate,  serrate.    Figs.  27,  28,  315. 

1  I,  pallida  Nuft.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate  ;  ped.  S^flowered,  elongated ;  lower  gibbous 

sepals  dilated-conical,  broader  than  long,  with  a  very  short,  recurved  spur;  fls.  pale 
yellow,  sparingly  dotted.    (T)  Wet  shades.    3— 4f.    Aug. 

2  I.  f  ulva  Nutt.    Lvs.  rhombic  ovate  ;  ped.  2-4-flowered,  short ;  lower  gibbous  sepal 

acutely  conical,  longer  than  broad,  with  an  elongated,  closely  reflexed  spur;  fls.  deep 
orange,  spotted.    (T)  Damp  grounds.    2— .3f.    July. 

3  I.  BALSAMiNA  L.    Balsamim.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  upper  ones  alternate ;  ped. 

clustered  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  tlower.    (T)  E.  India.    Fls.  large,  white  and  red. 

Order  XXXI.    RUTACE^.    Rceworts. 

Herbs  or  generally  nhrubs  or  trees,  with  the  exstipulate  leaves  dotted  with 
transparent  glands  containing  aromatic  or  acrid  oil.  Flowers  regular,  3-5- 
merous,  hypogynous,  perfect  or  polygamous.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals.  Pistils  2 — 5,  separate  or  united,  styles  united.  Fruit 
capsular  or  separating  into  its  component,  1-2-seeded  carpels. 

§  RUTE.E.    Flowers  perfect.    (Herbs.    Stamens  10.). .(«) 

a  Petals  equal,  concave.     Capsule  5-lobed EuTA.  1 

a  Petals  unequal,  clawed.     Capsules  separable Dictamnus.  2 

§   ZANTIIOXYLE.E.     Flowers  $  «  3-     (Trees,  shrubs).. Cj) 

b  Pistils  3—5,  separate  below.    Stamens  3—6 Zanthoxtlum.  3 

6  Pistils  2,  united.      Samara  2-sceded Ptelea.  4 

1.  RUTA,  L.  Rue.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals,  united  at  base.  Petals  4  or 
5,  concave,  obovate,  distinct,  torus  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous  pores. 
Stamens  10.    Capsule  lobed.     Ujj,  mostly  European. 

R.  GRAVEOLENS  L.  Commori  Eue.  SuflVuticons,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  2—3  pinnately 
divided,  scgm.  oblong,  obtuse,  tenninal  ones  obovate-cuneate,  all  entire  or  irregularly 
cleft ;  fls.  terminal,  corymbous  ;  pet.  entire.    3f.    Greenish. 

2.  DICTAMNUS,  L.  Fraxinella.  Calyx  of  5,  deciduous  sepals ; 
petals  5,  unguiculate,  unequal ;  filaments  10,  declinate,  with  glandular 
dots  ;  capsules  5,  slightly  united.     If  Native  of  Germany. 

1>.  ALBUS  Willd.    St.  simple  ;  lvs.  pinnate,  the  rachis  more  or  less  winged  ;  fls.  in  a  large, 
terminal,  erect  panicle.— In  gardens.    1— 2f.    Fls.  showy. 
/3.  RUBRA.    Fls.  purple  ;  rachis  of  the  leaves  winged. 

3.  ZANTHOXYIiUM,  L.  Prickly  Ash.  {Zav^d'i,  yellow,  ^vXov, 
wood.)  Sepals  4  or  5,  rarely  obsolete.  Petals  4  or  5.  Sta.  as  many  as  the 
petals  in  $  ,  rudimentary  in  ?  .  Pistils  3  to  5,  distinct  below,  with  cohe- 
rent styles,  in  fruit  crustaceous,  2-valved,  1  or  2-seeded.  +)^  With  sharp 
prickles,  pinnate  leaves,  and  small,  greenish  flowers. 

1  Z.  Americanum  Mill.    Prickly;  Ifts.  9—11,  ovate,  sessile,  equal  at  base;  umbels 

axillary  ;  sep.  obsolete,  pet.  5.    Woods.    10- 12f.    Flowers  before  leaves.    April. 

2  Z.  Caroliniunum  Lam.     Pricldy ;   Ifts.  T— 13,  fulcate-lanceolate,  very  inequilat- 

eral, petiolulate  ;  panicles  terminal ;  sep.  minute  ;  bark  warted  around  the  prickles. 
S.  States.    Tree,  20— 40f.    Bark  intensely  pungent  to  the  taste.    May. 


Order  34.— SIMARUBACE^.  71 

p.  frtittcbsum.    Shrub  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  scarcely  pointed  ;  ovaries  2.    S. 
3  Z.  FIorida.iiuni  N.    Satin-wood.    Unarmed  ;    Ifts.  5—7,  s  ovate-lanceolate,  s  el- 
liptical, obtuse  ;  fls.  minute  ;  carp.  1—2, 1-seeded,  obovoid.    S.  Fla. 

4.  PTELHA,  L.  Shrub  Trefoil.  {IlreXe'a,  the  elm-tree  ;  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  fruits.)  ?  S  ^  .  Sepals  3  to  6,  mostly  4,  much  shorter 
than  the  spreading  petals.  $  Stamens  longer  than  the  petals  and  alternate 
■with  them,  very  short  and  imperfect  in  2  .  Ovary  of  3  united  carpels.  Stig. 
2.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded  samarae,  with  a  broad,  orbicular  margin.  +)  Lvs. 
0-5-foliate.    Fls.  cymous. 

1  P.  trifolia.ta  L.    Lvs.  3-foliate,  Ifts.  sessile,  ovate,  short-acuminate,  lateral  ones  in- 

equilateral, terminal  ones  cuneate  at  base  ;  cymes  corymbous  ;  stam.  mostly  4  ;  style 
short.    Roclcy  places,  N.  Y.  S.  and  W.    6— Sf.    Fls.  white,  odorous.    June, 
p.  mollis.   Young  branches,  petioles  and  leaves  beneath,  soft-downy  and  hoary.  S. 

2  P.  Baldwtnii  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  glabrous,  very  small ;  Ifts.  sessile,  oval,  obtuse ;  stam. 

4  ;  stig.  sessile.    E.  Fla.    If.    Branches  numerous  and  scraggy.    Lvs.  1'. 

Order  XXXII.    AURANTIACE.E.    Or.\ngeworts. 

Trees  or  sJirubx,  glabrous,  abounding  in  little  transparent  receptacles  of 
volatile  oil,  with  leaves  alternate,  1-3-foliate  or  pinnate.  Floicers  regular,  3- 
5-merous.  Stamens  with  flat  tilaments,  distinct  or  cohering  in  one  or  sev- 
eral sets.  Ovary  compounded  of  several  united  carpels.  Style  1.  Fruit 
(hespcridium)  many-celled,  pulpy,  covered  with  a  thick  rind.  Albumen  0. 
Cotyledon  thick.    Figs.  37,  363. 

CITRUS,  L.  {KiTpiov,\\\Q  citron;  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species.) 
Sepals  and  petals  in  5's.  Anthci's  20,  or  some  other  and  higher  multiple  of 
5,  versatile,  the  connectile  articulated  to  the  filament.  Filaments  dilated  at 
base,  polyadelphous.  Berry  9-18-celled.  5 1)  -A-  noble  E.  Indian  genus. 
Lvs.  1-foliate,  entire,  evergreen.    Petiole  often  winged. 

1  C.  vulgaris  Risso.    Bilier  Orange.    Petiole  winged ;  lvs.  elliptical,  acute,  crenu- 

late  ;  stam.  20  ;  fruit  globular,  with  a  thin  rind  and  bitter  pulp.  S.  Fla.  15— 20f.  §  Asia. 

2  C.  AuBANTiuM.    Sweet  Orange.     Petiole  scarcely  winged ;  1ft.  oblong,  acute,  crenu- 

late  ;  sta.  20 ;  fr.  globous,  with  a  thin  rind  and  sweet  pulp.    30f. 

3  C  LiMETTA.    Lime.    Petioles  not  at  all  winged;  1ft.  ovate-orbicular,  serrate;  stam. 

30  ;  fr.  globous,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  top.    15f. 

4  C  LiMONUM.    Lemon.     Petioles    somewhat  winged ;    sta.  35  ;    fr.  oblong-spheroid, 

with  a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  pulp.    20f.    Fr.  yellow. 
6  C.  DECUMANA.     Shaddock.     Petioles  broadly  winged ;   1ft.  obtuse,  emargiuate ;  fr. 
very  large,  with  a  thick  rind.    15f.    Fruit  green-yellow.    5'  diam. 

Order  XXXIV.    SIMARUBACE^.    Quassl\worts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bitter  bark,  alternate,  exstipulate,  pinnate  leaves, 
and  small,  diclinous,  regular,  hypogynous  3-5-merous  flowers.  Stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  disk. 
Styles  2—5.  Ovaries  2-5-lobed  or  carpelled.  Fruit  1—5  one-seeded 
di'upes  or  samaras. 


72  Order  86.— ANACARDIACEJE. 

§  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious.     Styles  united.    Fruit  baccate SlMlRrnA.    1 

§  Leaves  odd-pinnate.     Flowers  polygamous.     Styles  distinct.    Fruit  a  samara AilaxtH0s.  3 

1.  SIMARUBA,  Aubl.    Quassia.    (Its  name  in  Guiana.)  5  5 

S.  glaKca  DC.    Leaflets  4— S,  alternate,  entire,  obtuse,  coriaceous.    S.  Fla.    Tree,  40f. 

2.  AILANTHUS,  Desf.  Chinese  "  Tree-of-Heaven."  {Ailanio,  its 
name  in  China.)  2  ^  $  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5.  5  Stam.  2—3.  Oy.  3—5.  Sty. 
lateral.    Fr.  1-celled,  1-seeclecl  samarae,  with  oblong  margins.     S  Stam.  10. 

?  Ovaries,  styles,  and  samarne  as  in  5 .     5+)  Oriental,  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves.    Flowers  in  panicles. 
A,  GLANDULOSA  Desf.     Lfts.  glabrous,  21 — 41,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 

with  1  or  2  obtuse,  glandular  teeth  each  side  at  base,  terminal  one  long-petiolate. 

Parks,  &c.    40— 60f.    Flowers  greenish,  ill-scented.    June. 

Order  XXXV.    BURSERACE^.    Burserids. 

Trees  and  shrubs  abounding  in  balsam  or  resin,  with  exstipulate,  com- 
pound, dotted  leaves,  and  small,  regular,  racemed  or  panicled  flowers. 
Calyx  3-5-cleft.  Petals  3 — 5.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Ovanes  free,  1-5- 
celled.  Stigmas  2-5-lobed,  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Fruit  di'upaceous,  inde- 
hiscent,  rarely  capsular.    Seeds  pendulous,  exalbuminous. 


*  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted.     Stamens  8,  hypogrj'nous.     Leaves  opposite 

•  Flowers  polygamous,  4  and  6-parted.    Stamens  8—10  ;  disk  crenate.    Leaves  alternate Bursera.  2 

1.  AMYRIS,  L.  Balm-of-Gilead.  {Mvppa,  myrrh;  from  its  per- 
fumed gum.)     5  J)  Flowers  in  panicles,  white. 

A.  Florldana  N.    Torch-icood.    Shrub;  Ivs.  opposite,  trifoliate,  on  short  petioles ; 
lfts.  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  petiolulate  ;  drupes  small,  globular.    E.  Fla. 

2.  BURSERA,  L.     (To  JoacMn  Burser,   an  Italian  botanist.)    +> 

B.  guniniifera  Jacq.    Lfts.  3—9,  petiolulate,  ovate, acum.,  entire;  fls.  racemed.  Fla. 

Order  XXXVI.    ANACARDIACE^.    Sumacs. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  a  resinous,  gummj^,  caustic,  or  even  milky  juice. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  or  ternate,  or  unequally  pinnate,  without  pellucid 
dots.  Floicers  with  bracts,  commonly  dioecious,  small.  Sepals  3 — 5,  united 
at  base,  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number  (sometimes  0),  imbricated. 
Stamens  as  many  as  petals,  alternate  with  them,  perigynous.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  free.  Ovule  1.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe,  usually  the 
latter,  and  1-seeded.    Albumen  0. 

RHUS,  L.  Sumac.  (The  ancient  name,  from  Celtic,  rhudd,  red?) 
Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  base.  Pet.  -and  stam.  5.  Sty.  8.  Stig.  capi- 
tate. Fruit  a  small,  1-seeded,  subglobous,  dry  drupe. — Small  trees  or 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound.  Flowers  often,  by  abor- 
tion, imperfect,  greenish. 


Order  37.— SAPINDACE^.  73 

§  Leaves  simple.    Flowers  perfect  (or  all  abortive  in  cultivation) Nos.  10,  H 

§  Leaves  compouud.    Flowers  dioecious.    A  tree.    South  Florida No.  9 

§  Leaves  compound.    Flowers  polygamous. .  .(a) 

a  Flowers  in  clustered  spikes  2)receding  the  trifoliate  leaves No.  8 

a  Flowers  in  axillary  panicles,  with  the  3-13-foliate  Ivs.    Poisonous Nos.  5—7 

a  Flowers  in  terminal  thyrses,  with  the  9-31-foliate  leaves..  .(5) 

b  Common  petiole  winged  between  the  leaflets No.  4 

6  Common  petiole  not  winged Nos.  1—3 

1  K.  glabra  L.    Lvs.  and  branches  glabrous ;   Ifts.  11—31,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 

acutely  serrate,  whitish  beneath  ;  fr.  red,  with  crimson  hairs.    Thickets  and  pastures. 
C— 15f.    The  fruit  hairs  are  extremely  acid,  and  dye  red.    June,  July. 

2  K.  typliina  L.    Branches  and  petioles  densely  villous  ;  Ifts.  11—31,  oblong-lanceo- 

late, acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  red,  with  crimson  hairs. 

Kocky  soils.    10— 20f.    Branches  thick,  straggling.  Drupes  acid.  Wood  yellow.  June. 

/3.  lactiiiata,    Lfts.  irregularly  gashed ;  panicles  leafy.    Hanover,  N.  II.  (Eicard.) 

3  K.  pumila  M.x.  Procumbent,  villous-pubescent ;  lfts.  9—13,  oval  or  oblong,  coarsely 

toothed  ;  drupes  red,  silky  pubescent.    N.  Car.  to  Ga.    Branches  If  high. 

4  R.  copallaita  L.    Mountain  Sumac.    Branches  and  petioles  pubescent ;  lfts.  0—21, 

oval-Ianccolate,  mostly  entire,  unequal  at  base,  common  rachis  winged  ;  fls.  in  dense 
panicles  ;  drupes  red,  hairy.    Rocky  hills.    2— 8f.    Thyrse  sessile.    July. 

5  IS.  venenata  DC.    Poif on  Sumac.    Dog-wood.  Very  glabrous  ;  lfts.  7— 13,  oval,  ab- 

ruptly acuminate,  very  entire ;  panicles  loose,  axillary,  pedunculate  ;  drupes  greenish- 
yellow,  smooth.    Swamps.    10 — l!jf.    Flowers  green.    Very  poisonous.    June. 

6  K.  Toxicodendron  L.  Poison  Oak.   Poison  Ivy.    Erect,  or  decumbent ;  lvs.  pu- 

bescent ;  lfts.  3,  broad!}'  ova],  acuminate,  angular,  or  sinuate-dentate  ;  drupes  smooth, 
roundish.    Thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.    Perhaps  runs  into  the  nest.    June. 

7  R.  radicans  L.     Clirnbing  Icy.    Stems  climbing  by  means  of  innumerable  radi- 

cating tendrils ;    leaflets  ovate,  smooth,  entire.    Ascending  trees,  20— 50f.    Drupes 
dull  white.    Stems  1—2'  in  thickness.    June. 

8  K.  aromatlca  Ait.    Sweet  Sumac.    Lfts.  sessile,  incisely  crenate,  pubescent  be- 

neath, lateral  ones  ovate,  terminal  one  rhomboid ;  fls.  in  close  aments,  preceding  the 
leaves  ;  drupe  globous,  villous.    Copses.    2— fif.    Flowers  yellowish.    May. 

9  K.  Metopluni  L.    Lfts.  3—7,  smooth,  entire,  ovate,  acumin. ;  drupes  smooth.  .30f. 

10  R.  cotinoides  N.    Smooth;  lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  acute  at  base,  thin,  long- 
stalked  ;  fls.  minute,  in  loose,  erect  panicles ;  drupes  smooth.    Mts.  Car.  to  Ark. 

11  R.  CoTiNUS.     Venetian  Sumac.    Smoke-tree.     Lvs.  obovate,  entire,  thick;  flowers 
mostly  abortive,  pedicels  diS"usely  branched  and  hairy.    Italy. 

Order  XXXVII.    SAPINDACEiE.    Mapleworts. 

Trees,  shrubs.,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound,  alternate  or 
opposite  leaves.  Floioers  mostly  vmsymmetrical,  often  irregular,  4  or  5- 
merous,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  the 
stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  or  perigynous  disk.  Ovary  3  or 
3-celled,  and  lobed  with  1  or  2  (rarely  more)  ovules  in  each  cell.  Enibryo 
mostly  curved  or  convoluted,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Figs.  100,  224, 
230,  236,  237,  308,  312,  444,  515. 

I.  ACERlNEiE.— Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  regular,  diclinous.     Fruit  a  double  samara... (a) 

a  Disk  annuliir.     Petals  4  or  5  or  0.    Leaves  simple,  lobed Acer.  1 

a  Disk  obsolete.     Petals  none.     Leaves  pinnately  compound Negundo.  2 

II.  STAPHYLE^.— Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  regular,  perfect.     Stamens  5 Staphylea.  3 

III.  HIPPOCASTANE.E.— Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  irregular.    Stamens  7 ^SCULUS.  i 

IV.  SAPINDE.S;.— Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  polygamo-dioecious ... (6) 

4 


74  Order  37.— SAPINDACE^. 

6  Petals  5,  regular.    Ovules  solitary.    Fruit  baccate.    Trees SARNDns.  I 

6  Petals  5  or  4,  regular.    Ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell.    Trees.    South  Florida  ...Hypelate. 

6  Petals  4,  irregular.    Trees.    Kcelreutkria,  No.  7 Vines Cardiospkrmum.  6 

i  Petals  0.    Ovules  2  in  each  cell.     Capsules  winged.     Shrub.    South  Fla Dodon.«a. 

1.  ACER.  Maple.  (The  ancient  name,  meaning  sharp,  vigorous.) 
Fls.  polygamous.  Cal.  5  {4-9)-cleft.  Cor.  5  (4-9)-petallecl  or  0.  Stam.  8 
(4 — 12).  Sty.  2.  Samarae  2-wingecl,  united  at  base,  by  abortion  1-seecled. 
Leaves  simple,  palmately  5  (rarely  3-9)-lobed. 

§  Flowers  in  dense,  umbellate  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  Kos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  in  pendulous  corymbs,  yellowish,  appearing  wiih  the  leaves Nos.  3,  4 

§  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves. . .  (a) 

a  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  native.    Leaves  3-lobed Nos.  5,  6 

a  Large  trees,  exotic,  cultivated.    Leaves  5-7-lobed Nos.  7,  8 

1  A.  rikbrum  L.    Jied  Maple.    Swamp  Maple.     Lvs.  cordate,  acutely  and  incisely 

toothed,  the  sinuses  acute,  glaucous  beneath ;  ped.  elongated  in  fruit ;  pet.  linear- 
oblong  ;  ovaries  and  fruit  smooth.    Swamps.    30— 80f.    Flowers  red.    April. 
J3.  tridena,    Lvs.  3-lobed,  rounded  at  base ;  flowers  yellowish.    N.  J.  to  La.    20f. 

2  A.  dasycarpum  Ehrh.     While  Maple.    Lvs.  truncated  at  base,  unequally  and  in- 

cisely toothed,  with  obtuse  sinuses,  white  and  smooth  beneath  ;  fls.  greenish,  with 
downy  ovaries  ;  petals  0  ;  fruit  divergent.    Woods.    50f.    Mar.  April. 

3  A.  saccharinum  L.    Sugar  Maple.    Bock  Maple.    Lvs.  subcordate  at  base,  acu- 

minate, remotely  toothed,  with  rounded  and  shallow  sinuses,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fls. 
pedunculate,  pendulous.    Rocky  hills,  N.    40— 70f.    A  noble  tree. 

4  A,  nigrum  Mx.    Black  Maple.    Sugar  Tree.    Lvs.  cordate,  with  the  sinus  closed, 

lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate,  paler  beneath,  with  the  veins  beneath  and  the  peti- 
oles pubescent ;  flowers  on  long,  slender  pedicels.    Vt.  to  Lid.    .30— 70f.    April. 

5  A.  PennsylTanicum  L.    Striped  Maple.    Whistle-wood.    Lvs.  with  3  acuminate 

lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth  ;  rac.  simple,  pendulous.    Can.  to 
Ga.  and  Ky.    10— 15f.    Bark  striped,  green  and  black.    May. 

6  A.  spicatum  Lam.    Mountain  Maple-bush.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed,  acute,  dentate,  pubes- 

cent beneath  ;  racemes  erect,  compound.    Woody  hills.    5— 8f.    Flowers  greenish. 

7  A.  Pseudo-Platantjs  L.    Sycamore.    Lvs.  cordate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  lobes 

acute,  unequally  dentate  ;  raceme  pendulous  ;  fruit  smooth.    Europe.    40f. 

8  A.  macropht'llum  Ph.,  with  large,  very  deeply  5-lobed  leaves,  nodding  racemes,  and 

hispid  fruit.    Oregon.    30— 50f. 

2.  NEGUNDO,  Moench.  Box  Elder.  Ask  Maple.  Flowers  s  $ . 
Corolla  0  ;  $  flowers  racemed,  i,  fascicled.  Calyx,  stamens,  and  fruit  as 
in  the  last  genus.    Leaves  compound,  pinnately  8-5-foliate. 

N.  aceroides  Moench.  Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  unequally  dentate;  9  rac. 
long  and  pendulous ;  fruit  oblong,  with  large  wings  dilated  upward.  A  handsome 
tree,  20-40f.    N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  Cal. !    April. 

3.  STAPHYLEA,  L.  Bladder-nut.  (A  Greek  word,  meaning  a 
cluster  of  grapes  ;  from  the  form  of  the  fructification.)  Fls.  5  .  Calyx  of  5, 
colored,  persistent  sepals.  Pet.  and  sta.  5.  Styles  3.  Caps.  2 — 3,  membra- 
nous and  inflated,  slightly  cohering.  Seeds  not  arilled.  +)  With  opposite, 
3-7-foliate  lvs.  and  caducous  stipules.    Fig.  444. 

S.  trlfolia  L.  Lfts.  3,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  fls.  in  drooping  cymous  panicles, 
white  ;  pet.  ciliate  at  base.    Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.    6— lOf.    Caps,  large.    May. 

4.  .ffiSCULUS,  L.    Horse  Chestnut.    Buckeye.    Calyx  5-toothed ; 


Order  38.— CELASTRA^CE^.  75 

cor.  irregular,  4  or  5-petalled  ;  sta.  7  (6  to  8),  distinct,  unequal.  Style  fili- 
form, ov.  3-celled,  -svitli  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  coriaceous,  2-3-valved, 
containing  but  one  or  very  few  large,  smooth  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick, 
bulky,  inseparable.  ^  +>  With  opposite,  digitate,  5-7-foliate  leaves.  Fls. 
paniculate,  terminal.    Fig.  100. 

§  Pavia.    Fruit  smooth.    Petals  4,  erect,  the  two  upper  clawed.    BucJceye.  .Nos.  1—8 
§  ^scuLtis  proper.    Fruit  prickly.    Petals  4  or  5,  spreading Nos.  4,  5 

1  JE.  Pavia  L.    Lfts.  5—7,  shining,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  cimeate  at  base,  short-acumi- 

nate, finely  serrate ;  fls.  red,  veiy  irregular  in  a  lax,  thyrsoid  raceme  ;  pet.  as  long  as 
stamens  ;  cal.  half  as  long  as  the  two  shorter  petals.    S.    3— lOf.    Mar.  April. 

2  iE.  parvlflora  Walt.    Lfts.  5—7,  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  velvety  canescent  be- 

neath ;  petals  4  white,  somewhat  similar  and  spreading,  thrice  shorter  than  the  capil- 
lary stamens.    S.    2— Of.    Fls.  very  numerous. 

3  ^.  fld.va  Ait.    Sweet  Buckeye.    Lfts.  5— 7,  oblong  or  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 

rulate, pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  thyrsoid,  pubescent  panicles ;  pet.  very  unequal, 
longer  than  the  stamens.    W.  and  S.    6— 70f.    Yellowish.    April,  May. 

4  X.  glabra  Willd.     Ohio  Buckeye.    Lfts.  3,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  or  ser- 

rulate ;  fls.  in  lax  thyrsoid  panicles  ;  pet.  4,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens.    River  banks, 
W.    Tree  20— 40f,  ill-scented,  with  small,  yellowish  flowers.    June. 

5  JE.  HippocASTANUM  L.    Norse  C/i^tnut.    Lvs.  of  7  obovate  lfts. ;  pet.  5,  spreading ; 

fruit  prickly.    Tartary.    A  noble  tree,  in  parks,  &c.    June. 

5.  SAPINDUS,  L.  Soap-berry.  (That  is,  by  syncope,  SajM  Indicus, 
Indian  soap.)  Sep.  4  or  5.  Pet.  as  many,  or  one  less  by  abortion,  append- 
aged  inside  with  a  gland,  scale,  or  beard.  Sta.  8 — 10.  Stig.  3.  Fruit  3, 
connate,  globular,  fleshy  carpels,  often  by  abortion  2  or  1.  Seed  large, 
solitary.     ^  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate. 

S.  marginatum  M'illd.  Common  petioles  wingless  ;  lfts.  9— 18,  ovate-lanceolate,  long- 
pointed,  very  inequilateral,  short-stalked,  entire,  glabrous,  shining  above  ;  flowers  in 
white,  dense  panicles.    Ga.  to  Ark.    20— 40f.    Fruit  globular. 

6.  OARDIOSPERMUM,  L.  Heart-seed.  {KapSia,  heart,  dTtepi^ia, 
seed.)  Sep.  4,  two  of  them  smaller.  Pet.  unequal,  each  with  a  scale  at  base. 
Sta.  8.  Style  3-fid.  Caps,  membranous,  inflated.  ^  Leaves  biteruate. 
Pedicels  changed  to  tendrils. 

C.  Halicacubuni  L.  Lfts.  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  lobed  and  dentate ;  fr.  pyriform- 
globous,  large,  bladder-like.    Banks  of  streams,  S.  and  W.    4— 6f.    July.    § 

7.  KCELREUTERIA,  Lam.  (To  J.  G.  Kdhlreuter,  a  Russian  botanist 
and  author,  1755.)  Sep.  5.  Pet.  4,  irregular.  Sta.  8.  Sty.  exserted.  Caps, 
inflated,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded.  ^  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnate,  lfts.  about  13, 
cut-serrate.    Flowers  yellow,  in  large  panicles. 

K..  PANicuLATA. —China.    20— 30f.    Odd  leaflet  cut-lobed.    A  curious  tree. 

Order  XXXVIII.  CELASTRACE^.  Staff  Trees, 
Shrubs  with  simple  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  -n^ith  floicers  small,  regu- 
lar, 4  or  5-merous,  perigynous,  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fills 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Carpels  2—5,  styles  united.  Fruit  free  from  the 
calyx,  with  3—5  cells.    Seeds  arilled,  few,  albuminous. 


76  Ordeb  40.— EHAMNACE^. 

*  Leaves  alternate.— a  Capsule  dehiscent.     Cells  2-OTUled.    Vine CELASTRtJS.       I 

—'I  Capsule  dehiscent.     Cells  1-ovuIed.    Erect.     3.  Fla Mattenus. 

—a  Drupe  dry,  2-cellcd,  2-seeded.    Erect.     S.  Fla Schaefferia. 

•  Leaves  opposite.— ;..  Capsule  3-5-eelled.     Cells  2-ovuled Euonymus.       2 

—h  Drupe  I-cel!ed,  1-seeded  (oTary  2-4-celled.)    S.  Fla .Myginda. 

1,  CELASTRUS,  L.  Staff-tree.  Fls.  often  imperfect.  Sep.  and  pet. 
5.  Disk  5-lobecl,  bearing  tlie  5  stamens  on  its  edge.  Caps,  subglobous,  or  3- 
angled,  3-ceIled.  Seeds  witli  an  arilliis,  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  "^  Witli  alter- 
nate, deciduous  Ivs.  and  minute,  deciduous  stipules. 

C  scandens  L.    St.  twining ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  rac.  terminal ;  flowers 
dioecious.    Woods.    20 — lOf.    Arilled  seeds  scarlet,  persistent  in  winter.    June. 

2.  EUONYMUS,  Tourn.  BurotngBush.  (Eu,  good,  oVo// a,  name.) 
Fl.  perfect ;  calyx  flat,  of  5  (sometimes  4  or  6)  united  sepals.  Corolla  flat, 
inserted  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  broad  disk.  Stamens  5,  with  short  fila- 
ments. Caps,  colored,  5-angled,  5-celled,  5-valved.  Seeds  -wholly  invested 
with  a  scarlet  aril.     +)  "^  Lvs.  opposite,  serrate.    Flowers  purple. 

1  E.  atropiirpikreus  Jacq.    Lvs.  elliptic-ovate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate, 

puberulent  beneath  ;  ped.  compressed,  many-flowered  ;  fls.  usually  4-merou8  ;  capsule 
smooth,  lobed.  Woods.  4— lOf.  Fruit  crimson.  June.  Varieties  in  cultivation  have 
orange-red  or  even  whitish  fruit. 

2  E.  Americanus  L.    Branches  4-angled ;  lvs.  oval  and  elliptic-lanceolate,  acumi- 

nate, acute,  or  obtuse,  smooth,  subsessile  ;  ped.  round,  about  .3-flowered;  fls.  mostly 
pentamerous ;  caps,  warty.    Woods.    3— 5f.    Fruit  dark  red.    June. 

p.  obovatus.    Trailing;  lvs.  obovate,  obtusish,  petiolate.    Ohio,  &c. 

y.  ang-tistifoUtis.   Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  inequilateral,  acute  at  each  end.  South. 

3  E.  EuROP^us,  has  smooth,   shining,  lance-oblong,  serrate  leaves,  the  flattened  ped. 

3-flowered ;  fls.  4-parted.    Europe.    Not  hardy  North. 

Order  XL.    RHAMNACE^.    Buckthorns. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  spiny,  with  simple,  alternate,  stipulate  leaves, 
vfith.  flowers  regular,  sometimes  apetalous  or  otherwise  imperfect ;  with  the 
stamens  perigynous,  as  many  (4  or  5)  as  the  valvate  sepals,  alternate  with 
them,  and  opposite  to  the  petals  when  they  are  present.  Disk  perigynous. 
Capsule  or  drupe  with  one  albuminous  seed  in  each  cell. 

*  Leaves  opposite  or  subopposite,  with  opposite  branches... a 

a  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  clusters  or  umbels.     S.  Fla SccTlA. 

a  Flowers  njinute,  spicate,  in  terminal  panicles Sageretia.    1 

*  Leaves  alternate. — 6  Shrubs  climbing  by  twining.    Petals  sessile Beuchemia.  2 

— 6  Shrubs  climbing  by  tendrils.     Pet.  short Gouania.       3 

*  Leaves  alternate. — c  Clusters  of  (white)  flowers  terminal.     Pet.  unguiculate Ceanothus.  4 

— c  Clusters  axillary.    Pet.  4,  5,  or  0,  on  the  margin  of  disk Rhamnus.       5 

— e  Clusters  axillary.     Pet.  5,  under  the  5-lobed  disk.     S.  Fla Colubrina. 

1.  SAGERETIA,  Brongn.  (Named  for  M.  Sageret,  a  Frenct  florist 
and  vcg.  physiologist.)  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  cucullate.  Sta.  5.  Ovaiy 
immersed  in  the  entire  disk,  with  a  3-lobed  stigma.  Drupe  3-celled.  +> 
With  slender  branches.  Fls.  in  rigid,  interrupted  spikes. 
S.  Micliiiuxii  Brongn.  Branches  at  length  spiny;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  sub- 
eessile,  shining,  subentire.    Sandy  coasts.  Car.  to  Fla.    Trailing,  6— 15f.    October. 


Order  41.— VITACE^.  77 

2.  BERCHEMIA,  Necker.  Supple  Jack.  Calyx  5-parted.  Pet.  5, 
convolute,  enclosing  the  5  stamens.  Ovaiy  half  immersed  in  the  disk,  but 
fi-ee  from  it,  2-celled.  Style  bifid.  Drupe  oblong,  with  a  bony,  2-celled 
nut.  +)  £>  Unarmed.  Lvs.  pinnate- veined.  Panicles  terminal,  small. 
B.  volubilis  DC.  Climbing,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  ovate,  straight-veined,  repandly  serrate ; 
drupe  darlc  purple.    Damp  soils,  S.    Stem  supple,  10— riOf.    May,  June. 

4.  CEANOTHUS,  L.  Jersey  Tea.  Red-root.  Calyx  tubular-cam- 
panulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  saccate,  arched,  with  long  claws.  Sta.  mostly 
exserted.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled,  3-sccded, 
surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx.  5  +>  Thornless. 
Fls.  small,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

1  C.  Amerlcanns  L.     Leaves  oblong-ovate,  or  ovate,  serrate,  3-veined ;  flowering 

branches  leafy  or  leafless,  elongated.    Dry  woods.    2 — -If.    June. 

2  C  oviklis  Bw.    Lvs.  oval-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  with  glandular  serratures, 

3-veined,  veins  pubescent  beneath ;   thyrse  corymbous,  abbreviated.    Yt.  to  Mich. 
2 — 3f.    Less  common  than  No.  1.    Lvs.  smooth,  shining.    May. 

3  C.  mlcropliyllus  Mx.    Difi'usely  branched,  branches  very  slender  ;  leaves  minute, 

obovate,  rigid,  glabrous,  strigous  beneath.    Pine-barrens,  S.    1— 2f.    ApriL 
/3.  sei'pi/lUfolius.    Very  slender;  branches  filiform ;  lvs.  oval  (2— 3"  long).    S. 

5.  RHAMNUS,  L.  Buckthorn.  (The  Greek  name.)  Calyx  urcco- 
late,  4  or  5-cleft.  Pet.  4  or  5,  notched,  lobed,  or  entire,  or  sometimes  want- 
ing. Ov.  free,  not  immersed  in  the  thin  torus,  2-4-celled.  Styles  2 — 4, 
more  or  less  united.  Drupe  containing  2 — 4  cartilaginous  nuts.  +)  Lvs. 
alternate,  rarely  opposite.    Fls.  in  axillary  clusters. 

§  Flowers  tetramerous.    Leaves  with  arcuate  veinlcts Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  pentamerous.    Leaves  with  the  vcinlets  nearly  straight Nos.  3,  4 

1  K.  catliarticus  L.    Thorny;  lvs.  ovate,  denliculate-serrate ;  fls.  fascicled;  polj-- 

ga mo-dioecious,  mostly  tetrandrous  ;  sty.  4,  at  apex  distinct  and  recurved :  fr.  globu- 
lar, 4-seeded.    Hedges,  rarely  wild.    10— 15f.  Drupes  black,  cathartic.   May +.    §Eur. 

2  R.  laiiceolatus  Ph.    Thornless  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  the 

earlier  ones  obtuse ;  fls.  1—3  together  ;  pet.  4,  minute  ;  sty.  2  at  apex,  distinct ;  drupe 
2-seeded.    Pa.  to  Iowa  (Colman).    Eare.    4— Sf.    May. 

3  K.  alnifollus  L'Her.    Unarmed  ;  lvs.  oval,  acute,  serrate  ;  ped.  aggregate,  1-flow- 

ered  ;  fls.  mostly  pentandrous  andapetalous  ;  sep.  acute  ;  styles  3,  united,  very  short; 
fruit  3-seeded.    Pa.  to  Can.    2— 4f.    June. 
4r  R.  Carolinianus  Walt.    Unarmed  ;  leaves  oblong-oval,  serralate,  acute,  paler  be- 
neath ;  fls.  perfect,  in  short,  asillaiy  umbels,  petals  minute  ;  stigmas  3  ;  fr.  .3-seeded. 
Eiver  banks,  Va.  to  Fla.    7— 15f.    June. 

Order  XLI.    VITACE^.    Vines. 

Shrubs  with  a  watery  juice,  tumid  nodes,  and  usually  climbing  by  ten- 
drils. Flowers  small,  regular,  racemous,  often  polygamous  or  dioecious. 
Calyx  minute,  trimcated,  the  limb  obsolete  or  5-toothed.  Petals  hypogy- 
nous,  valvate  in  aestivation,  as  many  as  and  opposite  to  the  stamens. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  disk  which  surrounds  the  2-celled,  l-styled  ovary. 
Fi'nit  a  berry,  usually  4-seeded.   Seeds  bony.    Albumen  hard.    Figs.  187,  250. 

VITIS,  L.    Grape-vines.    (Celtic  gtcyd,  a  tree  or  shrub.)    Petals  4  or 


78  Okdek  43.— POLYGALACE^E. 

5,  dociduous,  cohering  at  the  top,  or  distinct  and  spreading.  Ovaries 
2-celled,  cells  2-ovuled.  Fruit  a  globular  beriy,  l^seeded.  "^  Lvs.  sim- 
ple or  compound.  Ped.  opposite  the  lvs.  often  changed  to  tendrils.  Fls. 
small,  clustered. 

§  ViTis  proper.    Petals  cohering  at  the  top,  and  falling  without  expanding. .  .a 
§  Cissus.    Petals  free,  expanding  before  falling.    Tendrils  coiling,  or  0.  ..& 

§  AMPELorsis.    Petals  free,  expanding.    Tendrils  with  an  adhesive  foot No.  9 

a  Leaves  beneath  clothed  with  a  whitish  or  rusty  wool Nos.  1,  2,  3 

a  Leaves  glabrous  except  the  veins,  and  green  both  sides .Nos.  4,  5, 10 

b  Leaves  simple,  angular  or  entire No.  6 

b  Leaves  pinuately  compound Nos.  7,  8 

1  V.  labrusca  L.    Fox  Grape.    Isabella,  CataivM.    Leaves  broad-cordate,  angular- 

lobcd,  hoary  tomentous  beneath ;  berries  large.    Woods.    30— 80f.    Fr.  p.  gr.  or  amb. 

2  V.  aestivalis  L.    Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  3-5-lobed  or  palmate-sinuate,  coarsely  den- 

tate, with  scattered  ferruginous  hairs  beneath  ;  fertile  racemes  long,  panicled,  berries 
small.    Shady  banks.    Fruit  deep  blue,  small,  ripe  in  September. 

3  V.  Cariboea  DC.    Hoary ;  lvs.  round-cordate,  3-lobed  or  entire,  smooth  above.  Fla. 

4  V.  cordifolia  Mx.     Frost  Grape.     Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  somewhat  equally 

toothed,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath  the  veins  and  petioles  ;  rac.  loose,  many-flwd.; 
berries  small.    River  banks.    10— 20f.    Fruit  blackish,  ripe  in  November. 
6  "V.  vulpina  L.    Muscadine.    Scvppernong.    Lvs.  (small)  cordate,  slightly  3-angled 
or  lobed,  shining  on  both  sides,  coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  not  acuminate  ;  rac.  com- 
posed of  many  capitate  umbels.    Va.  to  Fla.    Fruit  large,  purple,  few. 

6  "V.  indlvisa  Willd.    Lvs.  simple,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  often  angular- 

lobed  ;  flowers  5-merous  ;  berry  1  or  2-seeded.    Swamps,  S.    Fruit  small  (2"). 

7  v.  bipinnata  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  bipinnate,  Ifts.  incisely  serrate,  glabrous ;  flowers  5- 

merous.    S.  States  along  rivers.    Fruit  small,  black.    No  tendrils. 

5  "V.  incisa  N.    Lvs.  3-foliate,  thick;  Ifts.  2-3-lobed  ;  berry  1-seeded.    Fla.  to  La. 

9  V.  qninguefolia  Lam.     Virginia  Creeper.    Lvs.  digitate,  Ifts.  5,  oblong,  acumi- 

nate, dentate ;  berries  dark  blue,  smaller  than  peas,  acid.  Woods,  thickets.    20— 40f. 

10  V.  viNiFEKA  L.    European  Wine-grape.    Lvs.  cordate,  sinuately  5-lobcd,  glabrous; 
flowers  all  perfect.    Europe.    Many  varieties. 

Order  XLII.    POLYGALACE^E.    Milkworts. 

Heris  or  sJirubs,  with  the  leaves  mostly  simple  and  without  stipules. 
Floioers  irregular,  unsymmetrical,  hypogynous,  perfect.  Sepals  5,  unequal, 
distinct,  some  or  all  of  them  colored.  Petals  3,  often  5,  and  2  of  them 
scale-like.  Stamens  4  to  8,  distinct,  or  cohering  in  a  tube  which  is  split  on 
the  upper  side.  Ovary  superior,  compound,  with  suspended  ovules,  united 
stj'les  and  stigmas.  Fruit  a  2-seeded  pod.  Seeds  pendulous,  with  or  with- 
out a  caruncle  and  albumen. 

Sepals  5,  unequal,  2  larger,  wing-shaped,  petaloid.    PetalsS.    Stamens  8 Polygala.     1 

Sepals  5,  nearly  equal.    3  of  the  5  petals  long-clawed.    Stamens  4 Kkameria.    2 

1.  POLYGALA,  Toum.  Milkwort.  {UoTivi,  much,  ydXa,  milk; 
said  to  favor  the  lacteal  secretions  of  animals.)  Fls.  very  irregular.  Sep. 
5,  2  of  them  wing-shaped  and  petaloid.  Pet.  3,  cohering  by  their  claws  to 
the  filaments,  lower  one  carinate  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stam.  6 
or  8,  filaments  united  into  a  split  tube.     Anth.  1-celled.     Caps,  obcordate, 


OliDER  42.— POLYGALACE^.  79 

2-cellecl,  2-seecTecT,  loculicidal.  Sd.  appendaged  with  a  various  caruncle  at 
the  hiUim.  Mostly  herbs,  bitter,  and  with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  often 
of  two  forms,  the  subterranean  apetalous. 

*  Leaves  alternate.— a  Fls.  purple,  solitary,  2—4.    Perennial No.  1 

—a  Fls.  purple,  racemed,  many.    Biennial Nos.  2,  3 

—a  Fls.  white.    Spike  slender.    Seeds  hairy.    Perennial Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Fls.  purple.    Spike  capitate.— Caruncle  double Nos.  6—8 

— Car.  appears  simple,  (i). .  .Nos.  9 — 11 

—a  Fls.  xanthic.-6  Spikes  solitary,  large.    Biennial Nos.  12,  13 

—b  Spikes  OO,  corymbed,  small.  Bien Nos.  14,  15 

♦  Lvs.  vertic.  on  the  stem.- c  Spikes  acute,  slender.    Fls.  greenish-white..  .Nos.  16, 17,  18 

c  Spikes  obtuse,  thick.  .(Shrubs,  t.  No.  22— 25).  .Nos.  19,  20, 21 

1  P.  panclfolia  L.    St.  simple,  erect,  naked  below  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acute,  smooth ;  ter- 

minal fls.  large,  crested,  radical  ones  apetalous.    n  Woods.    3 — 1'.    Flowers  few, 
large  (10").  very  showy.    May,  June. 

2  P.  graiidiflora  Walt.    Ascending,  pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  to  lance-linear, 

acute:  fls.  distant,  pendulous  after  blooming,  wings  large,  roundish,  covering  the  fruit, 
keel  as  long  as  the  wings  (3"),  crestless.    @  ?  Dry  soils,  S.    9-12'.    May— Aug. 

3  P.  polysama  Walt.    Sts.  simple,  numerous,  glabrous;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  niucro- 

nate,  obtu'^e  ;  fls.  racemed,  short-pedicelled,  those  of  the  stem  winged,  those  of  the 
root  wingless  ;  keel  cristate.    ©Fields.    6-12'.    Rac.  showy.    Fls.  2".    June,  July. 

4  P.  Senega  L.    Seneca  Snake-root.    St.  erect,  smooth,  simple,  leafy  ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 

tapering  at  each  end ;  fls.  slightly  crested,  in  a  terminal  spike-form,  slender  raceme. 
2{  Woods,  W^.  States,  rare  in  E.    8—14'.    Spike  1—2'.    Leaves  1—2'.    July. 
^.  latifolia.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end.    Leaves  2—3'.    Ind. 

5  P.  alba  N.    St.  angular,  branched  above  ;  lvs.  linear;  spike  lance-linear,  pointed,  on 

a  long  stalk,    n  Ala.  to  La.    6—12'.    Spikes  1—3'. 

6  P.  s-otucea  Mx.  Sts.  filiform,  simple,  apparently  leafless  (lvs.  minute,  deltoid-acnm.); 

spike  (small)  oblong,  acute ;  wings  short-pointed,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  caruncle 
enclosing  the  short  stipe  of  the  hairy  seed.    2{  South.    If.    Leaves  1".    June. 

7  P.  incarnata.  L.    Glaucous  ;  st.  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple  ;  lvs.  few,  scattered, 

linear-subulate ;   spike  oblong ;   wings  lanceolate,    cuspidate ;    claws   of  the  petals 
united  into  a  long,  cleft  tube  ;  seed  very  hairy.    (T)  N.  J.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.    June. 

8  P.  Cliapiiianil  T.  &  G.    Very  slender,  simple,  or  nearly  so ;  lvs.  linear-subulate ; 

spike  loose,  roundish-oblong,  rather  acute  ;  wings  obovate,  slightly  clawed ;  caruncle 
lateral  on  the  thin-haired  seed.    ®  South.    If. 

9  P.  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.    St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate  ;  lvs.  linear;    spikes  acute, 

roundish-oblong,  dense ;  wings  elliptical,  attenuate  at  base ;  crest  minute ;  canmcle 
notched,  lateral  on  the  thick  seed-stipe,    (i)  Mass.,  R.  I.,  to  La.    6—10'.    August. 

1 0  P.  fastigiata  Nntt.  Slender  and  much  branched  above ;  lvs.  linear ;  spikes  round- 
ish, loose-flowered ;  wings  ovate-oblong,  distinctly  clawed ;  caruncle  broad,  nearly 
embracing  the  small  seed-stipe  (immature),    (i)  N.  J.  to  Fla.    8—12'.    July-f-. 

11  P.  sanguiuea  L.  St.  branching  at  top  ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear;  spikes  ob- 
long, obtuse,  dense ;  wings  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  subsessile  ;  caruncle  mostly  simple, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  hairy  seed.    (T)  Wet  grounds.    10'.    Leaves  1'.    July  + . 

12  P.  lutea  L.  St.  mostly  simple ;  root  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base; 
cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute;  rac.  ovate-globous,  obtuse,  dense;  fls.  pedicellate  ; 
wings  ovate,  mucronate,  keel  with  a  minute  crest.    @  Sands,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  If.  June  -t- . 

13  P.  nana  DC.  Low,  ascending;  lvs.  obovate  and  spatulate,  mostly  radical ;  heads 
ovate,  becoming  oblong,  dense  ;  wings  lance-ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  twice  longer 
than  the  slightly-crested  keel.    @  Pine  woods,  S.    4'.    April,  May. 

14  P.  raniosa  Ell.  Erect,  corymbously  branched  above ;  spikes  loose,  oblong,  nume- 
rous, forming  dense,  level-topped  C3Tnes ;  radical  lvs.  few,  spatulate,  cauline  oblong- 
linear  ;  seed  oval,  caruncled.    @  Swamps,  Del.  to  Fla.    If.    June. 


80  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

1 5  P.  cymosa  Walt.  Tall,  corymbously  branched  at  top ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  linear, 
pointed,  crowded  ;  etem  Ivs.  very  few,  linear-subulate  ;  racemes  spike-like,  forming  a 
dense,  fastigiate  cyme  ;  seed  globular,  naked.    ©  Swamps,  S.    2— 5f.    June  -f . 

16  P.  verflcUlata  L.  St.  branched  above,  erect;  Ivs.  linear,  verticillate  both  on 
the  stem  and  opposite  branches  ;  fls.  crested  ;  calycine  wings  roundish  ;  seed  oblong, 
smooth,  caruncle  hardly  half  as  long,    fi)  Dry  hills,    fi— S'.    Jnly-f. 

p.  ambig^ua.    Branches  and  upper  Ivs.  alternate  ;  spikes  long ;  fls.  scattered. 

1 7  P.  Bo yltinii  T.  &  G.  Sts.  erect  from  an  ascending  base,  simple ;  Ivs.  obovate 
and  lanceolate  ;  spike  slender,  pointed,  dense  ;  caruncle  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
very  hairy  seed.     2f  South.    12—18'.    June— Aug. 

ISP.  leptostacliys  Shuttl.  Sts.  filiform,  strict;  Ivs.  setaceous,  in  4"s  or  5's,  re- 
mote ;  spikes  linear  ;  seed  smooth.    (T)  Dry  sands,  Fla.    If.    Greenish. 

19  P.  Hookerl  T.  &  G.  Sts.  weak,  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  in  4's,  linear;  spikes  lance-ovate, 
pointed.    Pine  woods,  Fla.  to  Tex.    If.    Flowers  pale  red. 

20  P.  cruciata  L.  St.  erect,  winged  at  the  angles,  fastigiate  ;  Ivs.  in  4''s,  linear-ob- 
long, punctate ;  spikes  ovate,  dense,  obtuse,  subsessile  ;  caruncle  as  long  as  the  ovoid 
smooth  seed.    (T)  Wet  grounds.    3—12'.    July,  Aug. 

/3.  cuspidata,    Lvs.  linear ;  heads  squarrous  with  the  wing-cusps.    South. 

21  P.  brevifolia  Nutt.  Slender,  branched  above;  lvs.  linear,  short,  remote,  in  4's,  or 
on  the  branches  scattered ;  spike  oblong,  dense,  obtuse,  on  long  peduncles ;  wings 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  seed  just  as  in  No.  20.    (T)  N.  Y.  to  Fla.    If.    August. 

22  P.  sPECiosA.    Shrub  6f ;  lvs.  cnneate-oblong,  alternate  ;  fls.  purple,  in  terminal  rac. 

23  P.  MTRTiFOLTA.    Shrub  3 — 4f ;  lvs.  oblong-obovate,  altern. ;  fls.  purple,  in  lateral  rac. 

24  P.  opposiTiFOLiA.    Shrub  3f ;  lvs.  opp.,  sessile,  cordate,  smooth  ;  fls.  roseate,  large. 

25  P.  LATiFOLiA.    Shrub  3f ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate,  glaucous,  downy  bexeath ;  fls.  purple. 

2.  ERAMERIA,  L.     Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  collateral  ovules.     Seed 
with  no  caruncle  and  no  albumen.     J^  Racemes  terminal. 
K.  lanccolata  Torr.  Prostrate ;  lvs.  lance-lin.,  acute,  longer  tham  ped. ;  fr.  spiny.  Fla 

Order  XLIII.    LEGUMINOS^.    Leguminous  Plants. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  t7-ees.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  margins  en- 
tire. Stipules  2,  at  the  tumid  base  of  the  petiole.  Stipels  commonly  2.  Se- 
pals 5,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequal,  the  odd  one  alwa)^s  anterior. 
Petals  5,  either  papilionaceous  or  regular,  perigj'uous,  the  odd  one  (when 
present)  posterior.  Stamens  diadelphous,  monadelphous,  or  distinct.  A)i- 
thers  versatile.  Ovaries  superior,  single,  and  simple.  Style  and  stigma 
simple.  Fruit  a  legume,  either  continuous  (1-celled),  or  (a  loraent)  jointed 
into  1-seeded  cells.  Seeds  solitaiy  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen.  Figs. 
59,  60,  102,  157,  190-1,  203-4, 214,  233,  308,  354-6,  361-2,  397,  401-2,  480.^ 

A  vast  and  important  order,  containing  400  genera  and  6,500  species,  of 
which  350  are  native  in  the  United  States. 

I.  MIMOSE^.    Corolla  regular,  valvate  in  bud.    Stamens  exserted,  hypogynous.   Lvs.  bipinnate...(5) 
ir.  C.ES.\LPINE/E.     Corolla  irregular,  upper  petal  interior  in  bud.     Stamens  5—10,  perigynous. .  .(§S) 
III.  PAPILIOXACE.E.     Corolla  papilionaceous,  upper  petal  (the  banner)  larger  and  exterior.  ..(*) 
»  Stamens  10,  all  distinct  to  the  base.     Plants  erect.     (Tribe  Podalvkie.1) . . . (1) 
•  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous... (**J 

**  Leaves  cirrhous,  ending  with  a  tendril.     Stamens  9  and  1.    Vines.     (Tribe  ViciE.«)...(2) 

**  No  tendrils.     Pod  a  loment  (§  165),  or  rarely  1-seeded.    Lvs.  pinnate.    (Tr.  Hedysare^) . .  .(3) 

**  No  tendrils.    l*od  a  legume  (§  165),  rarely  1-seeded.  ..(***) 

***  Erect  (or  if  prostrate,  with  palmatety  3-foIiate  leaves).    (Tribe  LoiEjs). .  .(4) 

•**  Twining  or  trailing  vines,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves.    (Tribe  PHASBOLEit) . . .  p) 


Okder  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  81 

8  Pods  flat,  composed  of  1  or  more  l-secded  joints.    Pctalsunited.  Staraens4— 10. .Mimosa.  1 

I  Pods  contimioiis,—m  prickly,  4-sided  and  4-valved.     Petals  united.     Sta.  8— iO.  .Sriiit.\NKi.i.        2 

— ni  smooth,— II  Petals  distinct.    Pod  linear.    Staraenso  or  10.  .Dksm.intuus.     3 

—H  Petals  distinct.     Pod  oblong.     Stamens  10. ..  .Xkptu.m.i.  4 

—71  Petals  united.  Trees,  shrubs.  Sta.  OO ,  monadel..  Albizzia.  5 

—H  Petals  distinct,  yhv.     Shrubs.     Stamens  00  ..Ac.\cia.    (5  n)   5S 

§§  Flowers  perfect,  red  or  yellow,  showy.     Trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  bipinnate..Poi.vciA.NA.(9a)  59 

§§  Flowers  perfect,  red  or  rose-colored.     Trees  with  simple  broad  leaves Cercis.  9 

§§  Flowers  perfect,  yellow  (in  our  species).     Herbs  with  pinnate  leaves Cassia.  8 

§§  Flowers  imperfect,  greenish.— Trees  thornless,  with  bipinnate  leaves Gymnocladus.  6 

—Trees  thorny.    Lvs.  pinnate  and  bipinnate... Gleditschia.     7 

1.  PoDALYRE-E.-c  Trees.     Leaves  pinnate.    Pod  flat  and  thin Cladastkis.      10 

— c  Trees  or  shrubs.    Lvs.  ternate.  ..Callistachys,  60,  or  pinnate  in.. Sophora  (lO'O  61 

— c  Shrubs  in  the  greenhouse,  with  simple,  spiny-toothed  leaves Chorizem.v.  (10/.)  62 

— c  Herbs.— j>  Pod  inflated,  stipitate.     Leaves  1-3-foliate Baptisia.  U 

— p  Pod  flattened,  sessile.    Leaves  3-foliate Thekmopsis.     12 

2.  ViciE.^.— (J  Erect.    Tendrils  obsolete.  Fls.  white,  with  a  black  spot  ou  e.ich  wing.  .Faba.  13 

— d  Climbing, — 17  Leaflets  serrate.     Pods  2-seeded Cicee.  U 

—9  Lfts.  entire.— r  Sty.  grooved  on  the  back.    Sds.  3— 9gIob..Pisu.'tt.  1.5 

—r  Sty.  flattened  on  the  bk.  Sds.  3-9,  flattish.LATHyiiirs.        16 

— /■  Sty.  flattish.    Seeds  1  or  2,  hns-xhaped Lens.        c17  ")  6t 

— )•  Style  filiform.     Seeds  2—7,  roundish ViciA.  17 

3.  HEOYSAltE.£. — e  Fls.    yellow.— .s  Leaves  palmately4-foliate.  Stam.  monadelphous..ZoRXlA.  18 

— s  Leaves  pinnate,  7-49-foliate.  Stam.  diadelphous.  .jEscnYNOME.VE  19 
— .s  Lvs.  pinnately  3-7-foliate.  Stam.  monadelplwus.  .Chapmania.  20 
— s  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.  Pod  slender  at  base. .  .Stylos Anthes.2: 
— s  Leaves  pinnately  4-foliate.     Pod  gibbous  at  base. .  Arachis.  22 

e  Fls.  cyanic— K  Lvs.  pinnate,  5-21-foliate.— <  umbels  pedunculate... Coro.nili.a.       23 

— I  rac.  pedunculate Hedysarum.    24 

—u  Lvs.  pin.  3-foIiate.— (  stipellate.     Pod  3-7-)ointed. ..Desmodium.      25 
— <  exstipellate.     Pod  1-jointed.  .Lespedeza.       26 
t.  LoTE.fi— (including  Geniste.e,  Gen.  27—30,  Trifolie.e,  31—34,  and  Galege.e,  35— 4S). 

/  Leaves  vranting  ;  if  present,  simple.     Flowers  yellow Spartiu.m.         27 

/  Leaves  present,  simple.     Flowers  yellow.— r  Keel  oblong,  straight Ge.vista.  28 

— V  Keel  falcate,  pointed Ceotalaria.    29 

/  Leaves  palmately  5-15-foliate  (rarely  simple).     (Genus  35,  or) Lcpinds.  30 

/  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate,— «J  Small  tree  with  yellow  hanging  racemes Laborncm.       31 

— !(j  Shrubs.  Fls.  yhv.,  a.xil.  Some  of  the  lvs.  simple.. Cytisus.  (31  a)  65 
— tc  Herbs  with  straight,  small  pods.    Fls.  capitate... Trifoliu.m.       32 

/  Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate.— x  Pods  curved  or  spiral.  Fls.  in  spikes,  heads.  &e Medicago.         33 

—X  Pods  long  and  long-pointed.  Flowers  axillary.  .Trigo.vella,  (33  a)  66 
—X  Pods  1-2-seeded.  Rac.  (red.  Gen.  50)  white  or  yellow.  .Meulotus.  34 
—X  Pod  1 -seeded.— y  Fls.  yellow.   Lvs.  resinous-dotted.. (Genus  4S 

— y  Fls.  cyanic.-«  Lvs.  dark-dotted.  .Psoralea.         35 

—z  Lvs.  not  dotted (In  Genus  23 

/  Lvs.  pinnate,  with  no  odd  leaflet.— *  15  to  25  pairs.    Tall.     Fls.  yellow.     S Sesbania.  36 

— *lto6pairs.     Flowers  purple.     Cult Orobus.  (i:5f>)63 

/  Lts.  odd-pinnate,— ft  dotted  with  dark  glands.— /.•  Shrub.     Fls.  spicate Amorfha.         37 

— 7.-  Herbs  10-androus Dalea.  38 

— 7c  Herb  5-androus Petalostemox.39 

— /t  dotleas.—t  Herbs.     Stjle  glabrous.     Pod  partly  2-celled. .  .Astracal'js.     40 

—i  Herbs.    Style  hairy.    Pod  1-celled Tephrosia.       41 

-t  Herbs.     Style  glabrous.     Pod  1-celled Lndigofeka.     42 

—t  Trees  or  shrubs.     Flowers  white  or  roseate Rgbinia.  43 

— )■  Shrubs  with  yellow  flowers Colutea.  44 

— i  Shrubs  with  scarlet  flowers Ci.ia.nthijs.(44  ti)67 

5.  Phaseole^.— <;  Lvs.  pinnate,  5-15-foliate.— »i  Vine  shrubby.     Keel  falcate Wistaria.         45 

—i?i.  Herbs.  Keel  (straight.  Gen.  41)  spiral.  .Apios.  46 

— <7  Leaves  pinnately  3-(rarely  l)-foiiate. . .(«) 

n  Flowers  yellow.     Legumes  5-seeded Vig.va.  47 

n  Flowers  yellow.     Legumes  1-2-seeded Rhynchosia,    48 

R  Flowers  cyanic... (•) 


82  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

•  Keel  with  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted.    Bushy  or  twining FHisiiOLtS.      -19 

*  Keel  straight  or  merely  incurved. .  .(o) 

o  Shrubby  at  base.  Flowers  and  seeds  scarlet.  Wings  and  keel  very  short.  S.  .Eryturina.      50 

o  Herbs.— X  Calyx  ebracteolate.     Style  beardless.     Petals  subercct,  pale AMrniCARP,B.i.  51 

—X  Calyx  2-bracteolate,—;/  4-cleft.     Style  beardless.     Fl.i.  pale G.4lactia.  53 

— y  4-toothed.     Style  bearded  at  top Dolichos.         53 

— ?/ 5-cleft,  long.  Style  bearded  inside Clitoria.  54 

— ?/  5-cleft,  short.     Style  bearded  at  top Ck.ntroskma.    55 

— y  5-lobed.     Style  beardless.     Cultivated.  ..Ken.nkdva.       56 
— y  4-toothed.     Style  beardless.     Cult HARDESBiiRCiA.57 

1.  MIMOSA,  L.  Sensitive  Plaint.  {Mi/ho?,  a  buffoon  :  the  leaves 
seem  sporting  with  the  hand  that  touches  them.)  Fls.  2^6-  5  Calyx 
valvate,  5-toothed.  Cor.  0,  or  5-toothed.  Stam.  4—15.  Legume  separated 
mto  1-sceded  joints.  $  Like  the  perfect,  but  without  ovaries  or  fruit.  U  5 
Tropical.     Leaves  bipiunate. 

1  M.  striglllo.'iia  T.  &  G.    Nearly  unarmed,  prostrate,  diffuse,  strigous ;  stip.  ovate; 

petioles  and  peduncles  very  long  ;  pinnre  4  to  6  pairs  ;  Ifts.  10  to  15  pairs,  oblong-linear ; 
heads  oblong,    u  Fla.  to  La.    Flowers  rose-color. 

2  IW.  PUDTCA  L.    St.  prickly,  more  or  less  hispid;  Ivs.  digitate-pinnate,  piunre  4,  of  many 

(-30  or  more)  pairs  of  linear  leaflets.    Brazil.    If.    Leaflets  3". 

2.  SOHRANEIA,  Willd.  Sensitive  Brier.  (In  honor  of  Francis  de 
Paula  Schrank,  a  German  botanist.)  Fls.  5  S .  Cal.  minute,  5-toothed. 
Pet.  imited  into  a  funnel-shaped,  5-cleft  corolla.  Stam.  8 — 10.  Pod  long 
and  narrow,  echinate,  dry,  1-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded,  if  Prickly. 
St.  procumbent.  Lvs.  sensitive,  bipinnate.  Fls.  in  spherical  hds.,  purplish. 
S.  uncinata  Willd.    St.  angled,  grooved;  pinnas  6  to  8  pairs  ;  Ifts.  numerous,  minute, 

elliptic-oblong  or  linear;  heads  axillary,  1  to  3  together,  on  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves.    S.  States.    2— 4f.    Leaflets  2".    May— July. 

3.  DESMANTHUS,  Willd.  {/Jedj.nj,  a  bundle,  av5o?,  flower.)  Cal. 
valvate,  5-toothed.  Pet.  5,  distinct.  Stam.  5  or  10,  distinct.  Pod  dry,  flat, 
2-valved,  4-6-seeded,  smooth.  U  }j  With  bipinnate  lvs.  and  white  fls.  in 
axillaiy,  pedunculate  heads.    Petioles  with  1  or  more  glands. 

D.  bracliTplobus  Benth.  Erect,  smoothish ;  pinnge  6  to  13  pairs  ;  Ifts.  minute,  20  to 
30  pairs  ;  stam.  5 ;  pods  short  1',  2-4-8eeded.    7i  111.  to  La.    2f.    June— Aug. 

4.  NEPTUNEA,  Lour.  Anthers  10,  crowned  with  a  stipitate  gland. 
Pod  oblong,  oblique,  deflexed  on  the  stipe,  2-valved.  Otlierwise  as  in 
Desmanthus. 

N.  liitea  Benth.  Sts.  ascending,  strigous ;  pinnae  4—5  pairs ;  Ifts.  liuear-oblong,  ciliate, 
crowded  ;  ped.  longer  thau  the  leaves  ;  pod  5-8-8eeded.  71  Prairies,  Fla.  to  La.  The 
leavessimilar  to  those  of  Mimosa.   Flowers  yellow.   Pods  stiped.    (Acacia  lutea  C-B.) 

5.  ALBIZZIA,  Durazz.  Calyx  4-  or  5-toothed.  Petals  united  into  a 
funnel-form  corolla.  Stamens  go,  monadelphous  at  base,  very  long.  Pod 
linear  and  flat,  jointless,  dry,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  ^  ^  Tropical,  with 
the  leaves  twice  pinnate.  Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes,  roseate  or 
Avhite,  polygamous. 

A.  JuLiBRAssiN.  Silk  Tree.  Tree  about  20f,  glabrous,  thomless  ;  pinnije  8 — 12  pairs, 
each  with  20—30  pairs  o[  halved  leaflets  (being  one-sided),  acute;  heads  peduncu- 
late, forming  a  terminal  panicle ;  corollas  white,  with  the  innumerable  long  silky 
stamens  purplish;  pods  some  contracted  between  the  seeds.  Very  ornamental, 
hardy  South,  sparingly  naturalized  in  the  Gulf  States. 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  83 

6.  GYMNOCLADUS,  Lam.  Coffee  Tree.  {rvjiiv6?,naked,7<Xd5o?, 
a  shoot ;  for  its  coarse,  naked  shoots  in  winter.)  FIs.  ?  .5  .  Cal.  tubular, 
5-cleft,  equal.  Pet.  5,  inserted  into  the  summit  of  the  tube.  $  Stara.  10, 
distinct.  ?  Style  1.  Leg.  1-celled,  oblong,  very  large,  pulpy  -within.  ^ 
Unarmed,  witli  unequally  bipinnate  Ivs.  Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate.  Fig.  480. 
G.  Canadensis  Lam.— Woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Tenn.    50f.    Rac.  greenish ;  seeds 

round,  polished,  brown,  very  hard,  i'  diam.    May— July. 

7.  GLEDITSCHIA,  L.  Honey  Locust.  (To  John  G.  Oleditsch,  a 
botanical  writer,  Leipzig.)  FIs.  ?  $  3  .  Sep.  equal,  3 — 5,  united  at  base. 
Pet.  3 — 5.  Stam.  3 — 5,  distinct,  opposite  the  sepals.  Style  short.  Legume 
continuous,  compressed,  often  intercepted  between  the  seeds  by  a  sweet 
pulp.  "5  With  branched  spines.  Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate  and  bipinnate, 
often  in  the  same  specimen.    FIs.  small,  green,  racemous.    Figs.  3G2,  401. 

1  G.  triacantlius  L.    Branches  armed  with  stout,  triple,  or  multiplex  spines ;  lfts. 

alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse ;   leg.  linear-oblong,  compressed,  many-seeded. 
Pa.  to  Mo.  and  La.    40— 70f.    Wood  very  heavy.    Pods  8—18'.    May— July. 

2  G.  moiiosperina  Walt.     Water  Locust.    Spines  few,  mostly  simple ;   lfts,  ovate- 

oblong  ;  pod  broadly  oval,  without  pulp,  1-seeded.    Swamps,  S.    30f. 

8.  CASSIA,  L.  Senna.  (Hebrew  KatziotJi)  Sep.  5,  scarcely  united 
at  base,  nearly  equal.  Pet.  5,  unequal,  but  not  papilionaceous.  Stam.  dis- 
tinct, 10,  or  bj^  aboi'tion  fewer,  auth.  opening  by  terminal  pores,  the  three 
upper  often  sterile.  Pod  many-seeded,  1-celled  or  many-celled  transverse- 
ly.    ^  J)  or  herbs.    Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate.    FIs.  mostly  yellow.    Fig.  357. 

§  Stam.  5  or  10,  all  perfect.    Sep.  acute.    Lfts.  small.    Stip.  persisteut Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stam.  10,  the .3  upper  abortive.    Sep.  obtuse.    Lfts.  large.    Stip.  deciduous.. («) 

a  Gland  on  the  petiole  at  or  near  the  base Nos.  3,  4 

a  Gland  on  the  rachis  between  the  two  lowest  leaflets Nos.  5,  6 

1  C  Cliamsecrista  L.    Sensitive  Pea.    Lfts.  8—13  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mu- 

cronate ;  fls.  large,  pedicellate,  2  or  4  in  each  fascicle ;  anth.  10,  unequal,  all  fertile. 
(I)  Dry  soils.    12 — IS'.    Flowers  large,  2  petals  spotted.    August. 

2  C  nictitans  L.     Wild  Sensitive  Plant.    Lfts.  6 — 15  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse, 

mucronate,  sessile;  fis.  small,  2  or  3  in  each  subsessile  fascicle ;  stam.  5,  subequal. 
(T)  Sandy  soils.    If.    Flowers  small  (3"),  pale  yellow.    July. 

3  C.  Marilandica  L.    American  Senna.    Lfts.  C— 9  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucro- 

nate, an  obovoid  gland  near  the  base  of  the  common  petiole ;  fls.  racemed  ;  pod  curved, 
12-aO-seeded.     n  Stony  places.    4— 5f.    Flowers  showy.    August. 

4  C.  occideiitalls  L.    Lfts.  3— G  pairs,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  sharply  acuminate  ;  fls. 

in  short  racemes  ;  pod  nearly  straight,  25-40-seeded.    (T)  Va.  to  Ga.    5— (if.    July.    § 

5  C  obtusifolla  L.    Lfts. "about  6,  obovate,  obtuse;  pod  long  (00  and  narrow,  re- 

curved, 20-40-seeded ;  seeds  longitudinal.    (T)  Dry  soil,  S.    1 — If.    July,  Aug. 

6  C.  melanocarpa  Vegel.    Shrubby;  lfts.  2—3  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute, 

coriaceous  ;  rac.  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Ga.  § 

9.  CERCI3,  L.  Judas-tree.  Eed-bud.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals 
scarcely  papilionaceous,  distinct,  wings  longer  than  the  banner  and  smaller 
tlian  the  keel  petals.  Stamens  10,  distinct.  Pod  compressed.  Seeds  obo- 
vate.    ^  Leaves  simple,  appearing  after  the  roseate  flowers.     Fig.  SOS. 

1  C.  SiLiQUASTRUM.    Lvs.  round-reuiform ;  flowers  morc  Open  than  in  No.  2.    Eur.    20f. 


84  OiiDER  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

2  C.  Canadensis  L.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  on  the  veins  be- 
neath.   Mid.  and  W.  States.    20— 30f.    Flowers  covering  the  branchlets.    April. 

10.  CLADASTRIS,  Raf.  Yellow-tvood.  Cal.  5-tootliecl,  teeth  short, 
obtuse.  Pet.  of  nearly  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  distinct  and  straii^ht 
like  the  wings.  Vex.  large,  roundish,  refiexed.  Stam.  10,  distinct.  Fil. 
glabrous,  incurved.  Leg.  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped,  5  or  6-seeded.  ^  "With 
yellow  wood,  pinnate  leaves,  and  pendulous  clusters  of  white  flowers. 

C.  tinctoria  Raf.— Hills,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  20-40f.  Lfts.  7-11,  oval,  pointed,  3';  rac. 
6 — 10',  resembling  Robinia.    April,  May. 

11.  BAPTISIA,  Vent.  Wild  Indigo.  {BaTtzoa,  to  dye  ;  a  use  to 
which  some  sjiecies  are  api:ilied.)  Cal.  4-5-cleft  half  way,  persistent.  Pet. 
of  about  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  nearly  distinct  and  straight.  Vex. 
orbicular,  emarginate.  Stam.  10,  distinct,  deciduous.  Pod  inflated,  stipi- 
tate,  many  (or  by  abortion  few) -seeded.    U  Lvs.  palmately  3-fol.  or  simple. 

§  Leaves  simple.    Flowers  yellow Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  3-foliate.— Flowers  blue,  in  few  elongated  racemes No.  3 

—Flowers  white,  in  few  elongated  racemes,  .(a) 
—Flowers  yellow,  solitary  or  in  short  racemes. .  (&) 

a  Stipules  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  petioles.    Hairy.    Cream-white Nos.  4,  5 

a  Stipules  much  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles.   Glabrous Nos.  G,  7 

b  Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.    Drying  dark Nos.  8—10 

b  Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx.    Drying  bright Nos.  11—13 

1  B.  perfolluta  R.  Br.    Glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  lvs.  large,  oval-orbicular,  perfoliate  ; 

fls.  solitary,  axillary.    Pine  woods,  S.  Car.  Ga.    1— 2f.    Pod  inflated.    May— July. 

2  B.  simplicifolla  Croom.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  rac.  terminal,  elonga- 

ted, many-flowered.    Quincy,  Fla.    2— 3f.    Pod  ovate.    6".    June. 

3  B.  anstralis  R.  Br.    Petioles  short;  lfts.  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse;  stip.  lanceo- 

late;  rac.  long,  erect;  pod  oblong-oval.    Ohio  River  and  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large 
and  showy,  indigo  blue.    June— Aug. 

4  IS.  leucopliaea  Nutt.     Lfts.  oblanceolatc,  varying  to  obovate;    stip.  triangular- 

ovate  ;  rac.  nodding,  the  many  flowers  turned  to  the  upper  side  on  their  long  pedi- 
cels ;  pod  ovoid,  inflated.    Prairies,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large.    April. 

5  B.  villosa  Ell.    Lfts.  lance-oblong,  or  oblanceolatc ;  stip.  lance-linear,  persistent; 

rac.  long,  declining ;  bracts  minute,  deciduous  ;  ped.  not  secund  ;  leg.  oblong.  N.  Car. 
to  Ga. :  rare.    2 — 3f.    Plant  of  rough  aspect,  as  well  as  No.  4.    June,  July. 

6  B.  IcucantJia  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  petiolate ;  lfts.  cuneiform-obovate,  obtuse ;  stip.  lance- 

linear,  about  as  long  as  petioles  ;  rac.  elongated,  erect ;  bracts  caducous  ;  pod  inflated, 
stipitate.    Prairies,  &c.  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  largo.    May— July. 

7  B.  alba  R.  Br.    Fastigiate-branched  above  ;  petioles  slender  ;  lfts.  elliptic-oblanceo- 

late,  acute  at  base ;  stip.  and  bracts  minute,  caducous  ;  rac.  erect  or  nodding,  on  a 
long  peduncle.    In  rich  soils,  Ya.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    March,  April. 

8  B.  lanceolata  Ell.    Much  branched,  bushy  ;  lvs.  subsessile;  lfts.  narrowly  elliptic 

to  oblanceolatc,  obtuse,  petiolulate ;  fls.  axillary,  subsolitary,  short-pedicelled ;  pod 
ovate-globous.    Pine  woods,  S.    l^f.    Flowers  large,  dull  yellow.    April,  May. 
/3.  stricta.    Erect,  strict ;  lfts.  obovate.  very  obtuse :  rac.  few-flwd.,  termin.  La.  Fla. 

9  E.  tinctoria  R.  Br.    Glabrous,  branching;    lvs.  subsessile;  lfts.  small,  roundish- 

obovate,  acute  at  base,  very  obtuse  at  apex;  stip.  setaceous,  caducous;  rac.  loose, 
terminal ;  pod  subglobous.    Dry  woods.    2f.  bushy.    Pod  size  of  a  pea.    Jul}'— Sept. 

10  S.  micropJiylla  N.  Smooth,  bushy;  lvs.  small,  2-3-foliate  below,  simple,  ses- 
sile above ;  stip.  and  bracts  large,  persistent ;  fls.  small,  axillaiy,  and  in  terminal  ra- 
temes.    S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    (B.  stipulacea  Ravenel.) 


Ordek  43.— LEGUMINOSiE.  85 

11  B.  LecontllT.  &  G.  Pubescent;  Ivs.  short-petioled ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong ;  pedi- 
cels with  2  bractlets;  bracts  persistent;  pod  short-stiped ;  branches,  stipules,  and 
racemes  as  in  No.  9.    Ga.  Fla.    2f.    May. 

12  B.  SerenaeCurti?.  Smooth,  diffuse ;  Ifts.  oblong-obovate,  cuneate ;  fls.in  terminal 
racemes,  the  central  longest.    S.  Car.    1— 2f.    Pod  oblong. 

13  £S.  niegacarpa  Chapm.  Glabrous,  slender;  Ivs.  petioled;  Ifts.  oval;  rac.  short 
and  short-stalked ;  stip.  and  bracts  minute,  caducous  ;  fls.  nodding ;  pod  large,  globu- 
lar, and  much  inflated.    Ga.  Fla. :  rare.    2— 3f.    Pods  H'. 

12.  THERMOPSIS,  R.  Br.  (Named  for  its  resemblance  to  the  Egyp- 
tian Lupine — L.  Thermis)  Vex.  roundisli,  sides  reflexed.  Sta.  persistent. 
Pod  subsessile,  linear-oblong,  many-seeded.  11  Rhizome  creeping,  stems 
with  sheathing  bracts  at  base.    Leaves  3-foliate.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 

1  T.  mollis  M.  A.  Curtis.    Pubescent,  diffusely  branched ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong ;  stip. 

leafy,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  ped.  shorter  than  calyx.    Woods,  N.  Car.    2f.    April. 

2  T.  fraxlnifolia  Curt.    Smoothish,  slender,  branching;   petioles  longer  than  the 

stipules;  Ifts.  wedge-oblong;  ped.  as  long  as  the  flower.    Mts. Tenn.  Car.    2f.    May. 

3  T.  Carollniaiia  Curt.    St.  stout,  simple ;  petioles  as  long  as  the  ovate  clasping 

stipules;  Ifts. obl.-obov.;  fls. on  short  ped.  with  decid. bracts.   Mts.  N.  Car.   4f.  June. 

13.  FAB  A,  Moench.  Coffee  Bean.  Fls.  as  in  Vicia.  Seeds  oblong, 
with  a  long  scar  (hilum)  on  the  narrower  end,  and  leathery,  tumid  legumes. 
(I)  Lvs.  equally  pinnate,  with  the  tendril  obsolete  (in  the  following  species). 
Peduncle  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

F.  vui-GARis  Moench.  St.  rigidly  erect,  with  very  short  axillary  racemes  ;  Ifts.  2 — 1,  oval, 
entire ;  stipules  semisagittate    Gardens.    From  Egypt.    2— 3f.    Glaucous. 

14.  CICER  ARiETiNUM,  the  CincK  Pea,  rarely  cultivated,  may  be 
known  by  its  serrated  leaflets,  a  character  quite  strange  in  this  Order. 

15.  PISUM,  L.  Pea.  (Celtic  pis,  Lat.  ptsian,  Eng.  pea,  Fr.  j)ois.) 
Style  dilated  above,  grooved  on  the  back,  villous  and  stigmalic  on  the  in- 
ner side.     Otherwise  as  in  Lathyrus.     (T)  Figs.  59,  60,  190. 

P.  SATIVUM  L.  Lfts.  ovate,  entire,  usually  4 ;  stip.  ovate,  eemicordate  at  base,  crenate  ; 
ped.  several-flowered.    Nativity  unknown.    Many  varieties. 

1 6.  IiATHYRUS,  L.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  two  upper  sepals  short- 
est. Stam.  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Style  flat,  dilated  above,  ascending, 
bent  at  a  right  angle  with  the  ovary,  pubescent  or  villous  along  the  inner 
side  next  the  free  stamen.  Pod  oblong,  several-seeded.  ^  ^  Leaves 
abruptly  pinnate,  of  1  to  several  pairs  of  leaflets.  Petioles  produced  into 
tendrils.    Pods  axillary.    Fig.  397. 

*  Native. — a  Leaflets  a  single  pair.    Southern No.  1 

— a  Leaflets  commonly  3  pairs.    Perennial Nos.  2,  3,  4 

—a  Leaflets  commonly  5  pairs.    Perennial Nos.  5,  6 

*  Exotic— 6  Leaflets  a  single  pair Nos.  7—9 

— &  Leaflets  3  to  0  pairs.    (Species  of  Orobus) Nos.  10—12 

1  li.  pusillus  Ell.    St.  winged  ;  lfts.  2,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  stip.  con- 

spicuous, lance-falcate,  half-sagittate  ;  ped.  long.    S.  Car.  to  La.    Purple.    May. 

2  I.,  ocliroleucus  Hook.    St.  slender;  lfts. broadly  ovate  ;  stip.  semicordate,  large ; 

ped.  7-10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  cream-white.    Shades,  N.    8f.    June. 


86  Ordeb  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

3  Ij.  palustris  L.    St.  winged;  stip.  semi?agittate,  mncronate;  Ifts.  2  or  3  pairs, 

lance-lmear  or  oblong,  mucronate;    peel.  ."-.5- flowered,  equalling  the  leaves.    Wet 
thickets.  N.  Eng.  to  Oreg.    1—21.    Bliie-pnrple.    June— July. 

4  Li.  myrtifblius  Muhl.    St.  slender,  4-angled  ;  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse;  stip. 

ovate,  entire;  ped.  longer  than  Ivs..  5-flwd.   N.  E.  to  Va.  and  Ind.   2-4f.  Palepurp.  Jl. 

5  Ij.  venosus  Muhl.    St.  4-angled;  stip.  semisagittate,  lanceolate,  very  small;  ped. 

8-l(i-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  Ifts.  4 — T  pairs,  somewhat  alternate,  obtusish, 
mucronate.    Shady  banks.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large,  purple.    June,  July. 

6  li.  maritlmus  Bw.    Beach  Pea.    St.  4-angled,  compressed;   petioles  flat  above; 

stip.  cordate-hastate,  nearly  as  large  as  the  8—12  ovate  leaflets  ;  ped.  many-flowered. 
Sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Oreg.    1— 2f.    Leaves  pale  green.    Flowers  blue.    May,  June. 

7  Ij.  latifolius.     Everlasting  Pea.     Ped.  many-flowered ;    Ifts.  9,  lanceolate,  inter- 

nodes  membranous-winged.     U  Eur.    Cf.    Flowers  large,  pink.    July,  Aug. 

8  li.  ODORATUS.    Sweet  Pea.    Ped.  2-flowered ;  Ifts.  2,  ovate-oblong;   leg.  hirsute.    (J) 

Sicily.    Flowers  very  large,  fragrant,  red-white.    June. 

9  I>.  SATivus.     Chick  Pea.    Ped.  1-flowered;  Ifts.  2—4;   leg.  ovate,  compressed,  with 

2  winged  margins  at  the  back.    (T)  S.  Eur.    An  unhealthy  food. 

10  li.  VERNUS.    Lfts.  6,  ovate,  acuminate ;  fls.  red-purple-blue.    Europe.    If.    April. 

11  li.  NIGER.    Lfts.  12,  ovate-oblong  ;  fls.  dark  purple.    Europe.    3f.    July. 

12  li.  ATROPURPUREA.    Lfts.  linear,  3  pairs,  acute  ;  fls.  dark  purple.   Algiers.   If.  May. 

17.  VICIA,  L.  Vetch.  (Celtic  gicig,  -whence  Gr.  fiiuiov,  Lat.  vicla,  Fr. 
vesce,  and  Eng.  vetch)  Stj^le  filiform,  bent  at  rigbt  angles  with  the  ovary, 
villous  beneath  the  stigma  on  the  outside  (next  the  keel).  Otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Lathyrus. 

*  Peduncles  1-2-flowered,  shorter  (in  flower)  than  the  leaves Nos.  1—3 

*  Peduncles  3-20-flo\vered.— a  Leaflets  3— (i,  very  narrow No.  4 

—a  Leaflets  S— 20.— 6  Stipules  long-toothed Ko.  5 

—b  Stipules  entire. .  Nos.  6— S 

1  V.  sativa  L.     Vetch.     Tares.    Fls.  solitary  or  in  pairs,  snbsessile ;  lfts.  10— 12,  ob- 

long-obovate,  often  linear,  retuse.  mucronate  ;  pod  linear,  erect,  4-8-seedcd.  ©Fields. 
2— 3f.    Fls.  C",  pale  purple.    June.    §  Eur. 

2  V,  tetraspernia  Loisel.    Ped.  1-2-flowered,  in  fl.  shorter  (in  fr.  longer)  than  the 

Ivs. ;  pod  4-seeded ;  lfts.  4—6,  small,  linear,  obtuse.    Fields,  Can.  to  Penn.    St.  very 
slender,  1— 2f.    Fls.  bluish-white.    Pod  5".    July. 

3  V.  micrantlia  N.    Lfts.  4— C,  linear,  acute,  obtuse  or  retuse;  fls.  mostly  solitary, 

minute,  pale;  pod  1',  sabre-shaped,  erect,  6-10-seeded ;  seeds  black.    S.    2— 3f. 

4  V.  aciitifolla  Ell.    Leaflets  3—6,  linear,  acute  ;  stip.  lance-linear;  tendrils  mostly 

simple  ;  rac.  .j-9-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves.    Ga.  Fla.    2— 4f.    Whitish. 

5  V.  Americana  Muhl.    Ped.  4-8-flowered,  shorter  than  the  Ivs.;  stip.  semisagit- 

tate, deeply  dentate  ;  lfts.  10—14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  pod  oblong-linear,  com- 
pressed, reticulated.    N.  Y.  westward.    1— 3f.    Blue-purple.    May. 

6  V.  €aroIinla.na  Walt.    Pedicel  6-12-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  the  loaves  ;  fls. 

loose ;  calyx  teeth  very  short ;  stip.  lance-linear ;  lfts.  8-12,  linear-oblong  or  linear, 
smoothish  ;  pod  oblong.    Woods  and  banks.    4 — 6f.    Pale  purple.    May. 

7  V.  Cracca  L.    Tufted  Vetch.    Fls.  imbricated,  12—20  or  more  in  the  raceme ;  lfts. 

12—24,  oblong,  puberulent ;  stip.  semisagittate,  linear-subulate,  entire.     Thickets. 
2— 3f.    Flowers  blue-purple,  A".    July. 

8  V.  liirsitta  Koch.    Hairy;  lfts.  8—20,  linear,  truncate,  mucronate;  ped.  8-fi-flwd., 

shorter  than  leaves  ;  leg.  hirsute,  2-seeded.    Fields.    1— Sf.    June.    § 

18.  ZORNIA,  Gniel.  (For  John  Zorne,  IVI.  D.,  of  Bavaria.)  Calyx  bila- 
biate, upper  lip  obtuse,  emarginate,  lower  S-cleft.  Vex.  orbicular,  with  the 
sides  revolute.    Sta.  monadelphous,  the  alternate  anthers  different    Pod 


Okder  43.— LEGUMINOSiE.  87 

compressed,  of  2 — 5  roundish  joints.     It  Lvs.  palmately  2-4-f()liate  with 

sagittate  stip.,  whicli  are  enlarged  above  and  supply  the  place  of  bracts. 

Z.  tetrapliylla  Mx.   Lfts.  4  ;  stip.  or  bracts  oval,  acute  :  pod  aculeate,  about  .3-jointed. 

Of  X.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    1— if.    Deep  yellow.    Pods  adhesive.    June— Aug. 

19.  ffiSCHYNOMENE,  L.  {Al6xvvoiiai,  to  be  modest ;  alluding  to 
its  sensitive  property.)  Calyx  bilabiate,  bibracteolate  ;  upper  lip  bitid,  lower 
trifid.  Vex.  roundish.  Stamens  diadelphous,  5  in  each  set.  Pod  exserted, 
composed  of  several  truncated,  separable,  1-seeded  joints. — Lvs.  odd-pin- 
nate.    Stip.  semisagittate.    Rac.  axillary'  (yellow).    August. 

1  ^.  liisplda  Willd.    Erect,  scabrous ;  lfts.  very  smooth,  2~— .37,  oblong-linear,  ob- 

tuse ;  rac.  .3-.5-flowered  ;  pod  6-9-joiuted.    ®  Marshes,  Pa.  and  S.    2— 3f. 

2  JE.  viscidula  Mx.    Slender,  procumbent,  viscidly  pubescent ;  lfts.  T— 11,  obovate; 

ped.  filiform,  1  or  2-flowered  ;  pod  2  or  3-joiiited.    ®  Sandy  fields,  S. 

20.  CHAPMANIA,  T.  &  G.  (To  A.  W.  Chapman,  M.  D.,  author  of 
"  Flora  of  the  Southern  States.")  Fls.  nearly  as  in  Stylosanthes.  Cor.  in- 
serted on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Keel  2-cleft  at  apex.  Anth.  alike,  ob- 
long. Leg.  hispid,  1-2-jointed. — A  viscid-hirsute  branching  herb.  Leaves 
pinnately  3-7-foliate.    Fls.  small,  yellow,  in  terminal  racemes. 

C.  Floridana  T.  &  G.— E.  Fla.    2— 3f.    Lfts.  oblong. 

21.  STYLOSANTHES,  Swartz.  (2ri;Ao?,  a  style,  av^oc.)  Fls.  of 
two  kinds.  5  Calyx  bibracteolate  at  base,  the  tube  very  long  and  slender, 
with  the  corolla  inserted  on  its  throat.  Vex.  very  broad.  Sta.  10,  mona- 
delphous.  Ov.  sterile,  with  a  very  long  style.  ?  Cal.  and  corolla  0.  Ov. 
between  2  bracteoles.  Leg.  1-2-jointed,  uncinate  with  the  short,  persistent 
stj^le. — Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate.  * 
S.  ela.tior  Swartz.    Pencil  Floicer.    St.  pubescent  on  one  side ;  lfts.  lanceolate,  smooth, 

acute  ;  spikes  3  4-flowered  ;  loment  1-seeded  (lower  joint  abortive).     71  Dry,  gravelly 
woods.  Long  Isl.  to  Fla.    If.    Fls.  yellow.    July,  August. 

22.  ARACHIS,  Willd.  Peanut.  (Lat.  aracos,  used  by  Pliny  to 
designate  some  subterranean  plant.)  Calyx  bilabiate.  Cor.  resupinate. 
St.  monadelphous.  Pod  gibbous  at  base,  coriaceous,  veiny,  turgid,  and  in- 
dehiscent,  the  joints  not  separating. — S.  American  herbs,  with  equally  pin- 
nate leaves  and  j^ellow  flowers. 

A.  liypogaea  Willd.    Leaflets  2  pairs,  oval  or  roundish,  cimeate  at  base  ;  stip.  entire, 
lance-subulate,  as  long  as  the  leaflets  ;  fruit  subterranean.    Cult.  South. 

23.  CORONILLA,  L.  (Lat.  corona,  a  crown  ;  from  the  inflorescence.) 
Calyx  bilabiate.  Petals  unguiculate.  Loment  somewhat  terete,  jointed. 
Seeds  mostly  cylindrical.  -^U  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate.  Fls.  in  simple, 
pedunculate  umbels,  rose-colored. 

1  C.  EsiERUS.    Scorpion  Senna.    St.  woody,  angular ;  ped.  about  3-flowered ;  claws  of 

the  petals  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.    France.    3f.    May. 

2  C.  VAKIA.    Herbaceous  ;  lfts.  11—19,  oblong  ;  ped.  10-15-flwd.    Eur.    3— 4f.    Jl.— Sept. 

24.  HEDYSARUM.  L.  {'Hdv?,  sweet,  apcoMix,  smell.)  Calyx  cleft; 
into  5  linear-subulate,  subequal  segments.    Keel  obliquely  ti-uncate,  longer 


88  Order  43.— LEGUMINOSiE. 

than  the  wings.     Sta.  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  and,  with  the  style,  abmptly 
bent  near  the  summit.    Pod  (loment)  of  several  1-seeded  joints  connected 
by  their  middle,     if  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
H.  boreale  N.    Erect;  Ifts.  13—21,  oblong;  stlp.  united,  sheathing ;  flowers  dcflexed, 

spiked  on  the  long  peduncle,  violet-purple  ;  pod  of  1—4  lens-shaped,  veiny  joints. 

Eocks,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.  and  N.    1— 2f.    Flowers  large.    June,  July. 

25.  DESMODIUM,  DC.  Bush  Trefoil.  Calyx  more  or  less  bila- 
biate. Vex.  roundish,  keel  obtuse.  Sta.  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  sometimes 
monadelphous.  Pod  (loment)  compressed,  jointed,  constricted  most  on  the 
lower  (dorsal)  suture,  the  joints  1-seeded,  separable,  mostly  aculeate  and 
adhesive.  U  b  Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  often 
largo,  loose  panicles,  purplish,  in  Summer.  Figs.  191,  355. 
§  Legumes  distinctly  stiped,  the  stipes  about  as  long  as  the  joints. . .  (a) 

a  Stems  prostrate,  creeping.    Leaflets  round  or  oval Nos.  1^2} 

a  Stems  erect.    Leaflets  broadly  ovate,  or  (in  No.  6)  narrowly..  .(5) 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube Nos.  3—5 

b  Calyx  teeth  longer  than  the  tube,— upper  one  notched. .  .Nos.  6—8 

—upper  one  entire No.  9 

S  Legumes  subsessile,  the  stipes,  if  any,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.,  .(c) 
c  Bracts  large,  covering  the  flower  buds,  caducous. .  .(d) 
C  Bracts  inconspicuous,  smaller  than  the  flower  buds.,  .(c) 

d  Stipules  large  (fi- 9"  long),  ovate-lanceolate Nos.  10,  11 

d  Stipules  quite  small,  subulate Nos.  12,  1-3 

e  Leatlfts  large  (2—3'  by  1—2'),  oblong-ovate... No? .  14,  15 

e  Leaflet?  small,  orbicular  or  oval Nos.  IG— 18 

e  Leaflets  long,  linear. .  .No.  19.      Lfts.  oblong.t. .  .No.  20 

1  D.  rotHiidirolium  DC.    Plant  prostrate,  downy;   leaflets  snborbicular ;   bracts 

and  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  ;  racemes  fuw-flowered  ;  loment  constricted  on 
both  margins  nearly  alike.    Rocky  woods.    2— 3r.    Purplish.    August. 

2  D.  ocliroleucumCurt.  Plant  decumbent,  smoothish  ;  lfts.  ovate,  rarely  single ;  stip. 

ovate,  pointed  ;  raceme  long,  fls.  white  ;  loment  tAvisted.    Woods,  Md.  &  S.  (Porter). 

3  D.  niidiflornm  DC.    Lfts.  roundish  ovate,  bluntly  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous 

beneath  ;  scape  radical,  panicled,  smooth  ;  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely  triangular. 
Woods,  com.    St.  If,  scape  2— 3f,  with  many  small  purple  flowers. 

4  ».  acuminatum  DC.    Plant  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  only  at  top ;  leaflets 

ovate,  long-acuminate,  the  odd  one  round-rhomboidal ;  pan.  terminal,  on  a  very  long 
peduncle.   Woods,  com.  8— 12',  the  panicle  2— 3f.  Fls.  small,  flesh-color.  Pod  .3-jointed. 

5  D.  pauciflorum  DC.    St.  assurgent,  leafy  all  the  way,  retrorsely  hairy  ;  lfts.  thin, 

obliquely  ovate,  acutish,  teirtinal  one  rhoiiix^ldal ;  rac.  terminal,  the  flowers  few,  in 
pairs  ;  petals  all  distinct,  spreading.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  L'».    If.    Whitish. 

6  E>.  paniculatum  DC.     Erect,  slender,  nearly  glabrous ;  lfts.  oblong-lanceolate, 

obtuse  ;  stip.  subulate,  deciduous  ;  fls.  on  slender  pedicels  in  panicled  racemes  ;  lo- 
ment of  about  3  triangular  joints.    Woods,  commou,  2— 3f.    Purple. 

7  ».  viridiflorum  Beck.    Densely  pubescent ;  lfts.  ovate,  scabrous  Aoove,  whitened 

beneath  ;  stip.  lance-ovate,  acuminate  ;  pan.  naked,  very  long ;  pod  of  3  or  4  triangu- 
lar joints.    Alluvion,  N.  Y.  and  S.    3— 4f,  rigid.    Violet,  fading  to  green. 

8  ».  Isevlgatum  DC.    Glabrous,  or  nearly  so  ;  lfts.  ovate  ;  panicle  subsimple,  pedi- 

cels slender,  in  pairs.    Woods,  N.  J.,  and  S.    2— 3f.    Purple. 
/3.  monophyllum.    Dwarf,  simple  ;  lower  Ivs.  1-foliate.  Uxbridge,  Ms.  If.  (Ricard.) 


Ordek  43.— LEGUMINOS.E.  89 

9  D.  glab^llum  DO.    St.  smootMsh ;  Ifts.  ovate,  email,  rougli-pubescent  on  both 

sides  ;  pod  of  3  or  4  triangular,  minutely  hispid  joints.    Shades,  Car. 

10  I>.  cuspidittuiJi  T.  &  G.  Smooth:  Ifts.  oblong-oval,  or  ovate,  sharply  acumi- 
n.ite;  bracts  deciduous,  ovate,  acuminate;  joints  of  the  loment  suboval.  Woods. 
3— 5f.    Stipules  and  bracts  9".    Flowers  S",  purple. 

1 1  B.  canescens  DC.  St.  striate,  scabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  soft-villous  beneath;  pan.  densely  canescent,  naked;  joints  of  the 
loment  4,  obliquely  oval,  hispid.    Woods.    3f. 

12  S>.  Caoaden.sc  DC.  St.  pubescent;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  nearly 
smooth ;  stip.  filiform  ;  bracts  ovate,  long-acuminate ;  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely 
triangular,  hispid.    Woods,  Can.  to  Pa.  and  W.    3f.    Flowers  S",  purple. 

13  I>.  sessiliroliuin  T.  &  G.  St.  tomentous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile;  Ifts.  linear  or 
linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  scabrous  above,  softly  tomentous  beneath ;  stip. 
subulate;  pod  of  2—3  semiorbicular  joints.    Woods,  W.    2— 3f.    Fls.  small,  crowded. 

14  D.  I>illenil  Darl.  Branching,  hairy  ;  Ifts.  oblong,  villous  beneath  ;  stip.  subulate ; 
rac.  panicled;  joints  of  the  loment  3,  rhomboidal,  reticulate,  a  little  hairy,  connected 
by  a  narrow  neck.    Moist  soils,  N.  and  W.    2 — 3f    Purple. 

15  D.  rigidum  DC.  Scabrous,  pubescent;  Ifts.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  petioles 
short,  hairy ;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  ciliate,  caducous  ;  leg.  with  2 — 1  obliquely  obovate 
joints.    Hills  and  woods,  Mass.  to  La.    2  — 3f.    (D.  Floridanum  Chapm.) 

16  D.  ciliare  DC.  Erect,  slender,  scabrous-pubescent;  Ivs.  crowded,  on  short,  hairy 
petioles  ;  Ifts.  small,  ovate,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  joints  of  the  short-stiped  loment  2 
or  3.    Woods.    2f.    Purple. 

17  I>.  Marilandicum  Boott.  Erect,  slender,  nearly  smooth;  Ifts.  ovate,  obtuse, 
subcordate  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  as  long  as  the  petioles;  loment  stipe  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  joints  1  or  2.    Woods.    2— 3f.    Violet. 

18  D.  lineatuni  DC.  Slender,  reclining;  st.  finely  striate  with  colored  lines;  Ifts. 
small,  roundish  oval,  smoothish,  green  both  sides ;  pod  quite  sessile  in  the  calyx, 
joints  about  2.    Dry  woods.    2  or  3f. 

10  9.  strictum  DC.  Slender,  nearly  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  petiolate  ;  Ifts.  linear,  elongated  ; 
pan.  few-flowered ;  pod  hispid,  incurved,  of  1—3  Innately  triangular  joints,  with  a  fili- 
form isthmus.    Pine  woods,  N.  J.  and  S.    3f. 

20  D.  GTRANS.  Moving-plant.  Lateral  Ifts.  very  small ;  pods  pendulous.  From  Bengal. 
Wonderful  for  the  leaves.  Mliich  in  warm  weather  are  always  in  motion. 

26.  LESPEDESA,  M.x.  BrsH  Clover.  Calyx  5-parted,  bibracteo- 
late,  scgment.s  nearly  equal.  Keel  of  the  corolla  very  obtuse,  on  slender 
claws.  Pod  (loment)  lenticular,  compressed,  small,  unarmed,  iudehiscent, 
1-seeded.     y  Leaves  palmately  trifoliate,  reticulately  veined.     Summer. 

§  Fls.  all  complete.    Calyx  villous,  long.    Cor.  whitish  with  a  purple  spot. . .  .Nos.  1,  2 

§  Fls.  partly  apetalous.    Calyx  short.    Corolla  violet.— a  Stems  upright Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Stems  prostrate No.  5 

1  Ii.capita.taMx.    Bush  Clover.    Lfts.  elliptical  to  linear,  silky  beneath  ;  stip.  subu- 

late ;  fascicles  of  flowers  ovate,  subcapitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary  ;  loments 
hairy,  shorter  than  the  villous  calyx.    Dry  soils.  Can.  to  Car.    2— 4f. 

2  li.  liirta  Ell.    Stem  villous ;  lfts.  roundish  oval,  pubescent  beneath ;  rac.  capitate, 

axillary,  oblong,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  and  pod  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Dry  woods.    2— 4f.    Flowers  reddish-white. 

3  Ii.  Steuvi  Nutt.    Branched  and  bushy,  tomentous  or  pubescent;  lfts.  oval-obovate 

or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  rac.  axillary,  capitate  or  loose  ;  pod  villous- 
pubescent.    Dry  soils,  Mass.  to  Ga.    2f.    Variable. 

4  li.  violacea  Pers.    Erect  or  diffuse,  sparingly  pubescent ;  lfts.  oval,  varying  to  ob- 

long and  linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  rac.  axillary,  few-fioW' 
ered,  the  apetalous  ones  generally  below.    Dry  woods.    Leaflets  V. 


90  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

/3.  sessilia'ora.    Flowers  many,  in  clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

y.  reticulata.    Leaflets  Imcar,  rigid  ;  flowers  in  short  fascicles.    Erect. 

6.  divirg-ens.    Leaflets  ovate  ;  upper  peduncle  longer  than  the  leaves. 
5  li.  procumbeiis  Mx.    St.  prostrate,  diflfuse,  tomentous-pnbescent ;   Ifts.  oval  or 
obnvate-elliptical,  smooth  above,  on  very  short  petioles  ;  ped.  filiform,  few-flowered  ; 
pod  roundish.    Dry  soils.    Leaflets  5—9".    Ped.  2—5'. 

p.  repens.    Nearly  smooth  and  very  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical. 

y.  Peayana.    Decumbent ;  leaflets  obovate ;  upper  ped.  apetalous.    South. 

27.  SPARTIUM,  L.  Common  Broom.  (2';ra/3ror,  a  rope;  formerly 
matle  of  the  Broom.)  Calyx  spathe-like,  split  behind,  teeth  very  short. 
Keel  iucurvec,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  wings.  Otherwise  like  Genista. 
S.  scopARiuM.— Shnib  native  of  Spain,  6f,  with  rush-like  erect  branches  often  leafless. 

Leaves  simple  (if  any),  oblong.    Flowers  showy,  yellow  or  white. 

28.  GENISTA,  L.  Dyer's  Broom.  Woad-waxen.  (Celtic  gen,  Fr. 
genet ;  a  small  shrub.)  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-partecl  and  the  lower 
3-toothed.  Vex.  oblong.  Keel  oljlong,  scarcely  including  the  stamens 
and  style.  Stigma  involute.  Stamens  monadelphous.  J3  With  simple 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

O.  tinctorla  L.    Branches  round,  striate,  unarmed,  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth; 
pod  smooth.    Dry  hills,  Mass.  N.  Y.    If.    August.    §  Europe. 

29.  CROTALARIA,  L.  Rattle-pod.  {KporaXoy,  a  rattle  ;  from 
the  rattling  of  the  loose  seeds  in  the  horny  pod.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat 
bilabiate.  Vex.  cordate,  large.  Keel  acuminate.  Stam.  10,  monadelphous. 
Filamentous  sheath  cleft  on  the  upper  side.  Pod  pedicellate,  ttu-gid. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  simple  or  palmately  compound.    Flowers  yellow. 

1  C.  sagitta.lis  L.    Annual,  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  lvs.  lance-oval  to  lance-linear ; 

stip.  acuminate,  decurrent;  rac.  3-flowered,  opposite  to  the  leaves  ;  cor.  shorter  than 
the  calyx.    Sandy  fields.    6—12'.    Cor.  small.    July. 

2  C.  ovalls  Ph.    Perennial,  hairy,  diffuse;  lvs.  oval  and  elliptic;  stip.  small  or  mi- 

nute, partly  decurrent ;  pedicels  long,  3-6-flowered ;   corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Sandy  woods,  S.    4—12'.    Flowers  showy.    April,  May. 

3  C.  Pursliii  DC.    Perennial;  slender,  assurgent,  nearly  smooth;  lvs.  oblong-linear 

or  linear,  subsessile ;  stip.  narrowly  decurrent  through  the  whole  internode  ;  pedicels 
5-7-flowered;  corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Damp  shades,  S.    1—1  Jf. 

30.  LUPINUS,  Tourn.  Lupine.  (Lat.  lupus,  wolfish  as  a  weed?) 
Cal.  deeply  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  entire  or  3-toothed.  Wings 
united  at  the  summit.  Keel  falcate,  acuminate.  Stam.  monadelphous,  the 
sheath  entire.  Antb.  alternately  oblong  and  globous.  Pod  compressed. 
®y  13  Leaves  palmately  5-15-foliate,  rarely  unifoliate.     Raceme  terminal. 

1  li.  vlllosus  Willd.  Unifoliate,  densely  silky-tomentous ;  sts.  decumbent-assurgent ; 

lvs.  large,  elliptic-oblong,  long-petioled  ;  rac.  terminal,  long,  dense-flwd.  Pine  woods, 
S.    1— 2f.    Flowers  roseate,  with  a  purple  spot.    Pods  very  woolly.    April— June. 

2  1..  diflTtisus  N.    Diffusely  branched  from  the  base ;  lvs.  oyal-oblong,  obtuse,  soft- 

silky,  on  short  petioles  ;  pods  very  silky.    Sands,  S.    Blue-purple.    April. 

3  I.,  perennls  L.    Minutely  pubescent,  5-7-foliale  ;  Ifts.  oblanceolate,  mucronate;  fls. 

alternate  ;  calyx  without  appendages,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower  entire.   Sandy  hills. 
If.    Flowers  blue,  varying  to  white.    May,  June.    Cultivated, 


Okukh  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  91 

4  li.  roLTPHTLLus.    Lfts.  11— 15,  lanceolate  ;  calyx  lips  subentire.   Oreg.   3f.   Ptirp.-wh. 

5  ]L.  NooTKATENSis.  Yillous  ;  lfts.  5—9,  obloug ;  cal.  lips  subentire.  N.W.  Coast.  2f.  Pur. 

6  Ij.  HAUTWEan.    Hairy  ;  lfts.  7—9,  obi.  obtuse  ;  stip.  and  bracts  setaceous.  Mcx.  Blue. 

7  li.  VARius.    Small  and  delicate  ;  calyx  appendaged,  lips  2-tid  and  3-fid.    Blue. 

31.  LABURNUM,  Bentli,  Calyx  campamilate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2-, 
lower  3-tootlied.  Vex.  ovate,  erect,  as  long  as  the  straight  wings.  Fil. 
diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Leg.  continuous,  tapering  to  the  base,  several- 
seeded.     +)  ^  Leaves  palmately  trifoliate.    Flowers  mostly  yellow. 

1  li.  vuLGABE  L.  Golden  Chain.  Arborescent;  lfts.  obiong-ovate,  acute  at  base,  acu- 
minate; raceme  elongated  (If),  pendulous  ;  legume  hirsute.    Europe.    15f. 

3  li.  ALPiNUM  L.  Arborescent;  lfts.  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  base;  raceme  long,  sim- 
ple, pendulous  ;  legume  glabrous.    Alps.    30f. 

32.  TRIFOLIUM,  Tourn.  CL0^^2R.  (rpz^JAAor  (three-leaved);  Lat. 
tnfoUum;  Fr.  trefle ;  Eng.  trefoil.)  Calyx  5-toothed.  Pet.  united  at  the 
base,  withering.  Vex.  retiexed.  Ate  oblong,  shorter  than  the  vexillum. 
Carina  shorter  than  the  alge.  Stam.  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Legume 
mostly  indehiscent,  covered  by  and  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-4- 
seeded.  Seeds  roundish. — Herbs.  Leaves  palmately  trifoliate.  Leaflets 
with  straight  veinlets.    Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes.    Figs.  233,  354. 

§  Flowers  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  roundish  heads.    Legume  1-seeded Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  cyanic, — c  pedicellate,  finaliy  deflexed...(a) 
— c  subsessile,  never  detlexed. .  .(61 

a  Heads  small,  on  stalks  some  ten  times  longer.    Legume  4-seeded Nos.  3,  4 

a  Heads  large,  on  stalks  two  or  three  times  longer Nos.  5,  6 

b  Calyx  teeth  plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla No.  7 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  purple  or  roseate  corolla Nos.  8—10 

1  T.  procuimbens  L.     Yellmv  Clover.    St.  procumbent  or  ascending;  lfts.  denticu- 

late, terminal  one  stalked;  stip.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the 
petioles ;  heads  small,  subglobous  ;  style  short,    (i)  Dry  soils,  N.  H.  to  Va.    1— 2f.    Jn. 

2  T.  agririum  L.    St.  ascending  or  erect;  lfts.  denticulate,  all  subsessile ;  stipules 

linear-lanceolate,  cohering  with  and  longer  than  the  petiole ;   heads  ovoid-elliptic ; 
style  equalling  the  pod.    Ci)  Dry  fields,  N.  H.  to  Va.    If.    July. 

3  T.  CaroIintanuiM  Mx.    Slender,  diffuse;  lfts.  cuncate-obovate,  the  middle  one 

obcordate  ;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  foliacoous ;  cal.  teeth  thrice  longer  than  its  tube. 
®  Fields,  S. 

4  T.  repens  L.    White  Clover.  Shamrock.    St.  creeping,  diffuse ;  lfts.  obcordate,  den- 

ticulate :  stip.  narrow,  scarious ;  cal.  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube,    n  Pastures,  <fec. 

5  T.  reflexuni  L.    Buffalo  Clover.    Pubescent ;  ascending  or  procumbent ;  lfts.  obo- 

vate,  serrulate  ;  stip.  leafy,  semicordate  ;  cal.  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  ;  leg. 
4-fieeded.    @  Prairies,  W.  and  S.    8—16'.    April— June. 

6  T.  stolouiferuiu  Muhl.    Glabrous,  creeping;  lfts.  broadly  obcordate,  denticulate; 

stip.  leafy,  ovate-lanceolate;   cal.  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  legume 
2-seeded.    W.  States.    6—12'.    May,  June. 

7  T.  arvense  L.  Hds.  cylindrical,  very  hairy ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  longer  than  the  cor. ; 

leaflets  narrow-obovate.    (i)  Dry,  sandy  fields.    5—10'.    June— Aug.    §  Eur. 

8  T.  pratense  L.    Bed  Clover.   Ascending,  thinly  hirsute  ;  lfts.  spotted,  oval,  entire ; 

stip.  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate ;  heads  sessile ;  lower  tooth  of  the  cal.  longer  than 
the  four  others  which  are  equal.    71  Fields  and  me.adows.    2f. 

9  T.  medium  L.     Zig-zag  Clover.     St.  suberect,  branching,  flexuous,   nearly  gla- 

brous ;  lfts.  not  spotted,  oblong,  subentire  ;  stip.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  heads  ovoid- 
globous,  pedunculate  ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  hairy,    n  Hills,  N.    §  Eur. 


92  OiJDER  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

10  T.  i.NCARNATUM.    St.  crect,  flexuons;  Ifts.  round-ovate,  obtuse  or  obcordate,  vil- 
loiit; ;  spike  dense,  oblong,  pedunculate.    Italy.    2f.    Red. 

33.  MEDIC  AGO,  L.  Medick.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  deciduous.  Vex. 
free  aud  remote  from  tlie  keel.  Leg.  variously  curved,  or  spirally  coiled  or 
twisted. — Lvs.  pinnately  o-foliate,  denticulate.    European. 

*  Pods  smooth Nos.  1,  2,  3.  *  *  Pods  spiny Nos.  4,  5,  6. 

1  OT.  Inpuliua  L.    None-mch.    Procumbent,  pubescent;   Ifts.  wedge-obovate ;    fls. 

yellow  ;  pod  renifonn,  1-seeded.    (i)  Waste  grounds.    6—20'.    May— July.  § 

2  M.  sativa  L.    Lucerne.   Erect,  glabrous  ;  ll'ts.  oblong-lanceolate ;  stip.  lance-linear; 

fls.  violet-purple,  large ;  pod  spiral.    U  Fields  :  rare.    2— 3f.    June,  July.  § 

3  M.  f^cutellata  L.    Snails.    Lfts.  elliptical  andobovate;  ped.  1-3-flowered,  shorter 

than  the  leaf;  pod  coiled  like  a  snail-shell.    Gardens.    July.  § 

4  M.  denticnlata  Willd.    Lfts.  obovate  ;  stip.  bristly-gashed  ;  ped.  with  1—3  yellow 

flowers  ;  pod  loosely  spiral,  border  doubly  echinatc.    Ci)  1— 2f.    June.  § 

5  M.  maculata  Willd.    Lfts.  obcordate,  Avith  a  purple  spot ;  ped.  2-3-flowered  ;  pod 

compactly  spiral,  outer  edge  grooved  and  doubly  spiny.    ®  § 

6  ]?I.  iiitcrtexta  L.    Hedgehog.    Lfts.  rhomboidal ;  stip.  gashed ;  pod  spirally  coiled 

in  5  or  (J  turns,  bordered  with  bristly  prickles.    Itare.    § 

34.  MELILOTUS,  Tourn.  Melilot.  Legume  ovoid,  wrinkled,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  1-3-seeded.  Fls.  as  in  Trifolium.  @  (2)  Leaves  pinnately 
trifoliate,  leaflets  toothed.    Flowers  in  racemes.    June,  July. 

1  M.  officinalis  Willd.    Fls.  yellow ;  lfts.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  stem  erect,  with 

spreading  branches.    Alluvion.    3f.    Raceme  slender,  one-sided.    § 

2  in.  alba  Lam.    Sweet-scented  Clover.    Fls.  white;  lfts.  ovate-oblong,  truncate,  mu- 

cronate ;  vex.  longer  than  the  other  petals.    Fields.    4 — 6f. 

35.  PSORALEA.  Cal.  5-cleft,  campanulate.  Segm.  acuminate,  lower 
one  longest.  Stam.  diadelphous,  rarely  somewhat  monadelphous.  Pod  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.  %  5  Often  glandular-dotted. 
Stip.  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.    Flowers  cyanic. 

*  Leaves,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  1-foliate,  lowest  3- foliate Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  all  pinnately  3-foliate Nos.  3,  4,  5 

*  Leaves  pinnately  19-21 -foliate No.  6 

*  Leaves  palmately  3-T-foliate.— a  Silky  or  smooth.    Fls.  loosely  spicate . .  .Nos.  7, 8, 9 

—a  Villous.    Flowers  densely  capitate  Nos.  10, 11 

1  P.  caiiescens  Mx.    Bushy,  downy-canescent ;  lower  lvs.  palmately  3-foliate ;  lfts. 

roundish  obovate,  dotted,  upper  simple.    Woods,  S.    2f. 

2  P.  virgata  N.    Virgate,  sraoothish ;  loivest  lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate ;  lfts.  linear  or 

oblong,  often  all  simple  ;  spikes  rather  dense.    Ga.    2f. 

3  P.  stipnlata  T.  &  G.   Smoothish ;  lfts.  elliptic-ovate,  obtuse  ;  stipules  large,  ovate  ; 

ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  spikes  capitate.    Falls  of  Ohio,  Ky. 

4  p.  nielilotoides  Ms.     Smoothish;  lfts.  lance-oblong,  obtuse;    stip.  lanceolate; 

ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves.    Dry  soils,  S.  and  W.    2f. 

5  P.  Oiiobrycliis  N.     Pubescent;   lfts.  ovate,  acuminate;   stipules  filiform;    ped. 

long,  with  slender  spikes.    Thickets,  W.    3— of.    June,  July. 

6  P.  multijwga  Ell.     Lfts.  numerous,   oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;   spikes  oblong; 

calyx  villous,  with  long  teeth.    Upper  country.    Car.  Ga. 

7  P.  liUpinellus  Mx.    Slender,  glabrous ;  lfts.  5— 7,  linear-filiform;  rac.  elongated; 

fls.  violet ;  pod  S-shapcd.    Woods,  S.    2f.    May.  June. 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS.^.  93 

8  P.  floribisiida  N.    Canescent;  Ift?.  3,  rarely  5,  dotted,  oblong  to  linear ;  rac.  slen- 

der ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  flowers  (3") ;  pod  smooth.    111.  and  W.    3f.    June. 

9  P.  argoi>liylla  Ph.    Erect,  silky-white;  Ifts.  elliptic,  obtuse,  5,  rarely  3;  ped.  much 

longer  than  the  leaves  ;  lis.  whorled.    Wis.  to  Dakota  (Matthews.) 

10  P.  subacaiills  T.  &  G.  Nearly  stemlcss,  hirsute;  Ivs.  T-foliate  on  very  long 
petioles  ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong  ;  ped.  long,  rigid ;  cal.  teeth  obtuse.    Tenn.    April. 

IIP.  esculenta  Ph.  Erect,  rigid,  diffuse,  white-haired  ;  Ifts.  5,  oblanceolate ;  peti- 
oles long,  ped.  longer  (.30  ;  head  oblong;  sep.  and  bracts  long,  pointed.  Minn,  to  Da- 
kota (Matthews,  Colman.)    If.    Tubers  farinaceous. 

36.  SESEANIA,  Pers.  Calyx  bell-sliaped.  Vex.  spreading  or  re- 
flexed.  Keel  incurved,  with  long  claws.  Leg.  linear  or  oblong,  oo-  or 
few-seeded.  Seeds  transverse. — Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets. 
Raceme  axillary,  loose  (yellowish).    Fig.  35G. 

1  S.  macrocarpa  Muhl.    Tall,   glabrous ;    Ifts.  oblong-linear,  20 — .30 ;    pod  linear, 

long,  jointed,  many-seeded.    (T)Damp,  S.    3— 9f.    Pods  If.    Aug.— Oct. 

2  S.  platycarpa  Pers.    Tall,  glabrous;   Ifts.  as  above;  pod  oblong-elliptic,  valves 

double,  the  inner  membranous,  2-seeded.    @  S.    lOf.    Aug.  (Glottidium  Flor.  DC.) 

37.  AMORPHA,  L.  Lead  Plant.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Vex.  concave, 
unguiculate,  erect.  "Wings  and  keel  none.  Stam.  exserted.  Leg.  oblong, 
somewhat  curved  at  the  point,  sca,brous  with  glandular  points,  1  or  3- 
seeded.  5  J)  American.  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  punctate.  Fls.  bluish- 
white,  small,  in  virgate  racemes. 

*  Leaves  stalked  (lowest  leaflets  remote  from  base).    Legume  2-seeded No.  1 

*  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Lfts.  IG— 20  pairs.    Legume  1-seeded Nos.  2,  3 

1  A.  frutlcosa  L.    Scarcely  pubescent ;  lfts.  9—19,  oval,  obtuse  (!') ;  cal.  teeth  short, 

obtuse,  the  lowest  pointed.    W.  and  S.  to  Rocky  Mts.    (i— lUf.    May,  June. 

2  A.  lierbacea  Walt.    Pubescent  or  not ;  lfts.  41—51,  oblong,  obtuse  (7") ;  cal.  teeth 

Bubequal,  villous,  upper  obtuse,  lower  acute.    South.    2— If.    June,  July. 

3  A.  canesceiis  N.    Villous-canescent ;  lfts.  small  (4"),  crowded,  ovate-oblong;  vex. 

bright  blue  ;  calyx  teeth  equal,  acute.    Wis.  to  Ga.  and  W.    2  -4f.    July,  Aug. 

38.  DALEA,  L.     Calyx  subequally  cleft  or  toothed.    Pet.  unguiculate, 

claws  of  the  wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  staminate  tube  half  way  up. 

Vex.  free,  the  limb  cordate.    Sta.  10,  united  into  a  cleft  tube.    Ov.  2-ovuled. 

Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. — Glandulai'-punctate. 

Lvs.  odd-pinnate.    Stipels  0.   Stip.  minute,  setaceous.   Spikes  mostly  dense. 

I>,  alopecuroitles  Willd.  Glabrous  and  much  branched;  lfts.  S — 14  pairs,  linear- 
oval,  obtuse  or  retuse,  punctate  beneath;  spike  pedunculate,  oblong-cylindric,  silky- 
villous.    (i)  111.  to  Ala.  and  W.    2f.    Flowers  white  and  violet.    August. 

39.  PETALOSTEMON,  Mx.  Calyx  5-toothed,  nearly  equal.  Pet.  5, 
on  filiform  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  equal,  alternate  with  the  stamens  and 
united  with  the  staminate  tube.  Stam.  5,  mouadelphous,  tube  cleft.  Leg. 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx.  U  Leaves  unequall}'  pinnate, 
exstipellate.    Flowers  in  dense,  pedunculate,  oblong  spikes  or  heads. 

§  KuffNfsTERA  Lam.    Heads  corymbed,  each  with  an  involucre  of  scales  ;  calyx  teeth 
long,  plumous,  pappus-like,  setaceous No.  5 

S  Petalostemon  p?'Oju«'.    Spikes  solitary,  not  involucrate.    Calyx  teeth  short. .  .(a) 

a  Bracts  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the  calyx.    West Nos.  1,  2 

a  Bracts  not  awned,  short,  acute  or  obtuse.    South Nos.  3,  4 


94  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

1  P.  candidam  Mx.    Glabrous,  erect;  Ifts.  7— 9,  all  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  mu- 

cronate,  glandular  beneath;  spikes  on  long  peduncles;  bracts  longer  than  the  white 
petals.    Dry  prairies,  S.  and  W.    Slender.    3f.    Leaflets  1'.    July. 

2  P.  viol^ceujn  Mx.    Minutely  pubescent,  erect;  Ifts.  5,  linear,  glandular  beneath ; 

spikes  pedunculate  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  violet  petals.    Prairies,  West.    2f.    Leaf- 
lets 1'.    Heads  1'  long,  brilliant.    July,  Aug. 

3  P.  carneum  Mx.    Glabrous,  erect ;  Ifts.  5 — T,  lance-linear ;  spikes  oblong,  pedun- 

culate ;  bracts  obovate  ;  pet.  oblong.    Ga.  and  Fla.    Slender.    1— 2f.    Eose-wh.    Aug. 

4  P.  graclle  Nutt.    Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base  :  Ifts.  7,  lance-linear ;  spikes  some- 

what sessile  ;  bracts  acute  ;  petals  ovate.    Pine  woods,  Fla.  and  W.    1— 2f.    White. 

5  P.  corynibosum  Mx.    St.  corymbously  branched ;  spikes  capitate,  sessile;  bracts 

broad,  colored,  the  outer  leaf-bearing  ;  Ifts.  linear,  5—7.  .  South.    2f.    White.    Sept. 

40.  ASTRAGALUS,  L.  Milk  Yetch.  Calyx  5-toothecl.  Pet.  elon- 
gated, erect,  clawed.  Vex.  narrow,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  obtuse  keel. 
Stam.  diadclplious  (9  and  1).  Legume  mostly  turgid,  2-valved,  1-celled,  or 
2-cellcd  partly  or  completely  by  the  intrusion  of  the  sutures.  Seeds  1 —  oo, 
funiculus  slender.  If  cliieflj*.  Leaves  uneciually  pinnate.  Flowers  in 
spikes  or  racemes.    (Including  Phaca,  L.) 

§  Legume  abruptly  stipitate,  oblong,  straight-pubescent Nos.  1,  2 

§  Legume  sessile  in  the  calyx.— a  Fls.  white  or  yellowish. . .  (6) 

—a  Fls.  blue  or  tipped  with  blue . . .  (c) 

b  Legume  straight,  ovoid-oblong,  smooth,  dry,  turgid Nos.  3,  4 

b  Legume  curved,  oblong,  woolly  or  veiny,  dry,  flattened Nos.  5,  6 

c  Legume  curved,  crescent-shaped,  1-celled,  smooth No.  7 

c  Legume  globular,  fl eshy  ;  when  d ry  splitting  into  two Nos.  8,  9 

1  A.  Robbiiii^li  Cakes.    Erect;  Ifts.  5—11,  elliptical;  cor.  white,  twice  longer  than 

the  calyx  ;  pod  puberulent,  1-celled.    Rocky  shores,  Vt.    Rare.    S— 14'.    Cor.  white, 
5".    May,  June. 

2  A.  alplnus  L.    Diffuse;  Ifts.  1.3—21,  ovate;  cor.  blue  above,  thrice  longer  than  the 

calyx  ;  pod  pubescent  with  black  hairs,  2-celled.    Mts.  Vt.  Me.  Can.    June,  July. 

3  A.  Canadensis  L.    Canescent,  tall ;  Ifts.  21—31,  elliptical ;  bracts  as  long  as  the 

calyx  ;  fls.  greenish  ;  pod  2-cened.    Banks.    2— 3f.    Pod  6".    July,  August. 

4  A.  Cooperl  Gray.    Smoothish  ;  Ifts.  13—27,  elliptical ;  rac.  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  fls. 

white  ;  pod  inflated,  1-celled,  roundish-ovate,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  ventral  su- 
ture.   Bauks,  N.  Y.  and  W.     1— 2f.    June,  July.    (Phaca  neglecta  T.  &  G.) 

5  A.  glaber  Mx.    Erect,  smoothish  ;  Ifts.  15 — 23,  lance-oblong  or  linear  ;  spikes  loose; 

pod  smooth,  flattened,  2-celled.    Pine  woods,  S.    1— 2f.    Flowers  greenish.    July. 

6  A.  villosus  Mx.    Low,  villous;  Ifts.  9—15,  oblong-oval;  rac.  ovoid,  dense ;  pod  3- 

angled,  l-celled,  clothed  with  long  hairs.    Drj',  S.    3—6'.    Fls.  dull  yellow.    Mar.  Apr. 

7  A.  obcordatus  Ell.    Low,  assurgent,  smoothish;  Ifts.  7—12  pairs,  4",  oblong  to 

obovate,  cordate  at  apex  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves,  8-15-flowered ;  pod  deflexed,  in- 
curved, pointed.    111.  to  Ga.    G— 10'.    April— June.    (A.  distortus  T.  &  G.) 

8  A.  caryocarpus  Ker.     Low,  diffuse,  whitish,  downy  or  nearly  smooth;  leaves 

stalked;  Ifts.  15—21,  obovate;  ped.  longer;  fls.  S— 10",  capitate;  pod  as  large  as  a 
grape,  smoothish,  eatable.    111.  W.  and  S.    May.    (A.  Mexicana  DC.) 

9  A.  Plattensis  N.    Villous,  diffuse  ;  Ifts.  8—12  pairs,  oblong ;  stip.  lanceolate  ;  rac. 

capitate  ;  pod  ovoid,  villous.    Gravel,  111.  Tenn.  and  W.    May. 

41.  TEPHROSIA,  L.  Goat's  Rue.  Cat-gut.  Calyx  with  5,  nearly 
equal,  subulate  teeth.  Bracteolcs  0.  Ycx.  large,  orbicular.  Keel  obtuse, 
cohering  with  the  wings.  Sta.  diadelphous  (in  the  following  species)  or 
monadelphous.  Legume  linear,  much  compressed,  many-seeded.  li  Lvs. 
unequally  pinnate.    Leaflets  mucronate.    Flowers  white-purple. 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  95 

§  Flowers  large  (9—10"  long)  in  a  leafy  terminal  cluster.    Lfts.  15—27 No.  1 

§  FIs.  small,  spicatc,  on  long  pedimcles.— a  Lfts.  9—17.    Pods  downy Nos.  2,  3,  4 

—a  Lfts.  5—9.    Pods  smoothish Nos.  5,  6 

1  T.  Virgiiiica  Pers.    Erect,  villous  ;  lfts.  oblong;  fls.  subsessile,  axillary  and  termi- 

nal, variegated  with  white,  rose,  and  purple  ;  pod  villous.    Dry.    1 — 2f.    July. 

2  T.  spicata  T  &  G.    Rusty-villous,  difliise ;  lfts.  oval-oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse ;  ped. 

very  long ;  calyx  teeth  longer  than  tube.    S.    1— 3f.    July. 

3  T.  Iiispidula  Ph.    Minutely  hispid  or  pubescent,  slender,  decumbent ;  lfts.  ellip- 

tic-oblong, acute  :  cal.  teeth  not  longer  than  tube.    S.    1— 2f.    May— July. 

4  T.  ambigua  M.  A.  Curt.    Smoothish,  decumbent;  Ifls.  7—1.5,  oblong-oblanceolate, 

truncate,  brownish  beneath  ;  ped.  angular,  2-3-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  calyx 
teeth  shorter  than  tube.    S.    If.    June,  July. 

5  T.  gracilis  Wood.    Slender,  diffuse,  subglabrous  ;  Ivs.  stalked ;  lfts.  oblong-obovate, 

emarginate  ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  on  slender  pedicels ;  cal.  teeth  very 
short ;  pod  smooth.    Fla.  to  La.    G— 12'. 

6  T.  clirysopliylla  Ph.    Prostrate,  rust-pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile  ;  lfts.  round-obovate, 

acutish,  wavy,  yellowish  ;  pedunc.  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  calyx  teeth  subulate. 
Dry  woods,  Ga.  Fla.  to  Tex.    10—20'.    May— July. 

42.  INDIGOFERA,  L.  Indigo-plant.  Calyx  with  5  acute  seg- 
ments. Vex.  roundisli,  emarginate.  Keel  spurred  each  side,  at  length 
reflexed.  Legume  3-valved,  1  to  co-seeded.  5  if  Stip.  small,  distinct  from 
the  petiole.     Leaves  odd-pinnate.    Legume  pendulous. 

I  Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.    Leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse Nos.  1,  3 

§  Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves.    Leaflets  oval.    Naturalized  South Nos.  3,  4 

1  I.  Carollnlana  Walt.    Erect,  branched ;  lfts.  11—15,  petiolulate  ;  fls.  yellowish- 

brown  ;  pod  oblong,  veiny,  rugous,  2-seeded.    Sandy  woods,  S.    3— 7f    July — Sep. 

2  I.  leptosepala  N.    Decumbent,  strigous ;  lfts.  7 — 9,  subsessile ;  calyx  teeth  subu- 

late ;  fls.  pale-scarlet ;  pod  linear,  6-9-seeded.    Ga.  Fla.  to  Ark.    2— 3f. 

3  I.  TiNCTORiA  L.    Erect ;  lfts.  9—11 ;  pod  terete,  torulous,  curved.   Waste  pi.  §  E.  lud. 

4  I.  Anil  L.    Erect ;  lfts.  7—11 ;  pod  flattened,  even,  with  thick  edges.  Waste.  §  W.  Ind. 

43.  ROBINIA,  L.  Locust.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  segments  more 
or  less  coherent.  Vex.  large.  Alae  obtuse.  Sta.  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 
Stj^le  bearded  inside.  Legume  compressed,  elongated,  many-seeded.  "5 1) 
With  stipular  spines.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Fls.  showy,  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes.    Fragrant.    Fig.  403. 

//     l^R.  Pscudacacla  L.     Common  Locust.    Branches  armed  with  spines  ;  lfts.  ovate 
,^      and  oblong-ovate  ;  rac.  pendulous,  white,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  pods.    Penn.  S.  and 
/L„  W.    Introduced  everywhere.    30 — SOf.    Wood  very  durable.    April,  May. 

2  K.  viscosa  Vent.     Clammy  Locust.    Spines  very  short ;  branchlets,  petioles,  and 

pods  glandular-viscid  ;  lfts.  ovate  ;  rac.  crowded,  erect,  roseate.  Mts.  S.  40f  Ap.  Jn.  t 

3  K.  liispida  L.     Rose  Acacia.    Spines  almost  wanting,  shrub  mostly  hispid ;  rac. 

loose,  mostly  pendulous  ;  fls.  large,  rose-red.    Mts.  S.    .3 — Sf.    May,  June,    t 

44.  COLUTEA,  L.  Bladder  Senna.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Vex.  with 
2  callosities,  expanded,  larger  than  the  obtuse  carina.  Stig.  lateral,  under 
the  hooked  summit  of  the  style,  which  is  longitudinally  bearded  on  the 
back  side.    Legume  inflated,  scarious.     +)  Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

r.  ARBOREscENS  L.    Lftg.  elliptical,  retuse ;  vex.  shortly  gibbous  behind.    Mt.  Vesuvius. 
8— 12f.    Leaflets  about  9.    Flowers  large,  yellow.    Jime— Aug. 


%  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

45.  WISTARIA,  Nutt.  Cal.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower 
one  3  subequal  teeth.  Vex.  with  3  callosities  ascending  the  claw  and 
separating  above.  Wings  and  keel  falcate,  the  former  adhering  at  top. 
Legume  torulous.  Seeds  many,  reniform.  h  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Ra- 
ceme large,  with  large,  colored  bracts.    Flowers  lilac-purple. 

1  W.  frutesoens  DC.    Pubescent  when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  Ifte.  9— 1.3,  ovate 

or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  ;  raceme  densely  QO-flowered;  calyx  teeth  obtuse;  ovary 
glabrous.    Swamps,  S.    15— 30f.    Woody.    April,  May. 

2  W.  coNsEQUANA  Bcnth.    Pubescent;  Ifts.  9—1.3,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 

nate ;  raceme  loose,  pendulous,  If  long ;  calyx  teeth  acuminate.    China.    April. 

46.  APIOS,  L.  Gkounb  Nut.  Calyx  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  upper 
lip  of  2  veiy  short,  rounded  teeth,  the  3  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the 
lower  one  acute  and  elongated.  Keel  falcate,  pushing  back  the  broad, 
plicate  vex.  at  top.  ^  Glabrous.  Eoot  bearing  edible  tubers.  Leaves 
pinnately  5-7-foliate. 

A.  tuberosa  Ph.  St.  twining;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate;  rac.  shorter  than  the  Ivs.  Thick- 
ets and  shady  woods.  2— Sf.  Rac.  1—3' long.  Fls.  brownish-purple.  Handsome.  Jl.Aug. 

47.  VIGNA,  Savi.  (To  Dominie  Vigna,  commentator  on  Theophras- 
tus.)  Calyx  of  4  lobes,  the  upper  twice  broader,  the  lower  longer.  Vex. 
broad,  with  3  callosities  near  the  base  of  the  limb.  Keel  not  twisted. 
Stigma  lateral.    Legume  terete.     ^  Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate. 

V,  Iiirsiita  Feay.  Plant  hirsute,  the  stem  retrorscly  so;  cal.  with  1  bractlet  at  base; 
Bcgm.  all  acute,  the  lower  acuminate  ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed.  Marshes,  S.  Car. 
Fla.  to  La.    6— lOf.    Flowers  pale  yellow,  6".    Pod  2',  4-G-secded.    July— Sept. 

48.  RHYNCHOSIA,  DC.  Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  or  4-parted,  with 
the  upper  segment  2-cleft.  Vex.  without  callosities.  Keel  falcate.  Style 
glabrous.  Legume  oblique,  short,  compressed,  1-3-seeded.  Seeds  carun- 
culate.  U  ^  Leaves  resinous-dotted  beneath,  pinnately  3-foliate,  sometimes 
reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.    Flowers  yellow. 

§  PuASEOLoinBJS.  Twining.    Raceme  long,  00-flowered.    Calyx  teeth  short No.  1 

§  ARCTrnrLLUM.    Low,  or  twining.    Flowers  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes. 

Calyx  teeth  leafy,  as  long  as  the  corolla Nos.  2,  3,  4 

§  Orthodanum.    Erect.    Ped.  1-flowered,  axillary.    Calyx  teeth  subulate No.  5 

1  R.  niiniina  DC.    Scrambling  ;  Ifts.  thin,  rhomboidal ;  rac.  with  about  12  remote,  re- 

flexed  fls. ;  pod  torulous,  6"  long.    Banks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    3— of,  delicate. 

2  K.  sinipllcifolia  (Ell.)    Low,  erect,  pubescent;  Ivs.  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet,  or- 

bicular or  reniform,  obtuse.    Sandy  woods,  S.    1—3'.    Leaves  ly.    April,  May. 

3  K.  voliibllls  Wood.    Twining,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  3-fol. ;  Ifts.  oval  or  orbicular;  rac. 

3-10-flwd. ;  calyx  teeth  ovate,  cuspidate.    Dry  woods,  S.    3 — If.    Lfts.  V.    June,  July. 

4  R.  erecta  Wood.    Tall,  velvety  pubescent ;  Ivs.  3-foliate ;  lfts.  oval,  acute ;  sepals 

scarcely  united,  lance-ovate  to  linear.    Dry.    Md.  to  Fla.    2— 5f.    June— Aug. 

5  R.  galactotdes  Chapm.    St.  erect,  rigid,  branched;  lfts.  small,  elliptic  or  oval, 

margins  revolute  ;  ped.  half  as  long  as  the  flowers.    Ala.  Fla.    2 — 3f. 

49.  PHASEOLUS,  L.  Kidney-bean.  Cal.  upper  lip  2-toothcd,  lower 
8-toothed.    Keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted.    Leg.  com- 


Order  43.— LEGIIMINOS^.  97 

pressed  and  falcate,  or  cylindric,  many-seeded.     Seeds  compressed,  reni- 
form.   Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.   Leaflets  stipellate.   Figs.  157, 203-4, 214. 

§  Flowers  arranged  in  racemes.    Legume  falcate.    July— Sept No.  1 

§  Flowers  few,  capitate  on  long  stalks.    Legume  straight,  linear Nos.  2 — 4 

Exotic— a  Stems  climbing Nos.  5,  6,  7 

—a  Stem  erect,  bushy.  No.  8 

1  P.  perennis  Walt.    J^lld  Bean  Vine.    Twining,  pubescent ;  rac.  paniculate,  mostly 

in  pairs,  axillary;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  3-veined;  leg.  pendulous,  falcate,  broad- 
mucronate.    Dry  woods :  common.    4— 7f.    Pod  2'. 

2  F.  dlversifoHus  Pars.    St.  prostrate,  scabrous  ;  Ifts.  angular,  2-3-lobed  or  entire  ; 

ped.  longer  than  leaf;  pod  pubescent,  broadly-linear,  cylindric.  ©  Sandy  shores.  3— 5f. 

3  P.  lielvolus  L.    St.  slender ;  Ifts.  between  oblong-ovate  and  lance-ovate,  not  lobed ; 

ped.  slender,  several  times  longer  than  the  leaves;  pod  straight,  cylindric,  8-10- 
seeded.    n  Sandy  fields.    3— 5f. 

4  P.  pauclflorus  Benth.    Stem  slender,  retrorsely  hirsute ;  Ifts.  linear-oblong,  not 

lobed,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  hirsute ;  pod  hirsute,  5-S-seeded.    Prairies,  111.  (Mead) 
and  W.    2— 4f. 

5  P.  VULGARIS.    Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate;  rac.  solitary;  pod  pendulous,  long-pointed; 

seed  reniform,  variously  colored.    (T)  E.  Ind.    Flowers  white.    3^8f. 

6  P.  LUNATUS.    Li7na  B.    Lfts.  ovate-deltoid ;  pod  broad,  flat,  falcate,  with  large,  flat, 

white  seeds  ;  flowers  whitish.    @  E.  Ind.    G— 12f. 

7  P.  MULTIFLOEUS.    Scurlel  Pole  B.    Lfts.  ovate,  acute;  rac.  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  fls. 

scarlet ;  pod  pendulous,  seeds  reniform.    ®  S.  Am.    6— lOf. 

8  P.  NANUS.     Bush  B.     Lfts.  broad-ovate,  acute ;  pod  torulous ;  flowers  and   seeds 

white.    (T)  India.    If.    There  are  many  varieties. 

50.  ERYTHRINA,  L.  Calyx  truncate  or  lobed.  Vex.  long,  lanceolate, 
"with  no  callosities.  Wings  and  keel  mucli  smaller.  Stam.  straight,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  vexillum.  Style  glabrous.  Legume  torulous.  5)  b  ^  Often 
prickly.    Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.    Flowers  racemed. 

1  E.  Iierl>acea  L.    Glabrous;  lfts.  rhombic-hastate,  with  3  rounded,  shallow  lobes; 

petioles  with  here  and  there  a  small  hooked  prickle  ;  rac.  terminal ;  flowers  slender, 
deep  scarlet,  2'.    Rich  soils,  S.    Rhizome  thick.    3 — 4f.    April. 

2  E.  Crist.'V-galli.    Shrub  or  tree ;  lfts.  ovate  or  elliptical,  with  hooked  prickles  be- 

neath ;  banner  recurved  ;  fls.  scarlet,  in  large  racemes.    Planted  South. 

51.  AMPHICARP^A,  Ell.  Pea-vine.  Calyx  with  4  or  5  nearly 
equal  segments.  Pet.  oblong.  Vex.  with  the  sides  appressed.  Stig.  capi- 
tate. Ovary  on  a  sheathed  stipe.  Leg.  flat,  2-4-seeded.  ®  Slender, 
twining.  Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.  The  upper  flowers  complete,  but 
usually  barren,  the  lower  apetalous  and  fruitful. 

1  A.  monoica  Nutt.    St.  retrorsely  pubescent;   lfts.  ovate,  thin;  cauline  racemes 

pendulous;   cal.  segm.  very  short;  bracts  minute.    Woods.    4— 8f.    "Very  slender. 
Flowers  pale  purple.    Upper  pods  4-seeded,  lower  1-seeded.    July— Sept. 

2  A.  Pitclierl  T.  &  G.    Stem  rusty-villous ;   lfts.  rhomboid-ovate ;  rac.  erect,  often 

branched ;  bracts  broad,  conspicuous.    N.  Orleans  and  W.    Seeds  blackish. 

52.  GALACTIA,  L.  Cal.  bibracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  segments  of  nearly 
equal  length,  upper  one  broadest,  entire.  Pet.  oblong.  Vex.  broadest  and 
incumbent.  Keel  petals  slightly  cohering  at  top.  Legume  many-seeded. 
"&  ^  L.  Lvs.  pinnately  compound.  Rac.  axillary.   Fls.  purplish.   Aug.  Sept. 

5 


98  Order  43.~LEGUMIN0S^. 

§  Leaves  pinnate,  7-9-foliate.    Sts.  prostrate,  twining.    Lvs.  coriaceous Jfo.  t 

§  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.    Sts.  prostrate,  twining.    Pods  12 — 18"  long. .  .Nos.  2 — 4 
§  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.  Sts.  erect  or  ascending.  Petioles  longer  than  Ifts. .  Nos.  5, 6 

1  G.  Elliottil  N.    Lfts.  elliptic-oblong,  obtnse;  ped.  longer  than  the  lvs.,  few-flwd.  at 

the  top  ;  upper  sep.  (double)  broad-ovate.    7i  Ga.  Fla.    .3— Tf.    Kose-white.    May,  Jn. 

2  (i,  glabella  Mx.    St.  nearly  glabrous ;  lfts.  elliptic-oblong,  eniarginate  at  each  end, 

shining  above,  a  little  hairy  beneath  ;  rac.  pedunculate,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves ; 
flowers  6",  pedicellate.    V  Arid  soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2— 4f.    Rose-purple. 

3  G.  mollis  Mx.    St.  softly  pubescent;  lfts.  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth  above,  softly 

villous  and  whitish  beneath  ;  rac.  longer  than  the  leaves,  pedunculate,  fasciculate  ;  fls. 
4",  on  very  short  pedicels  ;  pod  villous.    2i  Dry  soils,  Md.  to  Ga.    2 — If. 
p.  intcrop/t/flla,    Lfts.  small  (4 — 6'0,  oval ;  fls.  solitary,  and  nearly  sessile  in  the 
npper  axils  ;  pods  5  or  6-seeded.    Ga.  Fla.  (Miss  S.  Keen.) 

4  G.  pilosa  N.    St.  pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  lfts.  thin,  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  or 

retuse  at  both  ends  ;  rac.  very  slender,  twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the  leaves,  with 
scattered,  distant  flowers.    7i  Dry  soils,  S.    3— 7f.    Leaflets  1—2'.    Flowers  4". 

5  G.  bracU^poda  T.  &  G.    Slender,  branching ;  lfts.  oblong,  odd  one  petiolalate  ; 

rac.  stalked,  shorter  than  the  leaves,    n  Sandy  woods,  W.  Fla.    2— 3f,  ascending. 

6  G.  sesslllflora  T.  &  G.    St.  simple,  flexuous ;  lfts.  oblong-linear,  odd  one  subses- 

sile  ;  rac.  very  short,  sessile.    Sandy  woods,  S.    1— 2f.    Lfts.  1'— 20".    Pod  erect. 

53.  DOLICHOS,  L.  Calyx  4-lobed,  the  npper  lobe  2-toothed  or  entire. 
Vex.  with  2  or  4  callosities  at  the  base  of  the  limb.  The  free  stamen  spur- 
red at  base.  Legume  flattened  with  a  few  oval,  flattened  seeds,  b  Leaves 
pinnately  3-foliate. 

1  D.  ninltlflorns  T.  &  G.    Lfts.  ample,  orbicular,  acute,  thin,  pubescent;  racemes 

equalling  the  petioles,  densely  00-flwd.  at  the  top  of  the  stout  peduncle  ;  calyx  npper 
lip  entire  ;  pod  4-5-seeded.    n  Banks,  Ga.  to  La. 

2  D.  Hiilel  Wood.    Lfts.  ample,  round-ovate,  acuminate  ;  petioles  3  times  longer  than 

the  few-(3-S)-flwd.,  stalked  raceme  ;  pod  broad,  2-3-seeded,  the  point  incurved,    n  N. 
Orleans  and  W.  (Dr.  J.  Hale.)    Pod  2'. 

3  D.  SESQUiPEDALis.    Pods  smooth,  subterete,  very  long  (If).    \V.  Ind.    t  South. 

4  D.  Cat-iang.    Pods  linear,  erect,  twin  at  top  of  the  long  petl.    E.  Ind.    t  South. 

54.  OLITORIA,  L.  Calyx  bibracteolate,  5-toothed,  segm.  acuminate. 
Vex.  large,  spreading,  roundish,  emarginate,  not  spurred.  Keel  smaller 
than  the  wings,  acute,  on  long  claws.  Legume  linear-oblong,  torulous, 
several-seeded,  b  Leaves  pinnately  3-5-foliate.  Flowers  very  large,  soli- 
tary, or  several  together. 

C  Mariana  L.  Glabrous ;  lfts.  .3,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones 
petiolulate  ;  ped.  short,  1-3-flwd. ;  bracteoles  and  bracts  veiy  short ;  pod  ;3-4-seeded. 
2f  Dry  soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    1— 3f.    Flowers  pale  purple.    July,  Aug. 

55.  CENTROSEMA,  DC.  Sep.  lance-linear,  slightly  united,  the  lower 
longest  and  with  2  broad  bractlets.  Vex.  very  large,  with  a  short  spur 
on  the  back  near  the  base.  Keel  and  stamens  much  shorter,  incurved. 
Legume  long,  linear,  margined  and  long-pointed.  ^  Leaves  pinnately  3- 
foliate.    Flowers  veiy  large,  purple. 

C  Tirglnlana  Benth.  St.  very  slender ;  lfts.  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-linear,  finn,  very 
veiny,  the  veins  incurved ;  ped.  1-4-flowered,  bractlets  larger  (not  longer)  than  the 
calyx  ;  pod  veined  along  the  margin,    n  Dry  soils,  S.    2— 5f.    July,  August. 


OnDEU  43.— LEGUMINOSJE.  99 

56.  EENNEDYA,  Vent.  Two  upper  lobes  of  calyx  balf-imited.  Ban- 
ner broad,  spreading,  keel  as  long  as  t!ie  wings,  incurved.    Legume  linear. 

^  Australian  twiners  with  brilliant  Howers  in  clusters.    Leaves  3-nate. 

1  K.  CoMPTONiANA.     Smoothish;  Ifts.  3,  ovate,  retu?e,  veinj' ;  peduncle  bearing  an 

erect  raceme  of  many  bright  blue  flower"?,  very  ornamental  in  the  conservatory.    12f. 

2  K.,  RUBiciJNDA.    Hairy ;  1ft?.  ovate  ;  ped.  3  flwd.,  fls.  dark-red  or  crimson,  to  scarlet.  5f. 

57.  HARDENBERGIA,  Benth.     Two  upper  teeth  of  calyx  united. 
Banner  broad,  spreading,  keel  much  shorter  than  wings.    Legume  linear. 
*>  Australian.    Flowers  in  racemes,  very  delicate.     Leaflet  mostly  but  1. 
H.  MONOPHTLLA.    Plant  very  smooth  ;  1ft.  lance-ovate  ;  rac.  erect ;  fls.  blue-purple.  lOf. 

58.  ACACIA,  Xecker.  Calyx  valvate,  4-  or  5-toothed.  Pet.  4  or  5, 
small,  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Sta.  numerous,  distinct.  Legume  not  jointed, 
dry,  2-valved,  oo-seeded.  Beautiful  trees  or  shrubs,  native  of  warm  cli- 
mates. Lvs.  twice  pinnate,  or  reduced  to  phyllodia  (§  321).  Fls.  yellow 
or  j'eilowish,  in  spikes  or  heads,  very  niunerous  and  showy. 

§  Leaves  bipinnate.    Flowers  collected  in  heads  or  spikes Nos.  1—3 

§  Leaves  abortive— reduced  to  flattened  petioles  (phyllodia)  with  their  edges 

vertical.    Flowers  yellow, — x  in  globular,  solitary  heads Nos.  4,  5 

— X  in  globular,  racemed  heads Nos.  G,  7 

—X  in  cylindri-cal  spikes Noe.  8—11 

1  A.  Farnesiaiia  L.    Sponge  Tree.    Tree  armed  with  straight  stipular  spines;  lvs. 

with  4—8  pairs  of  piuns,  leaflets  15 — 20  pairs,  oblong,  crowded  ;  ped.  2  or  3  together. 
Naturalized  along  the  Gulf,  Fla.  to  N.  Orleans.    Pods  2— .3'  long.    (Vachullia,  C-B.) 

2  A.  ALBICANS.    Shrub  from  Mexico,  5f,  with  stipular  spines,  silvery-pubescent ;  leaves 

with  8  or  9  pairs  of  pinnse,  leaflets  19—30  pairs,  linear-oblong,  glabrous ;  flowers 
wliite,  the  heads  in  axillary  racemes,  2—5  together. 

3  A.DEALBATA.    Shrub  thornless,  5f,  from  N.  Holland,  all  velvety-pubescent;  pinnae 

>5  pairs,  leaflets  .30 — 35  pairs,  linear,  crowded ;  heads  in  axillary  racemes. 

4  A.  JUNIPERINA.    Shrub  from  N.  Holland,  spinescent ;  phyllodia  linear-subulate,  pun- 

gent ;  branches  terete,  hairy  or  downy ;  heads  solitary  ;  petals  5. 

5  A.  AR5IATA.    Shrub  5 — 8f,  downy  or  hairy,  with  spinescent  stipules  ;  phyllodia  half- 

oblong-ovate,  entire,  1-veined  ;  heads  solitary  ;  pods  velvety.    N.  Holland. 

6  A.  VESTITA.    Shrub  (if,  clothed  with  a  soft  down;  leaves  (phyllodia)  halved,  elliptic- 

oblanceolate ;  heads  loosely  racemed  along  the  ped.,  one  being  terminal.    N.  Holland. 

7  A.  cuLTRiFORMis.    Shrub  5f,  smooth  and  glaucous ;  leaves  curved,  triangular-lanceo- 

late, coriaceous ;  heads  in  racemes,  panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

8  A.  VERTiciLiATA.   Shrub  bushy,  leafy,  with  the  phyllodia  and  leaf-like  stipules  croveded 

and  irregularly  whorled ;  spikes  oblong,  solitary,  axillary.    New  Holland. 

9  A.  LONGiFOLiA.    Shrub  5f,  unarmed,  with  the  phyllodia  long,  linear-lanceolate,  3- 

veined  at  base,  veiny  above  ;  spikes  axillary,  in  pairs  ;  flowers  4-parted.    N.  S.  Wales. 

10  A.  LINEARIS.    Shrub  5f,  unarmed,  with  phyllodia  very  long  (7')  and  narrowly  lin- 
ear, 1-veined  ;  spikes  axillary,  many,  often  branched  ;  calyx  4-purtL'd. 

11  A.  FLOi'.EBUNDA.    Shrub  Or  Small  tree,  G— lOf;  phyllodia  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate 
both  ways,  3-5-vcir.ed  ;  spikes  simple,  axillary,  solitary;  calyx  4-toothed.  N.Holland. 

59.  POINCIANA,  L.  Sepals  5,  united  just  at  base.  Petals  broad,  un- 
guiculate,  spreading.  Stam.  10,  very  long,  decurved  with  the  slender  style. 
Legume  flat.     J)  Tropical.    Leaflets  very  many,  no  odd  one.     Fls.  large. 

1  P.  PtTLCHERRiJiA.  Shrub  prickly  (used  in  the  W.  Ind.  for  hedges,  hence  called  Floixer- 
fence) ;  leaflets  oval-oblong ;  fls.  2'  broad,  orange,  with  crimson  filaments  2'  long.  lOf. 


100  Order  43.— LEGUMINOSJE. 

2  P.  GiLLEsii.  From  S.  Am.  Thomleas  ;  Ifts.  very  small ;  fls.  2',  ylw.,  the  pet.  subeqnal, 

subsessile,  glaudular-ciliate  at  apex.  [one  spotted.    From  Madagascar.    lOf. 

3  P.  EEGiA,  has  crimson  flowers  3'  broad,  the  petals  long-clawed,  crenate-edged,  upper 

60.  CALLISTACHYS,  Vent.  Calyx  2-lipped.  Banner  erect,  keel  uiul 
wings  deflexed.  Stara.  10,  separate,  as  in  Baptisia.  Style  incurved.  Pod 
woody  before  ripening,  many-seeded.  ^)  From  New  Holland.  Leaves 
3-foliate  but  sessile.     Flowers  yellow,  in  a  terminal  cluster. 

1  C  LANCEOLATA.    Hairy,  half-shrubby  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  apparently  2t7torte''i  iu  3's. 

2  C.  OVATA.    Pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  ;  spike  short  and  broad,  many-flowered. 

61.  SOPHORA,  L.  Keel  obtuse,  not  shorter  than  the  wings  or  round- 
ish banner.  Pod  stipitate,  many-seeded,  moniliform,  indehiscent.  Seeds 
globular.     J)  5  Leaves  odd-pinnate.     Panicles  terminal. 

1  S.  tonicntosa  L.    Shrub  4— fif,  hoary-tomentons  ;  Ifts.  about  13,  oblong,  thick  ;  fls. 

in  long  racemes,  yellow,  handsome  ;  calyx  obscurely  5-toothed  ;  pod  6'.    Coast,  l<'ia. 

2  S.  Japonica.     Tree  30— 40f,  from  Japan,  hardy  from  Philadelphia  south.     Leaflets 

about  13,  smooth  ;  panicles  large,  erect,  open,  white,  in  July  and  August. 

62.  CHOROZEMA  ilicifolia.  Shrub  from  N.  Holland,  3f,  bushy, 
•with  thick  spinescent,  holly-like,  simple  leaves,  and  a  profusion  of  deep  orange  or  scarlet 
racemes.    Calyx  2-lipped.    Keel  shorter  than  the  wings.    Pod  inflated,  many-seeded. 

63.  OROBUS,  Tourn.  Bitter  Vetch.  Calyx  obtuse  at  base,  deeper 
clelt  on  upper  side.  Cor.  long,  keel  incurved,  shorter  than  wings  or  banner. 
Sty.  terete,  downy  above.     U  Lfts.  2 — 12,  rachis  ending  in  a  short  point. 

1  O.  viiRNUS.    Lfts.  6,  ovate,  pointed  ;  Blip,  i-sagit.,  entire  ;  fls.  blue  and  purp.   Apr.   If. 

2  O.  NIGER.    Branched.  3f ;  lfts.  12,  ovate  to  oblong  ;  flowers  dark  purple.    June— Aug. 

3  O.  ATROPunpUKEUS.    Leaflets  G,  linear ;  flowers  dark  purple,  in  long  1-sided  racemes. 

64.  LENS  ESCULENTA.  Lentil.  Herb  cultivated  for  food  at  the  East 
since  the  times  of  Esau,  seldom  seen  here.  Stem  weak,  If.  Leaves  of  many  pairs  of  ob- 
long leaflets,  ending  in  a  branched  tendril.  Eaceme  of  2  or  3  pale  flowers  succeeded  by  a 
short  broad  pod.    Seed  exactly  lens-shaped,  givin-g  the  name.    ® 

65.  CYTISUS,  L.  Cal.  2-lipped,  with  5  teeth,  keel  obtuse,  straightish. 
Style  incurved  or  at  length  involute.  Seeds  with  a  scale  at  the  hilum 
(strophiolatc).     5  Leaves  of  3  leaflets,  the  upper  becoming  simple. 

C.  scopARius.  Scotch  Broom.  Shrub  with  smooth  angular,  virgate branches  ;  lfts.  oblong; 
pedicels  solitary,  axillary  ;  flowers  yellow,  showy  ;  pods  hairy  at  edge.    Europe. 

66.  TRIGONELLA  Fcenum-Gr.5:cum.  Fenugreek.  Herb  from  Eu- 
rope, in  gardens.  Cult,  fur  its  strong-scented  herbage.  2f.  Lfts.  3,  cuneate  at  base.  ifh. 
axillary,  sessile,  small,  white.    Pods  linear,  long,  slightly  falcate  at  point,  3  or  3  together. 

67.  CLIANTHUS,  Soland.  Cal.  bell-form,  5-cleft.  Banner  lance-ovate, 
acuminate,  reflexed,  keel  boat-shaped,  decurved,  as  long  as  the  banner, 
longer  than  the  narrow  wings.  Pod  oblong,  inflated.  5  From  JN'ew 
Zealand.    Leaves  odd  pinnate.    Flowers  large  and  splendid. 

1  C.  PUNicEus.      Shrub  smoothish,  4f;    leaflets  about  17,  oblong,   refuse,  alternate; 

flowers  3'  wide,  crimson-red,  in  dense  hanging  racemes  of  superb  appearance. 

2  C.  Dampierh.    Shrub  hairy,  4f;  leaflets  about  IT,  oval,  acute;    flowers  very  large, 

scarlet,  with  a  black  prominence  at  the  base  of  the  banner.    Flowers  freely. 


Order  44.— ROSACE.E.  101 

Order  XLIV.  ROSACEJE.  Roseworts. 
Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flow- 
ers. Sepals  5,  rarely  fewer,  united,  often  re-enforced  by  as  many  bractlets. 
Petals  5,  rarely  0,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  calyx  tube. 
Stamens  oo,  rarely  few,  distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  (perigynous). 
Ovaiies  1,  2,  5,  or  oo,  distinct,  or  often  coherent  with  each  other,  or  im- 
mersed in  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  drupe,  or  achenia,  or  a  dry  or 
juicy  etcerio  (^  15S),  or  pome.  Seeds  1  or  few  in  each  carpel,  anatropous, 
exalbuminous.  Embryo  straight.  Figs.  5,  35,  38,  117,  139,  158,  183-5,  188, 
197,  244,  251,  285,  297,  300-1,  307,  358,  365-6,  400,  428. 

A  Ovary  superior,  and  the  fruit  not  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx. .  .(a) 
A  Ovary  inferior,  and  the  fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx  tube. .  .(m) 

a  Carpel  1,  forming  a  drupe  in  fruit.    Calyx  deciduous.    Trees  or  shrubs. .  .{b) 

o  Carpels  2 — 00.     Cal3-x  persistent,  bractless.     Shrubs  or  herbs... (c) 

a  Carpels  4 —  CO.     Calyx  persistent,  with  5  bractlets  added.     Herbs  mostly. . .(/) 

6  Tribe  I.  CHRYSOBALANE.E.— Style  lateral.    Ovules  2,  ascending CiiRysOB.\LA>us.  1 

6  Tribe  II.  AMYGD.iLE^.— Style  terminal.     Ovules  2,  pendulous Pruxus.  2 

c  Tribe  III.  SPIR^E^.— Carpels  2—8,  several-seeded  folhcles  in  fruit. .  .(<7) 

d  Petals  obovate,  equal,  imbricate  in  the  bud Spir^A.  3 

d  Petals  lance-linear,  convolute  in  the  bud GiLLENlA.  i 

c  Tribe  IV.  RUBE^.— Carpels  2—  GO,  1-seeded  drupes  or  achenia («) 

e  Shrubs  unarmed.    Carpels  5—8.    Petals  5  (or  CO ),  yellow Kereia.  5 

e  Shrubs  unarmed.     Carpels  2 — i.    Petals  0.     Calyx  leafy Neviusia.  6 

e  Shrubs  prickly.     Carpels  CO ,  drupaceous  and  juicy .RuBUS.  7 

«  Herbs  not  prickly.     Carpels  5—10  {2—6  in  No.  12),  dry Daliearda.  8 

/  Tribe  V.  FR.iGARIDE.E.- Carpels  i—  00,  1-seeded  achenia  in  fruit... (9) 

g  Style  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia. — h  Petals  8  or  9 Drtas.  9 

—?i  Petals  5 Geum.  10 

g  Style  deciduous.— 7i  Torus  pulpy,  globular,  red Feagaria.  11 

—k  Torus  spongy  or  dry.— J  Bractlets  minute  or  0 Waldsteinia.  12 

— I  Bractlets  5 Potentilla.  13 

VI  Tribe  VI.  S.iNGUISORBE.^.— Carpels  1—3,  acheniate.     Petals  0  or  5. .  .(n) 

n  Stiimens  1—4.     Style  lateral.     Flowers  apetalous,  scattered Alcbemilla.  14 

n  Stamens  4— CO.     Style  terminal.     Flowers  apetalous,  spicate Poteriu.m.  15 

n  Stamens  10— 15.     Styles  2.     Petals  5,  yellow Agruionia.  16 

m  Tribe  VII.  ROSE^.— Carpels  00,  1-seeded,  free  in  the  calyx  tube Rosa.  17 

m  Tribe  VIII.  POME^E. —Carpels  2—5,  consolidated  with  the  calyx  tube. .  .(o) 

o  Petals  oblong-spatulate.    Carpels  half-2-celled Amklanchikr.  18 

o  Petals  roundish.— ^  Carpels  1-seeded Crat^GUS.  19 

-^  Carpels  2-seeded PrRUS.  20 

—p  Carpels  CO -seeded Cydoxia.  21 

1.  CHRYSOBALANUS,  L.  Cocoa  Plum.  Calyx  5-cleft;  Pet.  5.  Sta. 
about  20,  in  a  single  series.  Ov.  solitary,  sessile,  the  style  arising  from  the 
base.  Ovules  2,  collateral.  Drupe  1-seeded,  with  thin  pulp.  5  With 
entire,  veiny  leaves,  minute  stipules,  and  terminal  panicles. 

C.  oblongifolius  Mx.  Lvs.  oblong,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  subsessile,  pedicels  and 
calyx  tomentous-hoary ;  fil.aments  and  ovary  glabrous ;  drupe  as  large  as  a  plum. 
Pine-barrens,  Ga.  Ala.  Fla.    8— 12f.    Leaves  shining.    Flowers  small,  white. 

2.  PRUNUS,  Tourn.  Plum,  &c.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  bell-shaped 
or  cup-shaped,  deciduous.  Pet.  5,  spreading.  Sta.  15 — 30.  Ov.  solitary, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  bony  nucleus.  5  h  Pi'uit 
mostly  edible.  Fls.  white  or  purplish.  Figs.  51, 119-21, 124-5, 158,  285,  297. 


102  Okder  44.— rosacea. 

{  Pkunus.    Drupe  smooth,  more  or  less  glaucous  with  a  bloom.    Stone  smooth,  more 
or  less  flattened.    Leaves  mostly  convolute  (rolled)  in  vernation.    Plums.  .  .(a) 

a  Umbels  2-5-flowered.    Leaves  conspicuously  acuminate No.  1 

a  Umbels  2-5-flowered.    Leaves  acute  or  obtuse  Kos.  2,  3,  4 

a  Umbels  1-2-flowered.    Leaves  acute,  obovate,  or  oval Nos.  5,  6 

I  Cerasus.    Drupe  smooth,  without  bloom.    Stone  smooth,  globular. 
Leaves  conduplicate  (folded  §254)  in  vernation.    Cherries.  . . (6) 

b  Flowers  in  lateral  leafless  umbels.    Drupes  small.    Native Nos.  7,  8 

b  Flowers  in  lateral  leafless  umbels.    Drupes  large.    Exotic Nos.  9, 10 

b  Flowers  in  racemes — c  tei-minating  the  leafy  branches Nos.  11, 12 

— c  in  the  axils  of  the  evergreen  leaves No.  13 

§  Akbieniaca.    Drupe  soft-velvety.    Stone  smooth,  compressed.     Lvs. 

convolute  in  bud,  expanding  after  the  flowers.    Apricots Nos.  14, 15 

§  Amtgdalus.    Drupe  tomentous  or  smooth.    Stone  rugous-furrowed, 
compressed.    Leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation. . . (d) 

a  Fruit  with  a  soft  juicy  pulp.    Small  trees.    Peach,  &c No.  16 

d  Fruit  with  a  hard  dr>'  pulp.   Trees  or  low  shrubs.    Almond.  .  .Nos,  17, 18, 19 

1  I».  Americana  Marsh.    Bed  Plum.  Yellow  Pluvi.    Somewhat  thorny  ;  lvs.  oblong- 

oval  and  obovate,  abruptly  and  strongly  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  drupes  roundish 
oval,  reddish  orange,  with  a  tough  skin.    Low  woods.    10 — 15f.    May.  t 

2  P.  maritluia  Wang.     Beach  Plum.     Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,   slightly  acuminate, 

sharply  serrate  ;  petioles  with  2  glands;  umbels  few-flowered;  ped.  short,  pubescent; 
fruit  nearly  round.    Sea  beach,  Me.  to  Va.    3— 4f.    Fruit  size  of  a  grape.    May. 

3  P.  nmbellata  Ell.    Lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance-oval,  acute  or  barely  acuminate,  ob- 

scurely serrulate ;   petioles  glandless  ;  umbels  .3-5-flowered,  precocious ;  fruit  oval, 
small,  glaucous,  red.    Dry  soils,  South.    10— 15f.    Fruit  pleasant.    May. 

4  P.  Cliicasa  Mx.     Chickmaw  Plum.    Branches  spinous ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or 

oblanceolate,  glandular  serrulate,  not  at  all  acuminate;  pedicels  short,  smooth  ;  drupe 
globous.    Thickets,  South.    G— 12f.    Fruit  red  or  yellowish.    April. 
b  P.  spinosa  L.     ^.  in»ititia.    Bullace  Pluvi.     Branches  thorny ;   lvs.  pubescent 
beneath ;  obovate-elliptical,  varying  to  ovate,  sharply  and  doubly  dentate ;  umbels 
1-2-flowered;  fruit  globular,  black,  glaucous.    Roadsides.    15— 20f.    § 

6  P.  DOMESTIC  A  L.     Common  Garden  Plum.    Damson  Phim.    Branches  unarmed ;  lvs. 

oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  pedicels  nearly  solitary  ;  dnipe  globous,  oval,  ovoid, 
and  obovoid.    Long  cultivated.    15f.    Italy. 

7  P.  pumila  L.     Sand  Cherry.     Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acute,  subserrato, 

smooth,  paler  beneath ;  umbels  few-flowered,  sessile  ;  drupe  ovoid.    Shrub  ti-ailing  in 
sandy  soils.    1— 2f.    Fniit  small,  dark  red,  pleasant.    May. 

8  P.  Pennsylvanica  L.     Wild  Red  Cherry.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  tinely 

serrate,  thin,  smooth ;    umbels  coiymbous,  with  elongated  pedicels ;   drupe  small, 
ovoid-subglobous.    Woods,  N.    25f.    Bark  red-brown.    May. 

9  P.  Avium  L.     Ox-heart.    English  Cherry.    Branches  erect  or  ascending;  lvs.  oblong- 

obovate,  acuminate,  hairy  beneath  ;  umbels  sessile,  with  rather  long  pedicels  ;  drupe 
ovoid-globous.  subcordate  at  base.    Gardens,  parks.    30— 50f.    t 

10  P.  Cerasus  L.  Sour  Cherry.  Large  Bed.  MoreUo,  &c.  Branches  spreading:  lvs>. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  with  short  pedi- 
cels ;  drupes  globous.    Tree  15— 20f.    t 

IIP.  serotlna  Ehr.  Black  or  Wild  Cherry.  Lvs.  firm,  oval-oblong  or  elliptic,  acu- 
minate, smooth,  shining  above,  unequally  glandular-seiTate  ;  petioles  with  2 — 4  glands  ; 
raceme  long ;  drupes  black.    Woods.    50— 80f.    Bark  black.    May. 

12  P.  VIrginiiina  L.  Choke  Cherry.  Lvs.  smooth,  oval  or  obovate,  short-pointed, 
thin,  not  shining,  with  siiarp,  subulate  serratures,  veins  bearded  at  base ;  petioles 
with  2  glands  ;  raceme  short.    Thickets.    5— 20f.    Fruit  blackish,  astringent.    May. 

1 3  P.  Carolintana  Ait.  Cherry  Laurel.  Lvs.  oblong-oblanceolate,  acuminate,  on 
short  petioles,  entire,  coriaceous ;  fls.  small,  in  numerous,  dense  racemes  shorter  than 
the  leaves ;  di-upcs  persistent,  poisonous.    Banks,  S.    30— 50f.    April.    + 


Order  44.— ROSACE.E.  103 

14  P.  Armeniaca  Willd.  Apricot.  Lva.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  subcordate  at  base, 
denticulate;  stip.  palmate  ;  fls.  sessile,  subsolitaiy  ;  drupe  large,  subglobous.  From 
Armenia.    10— 15f.    Fruit  purple-yellow,  1—3'. 

15  P.  UASTC.iRPA  Ehrh.  Black  Apricot.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate;  peti- 
oles with  1  or  2  glands  ;  fls.  pedicellate  ;  drupe  subglobous.  From  Siberia.  10— 15f. 
Fruit  dark  purple,  in  July.    Flowers  white,  April. 

1  6  P.  VULGARIS  Mill.    Peach.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  all  the  serratures  acute ; 
fls.  solitary,  subsessile,  preceding  the  leaves;  drupe  tomentous.    Persia.    8— 15f.    Fls. 
rose-color,  with  the  odor  of  prussic  acid.    Fruit  yellow-purple. 
^.  Lj;vis.    Nectarine.    Drupes  glabrous,  yellow,  purple,  red,  large. 

1 7  P.  COMMUNIS.  Almond.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  the  lower  seiTatures  glandu- 
lar ;  flowers  sessile,  in  pairs.    Barbary.    15f.    Varies  with  flowers  double. 

1 8  P.  NANA.  Dwarf  single-flowering  Almond.  Lvs.  ovate,  attenuate  at  base,  simply 
and  finely  serrate  ;  flowers  subsessile.    Russia.    3f.    May,  June. 

19  P.  LANCEOLATA.  Dwarf  double-flowcring  Almoud.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  doubly  serrate ; 
fls.  pedicellate,  covering  the  stems.    China.    3— 3f.    Roseate.    (Amygd.  pnraila.  Ait.) 

3.  SPIR.E3A,  L.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Pet.  5,  roundish.  Stam. 
10 — 50,  exsertcd.  Carp,  distinct,  3 — 12,  follicular,  l-cellcd,  1-2-Talved, 
1-10-seedcd.  Styles  terminal.  +)  if  Branches  and  leaves  alternate.  Flow- 
ei's  white  or  I'ose-colored.    Fig.  244. 

§  Shnibs,  with  stipulate,  simple,  lobed  leaves.    Carpels  inflated No.  1 

§  Shrubs,  with  stipulate,  pinnate  leaves.    Carpels  5,  united.    Exotic No.  2 

§  Shrubs,  without  stipules.    Leaves  simple.    Ovaries  distinct.,  .(a) 

a  Flowers  in  umbels  or  corymbs. -5  Corymb  compound,  terminal.    Mts No.  3 

—&  Clusters  many.  Gardens.  Exotic.  .Nos.  4— 7 

a  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,— c  roseate-purple Nos.  8,  9 

—c  white,  rarely  blush-colored Nos.  10—12 

§  Herbs,  without  stipules.    Leaves  tripinnate.    Ovaries  5,  drooping No.  13 

§  Herbs,  stipulate.    Leaves  pinnately  divided.— c?  Flowers  rose-purple No.  14 

—d  Flowers  white Nos.  15—17 

1  S.  opulifolia  L.    Ninebark.    Lvs.  roimdish,  3-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  fls.  white,  in 

pedunculate  corymbs ;  carp.  3—5.    By  streams.    Rare.    4f.    June. 

2  S.  SOKBIFOLIA.    Lvs.  odd-piunatc ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  termi- 

nal one  lobed  ;  fls.  white,  in  terminal  panicles.    Siberia.    6f.    May. 

3  S.  corynibosa  Raf.    Lvs.  ovate,  cut-serrate  above,  whitish  beneath ;  fls.  innumer- 

able, white  or  roseate,  in  a  dense,  level-topped  corymb  ;  styles  and  carpels  generally  3. 
Penn.  Ky.  and  S.    1— 2f.    May,  June. 

4  S.  HTPERiciFOLiA.    St.  Peter's  Wreath.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  suben tire;  fls.  in  many 

lateral  clusters,  on  short  branches,  white,  mostly  double.    Europe.    3f.    May. 

5  S.  PRUNiFOLiA.    Branches  virgate ;  lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  serrate,  5-veined,  silliy  be- 

neath ;  fls.  in  3's— 5's  (very  double),  white.    Japan.    Beautiful. 

6  S.  Reevesiana.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  3-lobed  or  pinnatifld,  glaucous  beneath;  rac. 

capitate,  pedunculate,  often  forming  long  wreaths.    June. 

7  S.  TRiLOBATA.    Lvs.  rouudish,  lobcd,  crcuate,  vciuy :  fls.  corymbed.    Alps. 

8  S.  toineiitosa  L.   Hardhack.  Rusty  tomentous ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  smoothish  above, 

serrate;  rac.  short,  dense,  aggregated  into  a  dense  thyrse-like,  terminal  panicle ;  carp. 
5.    Pastures,  thickets.    Common.    2 — 3f.    Jul}',  Aug.    t 

9  S.  DoL'GLASii.    Much  like  No.  8,  but  larger,  smoother,  and  with  redder  fls.    Oregon. 

10  S.  saliclfolla  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate;  rac. 
panicled,  dense  or  lax,  white,  often  with  a  blush  ;  carp.  5.  Meadows,  thickets.  Com- 
mon.   Stem  purplish.    3— 4f.    Stam.  conspicuous  as  in  other  species.    July,    t 

lis.  ARLEFOLIA.    Lvs.  elliptic-obloug,  creuately  lobed  and  toothed  ;  fls.  innumerable, 
in  large,  terminal  panicles,  white.    Oreg.    6— 12f.    Stems  virgate.    June,  July. 
5* 


104  Order  44.— ROSACEA. 

1 2  S.  L^viGATA.    Lvs,  obovate-oblong,  very  smooth  and  entire,  sessile.    Siberia. 

13  S.  Artkncus  L.  Goafs  Beard.  Lvs.  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, straight-veined,  doubly  serrate,  odd  ones  lance-ovate  ;  pan.  large,  of  numerous 
slender  racemes  ;  carpels  a— 5,  glabrous,  1".    Mts.  N.  Y.  to  Ga.    3— 5f.    July. 

14  S.  Ioba.ta  L.  Queen-of-tlie-Prairie.  Lvs.  pinnatifld,  the  term,  lobe  largest,  ped- 
ately  7-9-parted,  lobes  all  doubly  serrate ;  stip.  reniform ;  panicle  large,  roseate,  ex- 
ceedingly delicate  ;  carpels  6—8.    Low  prairies,  W.  &  S.    4— 8f.    June,  July,    t 

1  5  S.  Ulmaria.  Double  Meadmv-siveet.  Lvs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  white-downy  be- 
neath ;  Ifts.  lance-ovate,  the  terminal  one  large,  palmately  3-.5-lobed.    Eur.    July. 

16  S.  FiLiPENDDLA.  PHde-of-the-Mettdow.  Lfts.  9—21,  pinnatifid-serrate,  minute  ones 
between  ;  stip.  clasping,  large ;  corymbs  lax ;  sep.  reflexed.    Europe.    Root  tuberous. 

17  S.  Jap6nica.  Lvs.  biternate  ;  Ifts.  oblong,  acuminate,  cordate,  their  stalks  bearded 
at  base  ;  panicle  terminal ;  flowers  with  10  stamens  and  2  styles,  pure  white.    3— 4f. 

4.  GILLENIA,  Mcench.  Ikdian  Physic.  Calyx  tubular-campanu- 
late,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  linear-lanceolate,  long.  Sta. 
10 — 15,  veiy  short.  Carpels  5,  connate  at  base.  Styles  terminal.  Follicles 
2-valvecl,  2-4-seeded.     if  With  trifoliate,  doubly-serrate  leaves. 

1  G.  trifoliata  Moench.  Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  stip.  linear-setaceous,  entire; 

fis.  on  long  pedicels,  in  pedunculate,  corymbous  panicles.    In  woods,  W.  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
2— .3f.    Flowers  axillary  and  tei-minal,  rose-white,  IJ'  broad.    June,  July. 

2  G.  stipulacea  Nutt.    Bowman's  Boot.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  deeply  incised ;   radical 

leaves  pinnatifld;  stipules  leafy,  ovate,  doubly  incised,  clasping;  flowers  large,  in 
loose  panicles.    W.  N.  Y.  to  Ala.    Flowers  rose-color.    June. 

5.  K£iRRIA,  DC.  Calyx  of  5,  acuminate,  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Cor. 
of  5  petals.  Ov.  5 — 8,  smooth,  globous,  ovules  solitary.  Sty.  filiform. 
Ach.  globous.  +)  Stems  virgate.  Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  terminal  on  the  branches,  solitaiy  or  few 
together,  orange  yellow. 

K.  Japonica.    Japan  Olobe-Jlower.— Gardens.    5— 8f.    Flowers  double. 

6.  NEVIUSIA,  Gray.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  leafy,  cut-serrate, 
persistent.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  go,  filiform.  Ov.  2 — 4,  1-ovuled.  Ach.  drupa- 
ceous. Ij  Lys.  simple,  ovate,  petiolatc.  Stipules  subulate,  free.  Flowers 
termmal,  numerous,  showj^. 

N.  Alabaniensis  Gr.— Tuscaloosa,  Ala.  (Rev.  E.  D.  Ncvius.)    2— 3f. 

7.  RUBUS,  L.  Bramble.  Calyx  spreading,  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  decidu- 
ous. Stam.  00,  inserted  into  the  border  of  the  disk.  Ovaries  many,  with 
2  ovules,  one  of  them  abortive.  Achenia  pulpy,  drupaceous.  +)  |^  With 
(§)  stems,  armed  with  prickles.  Inflorescence  imperfectly  centrifugal. 
Fruit  esculent,  July — Sept.    Flowers  in  May,  June.    Fig.  185. 

§  Fruit  inseparable  from  the  juicy,  deciduous  receptacle.    Blackberries,  .{a) 

a  Stems  (mostly)  erect,  stout,  armed  with  stout,  recurved  prickles Nos.  1,  3 

a  Stems  procumbent,  trailing,  mostly  with  slender,  minute  prickles Nos.  3—5 

§§  Fruit  separating  from  the  dry,  persistent  receptacle.    Raspberries.  .  .(6) 

b  Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Not  prickly Nos.  6—8 

d>  Leaves  compound.— Stems  not  prickly,  herbaceous No.  9 

—Stems  prickly,  shrubby.— Corollas  single Nos.  10—12 

—Corollas  double No.  13 

1  R.  villosus  Ait.    High  Blackietry.    PubeBcent,  viscid,  and  prickly ;  st.  recurred 


Order  44.— ROSACEA.  105 

at  top,  angular ;  Ifts.  3—5,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  petioles  prickly ;  calyx  acumi- 
nate; raceme  leafless,  GO-flowered  ;  fruit  ovoid,  small-grained,  sweet.  Thickets.  3— 6f. 
Fruit  black,  in  August. 

/3.  frondosug.  Lawton  B.  Smootliish  ;  rao.  leafy  at  base,  short ;  fr.  subglobous, 
large-grained,  very  acid.    Fields  and  gardens. 

y.  humifitsuft,    Tiuiiliiig ;  leaves  smaller  ;  peduncles  few-flowered. 

2  R.  cuneifolius  Ph.    Sand  B.    Pubescent ;  Ivs.  3-foliate ;  Ifts.  wedge-obovatc.  en- 

tire at  base,  dentate  above  ;  racemes  few-flowered,  loose.  Sandy  woods,  L.  I.  to  Fla. 
2 — 3f.    Pet.  white,  thrice  longer  than  calyx.    May,  June. 

3  R.  hispidus  L.    Hispid  with  retrorse  bristles;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  smooth,  green  both 

sides ;  Ifts.  obovate,  thickish,  persistent ;  fls.  and  fr.  small,  corymbed,  on  filiform 
pedicels.    Damp  woods.    3— 7f  long.    Fruit  sour.    May,  June. 
j3.  setbsuD,    Lvs.  oblanceolate  ;  fruit  red.    (R.  setosus  Bw.) 

4  R.  Canadensis  L.    Northern  Dewberry .    Slightly  prickly  ;  lvs.  3  (rarely  o)-foliate ; 

Ifts.  elliptic  or  rhomb-oval,  acuminate,  thin  ;  ped.  long,  hardly  in  clusters  ;  fruit  large, 
black,  very  sweet  in  August.    Stony  fields,  North. 

5  R.  triviails  Mx.    Southern  Deiober7'y.    Prickly  and  bristly;  lvs.  3-5-foliate,  thick, 

ovate-oblong  or  oval ;  ped.  1-3-flowored  ;  sep.  obtuse,  reflexed.    South. 

6  R.  odoratus  L.    Mulberry.    St.  erect  or  reclining,  unarmed,  glandular-pilous  ;  lvs. 

palmately  3-5-lobed,  middle  lobe  longest,  unequally  serrate ;  fls.  large,  in  terminal 
corymbs  ;  pet.  orbicular,  purple.    Woods :  common.    3— 5f.    Fr.  red,  sweet,  in  Aug. 

7  R.  Nutkanus  Mocino.    Somewhat  pilous ;  lvs.  broad,  5-lobed,  lobes  nearly  equal, 

coarsely  serrate  ;  ped.  few-flowered ;  sep.  long-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  very  large, 
round-oval,  white  petals.    Mich.,  Wis.  to  Oreg.    5~Tf. 

8  R.  Clianiaemorus  L.     Cloudberry.    Herbaceous,  dioecious;  st.  decumbent  at  base, 

erect,  unarmed,  1-flwd. ;  lvs.  mostly  but  9,  cordate  reniforra,  rugous,  with  5-rounded 
lobes,  serrate  ;  sep.  obtuse  ;  pet.  obovate,  white.    White  Mts.    If.    June. 

9  R.  triflorns  Rich.    Branches  herbaceous,  green;   lvs.  3-  or  S-foliate;   Ifts.  nearly 

smooth,  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  odd  one  petiolulate  ;  stip.  ovate,  entire  ;  pet.  erect, 
oblong-obovate.    Hilly  woods,  N.    Fmit  few-grained,  dark  red. 

10  R.  strigosus  Mx.  ]Vild  Bed  liaspben-y.  St.  strongly  hispid  ;  lvs.  pinnately  3-  or 
5-foliate  ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  canescent  tomentous  beneath,  odd 
one  stalked ;  cor.  cup-shaped,  white.    Old  fields,  N.    Common.    Fruit  red. 

11  R.  occidentalis  L.  Black Baspberry.  TIdmbU-berry.  St.  glaucous  with  bloom, 
long,  recurved,  prickly  ;  lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  hoary-tomcn- 
tous  beneath,  lateral  ones  sessile;  pet.  shorter  than  sep. ;  fr.blk.  Rky.  fields  and  gard. 

12  R.  Id^eus.  Garden  B.  Hispid  or  prickly;  lvs.  pinnately  3-5-foliate ;  Ifts.  rhomb- 
ovate,  acuminate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath ;  sep.  hoary-tomentous,  pointed,  longer 
than  the  white  petals  ;  fruit  red,  white,  or  yellow.    %1    X 

13  R.  Ros.EFOLius.  Bridal  Bose.  Prickles  straight;  lvs.  pinnately  3-T-foIiate  ;  Ifts. 
lance-ovate,  doubly  serrate,  velvety  ;  flowers  large,  white.    Mauritius. 

8.  DALIBARDA,   L.     False  Violet.      Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-6- 
parted,  spreading,  3  of  the  segm.  larger.    Pet.  5.     Sta.  oo.     Sty.  5 — 8,  long, 
deciduous.    Ach.  nearly  dry.    Lo  1^"^^.  undivided.     Scapes  1-2-flowered. 
D.  repens  L.  Low,  pubescent,  bearing  creeping  shoots  ;  lvs.  simple,  roundish-cordate, 

crenate  ;  stipule  linear-setaceous  ;  calyx  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit,  y.  Damp 
woods,  Penn.  to  Can.    2—12'.    Scapes  with  1  small  white  flower.    June. 

9.  DRYAS    integrifolia,  Vabl.— On  the  White  Hills  of  N.  H.    Prof. 
Peek  (Pnrsh).     On  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado.  (A.  H.  Thompson.) 

10.  GEUM,  L.    Atens.     Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or 
bractlets  smaller  and  exterior.     Pet.  5.      Sta.  oo.    Ach.  oo,  aggregated 


106  Order  44.— ROSACEA. 

on  a  dry  receptacle,  and  caudate  -^'ith  the  persistent,  mostly  jointed,  genic- 
ulate and  bearded  style.     If  Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

§  SiEVERsiA.    Style  straight,  jointlcss,  nil  of  it  persistent.    Flowers  largfe. .  .Nos.  1,  2 
§  Gedm  proper.    Style  bent  and  jointed  in  the  middle,  upper  part  deciduous ...  (a) 

a  Head  of  fruits  raised  on  a  stipe.    Flowers  yellow  or  purple Nos.  3,  4 

a  Head  of  fruits  sessile  (no  stipe).— 6  Flowers  yellow Nos.  5,  6 

—h  Flowers  white Nos.  7,  8 

1  C  trifloruni  Ph.  Villous,  erect,  about  3-flowered ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  interrupt- 
edly pinnate,  of  numerous  cuneate,  incisely  dentate,  subequal  Ifts. ;  bractlets  linear, 
longer  than  the  sepals ;  styles  plumous,  very  long  in  fruit  (2—30.  N-W.  States,  rare 
in  the  North.  S— 1-2'.  Flowers  purplish-white.  May,  June. 
2.  G.  radi^tuni  Mx.  Hirsute  or  smoothish ;  stem  erect,  nearly  leafless  ;  root  Ivs. 
lyrate,  the  terminal  leaflet  large,  reniform,  lobed  and  toothed,  lateral  ones  minute ; 
bractlets  minute ;  pet.  obcordate,  yellow,  large ;  styles  hairy  »t  base.  White  Mts. 
N.  H.,  Koan  Mt.  N.  Car.    9—15'.    (G.  Peckii  Ph.) 

3  G.  vernum  T.  «&  G.    Smoothish  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed, 

the  lowest  often  simple  ;  fls.  small,  yellow  ;  sep.  reflexed  ;  torus  conspicuously  stipi- 
tate.    W.  and  S-W.    12—20'.    Stipules  large.    April— June. 

4  G.  rivale  L.    Pubescent ;  st.  snbsimple  ;  radical  Ivs.  lyrate ;  stip.  ovate,  acute  ;  fls. 

nodding,  purple;  pet.  as  long  as  the  erect  cal.  segments,  purplish-yellow  ;  upper  joint 
of  the  persistent  style  plumous.    Wet  meadows,  N.  and  M.    1— 2f.    June. 

5  G.  strictum  Ait.   Hirsute;  Ivs.  intermptedly  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  lobed  and  toothed; 

pet.  roundish,  longer  than  the  reflexed  sepals ;  torus  densely  pubescent.    Fields,  N. 
States  and  Can.    2 — 3f.    Terminal  leaflet  largest.    July,  August. 

6  G.  macropliylluin  Willd.    Hispid;  Ivs.  interruptedly  lyrate-pinnate,  the  termi- 

nal 1ft.  much  the  largest,  roundish  cordate,  .3— .i',  all  unequally  dentate ;  petals  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  recept.  nearly  smooth.  White  Mts.  and  Can.    1— 3f.    June,  July. 

7  G.  album  Gmel.    Smoothish  or  pubescent ;  root  Ivs.  temate  or  often  simple,  upper 

Ivs.  simple  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  lobed  and  dentate ;  pet.  as  long  as  calyx  ;  torus  white-bristly. 
Thickets.    Common.    2— 3f.    July.    (G.  Virginiannm  T.  &  G.  &c.)  (See  Addenda.) 

8  G.  Vlrginianum  L.    Hirsute ;  Ivs.  pinnate  below,  then  ternate,  the  upper  simple ; 

Ifts.  incisely  lobed,  wedge-lanceolate,  very  acute,  cut-toothed  ;  pet.  shorter  than  calyx  ; 
torus  nearly  naked.    Wet  thickets.    2— 3f.    Stout.    July. 

11.  FRAG  ARIA,  L.  Strawberry.  Cal.  concave,  deeply  5-cleft,  with 
an  equal  number  of  alternate,  exterior  segments  or  bractlets.  Pet.  5, 
obcordate.  Sta.  Co.  Sty.  oo,  lateral.  Ach.  smooth,  affixed  to  a  large, 
pulpy,  deciduous  receptacle.  %  \^  Stems  stoloniferous.  Leaves  trifoliate. 
Fruit  red.    Flowers  white,  in  Spring.  Figs.  5,  117,  184,  251,  428. 

§  Bractlets  entire  ;  petals  white.    Stemless,  stoloniferous Nos.  1,  2 

§  DucHESNiA.    Bractlets  3-lobed  ;  petals  yellow.    Stems  trailing No.  3 

1  F.  Virginiana  Ehrh.    Pubescent;  Ivs.  thick;  cal.  of  the  fruit  erect-spreading; 

ach.  imbedded  in  pits  in  the  globous  receptacle  ;  ped.  commonly  shorter  than  the  Ivs. 
Fields  and  gardens.    6—12'.    Some  of  its  varieties  are  polygamo-dioecions. 
|3.  lUlnotnaia.    Larger,  very  villous  in  the  stems.    Prairies.    Westwai'd. 

2  F.  vesca  L.    Alpine,  Wood,    or    English  Strmvheiry.    Villous-pubescent ;   cal.    of 

the  fniit  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  ach.  superficial  on  the  conical  or  hemispherical  recep- 
tacle, which  is  without  pits  ;  Ivs.  thin.    Fields  and  woods, 
p.  pallida.    Fruit  white.  A  van  well  established  in  Wayne  Co.  N.Y.  (Hankenson.) 

3  F.  Indlca  Ait.    Pubescent,  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Ifts.  ovate,  obtuse,  incisely  cre- 

nate-serrate ;   stip.  lanceolate,  free ;   pedicels  axillary,  solitary  1-flowered ;  bractlets 
leafy  in  fruit.    «  Damp  places,  Penn.  and  S.    §  India. 


Order  44.— ROSACEA.  107 

12.  WALDSTEINIA,  Willd.  Dry  Strawberry.  Cal.  5-cleft,  with 
5  alternate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous  bractlets.  Pet.  5  or  more, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Sta.  oo.  Sty.  2— G.  Ach.  few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 
U  Acaulesceut,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1  W.  fragarioides  Traut.    Lvs.  trifoliate ;  Ifts.  broad-cuneiform,  incisely  dentate- 

crenate,  ciliate;  scapes  bracteate,  many-flowcrcd.    Hilly  woods.    8'.    June. 

2  W.  lobata  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  simple,  roundish,   cordate,  3-5-lobed,  incisely  crenate ; 

scapes  filiform,  bracted,  3-7-flowered.    Hills,  South.    C.    May,  June. 

13.  POTENTIIiLA,  L.  Cinquefoil.  Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft, 
with  5  bractlets  added.  Pet.  5,  roundish.  Sta.  oo,  slender.  Ovaries  col- 
lected into  a  head  on  a  small,  dry,  hairy  torus.  Sty.  terminal  and  lateral, 
deciduous.  Achenia  oo.  (i)  u  }j  Leaves  compound.  Flowers  solitary 
or  cymous,  mostly  yellow.    Figs.  365-6. 

g  SiBBALDiA.    Stamens  5.    Achenia  5— 10,  styles  lateral.    Low  herbs.    Mts No.  1 

§  CoMAKUM.    Sta.  CO.    Flowers  brown-purple.  Torus  in  fruit  ovoid,  spongy — No.  2 
§  PoTENTiLLA^wopsr.    Sta.  00.    Flowers  yellow  to  white.   Torus  not  enlarged. .(«) 

a  Leaves  palmately  .3-foliate Nos.  3,  4,  5 

a  Leaves  palmately  5-foliate.    Flowers  yellow Nos.  G,  7 

a  Leaves  pinnate.— 6  Shrubs,  with  the  flowers  axillary  above No.  8 

—b  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  axillaiy,  solitary Nos.  9, 10 

— &  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  in  terminal  cymes Nos.  if,  12 

Exotic  species,  with  fls.  roseate  and  purple.. Nos.  13,  14 

1  P.  procunibens  Clairv.    Lfts.  3,  obovate,  3-toothed  at  apex,  hairy  beneath ;  fls. 

corymbed.    White  Mts.  ?  (Pursh),  and  N.    (Sibbaldia  L.) 

2  P.  palustris  Scop.    Lvs.  pinnate;  lfts.  3—7,  lance-oblong,  obtufrc,  sharply  serrate, 

hoary  beneath ;   sep.  much  longer  than  the  purple  petals ;  torus  persistent,  large, 
tasteless,    if  Swamps,  N.    1— 2f.    June.    (Comarum  L.) 

3  P.  Norvegica  L.    Hirsute ;  st.  erect,  dichotomous  above  ;  lfts.  3,  elliptical  or  obo- 

vate, dentate-serrate,  petiolulate ;  cymes  leafy;  cal.  exceeding  the  emarginate  pale- 
yellow  petals  ;  sty.  terminal.    @  Old  fields,  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.    ]— 4f.    July— Sept. 

4  P.  tridentuta  Ait.    Smooth ;  st.  ascending,  woody  and  creeping  at  base  ;  lfts.  3, 

obovate-cuneate,  evergreen,  entire,  with  3  large  teeth  at  the  apex;  cymes  nearly 
naked  ;  petals  white,  obovate.    Ti  High  Mts.  N.  Eng.    6—12'.    June. 

5  P.  minima  Haller?    St.  pubescent,  ascending,  mostly  1-flowered ;  lfts.  3,  obovate, 

obtuse,  incisely  serrate  with  5—9  teeth  above  ;  petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals. 
^     U  White  Mountains.    1—3',  tufted.    June,  July. 

ei-V,  Canadensis  L.  Villous-pubesceut,  procumbent,  producing  runners :  lfts.  5, 
obovate,  cut-toothed  above  ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered.  ■ 

a.  pumila.    Small  and  delicate,  flowering  in  Apr.  May,  everywhere. 
p.  gimplex.    Subsimple,  ascending,  8-14',  smoothish  ;  fls.  June— Aug.   Common. 

7  P.  argentea  L.    St.  ascending,  tomentous  ;  lfts.  5,  oblong-cuneiform,  with  a  few, 

large,  incised  teeth,  smooth  above,  silvery  canescent  beneath,  sessile ;  flowers  in  a 
cymous  corymb,  small  (3").    n  Rocky  hills,  N.    6—10'.    June— Sept. 

8  P.  fruticosa  L.    St.  fruticous,  very  branching,  hirsute,  erect ;   lfts.  5—7,  linear- 

oblong,  all  sessile,  margin  entire  and  revoluto ;  petals  large,  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.    A  low,  bushy  shrub,  N.  States.    1— 2f.    Flowers  1'.    June— Aug. 

9  P.  anscrina  L.    Silver-weed.     Goose-grass.    St.   slender,  prostrate,  rooting;   lvs. 

interrnptedly  pinnate ;  lfts.  many  pairs,  oblong,  deeply  serrate,  canescent  beneath ; 
peduncle  solitary,  1-flowered,  very  long.   %  Wet,  N.  Eng.  N.  and  W.  1— 2f.  Jn.— Sept. 

10  P.  paradoxa  N.  Decumbent  at  base,  pubescent ;  lvs.  pinnate  ;  lfts.  7—9,  ovate- 
obl.  incised,  upper  ones  confluent ;  ped.  solitary,  recurved  in  fruit ;  ach.  2-lobed.  (I) 
Shores  of  Sodus  Bay  (Hankenson),  W.  to  Oreg.    If.    June— July. 


108  Order  44.— ROSACE.E. 

IIP.  Pennsylvanlca  L.  Erect,  whitish-downy ;  Ifts.  5—9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pin- 
natifid,  upper  ones  larger ;  cyme  fastigiate,  at  length  loose,     n  N.  Eng. :  rare. 

12  P.  arguta  Ph.  Erect,  grayish,  pubescent  and  vDlous ;  radical  Ivs.  on  long  peti- 
oles, 7-9-foliate,  cauline  few,  3-7-foliate  ;  Ifts.  broadly  ovate,  cut-serrate,  crowded;  fls. 
in  dense  terminal  cymes.    2f  By  streams,  N.  and  W.    2 — 3f,  stout.    May,  June. 

1 3  P.  Nepalensis.  Root  Ivs.  quinate  ;  stem  ternate  ;  Ifts.  wedge-oblong,  serrate  ;  stip. 
large,  adnate,  entire.     2f  Nepal,    lit.    Flowers  large,  rose,  scarlet,  orange,  &c. 

14  P.  ATROSANGUiNEA.  Lvs.  ternate;  Ifts.  obovate,  cut-serrate,  white-downy  beneath ; 
sep.  elliptic ;  pet.  obcordate.    n  Nepal.    IJf.    Flowers  crimson,  often  double. 

14.  ALCHEMIIiLA,  L.  Ladies'  Mantle.  Calyx  4-tootliecl,  with  4 
external  bractlets.  Petals  0.  Sta.  1 — 4.  Carp.  (1 — 4)  mostly  solitary,  with 
the  style  lateral.  Stig.  capitate.  Seed  suspended.  Low  herbs,  with  pal- 
mately  lobed  or  incised  leaves  and  small  green  flowers.    Fig.  38. 

1  A.  arvensis  Scop.    Parsley  Piert.    Lvs.  crenate  at  base,  incisely  3-lobed  or  parted, 

the  segm.  2-3-cleft,  pubescent ;  fls.  axillary.    (T)  E.  Va.    A  small  weed.    §  Europe. 

2  A.  alpinns  L.    Lvs.  radical,  silky  beneath,  5-7-partcd,  cut-serrate  at  apex ;  fls.  co- 

rymbed.    High  Mts.  of  N.  Eng.  (Pursh,  1810.)    t  Europe. 

15.  POTERIUM,  L.  Burnet.  Calyx  tube  contracted  at  the  top. 
Lobes  4,  imbricated,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Pet.  0.  Sta.  4 — go  ,  exserted. 
Styles  slender,  1 — 3.  Stig.  penicillate.  Ach.  included  in  the  hardened,  4- 
angled  calyx  tube.  11  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  with  long  stalks  and  ad- 
nate stipules.  Lfts.  petiolulate,  serrate.  Fls.  in  a  spike  or  head,  on  a  long 
peduncle  or  scape,  often  8 .    (Includes  Sanguisorba  L.) 

1  P.  Canaden.se  (L.)    Glabrous  ;  lfts.  many,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  cordate,  with 

serrate  stipels   and  stipules  ;   spikes    cylindric  (.30  ;    stam.  4,  long  exserted.    Wet. 
meadows  along  the  mountains.    Can.  to  Ga.    2— 4f.    Flowers  green-white.    Aug. 

2  P.  Sanguisorba  L.    Glabrous ;  leaflets  many,  ovate  or  roundish,  deeply  serrate ; 

heads  subglobous  ;  sta.  00,  in  the  lower  fls.    L.  Huron  {HooTier)  audW.  Purp.  t  Aug. 

16.  AQRIMONIA,  L.  Agrimony.  Calyx  tube  turbinate,  contracted 
at  the  throat,  muricate,  limb  5-cleft,  connivent  in  fruit.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  12 — 
15.  Ov.  2.  Styles  terminal.  Ach.  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the 
calyx.     U  Lvs.  pinnately  divided.    Fls.  yellow,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

1  A.  Eiipatoria  L.    Lfts.  5  to  7,  lance-oval  or  obovate,  with  small  ones  intei-posed, 

coarsely  dentate  ;  stip.  large,  dentate ;  pet.  twice  longer  than  the  reflexed  calyx.    Dry 
soils,  common.    1— 3f.    Rac.  spicate,  6'— If.    Fls.  3—4"  broad.    July,  Aug. 

2  A.  parviflora  Ait.    Lfts.  9—17,  crowded,  pubescent  beneath,  lanceolate,  cut-serrate, 

with  smaller  ones  interposed  ;  pet.  small.   Woods,  &c.,  Pa.  S.  and  W.  Plant  fragrant, 
3-^f,  with  spreading  brownish  hairs.    July,  Aug. 
p.  incisa.    Lfts.  incisely  pinnatifid.    South.    (A.  incisa  T.  &  G.) 

17.  ROSA,  Tourn.  Rose.  Calyx  tube  urceolate,  contracted  at  the  ori- 
fice, lined  with  the  fleshy  disk.  Petals  5  (greatly  multiplied  by  cultiva- 
tion). SL  00,  inserted  into  the  rim  of  the  disk.  Ach.  oo,  bony,  hispid, 
borne  free  within  the  calj^x  tube.  J)  Prickly.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Stip. 
mostly  adnate  to  the  petiole.    Figs.  35, 139,  197,  301. 

Ohs.  Our  innumerable  varieties  of  garden  Roses  have  mostly  originated  with  the  few  species  men- 
tioned below.  To  define  these  varieties  in  order  to  their  recognition  would  generally  be  impossible,  for 
their  forms  are  as  evanescent  as  their  names  are  arbitrary.  All  that  we  propose  is  to  aid  the  learner  in 
tracing  back  each  form  to  the  species  whence  it  sprung.  This  will  be  easily  done  in  all  cases  except  with 
tlie  hybrids. 


Order  44.— ROSACEA.  109 

•  Wild  Roses,  with  simple,  S-petalled  flowers,  open  in  June  and  July. .  .(§) 

§  Leaflets  3,  rarely  5,  smooth.    Branches  long,  climbing  or  trailing Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaflets  5 — 9, — a  rusty  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath Nos.  .3,  4 

—a  not  glandular.    Erect.— 6  Prickles  stout,  falcate No.  5 

—b  Prickles  weak,  straight Nos.  6,  7,  8 

•  Garden  Roses,  with  either  simple  or  double  flowers . . .  (§§) 

§§  Styles  cohering  in  an  exserted  column.    Climbers. . .  {a) 

a  Leaflets  3—5,  mostly  3.    Prickles  stout,  deflexed No.  1 

a  Leaflets  5—9.-6  Stipules  and  sepals  mostly  entire Nos.  9, 10 

— b  Stipules,  or  sepals,  dissected.    Prickles  slender Nos.  11, 12 

§§  Styles  separate.— c  Stipules  nearly  free,  and  caducous Nos.  2,  13,  14 

—C  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.— c?  Prickles  falcate. .  .(e) 

—d  Prickles  straight. . .  (/) 

e  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.    Shrubs  erect,  often  slender Nos.  15, 16, 17 

e  Leaflets  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath,  downy  or  not Nos.  3,  IS,  19 

/  Lvs.  and  often  the  calyx,  glandular.    Fls.  roseate  or  yellow.  .Nos.  20,  21 
/  Lvs.  not  at  all  glandular.    Prickles  numerous,  weak,  orO.  .Nos.  22,  23,  24 

1  R.  setigera  Mx.    Prairie  Rose.    Spines  strong,  straightish ;  Ifts.  ovate ;  stip.  adhe- 

rent ;  fls.  in  corymbs,  deep  roseate,  becoming  pale,  scentless  ;  styles  united  in  an  ex- 
serted column.    Prairies,  &c.,  N.  Y.  W.  and  S.    12— 20f.    June,  July,    t 
Var.  Praiiie  Queen,  Baltimore  Belle,  Bosa  St/pe?ba,  &c. 

2  R.  Iievigata  Mx.     Cherokee  R.  Prickles  very  strong,  recurved  ;  Ifts.  elliptical,  ever- 

green, polished;  stip.  free,  setaceous  ;  fls.  solitary,  large,  white;  calyx  bristly  ;  styles 
separate.    Tenn.  to  Fla.    15— .30f.    §  ?    In  hedges  and  gardens. 

3  R.  rtibigiiiosa  L.    Sweet  Bi'ier.   Eglantine.    Prickles  strong,  recurved,  many  weak 

ones  intermixed  ;  Ifts.  broad-oval ;  fls.  solitary;  fruit  obovoid  and,  with  the  pedicels, 
glandular  hispid.    Fields,  roadsides.    4 — 8f.    Fls.  light  red,  single  or  double. 
Var.  Clementine,  Maiden,  Royal,  Scarlet,  Tree-double,  White,  &c. 

4  R.  iiiicrantlia  Smith.    Prickles  strong,  recurved,  few  and  equal ;  Ifts.  ovate ;  fls. 

solitary,  small  (15"),  mostly  white.    Pastures,  &c.    N.  Eng.  G— 8f.    June. 

5  R.  Carolina  L.    Swamp  R.  Tall,  erect,  glabrous  ;  Ifts.  elliptical,  glaucous  beneath, 

not  shining ;  fls.  corymbed ;  fr.  depresscd-globous,  dark  red,  with  hispid  peduncles. 
Damp  woods.    4— Sf.    Fls.  varying  from  red  to  white.    June,  July. 

6  R.  liicida  Ehrh.     Wild  R.    Prickles  scattered,  setaceous  ;  Ifts.  elliptical,  simply  ser- 

rate, shining  above ;  fls.  in  pairs  (1 — 3) ;  fr.  depressed-globous  and,  with  the  pedi- 
cels, glandular-hispid.    Dry  woods.    1 — 3f.    Branches  greenish.    Fls.  red. 

7  R.  nitida  Willd.     Wild  R.    Stems  reddish  with  very  numerous  reddish  prickles; 

Ifts.  narrow-lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining  ;  fls.  solitary  ;  calyx  hispid.    Swamps,  N. 
Eng.    1— 2f.    Fls.  red.    Fr.  scarlet.    Perhaps  a  variety  of  No.  6. 

8  R.  blanda  Ait.    Thornless  Wild  R.    Prickles  few,  slender,  deciduous  ;  Ifts.  oblong, 

obtuse,  not  shining;  stip.  broad;  ped.  short,  and  with  the  calyx  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  fr.  globous.    Dry  hills,  N.  and  M.    2— 3f.    Petals  reddish. 

9  R,  8EMPERVIRENS.    Prlckles  subequal ;  Ifts.  thick,  evergreen ;  fls.  clustered,  mostly 

white  ;  fr.  round-ovoid,  yeUow,  glandular-hispid.    S.  Eur.    6— 12f. 

10  R.  AKVENSis.  Ayreshire  R.  Prickles  unequal,  falcate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acute,  deciduous, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  fls.  solitary  or  clustered,  white  to  purple.    Eur.    20f. 

Y&r.  Dundee  Rambler,  Virginia  Lass,  Weeping-tree  R.,  &c. 

1 1  R.  MoscHATA.  Mush  R.  Lfts.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  stip.  very  narrow  ;  sep.  long- 
appendaged,  pinnatifld  ;  fls.  panicled,  peculiarly  fragrant,  white.    Asia.    10— 12f. 

12  R.  MULTIFLORA.  Japan  R.  Lfts.  lance-ovate,  rugous,  soft ;  stip.  pectinate-fringed  ; 
fls.  corymbed  ;  sep.  short  and  ped.  tomentous.   South.  15— 20f.  Pet.  wh.  topurp.    §t 

Var.  Boursaidt,  Seven  Sisters,  RusseFs,  &c. 

13  R.  BRACTEATA.  Macartney  R.  Erect;  prickles  recurved;  lfts.  5— 9,  obovate,  shin- 
ing ;  stip.  bristle-fringed ;  fls.  solitary,  with  large  bracts  under  the  tomentous  calyx. 
China.    2— 3f.    Fls.  white,  creamy,  &c.    §  S. 


110  Order  44.— ROSACEA. 

14  K.  BANKsiiE.  Thornless  R.  Prickles  none;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  3—5,  subentire;  fls. 
small,  hmmbels  ;  fruit  globular,  nearly  black.    China. 

15  R.  Indica.  Chinese  ilonlhly  11.  Bengal  R.  Llls.  3—5,  ovate,  pointed,  ehining; 
stip.  very  narrow  ;  sep.  subentire  ;  stam.  iuflexed  ;  fruit  top-shaped.  China.  1— 8f. 
Fls.  white  to  crimson.    April  to  November. 

j3.  Lawrenciana.    Miss  Laivrence''s  R.    Aculeate ;  fls.  small  (IQ,  pink-purple. 
Other  var.  Noisette,  Yoiiland  of  Aragon,  Giant  of  Battles,  Cloth  of  Gold  (sulphur- 
yellow),  and  the  favorite  Tea  Roses. 

16  R.  cANiNA.  Bog  R.  Prickles  strong,  compressed ;  Ifts.  5 — 9,  with  acute,  incnrvod 
serratures  ;  stip.  rather  broad,  serrulate  ;  sep.  deflexed  after  flowering,  deciduous  ;  fr. 
ovoid,  red.    Eur.    4— Sf.    Fls.  often  simple,  red.    Often  runs  wild. 

/3.  Bour.BONiANA.    Lfts.  ovate,  subcordate,  glossy  ;  fls.  double  and  semidouble,  pur- 
ple.   Numerous  subvarieties,  everblooming. 

17  R.  ciNNAMoMEA.  C'lnnamon  R.  Lfts.  5 — ~,  oval-oblong,  grayish-downy  beneath; 
stip.  broad,  involute,  pointed ;  ped.  and  cal.  glabrous  ;  sep.  as  long  as  the  petals,  closed 
and  persistent  on  the  fruit.    Eur.    6 — 12f.    Purple. 

18  R.  DAMAscENA.  Bttmask  R.  Prickles  broad,  unequal;  lfts.  large,  broad-elliptic, 
whitish-downy  ;  sep.  refiexed.  Levant.  3^f.  Fls.  pale  roseate,  very  fragrant.  The 
common  Monthly  is  a  variety. 

19  R.  ALBA.  Wiite  R.  Erect,  tall ;  prickles  slender,  or  0 ;  lfts.  round-ovate ;  petioles 
and  veins  downy,  glandular;  sep.  pinnatifid;  fr.  ovoid.  Eur.  Stout,  4— 8f.  Flowers 
large,  clustered,  sweet-scented,  pure  white,  semidouble. 

20  R.  CENTiFoLiA.  Pvovens  R.  Cabbage  R.  Very  prickly;  leaflets  5—7,  ovate,  edges 
gland. -ciliate  ;  cal.  and  ped.  gland.-hispid,  viscid  and  frag.  S.Eur.  2— 4f.  Fls. pink,  &c. 

Var.  very  numerous,  among  which  is  the  incomparable  Moss  Rose. 

21  R.  EGLANTERIA.  Yellow  R.  Austrian  Eglantine.  Branches  red,  all  prickly;  lfts. 
5—",  small,  broad-oval,  or  obovate  ;  sep.  smooth,  entire  ;  pet.  large,  yellow.  Aust.  3f. 

Var.  The  Copper  Austrian,  single  ;  Persian  Yellow,  double,  and  others. 

22  R.  ALPiNA.  Boiirsaiilt  R.  Climbing;  lfts.  5—11,  ovate  or  obovate,  sharply  serrate; 
ped.  deflexed  after  flowering,  and  sep.  connivent  on  the  ovoid  hip.  Alps.  10— 20f. 
Older  stems  thornless.    Fls.  clustered,  pink,  blush,  crimson,  &c. 

23  R.  Gallica.  Common  French  R.  Erect;  leaflets  5— 7,  oval  to  lanceolate,  thick;  fls. 
erect,  with  large  spreading  red  petals  ;  sep.  ovate,  some  viscid.    Eur.    2— 5f. 

Var.  300  or  more ;  as  the  Velvet,  Carmine,  Carnation.    Some  are  variegated,  as 
York-and-Lancaster,  Tricolor,  Picotee,  Nosegay,  &c. 

24  R.  PiMPiNELLiFOLiA.  Scotch  R.  Bumet  R.  Very  prickly,  erect ;  lfts.  5—9,  round- 
ovate,  obtuse,  smooth ;  sep.  entire,  finally  convergent  on  the  fruit ;  fls.  small,  rose- 
ate ;  but  there  are  varieties  with  purple  and  even  yellow  flowers. 

18.  AMELANCHIER,  Medic.  Shad-flower.  Wild  Service.  Cal. 
5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate.  Sta.  short.  Sty.  5,  some- 
Tvliat  united  at  base.  Pome  3-5-celled,  cells  partially  divided,  2-seeded. 
^  +)  Leaves,  simple,  serrate.    Flowers  racemous,  wliite. 

A.  CanadensifS  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth ;  raceme 
loose;  calyx  segments  lance-triangular;  fruit  globous,  purplish.  Woods:  common. 
5— 35f.    Flowers  showy,  in  early  Spring.    Fruit  pleasant,  ripe  in  June. 

/3.  oblong-ifoUa,     Shrub ;  lvs.  oblong-oval,  mucronate  ;  pet.  oblong-obovate. 

y.  roltindifitUa,    Lvs.  broad-oval ;  pet.  linear-oblong.     Shrub  10— 20f. 

&.  ahiifblia,    Lvs.  round-oval,  serrate  near  apex  ;  pet.  linear-oblong.    15— 30f. 

£.  olisrocdrpa.    Shrub;  lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  cuspidate;  rac.  2^-flowered.  North. 

19.  CRAT.ffiGUS,  L.  Thorn.  Hawthork.  Calyx  urceolate,  limb 
5-cleft.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  go.  Ov.  1—5,  with  as  many  styles.  Pome  fleshy, 
containing  1 — 5  bony,  1-seeded  carpels,  and  crowned  at  the  summit  by  the 


Ordek  44.— rosacea.  Ill 

persistent  calyx  and  disk.     "5  -^  Armed  with  tliorns.     Lvs.  simple,  often 
lobed.    Bracts  subulate,  deciduous.    Fls.  corymbous,  "wliite  or  purplish. 
§  Corymbs  G-30-flwd.,  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Fruit  red  or  yellowish. .  .(a) 

a  Villous  or  pubescent.    Leaves  plicate  or  sulcate  along  the  veins Nos.  1,  2 

a  Pubescent.    Leaves  plain,  not  at  all  plicate,  cleft  or  not Nos.  3,  4 

a  Glabrous  throughout.— 6  Leaves  abrupt  at  base,  lobed,  petioled No9.  5—7 

—b  Leaves  attenuate  at  base,  seldom  lobed  . .  .Nos.  8,  9 

§  Coiymbs  1-G-flowercd,— c  appearing  before  the  downy  leaves No.  10 

— c  appearing  with  the  leaves,— <?  pubescent No.  11 

—cl  glabrous Nos.  12, 13 

1  C  toiiieutosa  L.    Black  Thorn.    Lvs.  broad-ovate  or  oval,  abrupt  at  base,  doubly 

serrate  or  cut-lobed,  villous  beneath  when  young,  and  plicate  ;  fls.  large,  in  compound 
pubescent  corymbs  ;  fruit  oval,  large  (S"),  2-5-seeded,  red.  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.  Mts. 
15— 23f.    Flowers  white,  AprU,  May.    Fruit  July,  Aug.    Varies  greatly. 

p.  plicata,    Lvs  small,  glabrous,  strongly  plicate.    Vt.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y. 

y.  pyrifolia.    Lvs.  elliptic,  acute  at  base,  thinly  pubescent.    Stylos  3.    W. 

S.  Habellata,    Lvs.  fan-shaped ;  corymbs  glandulai'-pubescent.    W. 

£.  mollis,  Lvs.  large,  soft-villous,  subcordate,  many-lobed  ;  corymbs  canescently- 
villous  ;  fruit  downy  when  young.    Ohio  to  Iowa. 

2  C.  punctata  Jacq.  Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  doubly  and  often  incisely  serrate,  entire 

at  base,  and  narrowed  to  a  short,  winged  petiole,  veins  straight  and  prominent,  co- 
rymbs villous-dowuy ;  styles  3;  fruit  globous,  punctate.  Woods.  12— 25f.  April- 
June. 

3  C  arborescens  Ell.    Thomless ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeply  serrate ; 

calyx  hairy  ;  segments  subulate,  obtuse,  entire  ;  corymbs  very  numerous  ;  styles  5 ; 
fruit  ovoid,  red,  3".    Ga.  Fla.  and  W.    20— .30f.    March,  April. 

4  C  aplifolia  Mx.    Thorny.    Lvs.  deltoid,  truncate  at  base,  cut-lobed  and  toothed  ; 

petioles  slender ;  st3'les  2  or  3.    Woods,  S.    8— 12f.    March,  April. 

5  C.  Oxyacantha  L.    Ilaivthorn.    Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  3-o-lobed  at  apex  ;  corj'mbs 

glabrous,  white  to  purple  ;  styles  1—3 ;  fruit  small,  red.    Hedges,  &c.    8— 18f.    § 

6  C.  coccinea  L.    White  Thorn.    Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acutely  serrate,  7-!)-lobed  (lobes 

shallow),  thin,  abrupt  at  base  ;  petioles  long,  slender,  and  (with  the  calyx)  subglandu- 
lar ;  styles  3— 5.    Thickets :  common.    10— 20f.    JNlay. 

7  C.  cordata  Ait.     Washington  Thmvi.     Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  somewhat  deltoid,  in- 

cisely and  often  deeply  3-5-lobed,  serrate,  with  long  petioles ;  sep.  short ;  sty.  5  ;  fr. 
smaU,  globous-depressed.    Banks,  Va.  to  Fla.    15 — 20f.    $ 

8  C.  Crus-galU  L.     Cock-spur  Thorn.    Lvs.  obovate-cuneiform,  tapering  to  a  short 

petiole,  serrate,  coriaceous,  shining  above  ;  spines  very  long ;  corj'mbs  glabrous  ;  sep. 
lanceolate,  subserrate;  styles  1  (2  or  3).    Thickets.    10— 20f.    Fruit  pyriform.    June. 

9  C  spatliulata  Mx.    Lvs.  small,  coriaceous,  shining,  oblong-spatulate,  attenuated 

to  the  subsessile  base,  crenate  above,  sometimes  lobed;  corymbs  numerous,  lateral, 
20-25-flowered ;  sepals  very  short ;  fruit  very  small,  scarlet.    South.    10— 15f.    June. 

IOC.  sestivalls  T.  &  G.  Apple  Haiv.  Young  lvs.  rust-downy,  older  smooth  above, 
elliptic,  repand,  short-stalked;  corymbs  glabrous,  2-5-flowered ;  fruit  large  (8—9"), 
globular,  red.    Wet  shores,  S.    20— 30f.    Fruit  pleasant,  in  May.    (See  Addenda.) 

lie.  parviflora  Ait.  Thorns  straight  and  slender;  lvs.  cuueate-obovate,  subses- 
sile ;  fls.  subsolitary,  villous-tomentous ;  sep.  incised,  leafy,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  sty. 
5 ;  fr.  large,  roundish,  yellowish.    Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  and  S.    4— 7f.    April,  May. 

12  C.  flava  Ait.  Summer Haiv.  Thorns  straight  or  arcuate;  Iw.  rhombic-obovate, 
attenuate  into  a  glandular  petiole ;  corymbs  1  (often  2  or  3)-fiowered ;  styles  4  or  5  ; 
fruit  large,  pear-shaped.    Va.  to  Fla.    15— 25f.    April,  May. 

13  C  viridis  L.  Thorns  few  and  short;  lvs.  roundish  or  oval,  acute  at  each  end, 
sharply  and  doubly  toothed  above  ;  petioles  glandless ;  corymbs  3-6-flowered ;  styles 
2  or  3  ;  fruit  large,  globular.    Iowa  to  Fla.    12— 18f.    April,  May. 


11'2  Order  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

20.  PYRUS,  L.  Pear,  Apple,  «fec.  Calyx  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft.  Pet, 
5,  roundish.  Styles  5  (2  or  3),  often  united  at  base.  Pome  closed,  3-5- 
carpelled,  fleshy  or  baccate.  Cai-p.  cartilaginous,  2-seeded.  ^  +)  Lvs.  simple 
or  pinnate.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  cymous  coi-ymbs. 

§  Ptrus.    Leaves  simple,  glandless.   Styles  distinct.  Pome  pyriform No.  1    " 

§  Malus.    Leaves  simple,  glandless.    Styles  united  below.    Pome  globous. .  .Nos.  2— 4 

§  Aronia.    Leaves  simple,  glandular  on  the  midvein.    Styles  united,  &c No.  5 

§  SoRBUs.    Leaves  pinnate.    Styles  2— 5,  distinct.    Pome  small  (scarlet) Nos.  6,  7 

1  P.  coMMt-Nis.     Pear-tree.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  crenatc,   glabrous   and 

polished  above,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  corymbs  racemous ;  cal.  and  pedicels  pubescent ; 
styles  5,  distinct  and  villous  at  base.    Europe.    20— :i5f. 

2  I*.  Malus.     Common  Aiipk-tree.     Lvs.  ovate  or  ohlong-ovate,    serrate,    not  lobed, 

downy,  the  veins  all  incurved;  corymbs  subumbcliate  ;  pet.  with,  short  claws  ;  styles 
5.  united  and  villous  at  base.    Europe.    20— 30f.    Nearly  §. 

3  P.  coronaria  L.     Wild  Crab-tree.    Lvs.  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  cut-serrate,  often 

Publobate,  straight-veined,  soon  smoothish  ;  sep. subulate ;  fls.  large,  roseate,  corymbed, 
fragrant ;  pome  large  (IS'O,  sour.    Glades.    10— 20f.    May. 

4  P.  augustifolla  Ait.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  often  acute  at  base,  crenate-serrate  or  sub- 

entire,  short-stalked  ;  sep.  ovate ;  styles  distinct.    Pa.  and  S.    20— 30f.    March. 

5  P.  arbutifolla  L./.     Ctioke  Berry.    Downy ;  lvs.  oblong  or  obovate,  crenate-serrn- 

late,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  fruit  pyriform  or  subglobous,  dark  red. 
Damp  woods.    5 — Sf.    Fruit  size  of  currants.    May,  June. 
^.  melanocdrpa.    Nearly  smooth  ;  fruit  blackish  purple.     Swamps.    2 — 4f. 

6  P.  Americana  DC.    Mountain  Ash.    Lfts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  niucro- 

nately  serrate,  smooth,  subsessile  ;  cymes  compound,  with  numerous  flowers  ;  pome 
small,  globous  ;  styles  3—5.    Mountain  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.    15— 20f.    May.    t 

7  P.  AucuPARiA.    English  Mountain  Ash.    Lfts.  as  in  P.  Americana,  except  that  they 

are  always  smooth  on  both  sides,  and,  with  the  serratures,  less  acute  at  apex  ;  tlowers 
corymbous;  fruit  globous.    Europe.    20 — 40f.    t 

21.  CYDONIA,  Toum.  Quince.  Flowers  and  leaves  as  in  Pjtus. 
Carpels  cartilaginous,  many-seeded.  Seeds  covered  with  mucilaginous 
pulp.     ^  5  Flowers  mostly  solitary. 

1  C.  vrLGARis.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very  entire,  smooth  //-iv^ 

above,  tomentous  beneath ;  fls.  solitary,  large,  roseate ;  pome  tomentous,  obovoid.  ''' 

Europe.    8— 12f.    Stems  crooked.    April,  May. 

2  C.  Japonica.    Japan  Quince.    Lvs.  glabrous,  shining,    coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate, 

acute  at  each  end,  serrulate  ;  stip.  renifomi :  spines  short,  straight ;  fls.  axillary,  sub- 
sessile,  crimson.    Japan.    5 — Of.    Very  bushj-.    April,  May. 

Order  XLV.    SAXIFRAGACE.E.    Saxifrages. 

Herbs  or  shriihs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  stipulate. 
Sepals  4  or  5,  cohering  more  or  less,  and  partly  or  wholly  adherent.  Pe- 
tals as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  them,  or  2  to  10 
times  as  many.  Ovary  mostly  inferior,  usually  of  2  (2 — 4)  cai-pels  cohering 
at  base  and  distinct  or  united  above.  Fruit  generally  capsular,  1-2-celled. 
Seeds  small,  many,  albuminous.    Figs.  25,  52,  53, 132,  250,  273. 

A  large  order,  now  including  Ribes  and  Parnassia,  each  often  regarded 
as  constituting  separate  orders. 


Ordeu  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^.  113 

I.  SAXIFRAGE.*;.    Herbs.    Stipules  none  or  adnate.    Petals  imbricate,  rarely 
convolute  in  the  bud.     Calyx  free  or  partly  adherent.,  .(a) 

o  Petals  wanting.     Ovary  adherent,  1-celled.     Stamens  10 Chrysosplenhjm.  1 

o  Petals  pinnatifid.     Ovary  half  adherent,  1-celled.     Stamens  o  or  10 Mitella.  2 

a  Petals  entire.— (?  Stam.  10.— e  Ovary  1-celled,  nearly  free Tiarella.  3 

—e  Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  perfect.    Lvs.  simple Saxifraga.  i 

—«  Ovary  2-celled.    Fls  polyg.    Lvs.  compound.  ..Astilbe.  5 

— (7  Stam.    5.— :/■  Ovary  2-celIed,  adherent.     Seed  rough Boykixia.  6 

— /  Ovary  2-celled,  free.     Seed  wing-margined Sullivantia.  7 

— /'  Ovary  1-celled.— <7  Styles  and  carpels  2 Heuchera.  8 

—!j  Styles  and  carpels  3 Lefuropetalo-V.    9 

— jr  Stigmas  and  carpels  4 Parnassia.  10 

n.  ESC.MjLOXXE^E.     shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  a  valvate  corolla  bud. .  .(Jj) 

6  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.     Stamens  5.     Capsule  OO -seeded Itea.  11 

&  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.   Stam.  5.   Berry  OO -seeded.   (From  S.  Am.) Escallo.xia.  12 

III.  HYDRANGE.E.     Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  ..(c) 

c  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.— 7i  Cymes  radiate.    Shrub  erect Hydrangea.  13 

—7i  Cymes  naked.     Shrub  climbing Decumaria.  14 

c  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.— J:  Stamens  20—40     Petals  4 Philadelphus.  15 

—/.■  Stamens  10.     Petals  5.     (Asiatic) Deotzia.  16 

IV.  RIBESIE,E.     Shrubs  with  alternate,  pulmately-lobed  leaves,  and  baccate  fr...RiBES.  17 

1.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM,  Tonrn.  Water  Carpet.  Calyx  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  4-5-lobecl,  colored  inside.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  8 — 10,  short.  Sty.  3. 
Caps,  obeordate,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     ^  Prostrate,  small. 

C.  Ainericanum  Schw.    Lvs.  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  to  the 
petiole  ;  cal.  4-cIeft.    Cool  springs,  Northward.    3—6'.    Calyx  yellowish.    Apr.  May. 

2.  MITELLA,  Tourn.  ]Mitre-wort.  Calyx  5-cleft,  adherent  to  the 
base  of  llie  ovary.  Pet.  5,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx.  Sta.  5  or  10,  included.  Sty.  2,  short.  Caps.  2-beaked,  1-celled, 
with  two  equal  valves,     li  Flowers  small,  in  a  slender  raceme  or  spike. 

1  M.  dipliylla  L.    Lvs.  cordate,  acute,  sublobate,   serrate-dentate,  radical  ones  on 

long  petioles,  the  canline  2,  opposite,  snbsessile ;  fls.  white,  in  a  long,  loose  spike. 
Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.    If.    May,  June.    Curious. 

2  M.  nuda  L.    Lvs.  orbicular-reniform,  doubly  crenate,  with  scattered  hairs  above ; 

scape  filiform,  few-flwd.,  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf;  pet.  pinnatifid  with  filiform 
segments.    Damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  N.  Y. :  rare.    6'.    Very  delicate.    June. 

3.  TIARELLA,  L.  Bishop's  Cap.  Calyx  o-parted,  the  lobes  obtuse. 
Pet.  5,  entire,  the  claws  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Sta.  10,  exserted,  inserted 
into  the  calyx.  Sty.  2.  Caps.  1-cclIed,  2-valved,  one  valve  much  larger. 
y  Flowers  white. 

T.  cordifolla  L.    Lvs.  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  mucronate-dentate,  pilous  ;  scape  ra- 
cemous  ;  stolons  creeping.    Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    Common  North.    If. 

4.  SAXIFRAGA,  L.  Saxifr.\ge.  Sep.  5,  more  or  less  united,  often 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Pet.  o,  entire,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
calyx.  Sta.  10.  Anth.  2-celled,  with  longitudinal  dehiscence.  Caps,  of 
2  connate  carpels,  opening  between  the  2  diverging,  acuminate  beaks 
(styles).     Seeds  oo.     u 

§  Leaves  opposite  (small)  on  the  prostrate  stem.    Flowers  purplish No.  1 

§  Leaves  alternate  on  the  ascending  stem.    Flowers  yellow  or  white Nos.  2,  3,  4 

§  Leaves  rosulate  at  the  base  of  the  mostly  leafless  scape. . .(«) 


114  Order  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

a  Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior) Nos.  5,  6,  7 

a  Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovaiy  (half  superior) Xos.  8,  9, 10 

Exotic  species,  cultivated Nos.  11, 13 

1  S.  oppositifolia  L.    Lvs.  opposite,  obovate,  carinate,  obtuse,  punctate,  persist- 

ent ;  fls.  solitary ;  cal.  free ;  pet.  large,  obovate,  3-veined,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Eocky  cliffs,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.    June. 

2  S.  alzoides  L.    Csespitous,  leafy  ;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  thick,  flat ;  sep.  ovate,  slightly 

adherent ;  pet.  oblong,  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  capsules  as  long  as  the  styles. 
With  No.  1,  and  N.  W.    June. 

3  S.  rivularis  L.    St.  weak,  ascending,  .3-5-flo\vered ;  radical  lvs.  petiolate,  reniform, 

crenately  lobed,  cauline  lanceolate,  subentire  ;  cal.  lobes  broad-ovate,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  white,  ovate  petals.    White  Mts.  and  N. 

4  S.  triciisptdata  Rctz.    St.  thick,  erect;  lower  lvs.  crowded,  oblong,  3-cuspidate ; 

fls.  few,  large,  somewhat  corymbed ;  sep.  thick,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  oblong-obo- 
vate,  yellow,  dotted  petals.    Lake  shores.  Can.  and  N. 

5  S.  lencantliemlfolia  Mx.  Viscid-pubescent ;  lvs.  radical,  spatnlate,  cut-dentate, 

tapering  to  a  petiole  :  scape  diffusely  paniculate  ;  calyx  free,  reflexed  ;  pet.  unequal, 
white,  3  of  them  spotted.    Mts.  S.    IS'. 

6  S.  erosa  Ph.    Viscid-pubescent;  lvs.  radical,  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  with 

erose  teeth  ;  panicle  oblong,  loose,  witti  leafy  bracts  ;  cal.  free,  with  reflexed,  obtuse 
sepals  as  long  as  the  equal,  obtuse  white  petals.    Mts.  Pa.  to  Car.    15'. 

7  S.  Careyatua  Gr.    Lvs.  round-ovate  to  deltoid,  coarsely  dentate,  abrupt  at  base; 

panicle  diffuse ;  pet.  equal,  ovate  or  oblong,  white,  dotted,  twice  longer  than  the 
recurved  sepals.    Mts.  S.  (and  S.  Caroliniana  Gray). 

8  S.  aizoon  Jacq.    Lvs.  spatulate,  obtuse,  bordered  with  white  cartilaginous  teeth, 

and  a  marginal  row  of  impressed  dots  ;  flowers  corj-mbous  paniculate  ;  pet.  obovate, 
white.    Rocky  shores,  N.  Ver.  to  Mich,  and  N.    5—10'.    July. 

9  S.  Vlrginlensls  Mx.    Ecn-hj  Saxifragp..    Lvs.  spatulate  obovate,  crenately  toothed, 

shorter  than  the  broad  petiole  ;  scape  nearly  leafless,  paniculately  branched ;  petals 
white,  oblong,  much  exceeding  the  calyx.    Rocks,  common.    4—12'.    April,  May. 

10  S.  Pennsylvanica  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  tapering  at  base, 
denticulate ;  scape  forming  a  diffuse  panicle ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  pet.  greenish,  linear- 
lanceolate,  but  little  longer  than  the  cal.  Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  O.  1— 2f.  May,  Jn. 

lis.  SARMENTOSA.    With  Creeping  runners  ;  leaves  roundish  ;  pet.  white,  2  longer  than 

the  other  3  ;  scapes  naked ;  plant  hairy.    China.    Pretty  for  baskets. 
12  S.  CRASSIFOLIA.    Xo  runucrs  ;  Ivs.  tliick,  oval ;  sc.  naked  ;  fls.  pk.   Siberia.   Jn.  Jl. 

5.  ASTILBE,  Don.  <?  5  ?  Calyx  obconic,  with  4  or  5  erect  segments. 
Pet.  4  or  5,  spatulate.  St.  8  or  10,  exsertecl.  Ov.  S-celled.  Carpels  in  fr. 
separating  and  dehiscing  lengthwise  inside.  Seeds  1 — 4  in  each  cell,  y 
Coarse,  Aveed-like  plants.  Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternate.  Fls.  small,  yellowish- 
white,  in  spicate  rac.  forming  a  compound  panicle  (like  Spiraea  Aruncus). 

A.  decandra  Don.  St.  tall,  angular ;  Ifts.  subcordate,  incisely  lobed,  mucronate-ser- 
rate;  sterile  flowers  mostly  apatelous;  sta.  10.    Mts.  South.    4— Cf.    June— August. 

6.  BOYKINIA,  Nutt.  Calyx  turbinate,  adherent,  5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  deci- 
duous. Sta.  5.  Ov.  2-celled,  2-beaked.  Capsule  invested  with  the  calyx, 
dehiscent  between  the  beaks,  if  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate,  palmate.  Fls. 
cymous,  white. 

B.  acoultlfolia  Nutt.  St.  viscid-glan.'lular ;  lvs.  smoothish,  deeply  5-~-lobed  (like 
those  of  Aconitum)  ;  cyme  fastigiato,  the  fls.  secund.    Mts.  S.    1— 2f.    July. 

7.  SULLIVANTIA,  T.  &  G.     Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 


Order  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^.  115 

Segm.  ovate,  acute.  Pet.  oval-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Sta. 
5,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Capsule  2-beakecl,  2-celled.  Seeds  wing-mar- 
gined. If  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  palmate-veined.  Fls.  in  a  loose  pan.,  small,  wh. 
S.  Olilouis  T.  &  G.— Ohio,  Wise.  Stem  weak,  ascending,  6—12'.  Lvs.  roundish,  cor- 
date, lobcd  and  toothed.    May,  June. 

8.  HEUCHERA,  L.  Alum  Root.  Calyx  of  5  obtuse  segm.  Cor. 
of  5  small,  entire  petals,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Cap,  1-celled,  2-beaked,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  many, 
with  a  rough,  close  testa.  U  Lvs.  radical,  long-petioled,  petioles  with  ad- 
nate  stipules  at  base. 

§  Fls.  small  (1—2"  long),  regular  ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted Nos.  1—3 

§  Fls.  larger  (3—5"  long),  oblique  ;  stamens  and  style  short Nos.  4,  5 

1  H.  Americana  WOkl.    Viscid-pubescent ;  leuves  roundish,  cordate,  somewhat  "T- 

lobed ;  pan.  elongated,  loose,  divaricate ;  cal.  obtuse,  short,  about  equalling  the  spatu- 
late  petals  ;  stam.  much  exserted.    Shades,  W.  and  S.,  rare  N.    2^f.    May,  June. 

2  H.  villosaMs.   Villous,  with  rusty,  spreading  hairs  ;  radical  lvs.  rouud-cordate,  thin, 

glabrous  above,  T-0-lobed  ;  pan.  loose,  filiform;  pet.  white,  about  as  long  and  narrow 
as  the  filaments.    Mts.  Md.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ky.    1 — 3f.    June,  July. 

3  H.  caulescens  Ph.    Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  lvs.  Ij-T-lobed,  dentate;  pan. loose,  slen- 

der; scape  bearing  one  or  two  leaves  below  ;  pet.  linear-spatulate,  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx.    ]Mts.  Car.  Tenu.  Ky.    1— 2f.    (H.  Curtisii  Gr.) 

4  H.  pnbescens  Ph.    Lvs.  glabrous,  round-cordate,  7-9-lobed;  panicle  diehotomous, 

geniculate ;  style  exserted,  stam.  included  ;  pet.  white.    Mts.  Middle  States. 

5  H.  liispida  Ph.    Lvs.  hispid-rough,  5-7-lobed,  lobes  very  obtuse ;  fls.  scattered ;  pet. 

spatulate,  purple ;  sta.  a  little  exserted.    Mts.  S.  and  prairies  W.    June. 

9.  LEPUROPETALON,  Ell.  Calyx  o-partcd,  lobes  obtuse,  tube  tur 
binate,  adlierent  to  the  base  of  the  3-carpelled  ovary.  Petals  5,  minute, 
spatulate,  persistent.  Sta.  5,  short.  Capsule  globous,  1-celled,  3-valved, 
manj'-seeded.  Placcntne  opposite  the  stigmas.  @  A  minute,  succulent 
herb,  growing  in  tufts.    Lvs.  entire,  dotted.    Fls.  terminal. 

Li.  spatulatnin  Ell.— Hard  soils  S.    Stems  scarcely  1' ;  leaves  spatulate,  veinless  ;  fls. 
large  iu  proportion,  white.    March,  April. 

10.  PARNASSIA,  Tourn.  Grass  op  Parnassus.  Sep.  5,  united  at 
base,  persistent.  Pet.  5,  persistent,  with  a  bundle  of  sterile  fil.  at  the  base 
of  each,  and  5  perfect  stamens  alternating.  Caps.  1-celled,  4-valved.  Pla- 
centas opposite  the  stigmas,  in  the  middle  of  each  valve.  Seeds  winged 
If  Glabrous.  Lvs.  radical.  Scape  1-flowered,  often  with  one  sessile  leaf. 
Pet.  white,  with  green  veins. 

1  P.  Caroliniana  L.    Sterile  filaments  3  in  each  group,  each  with  a  little  round 

head  ;  pet.  sessile ;  lvs.  broad-oval,  rounded  at  base,  one  sessile  on  the  scape.    Wet 
meadows.    10—15'.    Flower  handsome,  1'  broad.    June— August. 

2  P.  asarlfolla  Vent.    Sterile  fil.  3  in  each  set ;  pet.  abruptly  clawed ;  lvs.  reniform. 

Mts.  Va.  and  Car.    10'.    Lvs.  large  (1—2'). 

3  P.  palustrls  L.    Sterile  fil.  pellucid,  setaceous,  9—15  in  each  set ;  cauline  leaf,  if 

any,  sessile ;  radical  lvs.  all  cordate.    Bogs,  Mich.  N.  and  W.    6'.    Fls.  1'.    August. 

11.  ITEA,  L.  Calyx  small,  with  5  subulate  segm.  Pet.  5,  lance-linear, 
inflexed,  inserted  with  the  5  stam.  on  the  calyx.     Styles  united.    Caps.  2- 


lie  Order  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

celled,  2-furrowea,  8-12-seeclecl.     +)  With  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  a 

simple,  spicate,  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers. 

I.  Virginica  L.— Swamps,Pa.toFla.  6f.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  short-stalked.  May,Jn. 

12.  ESOALLONIA  rubra  and  E.  glandulosa  are  handsome  sltrubs, 
with  evergreen  leaves  and  scarlet  flowers,  prized  in  the  greenhouse.  S.  Am. 

13.  HYDRANGEA,  L.  Hydrakgea.  Marginal  fls.  sterile,  neutral — 
an  enlarged,  rotate  5-lobed,  colored  calyx  only.  S  Calyx  tube  hemispheri- 
cal, adherent.  Limb  4-5-toothed,  persistent.  Pet.  ovate,  sessile.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Caps.  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oo.     +)  With  opposite  leaves.    Fls.  cymous,  generally  radiant. 

§  Cymes  paniculate.    Lvs.  sinuate-lobed.    Fls.  rose-wMte No.  1 

§  Cymes  corymbous,  level-topped.    Leaves  undivided Nos.  2,  3,  4 

1  H.  querolfoliaBartram.    Lvs.  deeply  siuuate-lobed,  dentate,  tomcntous  beneath, 

and  on  the  petioles  and  veins  above  ;  C3-mes  paniculate,  radiant,  the  sterUe  fls.  very 
large  and  numerous.    Shady  banks,  S.    4— Sf.    A  superb  plant,    t 

2  H.  arborescens  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate-den- 

tate, paler  beneath,  nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  white-red.    Banks,  S.  and  W.    5— 6f. 

3  H.  radiata  Walt.    Lvs.  ovate,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate,  silvery- 

tomentous  beneath ;  fls.  white.    Uplands,  S.    6 — Sf. 

4  H.  uoRTENSis  L.     Changeable  Hydrangea.    Lvs.  elliptical,  narrowed  at  each  end,  den- 

tate-serrate, strongly  veined,  smooth.    China  ?    1— 3f.    In  cultivation  the  fls.  are  gen- 
erally all  neutral,  of  varying  hues,  white,  blue,  pink,  &c. 

14.  DECUMARIA,  L.  Calyx  7-10-toothed,  tube  adherent  to  the 
5-10-cellcd  ovary.  Pet.  as  many  as  calyx  teeth,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Sta. 
3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  one  row.  Stig.  radiate.  Caps,  many- 
ribbed,  crowned  with  the  style,  oo-seeded.  +>  With  rootlets,  opposite 
leaves  and  cymes  of  white,  fragrant  flowers. 

D.  barbara  L.— A  beautiful  climber,  in  damp  woods,  S.    15— 30f. 

15.  PHILADELPHUS,  L.  False  Sykinga.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  half 
superior,  persistent.  Cor.  4-5-petalled.  Stj^  4-cleft.  Sta.  20—40,  shorter 
than  the  petals.  Caps.  4-celled,  4-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Sds. 
many,  arilled.     +)  Handsome.    Leaves  opposite,  exstipulate. 

1  P.  inodorus  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  acute  or  pointed,  3  (rarely  5)-veined,  smooth,  entire 

or  with  remote  slender  teeth  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  styles 
united ;  fls.  scentless,  1  or  several  together,  pure  white,  1'.  Uplands,  S.  5— 8f.  May-Jl. 

p.  g-raitdtnorus.  Pubescent ;  flowers  larger  (UO  ;  sepals  acuminate.    Cultivated. 

y.  Mrautug.    Hairy  ;  leaves  and  flowers  smaller,  the  latter  7".    Mt.  woods. 

2  I*.  coRONAEius.    Mock  Orange.    Glabrous ;  lvs.  ovate,  remotely  serrate  above,  5-7- 

veined ;  flowers  in  dense  clusters,  cream-white,  very  fragrant ;  styles  separate.    S. 
Europe.    5— 8f.  -June,  July. 

16.  DEUTZIA,  Thunb.  Pet.  5,  valvate  or  imbricate  in  bud.  Sta.  10, 
the  alternate  longer,  fil.  dilated,  3-toothed,  middle  tooth  antheriferous.  Ov. 
inferior.     Caps.  3-5-celled.     J)  Leaves  opposite.    Fls.  numerous,  white. 

1  D.  SCABRA.    Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  rough-haii-y ;  racemes  terminal,  dense  ;  styles 

3 ;  flowers  bell-shaped.    Japan.    5— Sf.    Very  fragrant.    June. 

2  D.  GRACILIS.    Foliage  similar  to  the  other,  but  smoother.    Shrub  only  2— 3f,  branches 

covered  with  flowers  in  June. 


Order  46.— CRASSULACE.E.  117 

17.  RIBES,  L.  Currants.  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  adherent  to  the  one- 
celled  ovary,  limb  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-5-cleft.  Pet.  4 — 5,  small,  in- 
serted with  the  4 — 5  stamens  on  the  top  of  the  calyx  tube.  Sty.  3.  Berry 
filled  with  pulp,  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  go,  albuminous.  J)  ^ 
Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed.  8 — 6f. 
§  Rlbesia.    Cinrants.    Steins  and  berries  not  prickly.    Flowers  in  racemes ...  (a) 

a  Flowers  greenish  or  red.    Lvs.  plicate  in  the  bud. — b  Fruit  smooth Nos.  1,  2,  i 

—b  Fruit  hairy Nos.  4,  5,  6 

a  Flowers  bright  yellow.    Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud No.  7 

§  Grossularia.     Gooseberries.    Stems  spinescent.    Leaves  plicate.,  .(c) 

e  Peduncles  5-S-flowered.    Style  2-cleft.    Berries  small,  hispid No.  8 

c  Peduncles  l-.3-flowered. — d  Calj'x  tube  and  fruit  prickly Nos.  9, 10 

—d  Fruit  smooth. — e  Leaves  cordate  at  base No.  11 

— e  Leaves  not  cordate Nos.  12, 13, 14 

1  R.  rubruni  L.     Common  Red  C.    Lvs.  obtusely  .3-5-!obed,  pubescent  beneath,  sub- 

cordate  ;  rac.  smoothish,  pendulous ;  calyx  limb  rotate ;  bracts  short ;  fr.  globous, 
glabrous,  red,  rarely  amber.    Woods,  Vt.  Wise,    t 

2  R.  floridum  L'Her.     Wild  Black  C.    Lvs.  acutely  3-5-lobed,  resinous-dotted,  sub- 

cordate;  rac.  pubescent,  pendulous;   cal.  cylindrical;   bracts  long;    fruit  obovoid, 
smooth,  black.    Copses,  Can.  to  Ky.    .3— 4f.    May.  June. 

3  R.  NIGRU3I.    Black  C.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed,  resinous-dotted  beneath,  not  cordate  ;  rac.  lax, 

hairy  ;  calyx  bell-shaped  ;  fruit  roundish,  black.    Eur.    4— 5f. 

4  R.  SANGUiNEUM.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed,  white-downy  beneath,  cordate ;  rac.  long,  liix,  all 

rose-red ;  calyx  segments  spreading ;  styles  united ;  fruit  blue.    Oregon. 

5  R.  prostratum  L'Her.    Mountain  C.    Stems  reclined;  lvs.  5-7-lobed,  rugous,  cor- 

date ;  rac.  erect,  lax  ;   cal.  rotate  ;  berries  globous,  glandular-hispid,  red,  ill-scented. 
Rocks,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.    Raceme  becoming  erect.    May. 

6  R.  resinosum  Ph.    Clothed  with  resinous-glandular  hairs ;  lvs.  3-5-lobed,  round- 

ish ;  raceme  erect ;  calyx  spreading.    Mts.  Car.    (Lost.) 

7  R.  AUREUM  Ph.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  3-lobed,  subentire,  shorter  than  their  stalks ;  raceme 

lax ;  calyx  limb  tubular,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  fruit  oval,  yellow,  soon  brown. 
Mo.  to  Oreg.    6— lUf.    Flowers  fragrant. 

8  R.  lacisstre  Poir.    Spiny  and  prickly;  lvs.  deeply  3-5-lobcd  and  incised,  cordate ; 

raceme  hairy  ;  style  2-cleft ;  fruit  hispid.    Swamps,  Northward. 

9  R.  Cynosbati  L.    Prickly  G.    Spines  in  pairs,  prickles  few  or  none  ;  lvs.  cordate, 

lobed,  pubescent,  cut-dentate ;  styles  united  to  the  top  ;  fruit  brown-purple,  with  long 
spines,  eatable.    Thickets,  Northward.    May. 

10  R.  sPECi6su5i.  Glabrous;  lvs.  roundish,  lobed,  crenate,  polished;  spines  long,  in 
3's;  flowers  nearly  solitary,  pendulous,  scarlet.    California.    Very  handsome. 

1 1  R.  Iiirtelluni  Mx.  Spines  few  and  short,  prickles  0  ;  lvs.  roundish,  lobed,  toothed ; 
calyx  limb  bell-shaped,  lobes  twice  longer  than  the  petals ;  stamens  exserted ;  style 
2-cleft.    Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise.    Fruit  purple. 

12  R.  rotundifolluin  Mx.  Spines  few  and  short ;  prickles  few  or  0 ;  lvs.  roundish, 
lobed,  cut-crenate-dentate,  smooth  or  downy  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  reflexed  ;  stamens 
and  styles  much  exserted.    Rocky  woods.    May. 

13  R.  UvA-CRisPA.  English  G.  Spiny;  lvs.  roundish,  short-stalked,  hairy  beneath; 
peduncle  hairy,  1-fiowered;  fruit  oval  or  globous,  large  (8 — 12"),  red,  green,  amber, 
white,  &c.    Europe. 

Order  XLVI.     CRASSULACE^.    House-leeks. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  succulent.    Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid. 
Stipules  0.    Floioers  sessile,  usually  in  cymes  and  perfectly  symmetrical. 


118  Ordeu  46.— CRASSULACE.E. 

Sepals  o — 20,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternating  with  them,  or  twice 
as  many.  Ovaries  as  many  as  the  petals.  Filaments  distinct.  AntJiers 
2-celled,  bursting  lengthwise.  Fruit  distinct  follicles  or  a  capsule,  many- 
seeded.    Figs.  8,  9,  4G8. 

§  Carpels  distinct,  forming  a  circle  of  follicles. .  .(*) 

*  Petals  distinct.— a  Klowers  all  3-  or  4-p.nrted.     Stamens  3  or  4 Till^a.  1 

— a  Flowers  5-,  or  -4-  and  5-parted.    Stamens  8  or  10 Sedhm.  2 

— a  Flowers  all  5-parted.     .Stamens  5 Chassula.  3 

—a  Flowers  6-12-parted,  with  cleft  hypogynous  scales Sempervivum.  i 

Petals  united  at  base. — h  Flowers  4-parted.     Stamens  8 Bryophtli.um.  5 

—6  Flowers  5-parted.     Stamens  5 Rochea.  6 

— h  Flowers  5-parted.     Stamens  10 EcHiErEBiA.  7 

§  Carpels  united  into  a  many-seeded  capsule. .  .(jr) 

X  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens Diamohpha.  8 

X  Flowers  5-parted,  with  10  stamens.     Petals  often  wanting Penthorum.  9 

1,  TILLffiA,  Mx.  PiGMT-WEED.  Calyx  of  3  or  4  sepals  united  at  base. 
Petals  3  or  4,  equal.  Sta.  3  or  4.  Caps.  3  or  4,  distinct,  follicular,  opening 
by  the  inner  surface,  2-  or  many-seeded.     /X'  Very  small.    Lvs.  opposite. 

T.  simplex  Nutt.  St.  ascending  or  erect,  rooting  at  base ;  lvs.  connate  at  base,  linear- 
oblong,  fleshy  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  siibsessile,  their  parts  in  4's  ;  pet.  greenish  ; 
carpels  8-10-seeded.    ®  Muddy  banks,  Ct.  to  Md.    1—2'.    July— Sep 

2.  SEDUM,  L.  Stone-crop.  Sep.  4  or  5,  united  at  base.  Pet.  4  or 
5,  distinct,  spreading.  Sta.  8 — 10.  Carp.  4 — 5,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with 
an  entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each.     U  Lvs.  fleshy.    Inflorescence  cymous. 

§  Fls.  in  scorpoid  racemes  or  spikes,  or  axillary,  the  latter  often  4-parted  . .  .Nos.  1 — 4 

§  Fls.  in  corymbous  cymes,  all  5-partod.— a  Leaves  mostly  alternate Nos.  5—7 

—a  Leaves  opposite,  and  whorled No.  8 

1  S.  teriiatum  Mx.    Leaves  scattered,  flat,  obovate,  the  lower  mostly  in  whorls  of  3, 

the  upper  spatulate  ;  spikes  .3,  rarely  2—4,  radiating,  sccund  ;  central  flower  5-parted, 
the  rest  4-parted,  white.    Damp  woods.    3—8'.    May,  June. 

2  S.  Nevii  Gr.    Stem  weak,  branched,  3 — 5';  leaves  alternate,  imbricated,  small,  obo 

viite-spatulate  ;  petals  lance-linear,  white.    Mts.,  Va.  (Porter),  and  S.    June,  July. 

3  S.  pulcliellum  Mx.    Leaves  linear,  alternate,  crowded ;  spikes  radiating,  dense 

flowered,  secund,  central  flower  5-,  the  others  4  parted,  rose-purple.    Eocks,  Va.  to 
Tex.    4—12'.    May— July.    Very  pretty  in  gardens. 

4  S>  acre  L.    English  Moss.    Procumbent,  difi'use  ;  leaves  very  small,  fleshy,  crowded, 

alternate,  appressed  ;  cyme  leafy,  somewhat  triftd  ;  fls.  yellow.    Gardens.    Jl.    §  Eur. 

5  S.  Rliodiola  DC.    Stems  clustered,  erect.  5—10' ;  leaves  mostly  scattered,  obovate, 

with  several  angular  teeth  or  entire,  crowded ;  flowers  4-parted,  in  a  small  cyme  at 
top,  yellowish,  diacioiis.    Rocks,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter),  Me.,  and  Can. 

6  S.  telepliioides  Mx.    Ascending,  tall ;  lvs.  round-oval  to  lance-oval,  narrowed  to 

the  base,  subdentate,  alternate  ;  pet.  acuminate,  pink.    Rocks,  Md.,  and  S.    Stems  If, 
leaves  1-2'.    Flowers  numerous,  in  a  terminal  branching  cyme.    June. 

7  S.  Telcpliium  L.    Lwe-fcyrmer .    Clustered,  erect,  very  leafy ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate,  ob 

tuse,  dent-serrate ;  corymb  dense,  leafy,  blue-purple.  Waste  grounds,  &c.   Stems  l-2f, 
round,  simple,  with  a  compact  pale-purple  cyme  at  top.    August.    §  Europe. 

8  S.  Sieb6ldii.  Lvs.  opposite,  or  in  3's,  roundish,  glaucous,  sessile ;  cymes  dense,  leafy; 


Ordeu  46.— CRASSULACE^.  119 

flp.  5-parted,  small,  bluish-pnrplc,  blooming  in  October.  Jayan.  In  dense  tufts.  A 
pretty  plant,  and  one  of  the  last  to  flower  in  the  garden.  Like  most  of  the  Sedums 
its  severed  stalks  will  grow  even  if  suspended  in  air. 

3.  CRASSULA,  Haw.  Parts  of  the  flower  all  in  5's,  distinct  and  free 
Scales  at  base  of  ovaries  5.  b  V-  Fleshy  plants,  from  S.  Africa,  remark 
able  for  the  perfect  symmetry  of  their  flowers. 

1  C.  AEBOKEscENs.    Stem  shrubby,  terete,  erect ;  Ivs.  opposite,  fleshy,  roundish,  cuspi 

date,  flatfish,  glaucous,  dotted  above  ;  cyme  3-parted  ;  flowers  handsome,  roseate. 

2  C.  LACTEA.    Stem  erect,  twisted  below,  branched  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  narrowed  to  the  couna  o 

bases,  dotted  along  the  margin ;  cyme  panicled,  with  many  white  star-like  flowers. 
Leaves  bright  green.    From  S.  Africa,  as  are  many  other  species. 

4.  SEMPERVIVUM,  L.  Live-forever.  Hoxjse-leek.  Sep.  6—20, 
nearly  distinct.  Petals  and  pistils  as  many,  and  stamens  twice  as  many. 
Scales  lacerated.     5  U  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  crowded. 

S.  TECTORUM.  Lvs.  oval-obovate,  ciliate-fringed,  densely  packed  at  the  end?  of  the  off- 
sets, scattered  on  the  stems;  flowers  purplish,  usually  12-parted.  Europe.  Will 
grow  on  walls  and  on  the  roofs  of  houses  (tectorum),  or  in  borders. 

5.  BRYOPHYL.LUM  calycinum.  ^  Evergreen,  fleshy,  2f.  Leaves 
opposite,  .3-5-fuliate,  with  thick,  oval,  crenafe  leaflets.  Flowers  in  a  loose,  terminal 
panicle,  with  an  inflated  calyx  and  a  tubular,  exserted,  purplish  corolla,  which  has  a 
4-lobed  limb.  The  plant  is  propagated  from  the  leaves,  which  produce  buds  on  their 
margins  becoming  new  plants, — like  ovules  from  a  carpellary  leaf. 

6.  ROOHEA,  DC.  Corolla  ftmnel-form,  5-cleft.  Sepals,  stamens,  ova 
ries,  and  hypogyuous  scales  each  5.     ^  Fleshy.     S.  African. 

1  R.  FALCATA.    Shrub  2f ;  leaves  opposite,  the  pairs  some  united  at  base,  glaucous,  ob- 

long, defloxed-falcate ;  flowers  in  corymbous  cymes,  red,  open,  fragrant. 

2  R.  cocciNEA.    Leaves  connate-sheathing,  ovate-oblong  ;  cymes  scarlet.    Beautiful. 

7.  ECHEVERIA,   DC.    Corolla  tubular  to  bell-form,  5-lobed  or  parted. 

Calyx  5-cleft.     Statnens  10.     Ovaries  5,  with  5  scales.     ^  U  Fleshy. 

1  E.  GKANDiFOLiA.  Plant  2f,  crcct,  glaucous  With  a  bloom ;  Ivs.  spatulate  to  obovate,  acute, 

the  lowest  large,  rosulate ;  flowers  urn-shaped,  panicled,  orange-red.    From  Mexico. 

2  E.  COCCINEA.    Plant  2f,  erect ;  leaves  obovate-cuneate,  acute,  scattered  ;  flowers  car- 

mine outside,  yellow  within,  in  a  tall  leafy  spike.    Mexico. 

8.  DIAMORPHA,  K  Fls.  4-parted,  with  8  stamens.  Carp.  4,  united 
below,  at  length  spreading,  opening  by  an  irregular  valve  on  the  back, 
4-8-seeded.  (g)  Small,  fleshy,  tufted,  with  cymes  of  white  or  pink  flowers. 
D,  pusilla  N.— Sunny  rocks,  S.    1—3'.    Leaves  oval,  sessile,  1".    March,  April. 

9.  PENTHORUM,  L.  Vikgixia  Stone-crop.  Calyx  of  5  sepals 
luiited  at  base.  Pet.  5  or  0.  Sta.  10.  Caps,  of  5  united  carpels,  5-angled, 
5-celled,  5-beaked,  dehiscent  by  an  obliquely-terminal  valve.  Seeds  Qo, 
minute,     if  Not  succulent.    Lvs.  alternate.    Fls.  yellowish,  cymous. 

P.  sedoides  L.    Stem  branched  and  angular  above  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate  ;  fls.  in  secund,  radiating  racemes.   Wet  places.    10—16'.    July— Sept. 


120  Order  48.— HOLORAGE^. 

Order  XLVIL    HAMAMELACE^.    Witch  Hazelworts. 

Shruis  or  trees  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules. 
Flowers  in  beads  or  spikes,  often  5  5?  or  5' .  Calyx  adlierent.  Petals 
linear,  or  0.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  the  opposite  sterile  and 
scale-lilie,  or  oo.  Ovaries  of  2  carpels,  2-celled,  2-styled,  ovules  2  or  oo. 
Fruit  a  woody  capsule,  2-beaked,  2-celled,  1-2-seeded. 

§  Petals  4.    Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  4.    Flowers  mostly  } Hamaueus.      1 

§  Petals  0.     Calyx  truncate.     Stamens  20— 28.     Flowers  s Fothergili.a.  2 

§  Petals  0.     CalyxO.     Stamens  00.    Flowers  g ,  in  globular  heads LiauiDA.MBAR.  3 

1.  HAMAMELIS,  L.  Witch  Hazel.  Calyx  with  an  involucel  of 
2 — 3  bracts  at  base.  Pet.  veiy  long,  linear.  Sterile  stamens  scale-like, 
opposite  tlie  petals,  alternating  with  the  4  fertile  ones.  Caps,  nut-like, 
2-cellcd,  2-beaked.     5  +>  Flowers  yellow. 

H.  Tirg'inmna  L.  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  acuminate,  crenate-dentate,  obliquely  cor- 
date ;  fls.  sessile,  3—4  together,  blooming  in  late  autumn  and  winter.  Woods.  Stems 
crooked,  10— 15f.    Pet.  twisted,  9"  long. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA,  L.  filius.  Calyx  campanulate,  truncate  and  ob- 
scurely 5-7-toothod,  bearing  the  stamens  in  one  marginal  row.  Styles 
distinct.  Caps.  2-lobed.  +)  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  expanding  after  the 
dense  spikes  of  flowers. 

F.  alnifolia  L./.— Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  2 — If.  Calyx  white,  fringed  with  the  long 
white  or  pink  filaments.    Styles  long,  recurved.    March,  April. 

3.  LIQUID AMBAR,  L.  Sweet  Gum  Tree.  Involucre  4-partecl, 
deciduous.  $  Ament  conical.  2  Ament  globular.  Calyx  a  scale,  if  any. 
Fruit  a  globular  sorosis  (^  171),  woody,  consisting  of  the  scales,  and 
capsules  which  open  between  their  beaks.  Ovules  oo,  1  or  2  maturing. 
^  Leaves  and  gum  fragrant.    Twigs  winged  with  corky  bark. 

li.  styraciflna  L.  Lvs.  palmate,  with  5  acuminate,  serrate  lobes;  veins  villous  at 
their  bases.    A  large  and  handsome  tree.  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.    COf.    May. 

Order  XL VIII.    HALORAGE^.    The  Hippurids. 

Herbs  mostly  aquatic,  with  incomplete  or  minute  ^ — v'  flowers.  Calyx 
tube  adherent.  Petals  0 — 4.  Stamens  1 — 8.  Pollen  4-grained.  Ovary  1-4- 
celled.  Styles  1 — 4,  distinct,  one  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  in- 
dehiscent,  1-4-celled,  1-4-seeded.  Seed  pendulous,  anatropous,  albuminous. 
(Formerly  joined  to  Onagraceae.) 

*  Flnwers  3-parted,  apetalons,  perfect Pboserpinaca.       1 

*  Flowers  4-parted,  moncEcious  ;  petals  4  or  0 MrRiOPnYLLUM.     2 

*  Flowers  1-parted,  apet.ilous,  perfect ...Hippuris.  3 

1.  PROSERPINACA,  L.  Mermaid  Weed.  Calyx  tube  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  3-sided,  limb  3-parted.  Pet.  none.  Sta.  3.  Stig.  3.  Fruit  3- 
angled,  3-celled,  bony,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  ^  Roots  creeping.  Lvs. 
alternate.    Fls.  greenish. 


Order  51.— MYRTACE^.  121 

1  p.  palustris  L.    Lvs.  linear-lanceo]ate,  sharply  serrate  above  the  water,  those  be 

low  (if  any)  pinnatifld.    2f  Swamps  :  common.    6—20'.    Lvs.  1—2'.    June,  July. 

2  P.  pectlnacea  Lam.    Lvs.  all  pectinate,  with  linear-subulate  segm. ;  fr.  obtusely 

3-angled.     if  Sandy  swamps,  Ms.  (rare)  to  Fla.  5—10' ;  long  creepers  at  base.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM,  Vaill.  Water  Milfoil.  Flowers  8  ,  or  fre- 
quently 5 .  Calyx  4-tootlied  in  the  ??  and  §  flowere,  4-parted  in  the  $  . 
Pet.  4,  often  inconspicuous  or  none.  Sta.  4 — 8.  Stig.  4,  pubescent,  sessile. 
Fr.  of  4  nut-like  carpels,  cohering  by  their  inner  angles.  ^  U  Submersed 
lvs.  parted  into  capillary  segments.  Upper  fls.  usually  S ,  middles  ones 
5  ,  lower  2  ,  greenish,  emerging  in  summer. 

§  Stamens  8.   Carpels  smooth  and  even.  Leaves  whorlcd  in  3's,  rarely  in  4'6.  .Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stamens  4.— Carpels  ridged  on  the  back.    Leaves  whorled  iu4's  and  5's Nos.  3,4 

—Carpels  smooth  and  even.    Leaves  alternate  or  wanting Nos.  5,  6 

1  OT.  splcutum  L.    Floral  lvs.  ovate,  entire,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  rest  aU  pin- 

nately  capillary  ;  fls.  in  term,  spikes.    Deep  waters,  fls.  emerging.    lOf. 

2  1W[.  verticillatuiii  L.    Floral  lvs.  pectinate-pinnatifid,  much  longer  than  the  flow- 

ers, the  lower  pinnately-setaceous.    Spikes  leafy,  terminal.    Slow  waters. 

3  M.  lieteropbyllum  Mx.    Floral  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  longer  than  the  fls. 

crowded,  the  rest  pinnately  or  pectinately  capillary.    Ponds  :  rare. 

4  M.  scabratuni  Mx.    Floral  lvs.  linear,  pectinately  toothed  ;  fr.  roughened,  sharply 

angled ;  verticils  axillary.    Shallow  waters.    6—12'.    Capillary  segments  few. 

5  M.  tenellunt  Bw.    Erect  and  almost  leafless  ;  floral  leaves  or  bracts  alternate,  mi- 

nute, entire,  obtuse  ;  fls.  s  ;  petals  linear.  Water  edges,  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Scapes 
4 — 12',  from  long  creeping  rhizomes.    Fls.  purplish-white,  sessile. 

6  ITI,  aiubigiiuin  Nutt.    Lvs.  many,  submersed  ones  pinnate,  with  capillary  seg- 

ments, middle  ones  pectinate,  upper  linear ;  fls.  mostly  2 .    Floating  in  ponds  and 
ditches.    Ms.  to  Ga. 

/3.  limosutn.    Small,  procumbent,  rooting,  in  muddy  places  ;  lvs.  all  linear. 

7.  capillaeeuni.    Very  slender ;  lvs.  all  immersed  and  capillary,  in  ponds. 

3.  HIPPURIS,  L.  Mare's  Tail.  Calyx  with  a  minute,  entire  limb 
crowning  the  ovary.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  1,  inserted  on  tlie  margin  of  the  calyx. 
Anth.  2-lobed,  compressed.  Style  1,  longer  than  the  stamen,  stlgmatic  the 
whole  length.  Seed  1.  ^Tv^'if  St.  simple.  Lvs.  verticillate,  entire.  Fls.  ax- 
illary, greenish. 
H.  vulgaris  L.    Lvs.  in  verticils  of  8  to  12,  linear,  acute,  smooth,  entire  ;  fls.  solitary, 

minute.    Borders  of  ponds,  marshes.  N.  and  W. :  rare.    1— 2f.    Dakotah  (Matthews) 

Order  LI.    MYRTACE^.    Mtrtleblooms. 

Trees  and  sJirubs,  without  stipules.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  punctate, 
usually  with  a  vein  running  close  to  the  margin.  Calyx  adherent  below  to 
the  comi)ound  ovary,  the  limb  4-  or  5-cleft,  valvate.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
segments  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous.  Anthers  introrse.  Style  and 
stigma  simple.     Fruit  with  many  seeds.     Albumen  none. 

Our  Myrtleblooms  are  either  tender  exotics,  or  indigenous  far  South. 
The  following  table  must  suffice  for  their  recognition. 

»  Calyx  truncate.     Petals  connate  into  a  caducous  calyptra  or  lid... (a) 

a  Fru;t  a  capsule.     Stum.  free.    Australian  trees,  alternate-leaved Eucaltptra. 

a  Fruit  a  berry.     Stam.  free.     Leaves  opposite.     Small  trees  in  S.  Florida Calyptrasthes. 

*  Cal.  4-lobed.  Pet.  1,  spreading.  Fr.  bac.  Lvs.  opp.  Trees,  shrubs.  S.  Fla.  ^H.'.jnce,  &c..Eugekia.         1 

•  Cal.  5-Iobed.    Pet.  5,  spreading.    Stam.  long-exserted.    Slii-ubs.    Cultivated. .  .(6) 


122  Order  52.-MELAST0MACE^. 

i  Stiimeiis  united  into  5  sets.    Fruit  capsular.    Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite.   Austrl.  .Mklalevtca.  2 

•j  Stamens  distinct.— c  Flowers  in  dense  lateral  cymes.    CLvs.  alternate.)    Austrl.. Calllstemon.  3 

—c  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.     Sepals  equal.     Lvs.  opposite... Myrius.  4 

—c  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.     Sep.  unecjual.    0pp.    G'(mm...l'siDiuM.  5 

1.  EUG£NIA  Jambos.  Hose  Apple.  Tree  (30— 30f  in  India),  witli 
lanceolate  leaves.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  showy  cymes.  Fruit  rouud-ovoid,  crowned 
with  the  caly.s,  H'  diam.,  yellow,  with  a  thick  rind,  which  has  a  sweetish,  rose-like  flavor. 

2.  MELALEUCA  HYrERiciFdLiA.  .  Slirubby,  of,  with  opposite,  ellip- 
tic-oblong, shining,  3-veined  leaves  on  the  drooping  branches.  Flowers  of  a  splendid 
red,  in  slender  spikes,  with  innumerable  stamens  (1' long)  radiating  in  all  directions.— 
M.  LEUCAPENDKON,  the  famous  Cajejmt  Tree  of  the  East,  has  long  lance-linear  leaves, 
white  fls.  spiked  on  the  pendent  branchlets.    The  trunk  is  black  and  the  branches  white. 

3.  CALLISTEMON  lanceoi-atum.  Bottle-hrush.  Beautiful  shrub, 
with  long,  thick,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  the  flowers  in  dense,  cylindric  spikes,  crimson  sta- 
mens innumerable,  radiant  at  right  angles,  suggesting  the  English  name.  Often  cultivated. 

4.  MYRTUS  COMMUNIS.  Myrtle.  Evergreen  shrub  or  tree  of  S.  Eu- 
rope, emblematic  of  victory  in  honorable  contests.  The  leaves  are  long,  ovate,  shining, 
the  flowers  pure  white  or  rose-tinged,  with  innumerable  stamens,  and  the  berries  black. 

Order  LII.    MELASTOMACE^.    Melastomes. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  square  branches  and  usually  uo  stipules. 
Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  dotless,  and  3-5-veincd.  Calyx  tube  urceolate, 
adherent,  at  least  to  the  angles  of  the  ovary.  Petals  4— G,  convolute  in  bud. 
Stamens  definite.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Fruit  capsular  or 
baccate.— Genera  more  than  a  hundred,  all  tropical  except  the  following. 

1.  RHEXIA,  L.  Deer-grass.  Calyx  4-cleft,  swelling  at  the  base. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8,  1-celled.  Styles  declined.  Capsules  4-celled,  nearly 
free  from  the  investing  calyx  tube.  Seeds  numerous.  U  Leaves  opposite, 
cxstipulate,  3-veined.    Flowers  showy.    Jime — September. 

§  Anthers  curved,  saccate  and  appendaged  at  base.    Flowers  purplish. .  .(a) 

a  Stem  square,  winged.    Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  bristly-serrate Nos.  1.  2 

a  Stem  terete  or  teretish.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear Nos.  .3,  4 

§  Anthers  straight,  oblong.— 6  Stems  simple,  with  purple  flowers Nos.  5.  d 

—b  Stems  brachiate,  with  yellow  flowers. No.  7 

1  K.  Virginiea  L.    Meadoiv  Beauty.    Stem  nan-owly  4-winged ;  leaves  sessile,  and 

with  the  stem  clothed  with  scattered  hairs  ;  calyx  hispid.    Wet  grounds,  E.  Mass., 
S.  and  W.    12— l(i'.    Cymes  corynibod.    Flowers  purple.    July,  August. 

2  R.  stricta  Ph.   Stem  tall,  strongly  4-winged,  glabrous  ;  leaves  acuminate,  glabrous' ; 

calyx  glabrous,  tube  very  short.    Bogs,  S.    3 — 4f.    Purpl  \    June,  July. 

3  K.  Mariana  L.    Hairy;  leaves  lanceolate  and  lanco-liuear.  acute,  brislly-serrato, 

tapering  to  a  short  petiole.    Sandy  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.    Purple. 
/3.  linearis,    Ditfusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  almost  linear.    South.    (R.  lanceolata  Walt.) 

4  R,  glabella  Ph.    Glabrous,  glaucous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subserrulate,  acute,  sessile; 

cal.  glandular-hispid.    Damp  woods,  S.    2— 3f.    Fls.  few,  large,  purple.    June— Aug. 

5  R.  eiliosa  Mx.    Stem  1— 2f,  squarish;  leaves  broad-ovate,  sparsely  hispid  above, 

margin  ciliate  with  long  bristles  ;  flowers  few,  subsessile,  terminal ;  calyx  glabrous, 
lobes  acute.    Damp  woods,  Md.  to  Fla.    Petals  roundish.    June— August. 

6  R.  serrulata  N.    Stem  6—8',  square;  leaves  small,  roundish-oval,  glabrous  both 

sides,  serralate-ciliate ;  calyx  glandular-hispid,  lobes  obtuse.    Swamps,  S. 


Order  53.— LYTHRACE^.  123 

T  It.  liitea  \^  alt.    Leaves  oblong-linear;  flowers  panicled ;  calyx  much  constricted 
above  the  ovarj-,  limb  bell-form,  with  cuspidate  teeth.    Damp  woods,  S.    18'. 

2.  CENTRADENIA  rosea,  from  jMexico,  is  often  seen  in  conservato- 
ries. A  small  shrub,  \*'ith  opposite,  lanceolate  leaves  (one  of  each  pair  much  smaller  or 
obsolete).  Fls.  4-parted,  roseate,  in  numerous  hanging  clusters.  Sta.  8,  anthers  append- 
Bged.— C  GRANDiFOLiA  has  the  large  lanceolate  leaves  crimson  beneath,  and  C3'mes  erect. 

Order  LIII.    LYTHRACE.^.    Loosestrifes. 
Plants  witii  entire,  exstipulato,  mostly  opposite  leaves,  -with  a  titbular 
cali/x  beai'ing  the  (4—7)  petals  and  stamens  in  its  throat,  and  a  compoimd 
ovary  and  style.    Stamens  4 — 14,  rarely  CO.     Fruit  capsular  and  free,  or 
baccate,  2 — 6-,  or  by  abortion,  1-celled,  co-seeded.     Albiunen  0. 

§  Shrabs,  with  alternate  leaves,  00  stamens,  and  a  bell-shaped  calyx Lagersthcemh.  1 

g  Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  00  stamens,  and  a  tubular,  adherent  calyx Punica.  2 

§  Herbs— a  Flowers  irregular.    Calyx  inflated,  gibbous  at  base Cdfhea.  3 

— a  Flowers  regular. — 6  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  with  5  minute  Uoi'ns LvTHRnM.  4 

— b  Calyx  campanulate, — c  5  teeth  with  5  long  boms Nasjea.  5 

— c  4  teeth  with  4  short  horns. .  .Amman.via.  6 

— c4teeth.  Horus  0.  Petals  O..Didipli8.  7 

1.  LAGERSTRCEMIA  Indica.  Crape  Myrtle.  Petals  6,  crisped, 
onclawsinsertedinto  the  calyx  tube.  Sta.  GO.  Lvs.  round-ovate,  thick,  smooth.  Branches 
winged.    Flowers  blue-purple,  in  panicles.    Common  S.  t  and  §.    From  E.  India. 

2.  PtJNICA  GRANATUM.    POMEGRANATE.   Lvs.  lanccolatc.   Pet.  5,  oval, 

obtuse,  erect,  scarlet,  large.   Fr.  large,  crim.,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  eatable,  of  singular 
structure,  being  3-celled  below  and  5-celled  above,  10— 30f.    Hardy  in  Fla.  and  La.    (Eur.) 

3.  CUPHEA,  Jacq.  Calyx  tubular,  13-veined,  gibbous  at  base,  -with  G 
erect  teetli,  and  often  as  many  intermediate  processes.  Pet.  6  or  7,  unequal, 
btam.  about  13,  unequal.     Sty.  filiform.     Caps,  thin,  1-2-celled,  few-seeded. 

1  O.  viscosis$>liiia  Jacq.    (T)  Viscid-pubescent ;  branches  alternate  ;  lvs.  opp.,  lance- 

ovate  ;  liowers  violet-purple,  short-stalked,  1  in  each  axil ;  capsules  bursting  laterally 
before  ripe.    Wet  grounds,  Mass.,  W.  and  S.    Not  common.    9 — 18'.    August. 

2  C  PLATYCENTRA.    Low,  bushy  perennial ;  leavcs  lauccolatc  ;   fls.  with  a  scarlet  calyx 

tube  and  short,  purple  petals,  produced  in  profusion  all  Sum.   From  Mex.   Not  hardy. 

3  C  STRiGULosA.    Shrubby,  hispid  and  vlscid  ;  lvs.  oblong-ovatc  ;  cal.  scarlet,  gibbous 

at  base;  petals  0,  subequal,  large,  violet-purple,  varying  to  yellow  ;  sta.  11,  hairy. 

4  C  siLENOiDES.    Lvs.  lanccolatc  ;  cal.  green  and  red  ;  pet.  5,  purple,  2  large  and  3  small. 

4.  LYTHRUM,  L.  Loosestrife.  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  limb 
4^6-toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate,  minute  processes.  Pet.  4 — 6, 
equal.  Statu,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  in  the 
calyx.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.  U  Mostly  with 
entire  leaves  and  purple  or  pale  flowers.     June — Aug. 

§  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.    Flowers  axillary,  solitary Nos.  1—3 

§  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    Flowers  spicate  or  racemed Nos.  4,  jS 

1  Li.  Iiyssopifolia  L.     Grass-poly.    Glabrous,  slender;  branches  square;  lvs.  alter- 

nate or  opposite,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  fls.  solitar}',  axillary,  subsessile: 
pet.  and  stam.  5  or  (i.    Low  grounds,  coastward,  Ms.,  N.  Y.    Rare.    0—10'. 

2  Li.  allium  Ph.    Glabrous,  erect,  branched ;  stem  winged  below;  lvs.  lance-ovate, 

acute,  sessile,  broadest  at  base,  alternate  and  opposite ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary, 
with  6  wavy  petals  and  G  short  stamens.    Damp.    S.  and  W.    1— 2f. 

3  li.  lineare  L.    St.  slender,  somewhat  4-angled,  branched  above  ;  lvs.  linear,  mostly 

opposite,  obtuse ;  fls.  nearly  sessile  ;  pet.  and  sta.  6.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2 — if. 


124  Order  54.--ONAGRACE.E. 

4  li.  Salica,ria  L.    More  or  less  pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceol:ito,  cordate  at  base;  fls. 

nearly  sessile,  in  a  long,  somewhat  verticillate,  interrupted  spike ;  pet.  6  or  7 ;  stam. 

twice  as  many.    Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    Bare.    2— 5f.    Fls.  showy,  purple.    1 

p.  ROSEUJi.    Flowers  rose-red,  in  many  spikes,  all  summer.    A  fine  garden  variety. 

5.  NESaJA,  Juss.  Calyx  short,  broadly  campanulate,  with  5  erect 
teeth,  and  5  elougated,  spreading,  hornlike  processes.  Sta.  10,  alternate 
ones  very  long.  Sty.  filiform.  Caps,  globous,  included,  co-seeded.  If  Lvs. 
opposite  or  verticillate.     Flowers  axillary,  purple. 

N.  vcrticillata  Kunth.  Swamps,  common.  Stems  woody  at  base,  stoloniferoua, 
2 — if,  angular  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3'8  ;  fls.  in  a  long, 
leafy,  showy,  slender  panicle  of  umbels.    (Dccodon  verticillatum  Ell.) 

6.  AMMANNIA,  L.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-5-toothed  or  lobed,  gen- 
erally with  as  many  hornlike  processes,  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Pet. 
4  or  5.  Sta.  as  many,  rarely  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes.  Capsule 
globular,  2-4-celled,  co-seeded.  ®  Stems  square  and  leaves  opposite, 
entire.    Flowers  axillary. 

1  A.  Iiiiniills  ISIx.    St.  branched  from  the  base,  ascending ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse, 

tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  :  fls.  solitary,  closely  sessile,  all  the  parts  in  4's  ; 
sty.  very  short.    Ditches.    A  low  herb,  with  inconspicuous  flowers.    Aug.,  Sept. 

2  A.  latifolla  L.    St.  erect,  branching ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dilated  and  au- 

ricled  at  the  sessile  base ;  cal.  4-angled,  4-horned  ;  fls.  crowded.  Wet,  W.  1— 2f.  Purp. 

7.  DIDIPLIS,  Eaf.  Calyx  4-lobed,  without  accessoiy  teeth.  Pet.  0. 
Sta.  2 — 4.  Ov.  2-celled.  Stig.  2-lobed,  subsessile.  Caps,  globous,  burst- 
ing irregularly,  oo-seeded.  ^T  Leaves  opposite,  crowded,  linear.  Flowers 
axillary,  sessile,  minute.     (Hypobrichia,  Curt.) 

D.  diandra.— Ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  111.  and  S.  10—20'  long.  Jn.-Ang. 

Ordek  LIV.    ONAGRACE.^.    Onagrads. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  4-(sometimes  2  or  3)-parted,  with 
the  cali/x  tube  adhering  to  the  2-4-celled  ovary,  and  teeth  valvate  in  tlie 
bud ;  the  pc^a^s  convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  obsolete  as  well  as  the 
calyx  teeth.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  calyx 
teeth.  Ovary  2-4-celled,  styles  united,  and  stigmas  capitate  or  4-lobed. 
Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  2-4-celled.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen. 
Figs.  13,  54, 138,  317,  385. 

•  Stamens  8,  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals. .  .(a) 

a  Caljx  tube  not  prolonged  above  the  ovary.— 5  Seeds  comous : Epilobil'jM.  1 

—b  Seeds  glabrous Jusslea.  2 

a  Calyx  tube  prolonged,— r  the  free  summit  slender.— d  Seeds  comous,  GO Zauschneria.  3 

—d  Seeds  glabrous,  CCi (E.vothf.ba.  4 

—tZ  Seeds  glabrous,  1 — t Gauka.  f> 

— c  the  free  summit  enlarged,— e  short.    Fet.  clawed Clarkia.  6 

— e  long.    Pet.  sessile Fuchsia.  7 

•  Stamens  4  or  2,  as  many  as  the  sepals.— tZ  Flowers  4-parted Ludwicia.  S 

—d  Flowers  2-parted CiacEA.  9 

1.  EPILOBIUM,  L.  Willow-herb.  Rose  Bay.  Cal.  tube  not  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  limb  deeply  4-cleft,  deciduous.     Sta.  8.     Stig 


Order  54.— ONAGRACE^.  1-25 

often  with  4  spreading  lobes.  Ov.  and  caps,  linear,  4-cornered,  4-celled, 
4-valved.  Seeds  oo,  comous  with  long  silliy  hairs.  U  Flowers  purple 
to  white.    July — Sept. 

*  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  showy,  expanding.  Stig.  with  4  long  lobes.  Sty.  declined  .No.  1 

*  Lvs.  opposite.    Fls.  small.    Stigma  undivided.— ct  Petals  entire Kos.  2,  a 

—a  Petals  2-lobed Nos.  4,  5 

1  E.  angustifolinui  L.    St.  simple,  erect ;  lvs.  lanceolate,   subentire  with  a  mar- 

ginal vein  ;  rac.  long,  terminal,  spicate  ;  pet.  unguicnlate,  purple  ;  stig.  with  4  lineai-, 
revolute  lobes.    In  newly-cleared  lands,  fence-rows,  &c.,  E.  and  W.    4— 6f. 
p.  canescena.    Flowers  pure  white  throughout ;  ovaries  silvery  canescent. 

2  E.  alpinnm  L.    St.  creeping  at  base,  usually  with  2  pubescent  lines,  few-flwd. ;  lvs. 

glabrous,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  ;  caps,  glabrous.  HighMts.  N.  6—12'.  Fls.  pale-roseate. 
p.  nutanc.  Taller  (If),  nodding  at  the  summit ;  lvs.  oblong,  denticulate.  '^Tiite  Mts. 

3  E.  palustre  L.    fi.  albillbrum.    Minutely  downy,  branching;  lvs.  sessile,  linear 

or  narrowly  lance  lin. ;  caps,  pubescent.  Swamps,  Pa.,  N.  &  W.  6'— 2f.  Fls.  nearly  wh. 

4  E.  niolle  Torr.    Velvety-pubescent,  strict,  branched  above ;  lvs.  sessile,  crowded, 

lanceolate-  to  linear-oblong,  subentire  ;  pet.  deeply-emarginate,  rose-color.    Swamps, 
E.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Varies  to  nearly  smooth,  and  less  leafy.    (N.  Y.,  Hankcnson.) 

5  E.  coloratum  Muhl.    Nearly  smooth,  much  branched;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  dent- 

serrulate,  some  petiolate,  often  with  reddish  veins  ;  pet.  2-cleft,  rose-color.  Wet.  l-3f. 

2.  JUSSI.5IA,  L.  Calyx  tube  long,  but  not  produced  beyond  the 
ovary ;  the  lobes  4 — 6,  leafy,  persistent.  Pet.  4 — 6,  spreading.  Sta.  8 — 12. 
Pod  4-6-celled,  long,  opening  between  the  ribs.  Seeds  very  numerous. — 
Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

1  J.  deciirrens  DC.    Glabrous;  fls.4-parted,  9";  st.  erect,  branched,  winged  by  the 

decurrent,  lanceolate  lvs. ;  pod  clavate,  4-angled.    n  Wet.  Pa.,  and  S.  6-20'.  Jl.-Sep. 

2  J.  repens  L.    Smooth,  or  hairy  above,  creeping,  with  erect  branches  ;  fls.  5-parted, 

2' ;  lvs.  oblanceolato  to  oblong,  narrowed  to  the  slender  pet. ;  ov.  much  shorter  than 
the  ped.   n  Ponds,  ditches.  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S.  2— 3f.   May— Aug.   (J.  graudiflora  Ms.) 

3  J,  leptocarpa  N.    Hairy ;  fls.  mostly  6-parted,  small  (9'0  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subses- 

sile  ;  pod  slender,  much  longer  than  the  ped.    (T)  Marshes,  Fla.  to  La.    1— 2f.    Jane. 

3.  ZAUSCHNERIA  Califoknica.  U  Bushy,  hairy-viscid,  with  lan- 
ceolate leaves  and  scarlet  (varying  to  white)  flowers  resembling  Fuchsias.    Sta.  exserted. 

4.  CENOTHESRA,  L.  Evening  PRorROSE.  Calyx  tube  prolonged 
beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous.  Segtn.  4,  reflexed.  Pet.  4,  equal,  obcordate 
or  obovate.  Sta.  8.  Caps.  4-celled,  4-valved.  Stig.  4-lobed.  Seeds  nianj^ 
without  a  coma. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.     Summer. 

*  Native.    Fls.  nocturnal,  yellow.    Pods  sessile,  oblong,  terete Nos.  1—3 

*  Native.    Fls.  diurnal,  yellow.    Pods  clubshaped,  4-angled  and  4-ribbed . .  {a) 

a  Calyx  tube  not  longer  than  the  ovary.    Fls.  5"  or  6"  diameter Nos.  4,  5 

a  Calj-x  tube  about  twice  longer  than  the  ovary.    Fls.  15"— IS". . . ; Nos.  fr— S 

a  Calyx  tube  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  ovary.    Fls.  2'-4' Nos.  9,  10 

*  Exotic— 6  Fls.  yellow,  large.    Tube  much  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  It,  12 

—b  Fls.  white,  very  large.    Pods  4-winged  and  4-ribbed.. .   Nos.  13,  14 

—6  Fls.  purple  or  roseate.    Tube  short,  funnel-form.   Godetia.  .Nos.  15—18 
1  <E.  ■biennis  L.  St.  erect,  hirsute  ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  fls.  in 
a  terminal,  leafy  spike  :  cal.  tube  2  to  3  times  longer  than  the  ovary ;  stam.  shorter 
than  the  obcordate  or  obtuse  petals  ;  pod  oblong,  obtusely  4-angled.    Com.    2— 5f. 


126  Okder  54.— ONAGKACE^. 

p.  murtcitta.    Stem  rongh-hirsnte  ;  petals  bnt  little  longer  than  the  stamen?. 

7.  g-randmhra,    St.  branching  ;  pet.  much  longer  than  stafff^  deeply  obcordate.  + 

i.  parvm'ora.    Calyx  tube  elongated  ;  petals  small,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

f .  cruciata.    Petals  linear-oblong,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

?.  eaniacens.    Petals  enlarged  ;  -whole  plant  canescently  hairj'. 

2  <E.  rltomWpetala  N.    St.  erect,  tall,  smooth;   Ivs.  lance-linear;   pet.  rhombic- 

elliptical,  pointed  ;  cal.  tube  3 — 4  times  longer  than  ovary.    (2)  Prairies,  W.    2 — Sf.   t 

3  <E.  siiiuata  L.    Pubescent,  decumbent  at  base  ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  sinuate-dentate, 

or  incised  ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary  ;  tube  twice  longer  than  ovary.  (T)  N.  J.  and  S.  3— S'. 
/3.  minima.    Low,  simple,  1-flowered  ;  Ivs.  subentire.    Pine-baiTens,  N.  J.  and  S. 

4  <E.  pamila  L.    Low,  pubescent,  half-erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  ;  fls.  6",  in  a  leafy  spike  ; 

calyx  tube  shorter  than  the  oblong-clavate  ovaiy.    (5)  Meadows,  Can.  to  Car.    6 — 10'. 

5  <E.  chrysantlia  Ms.    Ascending,  slender;  fls.  small  (5'0  crowded,  spicate;  Ivs. 

lanceolate ;  cal.  tube  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  pet.  emarginate.  @  N.  T.  to  Wis.   12 — 18'. 

6  <E.  frnticosa  L.    St.  rigid,  hairy  or  downy;  Ivs.  lance-oblong;  rac.  corymbed ;  fls. 

IS"  diam. ;  pod  oblong-clavate,  4-winged,  4-ribbed,  pedicellate,    n  Hard  soils.    1— 3f. 

7  <E.  rlpa.ria  N.    St.  slender,  branched,  purple,  and  polished  ;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  peti- 

olate.  denticulate  ;  rac.  corj-mbed ;  fls.  large  (IS").   Banks,  N.  J.,  and  S.  1— 2f.  May-h. 

8  <E.  linearis  Mx.    Hoary-puberulent,  subsimple;  Ivs.  linear,  subentire,  obtuse;  fls. 

large,  corymbed  ;  pod  obovoid.    n  Montauk  Pt.  to  Tenn.,  and  S.    1— l|f.    May,  June. 

9  <E.  glanca  Mx.    Smooth,  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  sessile,  pointed;  fls.  large,  clustered 

at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  pod  oval.    2f  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    2— 3f.    May— July. 

10  <E.  MissouEiENSis  Sims.    Simple,  decumbent;  Ivs.  thick,  lanceolate,  petiolate ;  fls. 
very  large  (4'),  tube  very  long;  pod  very  large,  4-winged.    D17  hills.  Mo.    July— Oct. 

11  <E.  NOCTUKNA.    St.  erect,  downy;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  repand-dentate.    (2)  S.  Af.    2f. 
„^  12  <E.  loxgifl6r.\.    Simple,  hairy;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  denticulate;  pet.  2-lobed.  (5)8.  Am. 
''-  jr§  flE.  sPECiosA.    Lvp.  pinnatifid  below  ;  fls.  diurnal,  white,  fading  red.    %  Ark.    18'. 

14  CE.  TETRAPTERA.    Lvs.  pinnatifid  bclow  ;  fls.  noctum.,  large,  pure  wh.  (T)Mex.  l-2f. 

15  <E.  RUBicuNDA.    Erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear  ;  pet.  rosc-purp.,  orange  at  base.  ©Cal.  2f. 

1 6  <E.  LiNDLEYi.  Diffusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  lance-liu. ;  pet.  lilac,  red  at  base.  (T)  Cal.  If. 
1  7  <E.  vmosA.  •  Erect ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong ;  pet.  white-roseate  ;  fls.  2'  broad.  ®  Cal.  2f. 
1 8  <E.  LEPiDA.    Erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  lance-obl. ;  pet.  pale-purp.,  crimson-spotted  at  edge. 

5.  GAURA,  L.  Calyx  tube  much  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  cylin- 
dric,  limb  4-cleft.  Pet.  4,  uuguiculate,  somewhat  unequal.  Sta.  8,  decli- 
nate,  alternate  ones  a  little  shorter.  Ovaiy  oblong,  4-celled,  nut  usually  by 
abortion,  1-celled,  1-4-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  alternate. 
Flowers  white  and  red,  in  slender  spikes.    July,  August. 

1  G.  biennLs  L.    St.  branched,  pubescent ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  spikes  dense ;  cal.  tube 

as  long  as  the  segments,  the  pet.  rather  shorter.    @  Drybluflfe,  rare,  handsome.  3— 5f. 

2  G.  filipes  Spach.    Paniculate  and  naked  above ;   lvs.  linear-oblong,  tufted  at  the 

base  of  the  slender  racemes  ;  calyx  segments  longer  than  the  tube  or  petals ;  pods 
obovoid-clavate,  on  slender  pedicels.    Dry  soils,  S.  and  W.    3— 5f. 

3  G.  angnstifolia  Mx.    Pubescent ;  lvs.  linear,  verj-  acute  ;  calyx  seg.  much  longer 

than  tube  or  pet. :  pod  sessile,  ovoid,  sharply  4-angled.   S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Fls.  small,  wh. 

4  G.  LiNDHEiMEra.    Erect,  much  branched  ;  lvs.  lin. ;  cal.  red  ;  pet.  blush,  long  in  bloom. 

6.  CLARKIA,  Pli.  Calyx  tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
limb  4-parted,  deciduous.  Pet.  4,  unguiculate,  3-lobed  or  entire,  claws 
with  2  minute  teeth.  Bta.  8.  Sty.  1,  filiform.  Stig.  4-lobed.  Capsule 
largest  at  base,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. — (1)  Herbs  (from  Oreg.  and 
Cal.)  with  showy,  axillary  flowers. 

1  C.  ruLCHELLA.  Lvs.  lin. -lanceolate;  pet.  3-parted;  4  sterile  sta.  Fls.  wh.,  rose,  or  lilac 


Order  54.— ONAGRACE.E.  127 

2  C.  ELEGANS.    Lvs.  lance-ovate  ;  pet.  rhombic-ovate  ;  eta.  all  fertile.    Purple  to  white. 

3  C  RHOMBOiDEA.  Lvs.  ovate-obl. ;  pet.  rhomb. -ovate,  9-toothecl,  lilac,  with  purple  spots. 

7.  FUCHSIA,  L.  Ladies'  Eardrop.  Calyx  tubular-fimnel-form, 
colored,  deciduous,  limb  4-lobed.  Pet.  4,  in  tlie  throat  of  the  calyx.  Sta. 
8,  exserted.  Disk  glandular,  8-fuiTowed.  Baccate  capsule  oblong,  obtuse, 
4-sided.     +>  S.  American,  beautiful.    Fls.  drooping,  axillary.    Figs.  54, 138. 

1  F.  cocciNEA.    Smooth;  lvs.  opp.  or  3-whorled,  ovate,  denticulate ;  pet.  convolute,  vio- 

let-purple, half  as  long  as  the  scarlet  sepals,  quarter  as  long  as  the  purple  stamens. 

2  F.  GRACILIS.    Half-shrubby;  lvs.  ovate,  glandular-dentate;  pet.  nearly  as  long  as  sep. 

3  F.  FULGENS.    Lvs.  cordate-ovate ;  cal.  tube  long,  trumpet-shaped,  bright  red.— Many 

hybrid  varieties  of  the  above  three  species  are  in  cultivation. 

8.  LUDWIGIA,  L.  Bastard  LoosESTRrFE.  Calyx  tube  not  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  limb  4-lobed,  mostly  persistent.  Pet.  4,  equal, 
obcordate,  often  minute  or  none.  Sta.  4,  opposite  the  sepals.  Sty.  short. 
Caps,  short,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded,  and  crowned  with  the  persist- 
ent calyx  lobes.     U  and  mostly  ^tx'.    Leaves  entire.    Flowers  in  summer. 

§  Leaves  opposite.    Stems  creeping. — a  Petals  none.    Flowers  very  small. .  .Nos.  1,  2 

— a  Petals  yellow,  showy Nos.  ,3,  4 

§  Leaves  alternate,  sessile.    Stems  mostly  erect.  ..{&) 

b  Petals  large,  yellow.    Pods  pedicellate,  short Nos.  5—7 

b  Petals  small,  yellowish.    Pods  sessile,  elongated,  smooth Nos.  8,  9 

b  Petals  0  or  miuute.— c  Pods  elongated,  hairy  or  smooth Nos.  10, 11 

—c  Pods  short,  rounded,  shorter  than  the  sepals.. Nos.  12, 13 

—c  Pods  short,  square,— c?  axillary Nos.  14— 16 

—d  capitate No,  It 

1  li.  paliistris  Ell.     Water  Pm'slane.    Creeping  or  floating,  smooth,  some  fleshy; 

lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  on  winged  petioles  ;  fls.  sessile,  solitary,  apetalous  ;  pod  oblong 
(2"),  with  4  green  angles.    Stem  10—18',  round,  reddish. 

2  li.  spalulata  T.  &  G.    Ascending,  branched,  downy,  not  fleshy;   lvs.  obovate- 

spat.,  on  winged  petioles  ;  fls.  very  small,  scss. ;  pod  ovoid,  4-sided,  downy.  Fla.  6-12'." 

3  Li.  iiatans  Ell.    Creeping  or  floating,  smooth;  hs.  oblong,  on  margined  petioles; 

fls.  sessile  ;  pet.  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  ov.  with  2  bractlets  at  base.  Swamps,  S.  Pod  4". 

4  li.  arcuata  Walt.    Creeping,  smoothish ;   lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the 

slender  base ;  fls.  solitary,  on  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  petals  bright  yellow, 
longer  than  the  naiTOw  sepals  ;  pod  clavate,  finally  arcuate.    Va.  to  Fla.    3—10'. 

5  li.  alternlfolia  L.    Seed  Box.    Erect,  glabrous ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute;  ped.  axil- 

lary, 2-bracted  ;  sep.  large,  purplish,  crowning  the  4-winged  pod.    Swamps.    1— 3f. 

6  li.  liirtella  Eaf.    Erect,  hairy;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  ped.  axillary,  2-bracted; 

sep.  shorter  than  the  yellow  petals;  pod  4-winged,  subglobous.  Wet.  N.J.  to  Fla.  l-3f. 

7  li.  virgata  Ph.    Erect,  with  virgate  branches,  smoothish  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  linear,  ob- 

tuse ;  fls.  large  ;  pet.  longer  than  the  leafy  calyx,  which  is  finally  persistent  and  re- 
flexed  on  the  roundish-cubical  4-winged  pod.    Di-y  soils,  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  1'. 

8  li.  linearis  Walt.    Slender,  with  erect  branches  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  acute;  fls.  axil- 

lary, sessile  ;  pet.  obovate-obl. ;  pod  clavate,  4-sided,  longer  than  sep.  N.  J.  and  S.  2f. 

9  li.  linifolla  Poir.    Simple,  erect  from  a  creeping  base ;  lvs.  spreading,  lin.,  attenu- 

ate at  base  ;  sep.  ovate,  pointed,  equalling  the  pet.  and  oblong  pods.  Mud,  S.  If  Lvs.  1'. 

10  li.  cylindrlca  Ell.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  ;  fls.  minute,  1—3  together,  apetalous  ; 
pod  slender,  cylindrical,  blunt,  longer  than  the  calyx  segm.   S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.   3f. 

1 1  li.  pilosa  Walt    Villous-pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate  ;  fls.  axillary  and  spiked  above  : 
pod  villous,  oblong,  4-sided,  as  long  as  the  ovate,  pointed  sepals.    Swamps,  S.    2f. 


1^28  Order  56.— TURNERACE^. 

12  Ii.  sphaerocarpa  Ell.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  base;  ped.  siibsol.,bractless, 
short ;  sep.  as  long  as  the  small  subglobous  pod.  Wet  swamps,  Mass.  to  Ga. :  rare.  3f, 

13  Li.  niicrocarpa  Ms.    Ascending  from  a  creeping  base;  lvs.  spatulate-obovatc ; 
sep.  roundish,  acuminate,  larger  than  the  very  small  obovoid  pod.  Wet,  S.   If. 

14  li.  aliita  Ell.    St.  slender,  strongly  4-angled ;  lvs.  wedge-lanceolate  ;  fls.  in  the  up- 
per axils  few,  white,  apet. ;  pod  cubic-obconic,  winged  ;  sds.  ovoid.  Marshes,  S.  2-3f. 

15  Ij.  laiiceoIa.ta  Ell.?  (Chapm.)    St.  stout,  terete;  lvs.  lanceolate ;  fls.  in  all  the 
axils  green,  apetalous  ;  pod  cubical,  with  sharp  angles.  Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.  l-2f,  bushy. 

1 6  li.  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  on  the  runners  oblanceolate ;  fls. 
solitary,  with  2  subulate  bractlets  at  base  ;  pod  cubical-obconic.    Swamps,  W.    1— 3f. 

1 7  li.  capitata  Mx.    Erect ;  lvs.  lance-linear  to  lance-obl.,  ol)tuse  at  the  sessile  base ; 
flowers  sessile,  crowded  in  a  terminal  bracted  head  or  spike.    Wet  barrens,  S.    2— 3f. 

9.  CIRCfflA,  L.  Enchanter's  NionTsn.^DE.  Calyx  slightly  pro- 
duced above  the  ovary,  deciduous,  limb  2-parted.  Pet.  2,  obcordato.  Sta. 
3.  Caps,  obovoid,  uncinate-hispid  or  pubescent,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Sty. 
united,     y  Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  small,  racemed.    Figs.  13,  317,  385. 

1  C.  Lutetfana  L.    St.  erect,  pubescent  above;  lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate, 

slightly  repand-dentate,  opaque,  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  bracts  none  ;  fr.  reflexed, 
hispid-uncinate.    Damp  shades.    1— 2f.    Eac.  slender.    Fls.  rose-colored.    June,  Jl. 

2  C  alpina  L.    Smooth  ;  st.  ascending  at  base,  weak  ;  lvs.  broad-cordate,  diaphanous, 

dentate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;   bracts  setaceous ;   caps,  pubescent.    Wet,  rocky 
woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Oreg.    6—10'.    Fls.  white.    Plant  small  and  delicate.    July,  Aug. 

Order  LV.    LOASACE^.    Loasads. 

Herbs  often  hispid  with  stinging  hairs,  with  leaves  opposite  or  alternate 
and  no  stipules.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4  or  5-parted,  lobes  persist- 
ent, equal.  Petals  5,  or  10  in  2  circles.  Stamens  oo.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
several  parietal  phicentfe. 

1.  MENTZELIA,  L.  Calyx  tubular,  limbo-parted.  Pet.  5— 10,  flat, 
spreading.  Sta.  oo,  20  to  200.  Ov.  inferior.  Sty.  3,  filiform,  connate,  and 
often  spirally  twisted.  Stig.  simple,  minute.  Caps.  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
— Branching  herbs.    Leaves  alternate. 

1  M.  oligosperina  Nutt.    Very  rough,  with  barbed  hairs;  stem  dichotomous  ;  lvs. 

ovate-lanceolate,  lobed  or  incisely  toothed ;  pet.  entire,  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  20 -f- 
sta. ;  caps.  .3-5-seeded.    %  Dry  rocks,  111.  Mo.  and  S.  If.  Fls.  deep  yellow,  9".  May-Jl. 

2  M.  Floi'Idana  N.   Slightly  roughened ;  lvs.  deltoid-ovate,  unequally  toothed,  petio- 

late;  pet.  wedge-oval,  obtuse:  sta.  30;  caps.  6-seeded.    Fla.    If.   Fls.  small,  yellow. 

3  M.  LiNDLEYi.  Golden  Bartonia.  Hispid  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  pinnatifld,  lobes  often  den- 

tate ;  pet.  broad  obovate  ;  seeds  00  ;  stamens  200.    ®  California.    Fls.  golden,  2—3'. 

2.  LOASA,  Adans.  Cal.  5-partcd.  Pet.  5,  concave.  Scales  5,  petaloid, 
2-3-lobed,  connivent,  with  2  sterile  filaments  inserted  at  base.  Sta.  oo,  in 
many  fascicles.     Style  3-fid.     Caps.  1-celled,  half  3-valved. 

L.  LATERiTiA.    Brick-red  L.    Climbing,  stinging ;  leaves  palmately  lobed,  cordate;  fls. 
large,  on  long  stalks,  brick-red  to  orange.    Chili.    20f.    June— October. 

Order  LYL    TURNERACE^. 
Herbs  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  solitary,  5-parted  flowers,  a  free 
calyx  bearing  the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  in  its  tlii-oat.     Ovary  1-celled,  with 


Okder  58.— CUCURBITACE^.  129 

3  parietal  placentae.     Styles  3,  distinct.    Fruit  a  3-valvecl  capsule.     Seedi 
albuminous,  strophiolate. 

TURNERA,  L.  Calj^x  campanulate.  Styles  3.  Stigmas  2-5-00- 
parted  or  fringed.  Caps,  of  3  valves  separating  to  the  base.  Herbs  pubes- 
cent or  tomentous.    Flowers  on  jointed  pedicels,  yellow.    (Piriqueta,  Aub.) 

1  T.  cistoides  L.    Hairy,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticalate  ;  the  upper  bract- 

like, shorter  than  the  peduncles  ;  pet.  obovate,  cor.  1'.    Dry.    S.    If.    June,  July. 

2  T.  tomeiitosa.    Tomentous  ;  Ivs.  oblong  (10,  longer  than  the  peduncles.    Fla.    If. 

3  T.  glabra  (Chapm.)    Smooth,  branched  ;  ped.  2—3  times  longer  than  lin.  Ivs.    Fla. 

Order  LVII.    PASSIFLOBACE^.    Passionworts. 

Plants  often  woody,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves  and  leafy 
stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  5-parted.  Calyx  tubular,  the  throat  crowned 
with  several  rows  of  sterile  filaments,  and  the  corolla  above  them.  Sta- 
mens 5,  monadelphous,  sheathing  the  stipe  of  the  ovary.  Fr.  fleshy,  oo- 
seeded.    Figs.  Ill,  112,  348. 

PASSIFLORA,  L.  Passion-flower  (^.  c.,  emblematic  of  our  Saviour's 
passion).  Cal.  colored,  deeply  5-parted,  the  throat  with  a  complex  fila- 
mentous crown.  Ov.  raised  on  a  stipe.  Stig.  3,  with  5  large  anthers.  Fr. 
a  pulpy  berry.     ^  ^  Fls.  large,  wonderful  and  beautiful.    May— -July. 

1  P.  lutea  L.    Lvs.  glabrous,  cordate,  .3-lobed,  obtuse  ;  petioles  glandless  ;  ped.  mostly 

in  pairs  ;  pet.  gr.-yel.,  narrower  and  much  longer  than  sep.     n  Wood?,  O.,  and  S.  lOf. 

2  P.  lncarna.ta  L.    Lvs.  deeply  3-lobed,  serrate  ;  petioles  with  2  glands  above  ;  in- 

volucre 3-leavcd  ;  crown  triple,  roseate,     n  Dry  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.    20— 30f.    Pet.  wh. 

3  P.  CffiuuLEA.    Shrubby ;    lvs.  palmately  5-parted,  entire  ;  invol.  3-bractcd ;  petioles 

glandular;  pet.  longer  than  the  crown,  blue,  purple,  and  white.    Brazil.    Not  hardy. 

Order  LYIII.     CUCURBITACE^.    Cucurbits. 

Herbs  succulent,  creeping  or  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves. 
Flovxrs  monoscious  or  polj^gamous,  never  blue.  Calyx  5-toothed,  adherent. 
Petals  5,  often  united,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  generally  cohering 
in  3  sets.  Anthers  united,  contorted.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  pla- 
centae often  filling  the  cells.  Fruit  a  pepo  or  membranous.  Seech  flat,  with 
no  albumen,  often  arilled.    Figs.  186,  476,  483. 

§  Corolla  white,— a  6-clert.     Stigmas  2.     Fruit  echinate Echinoctstis.  1 

— a  5-petalled.     Pepo  smootli,  many-seeded Lagenaria.  2 

— <i5-parted.     Berry  smootli,  few-seeded Brtonia.  3 

— a5-lobed.     Fruit  prickly,  1-seeded SiCYOS.  4 

§  Corolla  yellow,— 5  5-lobed.     Berry  small,  smooth,    00-seeded Melothria.  5 

— 6  5-lobed.     Pepo  large.     Seeds  thick  at  edge Cdcurbita.  6 

—b  5-cleft.    Pepo  large,— c  Seeds  colored,  thick-edged Citrollus.  7 

— c  Seeds  white,  acute-edged CucuMis.  8 

1.  ECHINOCYSTIS,  T.  &  G.  Flowers  8 .  Calyx  of  6  filiform-subu- 
late segments,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Petals  6,  united  at  base  into  a  ro 
tate-campanulate  corolla.     $  Sta.  3,  diadelphous.     ?  Abortive  fil.  3,  dis- 


130  Order  58.— CUCURBITACEiE. 

tinct,  minute.     Style  very  short.     Stig.  2,  large.    Fruit  roundish ,  inflated, 
echinate,  4-seeded.    (i)  Climbing,  with  branched  tendrils. 
E.loba,ta  T.  &  G.    Allnviou,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  W.    Smoothish.    Lvs.  thin,  palmately 
5-lobecl.    Fls.  smiall,  white,  the  barren  in  large  racemes,  fertile  few  below.    Jl. — Sep. 

2.  LAGENARIA,  Ser.  Gourd.  Fls.  8 .  Calyx  campan.,  5-toothed. 
Pet.  5,  obovate.  c5  Sta.  5,  triadelphous.  2  Stig.  3,  thick,  2-lobed,  subses- 
sile.  Pepo  ligneous,  1-celled.  Seeds  arilled,  obcordate,  compressed,  mar- 
gin tumid. — Mostly  climbing  by  tendrils. 

li.  VULGARE.    stem  soft-pubescent;  tendrils  branched  ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  2  gkinds 
beneath  at  base  ;  lis.  solitary,  peduucled,  white  ;  pepo  bottle-shaped.    (T,'  Gardens. 

3.  BRYONIA,  L.  Bryony.  Fls.  8  or  ^2.  Cal.  5-toothed,  teeth 
short.  Cor.  5-cleft  or  -parted.  $  Stamens  5,  triadelphous,  with  flexuous 
anthers.  2  Sty.  trifid.  Berry  small,  globular.  ^  Fls,  greenish-wh.  June. 
B.  Boykinii  T.  &  G.    Scabrous  pubescent ;  Ivs.  deeply  3-5-lobcd,  cordate ;  flowers 

small,  axillary,  mixed,  on  short  pedicels  ;  hemes  3-seeded,  bright  red.  Ga.  to  La.  lOf. 

4.  SICYOS,  L.  Single-seed  Cucumber.  Fls.  8.  Cal.  5-toothed. 
Pet.  5,  united  at  base.  Anthers  cohering,  contorted.  Styles  8,  united  at 
base.  Fruit  ovate,  membranous,  hispid  or  echinate,  with  one  large,  com- 
pressed seed.     |p  With  compound  tendrils.     Flowers  axillary,  mixed. 

S.  angalAtns  L.    Hairy,  branched ;  Ivs.  roundish,  5-angled  or  lobed,  lobes  pointed  ; 
fls.  wh.  with  gr.  veins,  the  s  in  long  rac,  the  s  smaller,  capitate.  Thickets.  Jl. — Sep, 

5.  MELOTHRIA,  L.  Fls.  2  5  3  or  <? .  Calyx  bell-form,  limb  in  5 
subulate  segments.  Pet.  5,  united  into  a  bell-form  corolla.  Sta.  5,  triadel- 
phous. Style  1,  stig.  3.  Berry  ovoid,  small,  oo-seeded.  ^  Tendrils  simple. 
M.  peudiilaL.    Lvs.  roundish,  small,  5-lobed  or  angled,  pointed;  fls.  axillary,  i  in 

small  rac,  ?  solitary,  on  long  peduncles.   N.  Y.  to  Ga.   Delicate.    Fls.  yellowish.  Jl. 

6.  CUCURBITA,  L.  Squash.  Fls.  5.  Cal.  5-toothed,  limb  decidu- 
ous after  flowering  in  2 .  Cor.  bell-shaped,  cohering  with  the  calyx. 
Stam.  5,  anth.  connate,  straight.  Stig.  3.  Pepo  fleshy.  Seeds  thick  at 
margin,  smooth.     ^  Flowers  yellow. 

1  C.  Pepo.    Pumpkin.    Rough-hispid ;  lvs.  very  large,  cordate,  5-lobed  or  angled  ;  fls. 

large,  i  long-stalked;  fr.  vei-y  large,  roanded,  smooth,  torulous,  finally  yellow.    ;T) 

2  C.  Melopepo.    Flat  Squash.    Hairy ;  lvs.  cordate,  5-lobed ;  fr.  depressed-orbicular, 

margin  torulous,  smooth  or  warty,  whitish.    (T)  Hybridizes  with  No.  1. 

3  C  VERRUCOSA.     Crookneck  S.    Hairy;  lvs.  cordate,  deeply  5-lobed  ;  fr.  oblong  or  cla- 

vate,  often  elongated  and  curved  at  base.    ®  The  varieties  are  niimorous. 
/3.  MEDUi.LosA.     Vegetable  MaiTOiv.    Lvs.  triangular  in  outline,  deeply  3-lobed;  fr. 
oblong  or  club-form,  dark-green  and  wh.,  10—20'  long.  Highly  prized  in  England. 

4  C.  maxiiua.    Mammoth  S.    Winters.    Rough-hairy  ;  lvs.  roundreniform,  obtusely 

5-lobed;  fruit  10'— 3f!  diam.,  with  a  lobed,  yellowish-white  surface  and  dense  pulp. 

7.  CITRULLUS,  Neck.  Water.\iei.on.  Citron.  Cal.  deeply  5-cleft, 
segm.  linear-lanceolate.  Pet.  5,  united  at  base.  Sta.  triadelphous.  Style 
tiifid.  Stig.  reniform-cordate.  Fr.  rounded  or  oblong,  the  succulent  pla- 
centae filling  the  cell.     Seeds  colored,  truncate  at  base.     ^ 


Order  59.— BEGONIACE^.  131 

V.  vulgaris  Schrad.    Hirsute;  Ivs.  somewhat  5-lobecl,  the  lobes  simiate-pinnatifid, 
glanciis  beneath  ;  fls.  with  a  bract ;  fr.  darl^-spotted.    (i)  India.  Africa. 

8.  CUCUMIS,  L.  Fls.  a  or  $ .  Cal.  tubular-campanulatc,  with  sub- 
ulate segmcuts.  Cor.  deeply  5-partecl.  Sta.  triadelplious.  Style  short. 
Stig.  3,  thick,  2-lobed.  Pepo  elongated.  Seeds  lauce-oblong,  white,  acute, 
not  margined  at  the  edge.     ^  Fls.  axillar}-,  solitary,  yellow. 

*  Leaves  angular,  not  lobed,  subcordate.    Tendrils  simple Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  deeply-lobed  or  cleft.    Tendrils  simple  or  forked Nos.  3 — 5 

1  C  SATivus.     Cucumber.    Rough ;  If.  angles  acute  ;  fr.  oblong,  prickly  when  young.  ® 

2  C  Melo.    Musk  Melon.    Hairy  ;  If.  angles  obtuse  ;  fr.  globular,  torulous.    (T)  Asia. 

3  C  Anguria.    Prickly  C.    X/VS.  sinuate-lobed ;  tendrils  simple;  fr.  ovoid,  echinate. 

4  C.  CoLocYNTHis.    Colocynth.    Lvs.  cut-lobcd  ;  tend,  short ;  fr.  round,  yd.,  very  bitter. 

5  C  ANGUiNUS.    Serpent  C.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed ;  tendrils  forked  ;  fr.  long,  coiled,  snake-like. 

Order  LIX.    BEGONIACEiE.     Begoniads. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  alternate,  inequilateral  leaves,  and  dicli- 
nous, unsymmctrical  flowers.  Perianth  of  2 — co  lvs.,  all  petaloid  or  the  in- 
ner only.  Stamens  oo,  anth.  connate.  Oca?'?/ inferior,  3-angled  or  winged, 
3-celled,  the  placentae  in  the  angles.  Styles  united  at  base.  Albumen  0,  or  thin. 

BEGONIA,  L.  $  Sepals  2.  Pet.  2,  rarely  more,  or  0.  ?  Sepals  2, 
larger  than  tlie  4  petals.  Cap.  with  3  angles  unequally  winged,  opening 
below  the  apex.  Sds.  Oo,  minute.  71  ^)  Lvs.  alternate,  stipulate,  with  the 
sides  unequal,  margins  toothed  or  lobed.  Fls.  often  showy.  Species  320, 
mostly  tropical,  often  found  in  the  greenhouse.     Much  mixed 

§  Leaves  feather-veined,  and  glabrous  as  well  as  the  whole  plant Nos.  1—4 

§  Leaves  palmi-veined,  with  5—9  veins  from  near  the  base. . .  (a) 

a  Plant  glabrous  throughout.    Leaves  toothed  or  crenulate Nos.  .5—7 

a  Leaves  hairy,  at  least  on  the  deeply  5-9-lobed  margins Nos.  8,  9 

a  Leaves  hairy,  at  least  on  the  undulate  or  toothed  margins. .  .(6) 

b  Staminate  flowers  with  2  sepals  only,  the  petals  usually  0 Nos.  10,  11 

b  Staminate  flowers  with  2  sepals  and  3  petals.    E.  India Nos.  12— 15 

1  B.  MACUL.A.TA.    Very  smooth  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  wavy,  cordate,  wliite-spotted  al)ove, 

purple  beneath  ;  fls.  white  or  flesh-colored,  in  forked  cymes.    Brazil.    (B.  argentea.) 

2  B.  FUCHSioiDEs.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  at  base,  serrulate  ;  fls.  bright 

red,  drooping  like  Fuchsias,  in  many  terminal  cymes,  very  handsome.    N.  Granada. 

3  B.  SEMPERViREXs.    Lcaves  bristly  on  the  crenate  edges,  ovate,  subcordate ;  fls.  white 

to  rose-colored,  1'— 18",  in  an  open  panicle,  with  scarious,  persistent  bracts.    Brazil. 

4  B.  iNCARTiATA.    Lcaves  bristly-serrate,  ovate  to  oblong;  fls.  roseate,  large,  in  com- 

pound, pendulous  cymes,  with  caducous  bracts  orO.    Mexico.    (B.  insigiiis.) 

5  B.  NiTiDA.    Leaves  ovate,  half-cordate,  subcrenate,  shining,  green  as  well  as  the  stip- 

ules ;  flowers  purplish- white,  with  caducous  bracts,  on  axillary  peduncles.    W.  Ind. 
G  B.  SANGUINEA.    Lcaves  oblique-ovate,  doeplj'  cordate,  crenulate,  red  beneath,  large  ; 
flowers  white,  small,  many,  in  cymes  longer  than  the  leaves.    Stalks  red. 

7  B.  cocciNEA.    Leaves  oblique  oblong,  half  cordate,  dentate  ;  stipules  obovate,  cadu- 

cous ;  flowers  scarlet,  pendulous.  8"  broad,  in  cymes  equalling  the  leaves  {'y'). 

8  B.  uiERACiFOLiA.    Leavcs  roundish,  palmately  7-cloft,  lobes  toothed :  tringed  scales 

on  the  petiole  above  ;  scape  long,  with  many  roseate  flowers,  V  diameter.    Mexico. 

9  B.  PARviFLORA.    Shrub  rusty-downy  ;  leaves  ample,  roundish,  subcordate,  7-9-lobed. 

lobes  serrulate  ;  cymes  If  long,  with  numerous  small  pale  flowers.    Peru. 


132  Okder  60.— CACTACEJi:. 

10  B.  MANiCATA.    Leaves  oblique-ovate,  cordate,  angular,  toothed,  with  purple-fringed 
scales  on  the  petioles  ;  flowers  flesh-colored,  in  open  cymes,  on  long  peduncles.  Mex. 

1 1  B.  PHTLLOMANicATA.    Stcm  covcrcd  with  leaf-like  Ijulblcts ;   leaves  broad-ovate, 
cordate,  doubly  dentate  :  peduncles  longer  than  the  loaves  ;  flowers  roseate.    Brazil. 

12  B.  EvANsiANA.     Leaves  ovate,  subcordate,  bristly  denticulate,  purple  beneath; 
flowers  rose-colored,  1',  in  cymes  on  long  stalks.    Our  oldest  species,  from  China. 

1 3  B.  Rex.    Leaves  ample,  ovate,  cordate,  variegated  with  zones  of  dark-green,  silvery- 
gray,  and  purple,  sinuate-crenate  ;  scape  1— 2f,  with  large  roseate  flowers.    E.  Ind. 

1 4  B.  Griffithii.    Like  No.  1.3,  but  densely  downy  all  over,  even  the  large  whitish  fls. 

1 5  B.  XANTUiNA.    Lvs.  like  No.  13,  but  varied  with  metallic  spots  ;  scape  with  yellow  fls. 

Order  LX.  CACTACE.^.  Indian  Figs. 
Plants  with  a  green  fleshy  caudex  or  stock,  angular  or  jointed,  mostly 
leafless,  arau'd  with  numerous  prickles  and  terrible  spiues.  Mowers  soli- 
tary, mostly  very  showy.  Sepals  go  on  the  surface.  Petals  and  stamens  oo 
on  the  top  of  the  ovary  or  calyx  tube.  Fruit  fleshy,  1-celled,  with  parie- 
tal placenta?.     Style  filiform,  with  stellate  stigmas.    Figs.  472,  487. 

*  Calyx  tube  iiol  prDduced  above  the  ovary.     Stock  jointed,  branching Opuntia.  1 

*  Calyx  tube  produced  above  the  ovary. — a  Joints  flat,  leaf-like,  spineless. .  .U) 

—a  Stocks  3-  CO -angled  or  grooved,  spiny.  ..[>/) 

X  Flowers  rose-red,  oblique,  from  the  top  of  the  short  truncated  joints Epipdyllum.       2 

X  Plowers  pink  to  red,  regular,  from  the  notches  of  the  long  joints Puyllocactcs.  3 

y  Stock  long-cylindrical,  many-ridged.    Flowers  lateral,  long-tubed Cereus.  4 

y  stock  depressed-globular  to  oblong.     Flowers  subterniinal,  short-tubed Echinocactus. 

y  Stock  globular  to  conical.     Flowers  terminal,  small,  woolly-tubed JIelocactus.       5 

y  Stock  globular  to  cylindrical,  covered  with  tubercles.     Flowers  lateral Majimillaria. 

1.  OPUNTIA,  Mill.  Indian  Fig.  Sep.  and  pet.  oo  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  not  produced  into  a  tube  above  it,  longer  than  the  stamens,  the  in- 
ner obovate.  Slig.  4 — 10.  Berry  smoothish  or  prickly.  +>  Branches  com- 
posed of  fleshy,  mostly  flattened  joints.  Lvs.  small,  deciduous,  alternate, 
w  itii  tufi.s  of  prickles  in  their  axils.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 

§  Joints  obovate  or  broadly  oval.  Stigmas  8— 10.  Seeds  many.  Fr.  eatable.  ..Nos.  1—4 
§  Joints  oblong  or  nearly  cylindrical.    Stigmas  4— fj.    Seeds  1— G Nos.  5,  6 

1  O.  Ficus-Iiidicus  Haw.    Stock  branches  stout,  erect-spreading,  pale-glaucous ; 

lvs.  subulate,  with  pungent  bristles,  rio  spines  ;  fr.  bristly,  obovoid,  purple.    Florida  I 
to  San  Diego !    3— 20f.    Joints  If.    Fruit  pleasantly  acid.    §  Trop.  Am. 

2  O.  vulgaris  Mill.    Stock  prostrate,  pale-glaucous;  lvs. minute,  scale-like,  with  00 

bristles  and  few  spines;  fr.  nearly  smooth,  ovoid,  eatable,  crimson  when  ripe.     Dry 
rocks,  &c.,  Ct.  to  Fla.    1— 2f,  the  joints  4— 6'.    Flowers  IJ— 2' broad.   Pet.  7— 10.   Jn. 

3  ©.  Kalinesquii  Eng.  Stock  prostrate,  bright  green  ;  lvs.  spreuding,  subulate,  longer 

(■■3—)");  spin  -s  1-.5  iu  each  axil ;  petals  10-12,  often  purplish  at  ba-ie.  Ky.  to  111.,  and  VV. 

4  O.  Mi.ssoiiriensis   DC.     Stock  prostrate;  leaves  minute,  the  axils  bristly  and 

with  whorl  of  many  spines  ;  fruit  prickly,  dry.    Wis.,  along  the  rivers,  and  \V.    June. 

5  O.  polyaiitlia  Haw.    Erect ;  joints  oblong,  the  upper  bearing  many  flowers  at  top  ; 

spiues  strong,  yellow,  unequal ;  stigmas  ti ;  fruit  small,  (l-seeded.   Waysides,  Fla.  Ju. 

6  O.  Pes-Corvi  Leconte.  Stk.  prostrate;  joints compressed-cylindric,  small  (2');  spines 

in  pairs,  unequal ;  pet.  few,  spatulate ;  stig.  4  ;  fr.  small,  prickly,  1-4-sceded.  Ga.,  Fla. 

7  O.  Brasilensis.    Stock  cj'lindrical,  6— lOf ;  branches  short,  bearing  ovate  joints, which 

are  thin  and  tomewhat  leaf-like  ;  spines  1 — 3  together,  sharp  and  strong.    Brazil. 

2.  EPIPHYLLUM  tbunc-\tum.  Stock  consisting  of  short,  flat,  notched 
joints,  truncate  at  top  ;  flowers  at  top  of  the  joints,  2—3'  long,  conspicuously  oblique. 
Style  longer  than  the  stamens  or  6—8—10  reflexcd  petals.    From  Brazil.    If. 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^.  133 

3.  PHYLLOCACTUS  phyllanthoides.  Stock  consisting  of  narrow, 
eusiforrn,  crenate  joints,  fleshy  but  leaf-like.  Flowers  4'  long,  open  by  clay,  with  many 
rose-colored  petals  and  sepals  longer  than  the  tube,  gradually  spreading.    Mexico. 

2  P.  AcKEEJtANNi.    Fls.  scai'lct ;  pet.  channelled,  pointed,  very  many,  3 — i'.    Mexico. 

3  P.  PiiTLLANTHUS.    Spleemvort.    Joints  ensiform,  serrate;  fls.  9—12',  the  white  fun- 

nel-form cor.  much  shorter  than  the  slender  tube,  opening  by  night,  fragrant.   S.  Am. 

4.  CEREUS,  DC.  Sep.  and  pet.  imbricated,  adnate  to  and  prolonged 
into  a  long  tube  above  the  ovary.  Sta.  and  style  filiform,  adnate  to  the 
lube.  Stig.  10.  Berry  scaly  with  the  remains  of  the  sepals.  5  t*  Stock 
fleshy,  green,  prismatic,  often  jointed,  with  fascicles  of  spines  on  the  ridges. 

1  C.  GRANDiFLouus.    Mght-Uooming  C.    Stock  long,  about  5-angled  ;  flowers  very  large, 

nocturnal;  pet.  spreading  G— 8',  pearl-white;  sep.  yellow.  Mex.  A  magnificent  flower. 

2  C.  TKiANGULAKis.    Stock  3-angled,  prickles  bristly;  fl.  very  large,  white;  sep.  green. 

3  C.  rLAGEi.LiFORMis.    Stock  slcudcr,  long,  prostrate,  10-angled,  hispid  ;  fls.  pink  color, 

smaller,  open  by  day  many  days  in  succession  ;  tube  longer  than  the  petals. 

4  C.  SEUPENTiNus.    Stock  12-angled,  4f ;  spines  white,  bristly ;  fls.  pale,  open  by  night. 

5  C  sPECiosissiJius.    Stocks- or  4-angled,  erect,  4f;  angles  winged,  undulate  ;  fls.  large 

(1'  long),  with  many  red  or  crimson  petals  and  white  stamens,  diurnal.    Common. 

6  €.  SENILIS.  Old-Man  C.    Stk.  erect,  oblong,  with  tufts  of  long,  white,  hair-like  bristles. 

5.  MELOCACTUS  communis.  Stock  very  succulent,  roundish  ovate. 
If,  13-lS-ribbed,  surmounted  by  a  sort  of  spadix,  consisting  mostly  of  dense  wool,  in 
which  at  the  top  the  small  red  flowers  are  imbedded.    W.  Indies. 

Order  LXI.    FICOIDE^.    Mesembrtanths. 

Plants  fleshy,  of  forms  variously  singular,  with  entire,  mostly  opposite 
leaves,  and  solitary,  regular  flowers,  remarkable  for  their  profusion  and 
duration.  Calyx  lobes  4  or  5.  Petals  go — 5,  or  rarely  0.  Stamens  go,  dis- 
tinct, perigynous.  Ovary  more  or  less  adherent.  Stigmas  2 —  go.  Cap- 
sules 1-  oo-celled,  co-seeded.    Embryo  curved. 

§  Petals  and  stamens  GO,  in  several  rows.     Capsule  fleshy,  valvate MESEMERTANTnEMUM.  1 

§  Petals  none,  stamens    OD— 5.     Capsule  S-S-celled,  circumsessile ...Sesuvium.  2 


1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  L.  Ice  Plant.  Calyx  lobes  5.  Pet. 
linear,  inserted  with  the  filiform  stamens  on  the  calyx  tube,  y  ^  Air  bub- 
bles beneath  the  epidermis  appear  like  dew  or  frost. 

1  M.  CRTSTALLiNUM.    Procumbeut,  fleshy;  Ivs. large,  ovate,  acute,  wavy  at  the  margin, 

3-veined  beneath.    2^  Greece.    Stem  If.    Flowers  white,  all  summer.    Not  hardy. 

2  M.  GRANDiFLORUM.    Procumb. ;  Ivs.  cord,  ovate  ;  cal.  4-cleft,  2-horned ;  pet.  pink.  Afr. 

2.  SESUVIUM,  L.    Sea  Purslane.    Sep.  5,  united  at  base,  colored 
inside.     Sta.  5 — 50,  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube.     Ov.  free,  3-5-celled.     Sty. 
3 — 5.    Pyxis  opening  transversely  by  a  lid.     U  Prostrate  sea-side  herbs. 
S.  Portulacastruin  Toum.    Lvs.  linear-spatulate  ;  fls.  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;.  sta.  CO. 

Sandy  coasts,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  If-h.  Plant  very  smooth  and  fleshy.  Fls.  axil.,  roseate.  Jl.-t-. 

Order  LXIII.    UMBELLIFEEjE.    Umbelworts. 
Herbs  with  hollow,  striate  stems,  sheathing  petioles,  and  flowers  in  urn 


134  ,         Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

bels.  Cnlyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  usually  inflected  at  the  point 
Stamens  5.  Ovaries  2-carpelled,  surmounted  by  the  fleshy  disk  which  bears 
the  petals  and  stamens.  Styles  3,  distinct,  or  united  at  their  thickened 
bases.  Fruit  a  cremocarp  (§151),  consisting  of  2  coherent  achenia  called 
inericarps,  which  separate  along  the  middle  space,  which  is  called  the 
commissure. 
Carpophore,  the  slencler,  simple,  or  forked  axis  attached  to  and  supporting  the  mcri- 

carps  at  top,  enclosed  between  them  at  the  commissure. 
Bibs,  5  ridges  traversing  each  mericarp  lengthwise,  and  often  4  intermediate  or  second- 
ary ones,  some,  all,  or  none  of  them  winged. 
Vittce,  little  tubular  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil  imbedded  in  the  substance  of 
the  i)ericarp,  just  beneath  the  inten'als  of  the  ribs,  and  also  sometimes  in  the  face  of 
the  commissure. 
Embryo  in  the  base  of  abundant,  homy  albumen. 
Figs.  42,  177,  235,  238,  30-3,  a3t-5,  300,  442-3. 

A  large  and  well-defined  Order.    As  the  flowers  in  all  arc  nearly  alike,  the  genera  are 
best  distinguished  by  characters  taken  from  the  fruit — the  number  and  form  of  the  ribs, 
the  presence  or  abseuce  of  vittiB,  the  form  of  the  albumen  at  the  commissure,  &c.    These 
parts,  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will  require  the  special  attention  of  the  student. 
§  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  sometimes  spic.ite.     Leaves  simple.  ..{n) 
§  Flowers  in  capitate  umbels,  i.  e.,  sessile,  forming  dense  heads... (i) 
§  Flowers  in  regularly-compound  umbels,  not  sessile  in  heads. .  .(2) 

2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  singly-winged  on  the  margin  only. .  .(r) 
2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  doubly-winged  on  the  margin  only.  ..(d) 
2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides,  or  terete  and  not  flattened  either  way. .  .(3) 

3  Fruit  slender,  teretish,  2—3  times  longer  than  wide.     Flowers  white. .  .(e) 
3  Fruit  nearly  as  broad  as  long. — m  Flowers  yellow. . .(/) 
— )77  Flowers  white. .  .(4) 
4  Ribs  of  the  fruit  either  muricate,  or  crennlate-winged..  .(17) 
4  Ribs  smooth,  entire,  winged  or  sharply  prominent.  ..(h) 
i  Ribs  obtuse  or  obsolete.— n  Caly.x  teeth  obsolete  or  0. .  .(7.) 
—n  Cnlyx  teeth  prominent. ..(I) 

a  Fruit  flat,  orbicular.    Leaves  round  or  roundish HrnnocoTTLE.    1 

o  Fruit,  globular.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy  phyllndia Cra.vtzia.  2 

6  Flowers  partly  sterile.     Fruit  densely  muricate,  few Saxicula.  3 

6  Flowers  all  fertile.     Fruit  sc.ily,  many  in  the  head Ektngium.  4 

c  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  marignal  with  enlarged  corollas,  radiant Heracleu.m.         6 

c  Flowers  all  alike.— o  Fruit  with  a  thick,  corky  margin.    Vittse  03 Polyt.enia.  6 

—o  Fruit  with  a  thin  margin.    Tittle  single Pedceda.vu.it.      7 

d  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.    Intervals  with  single  vittsc Angelica.  8 

ri  Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp.     Intervals  with  numerous  vittae Archangelica.   9 

e  Beak  slender,  longer  than  the  fruit,  all  without  vittae.    South Scandix.  10 

e  Beak  short  or  none.— p  Fruit  clavate,  upwardly  hispid Osjiorhiza.         11 

—p  Fruit  smooth,  linear-oblong.     Styles  very  short Ch^rophtllcm.12 

—p  Fruit  smooth,  elliptical.     Styles  very  slender CRypTOT.EN-iA.   13 

/  Involucels  of  5  ovate,  entire  bracts.    Leaves  simple,  entire BnPLEURU.>r.       14 

/  Involucels  of  3  subulate  bracts. — r  Fruit  laterally  compressed Carum.  15 

— r  Fruit  subterete  transversely Thaspium.  16 

/  Involucra  none. — s  Fruit  laterally  compressed.    Vittoe  00 Pimpinei.la.       17 

— s  Fruit  transversely  subterete.    Vitt.-E  single Fceniculum.        18 

<7  Calyx  teeth  prominent.    Ribs  of  the  fruit  muricate Daucus.  19 

</  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.     Ribs  of  the  fruit  crenulate-undulate CosiuM.  20 

h  Marginal  wings  twice  broader  than  the  dorsal Sklinu.m.  21 

ft  Marginal  and  dorsal  ribs  alike  sharp,— u  with  00  vittse  L1GUSTICU.M.        22 

—u  with  single  vittas vEthusa.  23 

k  Fruit  a  double  globe.    Petals  not  inflected.    Low,  early-flowering Erigenia.  24 

A-  Fruit  ovate-oblong.    Petals  cmargiuate-inflected.    Involucra  0 Cakcm.  U 


Okdeu  63.— UMBELLIFER^.  135 

t  Fruit  round-ovate.— I'  Petals  concave,  not  emarginate.    Tittas  single Apium.  25 

—V  Tetals  inflected,  emarginate.    Tittaj  00 Pimpixella.  17 

I  Ribs  of  tlie  carpels  obsolete.     Fruit  ovate,  covered  with  large  vittae Eulophus.  26 

J  Ribs  of  each  caipe!  9.     Fruit  globular.     Outer  flowers  radiant CoRiiNDRua.  30 

{  Ribs  of  each  carpel  5.— X  Fruit  round,  didymous Cicdta.  27 

— X  Fruit  oval.    Leaves  pinnate Siuir.  28 

—X  Fruit  ovate.    Leaves  eapillaceous Discopleura.  29 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE,  L.  Pennywort.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Pet. 
spreading,  the  point  not  inflected.  Fr.  laterallj'  flattened,  the  commissure 
uan-ow.  Carpels  o-ribbed,  without  vittte.  ^^v"''  Low,  smooth,  creeping.  Umb. 
simple.    Invol.  few-leaved.    Fls.  small,  white.    June — Aug.    Figs.  334-5. 

*  Leaves  reniform  or  cordate,  the  base  lobes  not  united Nos.  1—3 

*  Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  the  base  lobes  united Nos.  4,  Z 

1  H.  Amerlciina  L.    St.  flliform  ;  Ivs.  round-reniform,  slightly  lobed,  crenate  :  umb. 

sessile,  3-5-flwd. ;  fr.  orbicular,  li  Damp  shades.  2 — 6'.  Plant  very  smooth  and  shining. 

2  H.  ranunculoides  L.  /.    Lvs.  round-reniform,  deeply  3-5-cleft,  lobes  crenate ; 

ped.  1—2',  branched ;  umbels  5-9-fl\vd.,  capitate,  u  Waters, Pa.,  and  S.  Lvs.  veiny,  4-8'. 

3  H.  repaiida  Pers.    Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  rounded,  margin  repand-dentate ; 

ped.  2—3',  simple  ;  umb.  capitate,  3  or  4-flwd. ;  invol.  2-bracted.    it  Muddy  shores,  S. 

4  H.  umbellata  L.    Lvs.  crenate,  with  a  notch  at  base,  long-stalked  (4— C) ;  scapes 

4— C,  bearing  a  simple  (rarely  proliferous)  umb.  of  20-30  fls.  n  Ponds,  bogs.  Ms.  to  La. 

5  H.  interrupta  Muhl.    Lvs.  crenate ;  umb.  proliferous,  5-fl\vd.    2t  Wet.    Ms.  to  Ga. 

2.  CRANTZIA,  Nutt.    Calyx  margin  obsolete.    Pet.  obtuse.    Fr.  sub- 
globous.  Carpels  unequal,  5-ribbed,  with  a  vitta  in  each  interval.  ^^  Small, 
creeping,  with  linear  or  filiform,  entu"e  lvs.    Umbels  simple,  involucrate. 
C  lineata  Xutt.    Lvs.  cuneate-llnear,  sessile,  obtuse  at  apes,  and  with  transverse 

veins,  shorter  than  the  peduncles,    v  Muddy  banks,  coastward.    Umb.  4-S-flowered. 

3.  SANICULA,  Tourn.  Sanicle.  Fls.  2  ^  S .  Cal.  segm.  acute, 
leafy.  Pet.  obovate,  erect,  with  a  long,  inflected  point.  Fr.  subglobous, 
armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Carpels  without  ribs.  Vittae  numerous. 
U  Umbel  nearly  simple.  Rays  few,  with  many-flowered,  capitate  umbel- 
lets.    Involucre  of  few,  often  cleft  leaflets,  iuvolucel  of  several  eutu'c. 

1  S.  Marilandlca.  L.    Lvs.  5-V-parted,  digitate,  mostly  radical ;  segm.  thick,  oblong, 

incisely  serrate ;  sterile  fls.  many,  pedicellate,  fertile  ones  sessile  ;  cal.  segm.  entire  ; 
styles  slender,  conspicuous,  recurv-ed.    Woods  :  common.    2— 3f.    May — July. 

2  S.  Canadensis  L.    Lower  lvs.  5-parted,  upper  3-parted ;   segm.  cuneate-obovate, 

mucronate-serrate ;  sterile  fls.  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile ;  sty.  shorter  than 
the  prickles.  Woods,  thickets :  com.   l-3f.    Lvs.  thin,  1-3'.    Umb.  few-flwd.    Jn.-Aug. 

4.  ERYNGIUM,  Tourn.  Fls.  sessile,  collected  in  dense  heads.  Cal. 
lobes  somewhat  leafy.  Pet.  inflexed.  Sty.  filiform.  Fr.  scaly  or  tubercu- 
late,  obovate,  terete,  without  vittfB  or  ribs.  U  (f)  Fls.  blue  or  white,  brac- 
teate ;  lower  bracts  involucrate,  the  others  smaller  and  chaffy.    Summer. 

*  Scales  and  chafT  of  the  heads  entire,  often  spinescent Nos.  1—3 

*  Scales  and  chaflf  of  the  heads  tricuspidate.— a  Flowers  white Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Flowers  blue Nos.  6,  7 

1  E.  yuccaefoliuin  Ms.  Erect ;  lvs.  broadly  linear,  parallel-veined,  ciliate  with  re- 
mote, soft  spines ;  invol.  bracts  entire,  spinescent,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-glob,  heads. 
2i  Prairies  and  pine-barrens,  W.  and  S.    2— 5f.    Fls.  white,  inconspicuous.    Jl.,Ang, 


136  Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

2  E.  Baldvvinil  Spr.    Sts.  prostrate,  filiform ;  rt.  Ivs.  wedge-oblong,  st.  Ivs.  8-parted, 

segra.  lance-liu.,  cut-toothed ;  iuvol.  scales  and  chafi" alike  :  hds.  oblong.  Fla.  If/.  Bine. 

3  E.  prcstratiim  Baldw.    Sts.  prostrate,  filiform,  rooting  ;  Ivs.  of  two  forms  at  the 

same  node,  small,  some  ovate,  some  3-parted  with  lance-linear  segm. ;  invol.  scales 

linear,  longer  than  the  small  oblong  heads  ;  fls.blue.  7i  Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.  6-12'.  Jn.+ 

p.  foUosum,    Bracts  of  the  invol.  leafy,  twice  longer  than  the  heads.    Fla.  La. 

4  E.  aroniatictiiu  Baldw.    Sts.  assurgent ;  Ivs.  short  (10,  pinnate,  with. cuspidate 

segm.,  the  3  terminal  largest ;  hds.  globous  (fi— S") ;  invol.  scales  5.    Dry.    Fla.  9—18'. 

5  E.  Mettaueri.    Erect,  tall ;  Ivs.  linear-terete,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  fistulous, 

jointed  midvein,  barely  winged  and  toothed  ;  bracts  8—10.  leafy.  Wet.   Fla.  4— 6f. 

6  E.  Virglnlanum  Lam.    Erect;  Ivs.  lance-oblong  to  linear,  flat,  the  lower  long- 

stalked,  upper  uncinatc-serrate ;  bracts  longer  than  the  roundish  head,    n  Swamps. 
2— 4f.   lids,  in  umbel-like  cymes,  numerous,  5— C".  Varies  with  Ivs.  all  linear.  Jl.  Aug. 

7  E.  vlrgatuni  Lam.    Erect;  Ivs.  oval  or  oblong,  thin,  petiolate,  dentate,  the  upper 

sessile  ;  bracts  6—8,  longer  than  the  depressed,  cymous  heads.    ii  Wet,  S.    2— 4f. 

5.  HERACLEUM,  L.  Cow  Parsnip.  Calyx  5-tootlied.  Pet.  often 
radiant  in  the  exterior  flowers,  and  apparently  deeply  2-cleft.  Fruit  com- 
pressed, flat,  with  a  broad,  flat  margin,  and  3  obtuse,  dorsal  ribs  to  each 
carpel ;  intervals  with  single  vittse.  Seeds  flat,  if  Stout,  with  large  um- 
bels.    Involucre  deciduous.    Involucels  many-leaved. 

H.  lanatum  L.    Villous ;  Ivs.  ternate,  petiolate,  tomentous  beneath ;  Ifts.  petioled, 
round-cordate,  lobed  ;  fr.  orbicular.   Can.  to  N.  Car.  and  W.  4f.   Lvs.  very  large.  June. 

6.  POLYT^NIA,  DC.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  glabrous,  com- 
pressed on  the  back,  with  a  thickened,  corky  margin.  Commissure  with  4 
to  G  vittae.  Seeds  plano-convex.  IC  A  smooth  herb,  with  bipinnately- 
divided  leaves.    Involucre  0.    Involucel  of  setaceous  bracts. 

P.  Nuttallii  DC— Prairies,  W.    2— 3f.    Smoothish.    Lower  leaves  long-stalked.  Um- 
bels 2'.    Fruit  3".    May. 

7.  PEUCEDANUM,  L.  Fruit  ovate,  oval,  or  roundish,  compressed 
on  the  back,  the  margin  acute  or  broadly  winged,  carpels  plane  or  convex, 
intervals  with  single  vittte.  Seeds  plano-convex.  %  @  Smooth,  rarely 
pubescent.  Lvs.  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  or  decompound.  Umbels 
compound,  with  or  without  involucra.    Fls.  yellow  or  white.     Fig.  238. 

§  EupEUCEDANUM.  Cal.  5-toothed.  Lvs.  pinnatiscct.  Fr.  narrowly  winged.  Yellow..  .1,  2 
§  Archemora.  Cal.  5-toothed.  Lfts.  1— 11,  narrow.  Fr.  narrowly  winged.  Fls.  white.  3-5 
§  Pastinaca.    Calyx  teeth  0.   Lfts.  ovaL  Fruit  broadly  winged.   Flowers  yellow. ..  .No.  6 

1  P.  foeniculacemn  N.  and  other  species  with  radical,  pinuatisect  leaves  grow  in 

Kansas,  and  W.  (Rev.  J.  H.  Carruth.) 

2  P.  graveolens.  DiU.  Lvs.  cauline,  tripinnatc ;  seg.  capillary :  umb.  on  long  stalks ;  fr. 

oval,  flat,  brown,  aromatic,  pungent,  medicinal.    @  Spain.    2f.    (Anethum,  C-B.) 

3  P.  rigiduni  Coivbane.    St.  rigid,  striate  ;  lvs.  pinnate  :  lfts.  3—11,  lance-ovate,  sub 

entire ;  umb.  2  or  3,  spreading,  with  slender  rays  ;  fr.  with  large  purp.  vitt«.  n  Swamps, 
N.Y.,W.  andS.    2— 5f.    August. 
p.  anibis-ua,  has  the  leaflets  linear  and  enth-e. 

4  P.  ternatuiii.    Stem  slender,  smooth;  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  ternate;  segm.  very 

long,  linear,  entire,  3-veined ;  invol.  0-3-leaved ;  involucel  4-6-leaved.    Swamps,  in 
pine-barrens,  S.    2— 3f    Sept.— Nov.    (Neurophyllum  longifolium,  C-B.) 
6  P.  teretifolluin.    Tall,  slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  reduced  to  flstular,  jointed  phyllodia, 
terete,  tapering,  0—16'  long;  fr.  3" ;  invol.  5-6-leaved.   %  Wet,  S.  (Tiedmannia,  C-B.) 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER.E.  loY 

.  6  P.  sativum.  Eoot  fusiform ;  stem  furrowed :  Ivs.  pinnate,  downy  beneath ;  Ifts. 
oblong,  incisely  toothed,  the  terminal  3-lobed :  umbels  large ;  involucra  nearly  0. 
(2)  Fields,  gardens.    3 — 4f.    July— Sept.    J    Wild  and  Comman  Parsnip. 

8.  ANGELICA,  L.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  dorsally  compressed, 
doubly  wiuged.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  2  marginal 
A\'inged,  intervals  with  single  vittse.  Carpophore  2-parted.  Seed  semi- 
terete.  If  Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternate,  sessile.  Umbels  terminal.  Invol.  0  or 
few-leaved.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

A.  Curtisil  Buckley.  Lvs.  bitemate  or  with  3  quinate  divisions;  Ifts.  thin,  ovate  or 
lance-ovate,  acuminate,  incisely  toothed;  fr.  broadly  winged.    Mts.  Pa.,  &  S.  Aug. 

9.  ARCHANGISLICA,  Hoffm.  Angelica.  Calyx  teeth  short.  Fr. 
dorsally  compressed,  with  3  carinate,  thick  ribs  upon  each  carpel,  and  3 
marginal  ones  dilated  into  membranous  wings.  Seed  loose  in  the  ripe  car- 
pel, covered  with  vittre.  U  Petioles  usually  large,  inflated  and  3-parted. 
Umbels  perfect.    Involucels  many-leaved.    Fls.  greenish  white.    Fig.  177. 

*  Involucels  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels.    Fruit  3"  long,  winged No.  1 

*  Involucels  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels.— «  Fruit  scarcely  winged No.  2 

—a  Fruit  broadly  winged Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  atropurpiirea  Hoffm.    St.  dark  puiple,  furrowed  ;  petioles  3-parted,  the  divi- 

sions quinate  ;  Ifts.  incisely  toothed,  terminal  1ft.  rhomboidal,  sessile,  the  others  de- 
current ;  involucels  setaceous.    Meadows,  E.  and  W.    4— Of.    Stout,  aromatic.    June. 

2  A.  peregrina  N.    St.  striate  ;  If.  divisions  ternate,  segm.  incisely  serrate  ;  involn- 

cel  of  many  bracts,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  fruit  ribs  corky,  thick.    Sea-coast,  Mass. 
to  Labrador.    2— 3f.    July.    (A.  Gmelini  DC.) 

3  A,  Iilrsuta  T.  &  G.    Stem  striate,  the  summit  with  the  umbels  tomcntous-hirsute  ; 

lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  the  divisions  quinate  ;  segm.  oblong,  acutish,  the  upper  pair 
connate,  but  not  decurrcnt  at  base.    Dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Car.    2 — 5f.    July. 

4  A.  dentata  Chapm.    Slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  1-2-ternate  ;  segm.  lance-ovate,  incised  ; 

umbels  few-rayed  ;  involucel  5-6-leaved,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.   Ga.  Fla.  3— 3f.  Jl.  + 

10.  SCANDIX,  L.  Venus's  Cojib.  Cal.  limb  obsolete.  Fr.  laterally 
compressed  or  nearly  terete,  attenuated  into  a  beak  which  is  longer  than 
the  seed.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs.  Vittoe  0,  or  scarcely  any.  ®  or 
(D  Lvs.  finely  dissected.  Invol.  0.  Involucel  5-7-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
S.  aplculata  Willd.  Petioles  and  peduncles  slender ;  lvs.  finely  dissected  into  subu- 
late segments  ;  umbels  3-rayed ;  fruit  with  beak  and  forked  style  9".   Ga.   If.    §  Eur. 

11.  OSMORHIZA,  Raf  Sweet  Cicely.  Calyx  margin  obsolete.  Sty. 
conical  at  base.  Fr.  linear,  very  long,  clavate,  attenuate  at  base.  Carpels 
with  5  equal,  acute,  bristly  ribs.  Vittse  0.  Commissure  with  a  deep, 
bristly  channel,  if  Leaves  biternately  divided,  with  the  umbels  opposite, 
Involucels  4-7-leaved.    Flowers  white.     May,  June.    Figs.  42,  442-3. 

1  O.  loiigistylis  DC.    Sty.  flliform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  fr.  clavate  ;  rt.  spicy 

and  sweet-flavored  ;  st.  and  lvs.  smoothish.   Rich  woods.  Can.  to  Va.   1— 3f.   Fruit  V. 

2  O.  brevistylis  DC.    Sty.  conical,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  ovaiy ;  fr. 

somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit ;  root  nauseous  ;  plant  hairy.    Woods.    1— of. 

12.  CH.ff3ROPHYLLUM,  L.  Cheryil.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Fruit 
laterally   compressed,   linear  or  oblong,  contracted  above  but  scarcely 


138  Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

beaked.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs,  intervals  with  single  vittae. 
Commissure  deeply  sulcate.  (T)  (2)  Leaves  2-3-pinnately  divided.  Segm. 
incisely  cleft  or  toothed.  Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved.  Involucel  many- 
leaved.    Flowers  mostly  white.     Umb.  mostly  sessile. 

1  C.  procwmbeiis  Lam.    Slender,  spreading,  smoothish;   If.  segm.  trifld  and  pin- 

natifid,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  iimb.  few-rayed,  sessile  or  pedunculate  ;  fr.  acute,  ribs 
narrower  than  the  intervals.    Damp  woods,  111.  to  Penn.,  and  S.    1 — 2f.    April,  May. 

2  C  Xainturlerl  Hook.    Ascending  or  erect,  some  hairy;  If.  segm.  crowded,  again 

pinnatifid  orbipinnatifid,  ultimate  segm.  acute;  fr.  short-beaked,  ribs  broader  than 
the  intervals.    Ga.  to  Fla.  and  La.    10—90'.    Much  branched.    Fruit  4".    March,  Apr. 

3  C.  SATIVUM.    Garden  C.    Lf.  segm.  ovate,  cut  or  cleft ;  fr.  smooth,  shining.    Eur.    18'. 

13.  CRYPTOTJENIA,  DC.  Hoisewgrt.  Margin  of  the  calyx  obso- 
lete. Fruit  elliptical,  with  slender  styles.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs.  Car- 
pophore free,  2-parted.  Vitta;  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs.  U 
Leaves  3-parted,  lobed  and  doubly-serrate.  Umbels  compound,  with  veiy 
unequal  rays.    Invol.  0.    Involucels  few-leaved.    Flowers  white. 

C.  Canadensis  DC— Common  in  moist  woods.    Plant  smooth,  2— 3f,  with  large  Ifts. 
(3'  by  2')-   Umb.  paniclcd,  slender,  involucels  minute.  Fr.  2"  long,  styles  1".  Jn.-Sept. 

14.  BUPLEURUM,  Tourn.  Thorough- wax.  Calyx  teeth  0.  Fruit 
laterally  compressed.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  lateral  ones  marginal.  Seed  terete- 
ly  convex,  flattish  on  the  face. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  (or  phyllo- 
dia)  entire.    Involucra  various.    Flowers  yellow. 

B.  rotiindifolluni  L.    Lvs.  (phyllodia)  roundish-ovate,  entire,  perfoliate;  invol.  0; 
involucels  of  5,  ovate,  mucronate  bracts.    ®  Fields,  N.  Y.  to  Va.    Rare.    §  Europe. 

15.  CARUM,  L.  Caraway.  Alexanders.  Cal.  teeth  minute  or  0. 
Disk  broad-conic.  Fr.  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  5- 
angled,  Avith  5—10  prominent,  filiform,  equal  ribs,  the  two  lateral  border- 
ing the  commissure.  Intervals  with  a  single,  rarely  2,  vittaj.  Seeds  sub- 
terete. — Leaves  ternate  to  decompound.    Involucra  various. 

§  ZiziA.    Lvs.  simple,  or  1-2-ternate,  ovate.  Cal.  teeth  minute.  Pet.yellow.  ..Nos.  1,  2 
§  Carum.    Lvs.  pinnately  or  teruately  dissected.    Cal.  teeth  0.    Pet.  white.  ..Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  aureiim.     Golden  Alexanders.    Lvs.  1-2-ternate  ;  Ifts.  thin,  lance-oblong,  sharp- 

ly serrate  ;  umb.  rays  1';  invol.  0;  involucels  3-lvd.  ;  fr.  oval,  the  ribs  acute  or  winged. 
71  Meadows  and  banks.  1— 2f.  Smooth  throughout.  Fls.  deep  yel.  Jn.  (Thaspium,  N.) 

2  C.  cordatum.    Root  lvs.  simple,  cordate,  crenate,  on  long  stallcs  ;  st.  lvs.  becoming 

3-parted,  ternate,  or  quinate,  serrate:  fr.  roundish-oval,  with  acute  or  winged  ribs; 
fls.  yellow,  varying  to  brownish.    Rocky  shades.    2— 3f.    May,  June.    (Thaspium,  N.) 

3  C.  Petroselinum  B.  &  H.    Parsley.    Leaf  segm.  numerous,  wedge-ovate  to  lance-ob- 

long, acute,  incised  ;  invol.  lvs.  few  or  0  ;  involucels  subulate,    y.  Greece.    2— 3f.   Jn. 

4  C  Carvi.     Caraway.    Lf.  segm.  numerous,  linear  to  filiform  ;  invol.  1-lvd.  or  0  ;  invo- 

lucels 0.    n  Europe.    2— 3f.    Lvs.  large.    Fls.  white.    Fr.  oblong,  aromatic.    June. 

16.  THASPIUM,  Nutt;  Golden  Alexanders.  Calyx  margin  5- 
toothed.  Fruit  ovoid,  transversely  subterete.  Carpels  semiterete,  with  5 
prominent  or  winged  ribs,  the  lateral  margined.  Intervals  with  single 
vittae.    n  Umbels  without  an  invol.  Involucels  3-lvd.,  lateral.  Fls.  yellow. 


Order  63.-  UMBELLIFER^.  139 

t  T.  barbinode  N.    St.  pnbescent  at  the  nodes  ;  Ivs.  tritemate  and  biternate ;  Ifts. 

wedge-ovate,  ciit-serrate :  fr.  large  (3").  elliptical,  6-wingcd.    River  banks.    St,  2 — 3f, 

angular  and  grooved.    Rays  2',  each  20-flo\vered.    Flowers  deep  yellow.    June. 
2  T.  Walter!  Shutt.    Stem  rongh-puberulent  above;  Ivs.  triternate  to  teniat« ;  IJls. 

pinnatifld  with  linear-oblong  segments  ;  fruit  oblong,  narrowly  8-10-winged,  Barrens. 

Ky.  to  E.  Tenn.  and  W.  Car.    (Zizia  pinnatifida  Buckley.) 

17.  PIMPINELLA,  L.  Anise.  Zizia.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit 
ovate,  oval,  or  roundish,  laterally  compressed  and  contracted  at  the  com- 
missure, ribs  very  slender,  -with  many  vittce.  Styles  slender.  Seeds  teretely 
o-angled.     If.  Leaves  decompound.     lavolucra  0,  or  scarcely  any. 

1  P.  integrifolla  (B.  &  H.)    Smooth,  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  bi-  or  tri-ternate,  with  elliptic- 

oblong,  entire,  acute  Ifts.  (10  ;  umb.  (yellow)  with  13  very  slender  (3—30  rays  ;  fr.  oval, 
with  3  vittiB  in  each  interval.    Rocky  woods.    1— 2f.    May— July.    (Zizia,  DC.) 

2  P.  Anisuji.    Anm.    Smooth,  shining ;  root  Ivs.  trifld,  cauline  multiftd,  with  narrow- 

ly-linear segments  ;  umbels  large,  many-rayed.    Egypt.    Richly  aromatic. 

18.  FCSNICULUM,  Adans.  Fennel.  Fruit  elliptic-oblong,  sub- 
lerete.  Carpels  each  with  5  carinate  ribs,  intervals  with  single  vitta;. 
Involiicra  0.     Leaves  biteruately  dissected.    Flovrers  yellow. 

F,  vuLGARE.  Leaf  segm.  linear-subulate,  elongated,  or  filiform  ;  umb.  of  15 — 30  unequal 
rays.    @  Europe.    Z — 5f.    The  turgid  seeds  are  warmly  aromatic.    (Anethum,  C-B.) 

19.  DAUOUS,  Toura.  Carrot.  Calyx  limb  5-toothed.  Pet  the  2 
outer  often  largest  and  deeply  2-cleft.  Fr.  oblong.  Carpels  with  o  pri- 
marj',  bristly  ribs,  and  4  secondary,  the  latter  more  prominent,  winged, 
and  divided  each  into  a  single  row  of  prickles,  and  having  single  vittau 
beneath.  (2)  Invol.  pinnatificL  Involucels  of  entire  or  3-cleft  bracts.  FIs. 
white,  the  central  one  abortive. 

1  U.  Carota  L.    Stem  lii=pid:  Ivs.  trijuunatiad,  the  eegm.  linear,  cuspidate-pointed; 

umbel.-;  dense,  concave ;  invol.  pinnate.    Fields,  waysides  :  common.    3f.    §  Eur.— lu 
cultivation  tlie  root  beco:nes  conical,  fleshy,  red  to  yellow,  and  nutritious.    Jl.— Sept. 

2  I>.  iJUSjlIus  Mx.    Slondei-,  rctrorsely  hispid;   Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  divisions   deeply 

lobrd  with  iinear-obloiiu-.  merely  acute  se,,'ments ;  invol.  bipinnatifid.    Dry  soiU,  S. 
Car.  to  Fhi.,  and  V\'.    1— .'Jf.    June. 

20.  CONIUM,  L.  Poison  Hemlock.  Calyx  margin  obsolete.  Fruit 
ovate,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  with  o  acute,  equal,  undulate-crenu- 
late  ribs,  l.iteral  ones  marginal.  Vitta:  0.  Seeds  with  a  deep,  narrow  groove 
on  the  face.  (2)  Poisonous.  Leaves  decompound.  Involucra  and  involu- 
cels 3-5-leaved,  the  latter  unilateral.    Flowers  white. 

C.  macalatnm  L.  St.  spotted  ;  Ivs.  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifld ;  involu- 
cel  short ;  fruit  smooth.  Waste  gi-onnds,  waysides.  4f.  Much  branched.  An  ill- 
scentod  narcotic.    July.    §  Europe. 

21.  SELINUM,  L.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fr.  ovoid  to  oblong,  terete. 
Carpels  slightly  compressed  on  the  back,  semiterete,  with  5  winged  ribs, 
the  lateral  wings  broadest,  intervals  with  1  (rarely  2)  vitt£e.  If  Glabrous, 
tall,  branched.  Lvs.  pinnately  decompound.  Umb.  rays  go.  Invol.  bracts 
0— few.     Involucels  x-bracted.     Fig.  303. 


140  Order  63.— UMBELLIFER.E. 

S.  Cauadense  B.  &  H.  Petioles  large,  sheath-like,  inflated ;  If.  segm.  liuear-oblong, 
verj'  acute,  or  acuminate  ;  umb.  12-rayed,  long-stalked  ;  bracts  lin.-filiforra  ;  fls.  white, 
conspicuous.  Wet  woods,  Me.  to  Va.  and  Wis.,  rare.  .3-5f.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Couiosclinum.) 

22.  IjIGUSTICUM,  L.  Lovage.  Calyx  teeth  minute.  Fniit  as  in 
Selinum,  except  that  the  intervals  are  filled  with  numerous  vittoe.  U  Gla- 
brous.   Lvs.  ternately  divided.     Involucra  few-  GO-bracted.     Fls.  white. 

1  li.  Scoticum  L.    Sea  L.    Lvs.  3-1-ternate  ;  Ifts.  rhombic-ovate,  cut-dentate,  some 

oblique;  invol.  bracts  OO-linear;  Ir.  oblong.  Sea-coast,  northward.  2f.  Fruit  5".  July. 

2  li.  actaefblinm  JUx.    Angelico.    Lvs.  triternate,  with  ovate,  dent-seiTate  leaflets  ; 

umbels  panicled  or  triply  compound  ;  involucra  about  3-bracted  ;  fniit  short.   Woods, 
Ms.  to  Tenn.    3— 6f.    May— July. 

23.  iETHUSA,  L.  Fool's  Parsley.  Calyx  margin  obsolete.  Fruit 
globous-ovate.  Carpels  Avith  5  acutely-carinated  ribs,  lateral  ones  mar- 
ginal, broader.  Intervals  acutely  angled,  with  single  vittae,  commissure 
with  2.  ®  Poisonous  herbs.  Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  decompound. 
Involucra  0.  Involucels  one-sided,  3-leaved,  deflexed.  Flowers  white. 
JE.  Cynapiam  L,— Waste  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn. :  rare.    2f.    Stem  green.    Leaf 

fcegm.  numerous,  wedge-shaped,  uniform.    Plant  ill-scented,  dark  green.    Jl.    §  Eur. 

24.  ERIGENIA,  Nutt.  Daughtek-of-Sfring.  Calyx  limb  obsolete. 
Pet.  not  inflexed,  entire.  Fr.  contracted  at  the  commissure.  Carpels  3- 
ribbed,  ovate-reniform.  U  Rt.  tuberous.  Radical  leaf  triternately  decom- 
pound. Involucrate  lvs.  solitary,  biternately  compound.  Involucels  of 
3 — 6  entire,  lincar-spatulate  bracts.    Figs.  235,  369. 

E.  bulbosa  Nutt.  A  small,  earl3'-flowering  herb,  4—6'.  Shady  banks,  Penn.,W.  N.Y. 
and  W.  Tuber  roundish,  deep  in  the  ground.  Pet.  white,  anth.  brown-purple  (hence 
called  Pepper-and-Salt).    March,  April. 

25.  APIUM,  L.  Celery,  &c.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Pet.  not  emar- 
giuate.  Fr.  ovate  or  globular,  laterally  compressed,  often  didymous.  Car- 
pels 5-angled,  ribs  equal,  obtuse.  Vittae  single  in  each  interval.  Carpophore 
undivided.  Seed  terete,  (i)  U  Smooth.  Leaves  pinnately  decompound. 
Involucra  various.     (Flowers  white.) 

g  IIelosciadium.    Lvs.  simply  pinnate.  Involucels  GO-bracted.  Fr.  roundish..  Nos.  1—3 
§  EuAPiuM.    Lvs.  pinnately  decompound.  Involucels  0.  Involucre  1-leaved..  .Nos.  4— 6 

1  A.  llneare.    Stem  angular,  tall ;  Ifts.  9—11  (3  above),  linear-oblong  or  linear,  taper- 

ing to  a  very  acute  point,  serrate  ;  umb.  pedunculate  ;  invol.  GO-bracted  ;  fr.  globular 
with  very  prominent  ribs.     y.  Wet.    2— 4f    July,  Aug.    (Sium,  C-B.) 

2  A.  CarsOnli  (Durand).    Erect,  branched  ;  Ifts.  3 — 1,  lia.  to  ovate,  serrate  to  gashed 

fr.  broadly  ovate,  the  ribs  filiform,  with  broad  intervals.   Wet.  Couu.  to  Peiiu.  Jn.,Jl. 

3  A.  nodlflorum.    Stems  procumbent ;  lvs.  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  lance-oblong,  equally  set. 

rate  ;  umb.  opposite  the  lvs.,  subsessile  ;  invol.  0-2-lvd.  (T)  Wet.   S.  Car.  1— 2f  Apr.  § 

4  A.  leptopliyllum.    Erect  or  difluse ;  If  segm.  linear  to  filiform ;  umb.  opp.  the 

lvs.,  sessile  ;  fr.  very  small  (i'O,  globular,  with  thick  ribs.  (T)  Ga.  to  La.  Jn.   (Helosc.) 

5  A.  divarlcatuiu.    Small  and  slender;  If  segm.  filiform  or  capillary,  obtuse  ;  umb. 

verj-  small,  pedunculate,  .3-5-rayed ;  fr.  rough  with  minute  scales,    (i)  Dry  sands,  S. 
2—8'.    March,  April.    (Leptocaulis,  N.) 

6  A.  GRAVEOLENS.    Celery.    Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  segm.  broad-cuneate,  incised,  upper 

lvs.  3-parted  and  cnt-lobed ;  invol.  0  ;  fr.  roundish.    @  Eur.    Well  known  as  a  salad. 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^.  141 

26.  EULOPHUS,  K.  Calyx  limb  5-tootliecl,  deciduous.  Fr.  contracted 
laterally,  somewhat  double.  Carpels  surrounded  -nith  large  vittte,  ribs 
obsolete.  Seed  channelled  on  the  inner  face.  U  Smooth,  branched.  Lvs. 
ternately  decompound.  Invol.  nearly  0.  Involucel  setaceous.  Fls.  white. 
E.  Americana  N.    Lvs.  mostly  radical ;  segm.  lance-lin.,  V  long,  acute,  ripper  lvs.  in 

3  long,  entire  seg. ;  umb.  long-stalked,  3-10-rayed.  Prairies,  O.  to  111.  and  Tenn.  3 — 4f. 

27.  CICUTA,  L.  Water  Hejilock.  Calyx  margin  of  5  broad  seg- 
ments. Fr.  subglobous,  didymous.  Carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal  ribs,  3 
of  them  marginal,  intervals  filled  with  single  vittse.  Seeds  terete.  ^  U 
Poisonous.  Leaves  compound.  Stems  hollow.  Umbels  perfect.  Invol. 
few-leaved  or  0.     Involucels  many-leaved.     Flowers  white. 

1  C.  inacnla.ta  L.    St.  streaked  with  purple  ;  lower  lvs.  tritemate  and  quinate,  up- 

per biternate :  segments  lanceolate,  mucronately  serrate,  the  veins  running  to  the 
notches.  Wet  meadows.  3-6f.  Smooth,  glaucous.  Leaflets  1—3'.  Fruit  IJ",  10- 
ribbed.    Umbels  3'.    July,  August. 

2  C  bnlbifera  L.    Lvs.  biternate  ;  Ifts.  linear,  with  remote,  divergent  teeth  ;  lvs.  of 

the  branches  3-cleft  or  simple,  subopposite,  bearing  bulblets  in  their  axils.  Swamps, 
Can.  to  Penn.  and  W.    3— 4f.    Leaflets  2^1'  by  1— I".    Umbels  few.    August. 

28.  SIUM,  L.  Water  Parsnip.  Calyx  teeth  acute.  Pet.  obcordate, 
with  an  intiexed  point.  Fr.  nearlj-  oval,  laterallj^  compressed.  Carpels 
with  5  obtiisish  ribs,  and  several  vittre  in  each  interval.  Carpophore  undi- 
vided. U  Leaves  pinnate,  dentate.  Umbels  perfect,  with  many-leaved 
involucra.     Flowers  white. — Stout  herbs. 

S.  latifolitini  L.  St.  angular,  sulcate ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  and  coarsely 
serrate,  barely  acute;  cal.  teeth  conspicuous.  Swamps,  Ind.  (Green  Co.  !)  and  Can. 
3-4f.    Lfts.  4— G'  by  1—3',  2-10-toothed.  Umb.  with  20—30  long  (3-40  rays.    Jl.,  Aug. 

29.  DISCOPLEURA,  DC.  Bishop-weed.  Cal.  teeth  subulate,  per- 
sistent. Fr.  ovate,  often  didymons.  Carp.  5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs  fili- 
form, subacute,  prominent,  the  3  lateral  united  with  a  thick,  accessory 
margin  ;  intervals  with  single  vittse.  Sds.  subterete.  (T)  Lvs.  capillaceous- 
dissected.     Umbels  compound.     Bracts  of  the  invol.  cleft.    Fls.  white. 

1  D.  capillacea  I>C.    Erect  or  procumbent ;  umbels  3-10-rayed  ;  lfts.  of  the  invol. 

3—5,  mostly  3-cleft ;  fr.  ovate.    Swamps  near  the  coast,  Mass.  to  Ga.    1— 2f.    Juue-^. 

2  D.  costita  Hale  (1S50).    Branched,  erect ;  nmbels  7-15-rayed  ;  bracts  of  the  invol. 

10 — 13,  2-5-parted  ;  If.-segm.  filiform,  numerous,  apparently  verticillate ;  fr.  with  ribs 
and  vittre  strongly  contrasted.   Swamps,  Ogeerhee  R.  and  W.  1— 2f.  stout.  Oct.,  Nov. 

3  D.  Niittallii  DC.    Erect,  tall ;   umbel  15-20-rayed ;  invol.  few-bracted,  bracts  en- 

tire ;  fr.  broadly  cordate-ovate.    Wet  prairies,  Ky.  and  S.    Slender,  2— 4f. 

30.  CORIANDRUM,  L.  Coriander.  Cal.  with  5  conspicuous  teeth. 
Outer  petals  radiant,  inflex-bifid.  Fr.  globous.  Carp,  cohering,  with  the 
5  depressed,  primary  ribs,  and  4  secondary  more  prominent  ones,  seeds 
concave  on  the  face.  @  Smooth.  Invol.  0  or  1-leaved.  Involucels  3- 
leaved,  unilateral. 

C  sativum  L.  Lvs.  bipinnate,  lower  ones  with  broad-cnncaie  lfts.,  upper  with  lin- 
ear Ifis. ;  carp,  hemispherical.    Europe.    2f.    Cultivated  for  its  spicy  frait. 


142  Order  65.— CORNACEiE. 

Ordkr  LXIV.    ARALIACE^.    Araliads. 

Treen,  sJirubs  or  herbs  closely  allied  to  the  Umbelworts  in  the  leaves,  in- 
floresceuce  and  flowers,  but  the  styles  and  cells  of  the  ovary  are  usually  more 
than  2  (3  to  5),  cells  1-ovuled.  Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  3-5-celled,  with  1  ai- 
buminous  seed  in  each  cell,  and  the  petals  not  inflected.    Fig.  242. 

§  Styles  and  carpels  5.     Umbels   CO.     Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  .ilttrnate,  pinnate Aisalia.     1 

§  Styles  and  carpels  2— 3.     Umbel  1.     Flowers  dioecious.     Leaves  verticillate,  palmate Ginseng.  2 

§  Styles  5,  united  into  1.     Umb.   00.    Flowers  polygamous.    Lvs.  simple.     Climbing IIedkra.   3 

1.  ARALIA,  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla.  Cal.  tube  adherent,  limb  5- 
toothed.  Pet.  5,  ovate,  spreading.  Stam.  5,  epigynous.  Styles  5,  recurved 
above,  persistent.  Fr.  a  berry,  5-celled,  5-seeded,  and  5-angled  when  dry. 
U  5  Lvs.  pinnately  compound,  alternate.  Umbels  several  or  many,  white 
or  greenish,  in  summer. 

*  Plants  low  (1— 2f),  with  few  (3—7)  umbels  corymbously  arranged Nos.  1,  2 

*  Plants  tall  (."— 12f),  with  numerous  umbels  in  racemes Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  iiudioaulis  L.     Nearly  stemleps,  with  1  ternate-pinnate  leaf  longer  than  the 

scape,  which  bears  .3  umbels  at  top  ;  plant  smooth,    n  Rich,  Rocky  wds.  E.  &  W.   If. 

2  A.  Iiispida  L.     Wild  Elder.    Stem  shrubby  and  hispid-prickly  at  base,  herbaceous 

above;  lvs.  l-2pinnate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  cut-serrate,  often  lobed  ;  umbels  about  5.  long- 
stalked,  forming  a  terminal  corymb,    v.  Di-y  fields.  N.  Eng.  toVa.  1— 2f.  Fr.  blue-blk. 

3  A.  raceniosa  L.    Pettymorrel.    Herbaceous,  smooth,  branched  ;  lvs.  large,  hi-ter- 

nate-pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  serrate  ;  umb.  small,  GO,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes,    i^  Rocky 
woods.    3 — 5f.    Root  aromatic,  an  ingredient  in  small-beer. 

4  A.  splnosa  L.    Anoelica-tree.    Hercules''  Club.    Shrub  prickly  ;  lvs.  bi-  and  tri-pin- 

nate,  Ifts.  thick,  ovate,  cusp-pointed,  glaucous  beneath.    Damp  woods,  O.  to  Fla.    8 — 
12— 20f.    Trunk  usually  simple,  bearing  all  the  lvs.  and  panicles  at  the  top. 

2.  GINSENG.  (Panax,  L.  in  part.)  Dioecious-polygamous.  Cal.  tube 
adherent,  limb  obsolete.  Pet,  5,  ovate,  obtuse.  Stam.  5,  epigynous.  Sty. 
2  or  3,  distinct,  erect.  Fruit  baccate,  2-  or  3-seeded.  $  Styles  obsolete. 
11  Root  tuberous.  Stem  simple,  bearing  3  leaves  in  a  whorl  and  one  um- 
bel.   Flowers  white.    Fig.  243. 

1  G.  trifoliuni.     Ground-nut.    Root  a  round  tuber  ;  stem  low  (-3— fiO  ;  lvs.  palmately 

3-5-foliate,  Ifts.  lance-oblong,  serrate,  subsessile  ;  peduncle  longer  than  the  petioles  ; 
sty.  3;  berries  3-lobed,  greenish-yellow.    Low  woods  :  com.    May.    Root  farinaceous. 

2  O.  qiilnquefolium.     Tnte  Ginseng.    Root  fusiform,  fleshy ;  st.  taller  (lf-^) ;  lvs. 

palmately  .5-roliate,  1ft?.  ample,  obovate,  petiolulate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  peduncle 
shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  sty.  2 ;  berries  2-sceded,  bright  red.  Rocky  woods.  Ju.-Aug. 

3.  HEDERA.  L.  European  I-vy.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Pet.  5,  valvate. 
Sta.  5.  Sty.  united  into  1.  Fr.  ovoid,  baccate,  5-seeded.  "^  Lvs.  coriace- 
ous, simple.    Flowers  green. 

H.  Helix.    Stems  woody,  slender,  climbing  high  by  radicating  fibres;  lvs.  dark  green, 
with  whitish  veins,  roundish  ovate,  5-angled;  umbels  corymbed  ;  fr.  black.    Europe. 

Order  LXV.    CORNACEiE.    Cornels. 

Tb'ees  and  shrubs,  seldom  h^rbs,  without  stipules.  Leaves  opposite  or 
rarely  alteraate,  simple,  with  pinnate  veinlets.     Calyx  adherent  to  the 


Ordek  G5.— CORNACE^.  143 

ovary,  the  limb  minute,  toothed  or  lobed.  Petals  distinct,  alternate  with 
the  calyx  teeth,  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  0.  Stamens  same  number  as 
petals,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  epigynous  disk  (in  the  5  flowers,)  Ovary 
1-  or  2-celled.    Fruit  a  baccate  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  Fig.  430. 

1.  CORNUS,  L.  Dogwood.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  limb  of  4  minute 
segments.  Pet.  4,  oblong,  sessile.  Sta.  4.  Style  somewhat  club-shaped. 
Drupe  baccate,  with  a  2-  or  3-celled  nut.  5  b  ^  Lvs.  entire.  Flowers  in 
cymes,  often  involucrate.  Floral  envelopes  valvate  in  festivation.  Bai'k 
bitter,  tonic.    Fig.  430. 

§  Cymes  subtended  by  a  4-leaved,  white  involucre.    Fruit  red Nos.  1,  2 

§  Cymes  naked.— a  Lvs.  alternate,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches No.  3 

—a  Lvs.  opposite.— 6  Twig.s  and  cymes  pubescent  Nos.  <!,  5 

—b  Twigs,  &c.,  glabrous.— c  Drupes  blue. Nos.  6,  7 
— c  Drupes  wh. . .  Nos.  8,  9 

1  C  Canadensis  L.    Low  Cornel.    Herbaceouss,  low;  upper  lvs.  whorled,  veiny,  on 

short  petioles  ;  st.  simple  ;  invol.  lvs.  ovate,     u  Damp  woods.  N.    4— S'.    May,  June. 

2  C.  florida  L.    Flowering  Dogwood.    Arboreous ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate,    acuminate, 

entire  ;  fls.  small,  in  a  close,  cymous  umbel  or  head,  surrounded  by  a  very  large,  4-lvd. 
obcordate  involucre.    Tree  in  woods,  20— .3nf.    Invol.  showy.    May.    Bark  tonic. 

3  C  alternifolla  L.    Lvs.  alternate,  oval,  acute,  hoary  beneath  ;  branches  alternate, 

warty  ;  drupes  purple,  globous.    Shrub  or  tree,  S— 20f,  with  a  flattened  top.    June. 

4  C.  sericea  L.    Branches  spreading,  purplish,  branchlets  woolly  ;  lvs.  ovate  or  ellip- 

tical, acuminate,  silky-pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  depressed,  woolly  ;  cal.  teeth  lance- 
olate ;  drupes  light  blue.    Shrub  5— !)f.    Flowers  yellowish  white,  crowded.    June. 

5  C.  asperifolia  Ms.    Branches  erect,  brownish,  branchlets  rough-downy  ;  lvs.  lance- 

oval,  scabrous  above,  downy  beneath  ;  cymes  hispid  ;  sep.  minute.  W.  and  S.    May +  . 

6  C.  stricta  Lam.    Branches  erect,  brown,  smooth;  lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  smooth 

and  green  both  sides,  long-acuminate  ;  cymes  loose,  smooth  ;  sepals  subulate,  half  as 
long  as  the  ovary  ;  anth.  and  fr.  pale  blue.    Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.    8— 12f.    April. 

7  C.  clrcinaita  L.   Branches  warty  ;  lvs.  round-oval,  white-tomentous  beneath  ;  cymes 

spreading,  depressed  ;  drupes  light  blue.    Shrub  5— lOf,  E.  and  W.    Lvs.  large.    June. 

8  C  panlculata  L'Her.    Branches  erect,  grayish,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 

acuminate,  hoary  beneath  ;  cymes  and  drupes  small,  paniculate,  white.    Of    May,  Jn. 

9  C.  stolonilera  Mx.    Med  Osier.    St.  often  stoloniferous  ;  branches  smooth :  shoots 

virgate,  reddish-purple ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath  ;  cymes 
naked,  flat ;  berries  bluish-white.    Small  tree,  E.  and  W.    8- lOf.    May,  June. 

2.  NYSSA,  L.  Tupelo.  Gum-tree.  Fls.  dioecious  or  polj-gamous, 
5  Calyx  tube  very  short,  limb  truncate.    Pet.  5,  oblong.     Sta.  mostly  10, 

inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Ov.  0.  ?  Calyx  tube  oblong,  adhe- 
rent to  the  1-celled  ovary,  limb  as  in  i  .  Pet.  2—5,  oblong,  often  0.  Sty. 
large,  stigmatic  on  one  side.  Drupe  oval,  1-seeded.  5  "^'i'li  small  green 
fls.  clustered  on  axillary  peduncles,  the  sterile  more  numerous.   Apr.  June. 

1  N.  multlflora  Wang.    Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  acutish  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  entire; 

the  petiole,  midvein,  and  margin  villous  ;  fertile  peduncles  3-(2-5)-flowered  ;  sty.  revo- 
lute;  nut  short,  obovate,  striate,  obtuse.    Tree  30— "Of.    Drupe  blue-black,    t 

2  N.  iiniflora  Walt.    Swamp  Tupelo.    Lvs.  green,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  long-petio- 

late  ;  fertile  fls.  solitary,  3-bracted,  on  slender  peduncles  ;  sty.  nearly  straight ;  sterile 
fls.  5—10  ;  drupe  oblong,  as  large  as  a  plum.    Tree  50— SOf,  in  swamps,  S. 

3  TV,  capltata  Walt.     Ogeechee  Lime.    Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  short-petiolatc,  entire, 


144  Okder  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

whitened  beneath,  obtuse  at  apes,  acute  at  bai?c  ;  fertile  fls.  solitary,  on  short  pedun- 
cles, downy,  3^-bracted,  with  5  petals  and  10  stamens ;  sterile  fls.  20—30  in  each  dense 
globular  head ;  fruit  large,  oblong.    River  banks,  S.    20— 30f. 

Cohort    2,   GAMOPETAL.E, 

Or  Monopetalous  Exociens. — Plants  having  a  double  peri- 
anth, consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  composed 
of  petals  partially  or  wholly  united.    (Cohort  3,  page  278.) 

Order  LXVI.    CAPRIFOLIACE^.    Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs,  rarely  Itei-bs,  often  hviniug  Avitli  opposite  leaves ;  no  stipules. 
Flowers  clustered  and  often  fragrant,  5-parted  and  often  irregular.  Corolla 
monopetalous,  tubular  or  rotate.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube, 
rarely  one  less  than  the  lobes.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.  Style  1,  stiff- 
mas  3  to  5.  Fruit  a  berry,  drui^e,  or  capsule.  Eriibryo  small,  in  fleshy 
albumen.    Figs.  67,  383,  390,  466,  471,  477. 

I.  LONICERE/E.    Corolla  tubular,  with  a  Gliform  style. .  .(a) 

a  Herbs. — b  Corolla  S-lobed,  the  stamens  but  i ..Linn.ea.  1 

—h  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  5 TRiosTKnM.  2 

a  Shrubs.— c  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regular.     Berry  4-celled.  2-seeded SvmphobicakpcS.  3 

— c  Corolla  tubular,  lobes  unequal.    Berry  2-3-ceIled Lonickra.  4 

—c  Corolla  funnel-form.     Capsule  2-celled,  OO -seeded Diervilla.  6 

II.  SAMBUCE.E.    Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed.     Stigmas  sessile... (6) 

5  Shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves.     Berry  3-seeded Sambucus.  6 

I  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves.    Drupel-seeded Viburnum.  7 

1.  LINN.EA,  Gron.  Twin-flower.  Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5-parted, 
deciduous.  Bractlets  at  base  2.  Cor.  campanulate,  limb  subequal,  5-lobed. 
Sta.  4,  two  longer  than  the  others.  Berry  dry,  3-celled,  indehiscent,  1-seed- 
ed  (two  cells  abortive).  Lo  Lvs.  roundish,  petiolate.  Ped.  filiform,  erect, 
2-flowered.    Inhabits  the  N.  temperate  zone  of  both  hemispheres. 

Ii,  boreAlis  Gron.— Moist  rocky  shades,  N.  J.  to  Oreg.  and  N.    Filiform  stems  3— 6f. 
Ped.  3,  bearing  at  top  a  pair  of  nodding,  bell-shaped,  roseate,  fragrant  flowers.    June. 

2.  TRIOSTEUM,  L.  Feverwort.  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-parted, 
scgm.  Ihiear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  coi-oUa.  Cor.  tubular,  gibbous  at  base, 
limb  5-l()bed,  subequal.  Sta.  5,  included.  Stig.  capitate,  lobed.  Fr.  drupa- 
ceous, crowned  with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  containing  3  ribbed,  bony  seeds. 
%  Coarse,  hairy,  with  large,  connate  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

1  T.  pcrfoliatum  L.    Hirsute:  Ivs.  oval,  acuminate;  fls.  verticillate  or  clustered, 

sessile,  brownish-purple.    Rocky  woods.    2— 4f.    Fruit  orange-colored,  6".    June. 

2  T.  aiigustifolium  L.    Hispid ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  connate ;  fls. 

mostly  solitary,  short-stalked,  yellowish  or  straw-colored.    L.  I.  to  111.    2— 3f.    May. 

3.  SYMPHORICARPUS,  Dill.  Snowberry.  Calyx  tube  globous, 
limb  4-5-toothed.  Cor.  funnel-  or  bell-shaped,  the  limb  in  4—5  equal  lobes. 
Sta.  4  or  5.  Stig.  capitate.  Berry  globous,  4-celled,  2-seeded  (two  oppo- 
site cells  abortive).     5  Leaves  oval,  entire.    Flowers  small,  roseate. 


Ordek  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^.  145 

1  S.  raoeiMossHS  Mx.    Fl.-.  in  terminal,  loose,  intorrnptocl,  often  leafy  rac. ;  cor.  cam- 

patiulate,  densely  bearded  within  ;  sty.  and  sta.  included  ;  berries  snow-white.  W.  Vt. 
to  Wis.  and  Pa.,  on  rocky  banks.    2 — 3f.    A  smooth,  handsome  shrub.    July — Aug.    t 

2  S.  occidentalis  R.  Br.     Wo!f  berry.    Lvs.  ovate,  obtusish ;  spikes  dense,  axillary 

and  terminal,  nodding ;  cor.  densely  bearded  inside  ;  sta.  and  bearded  stjie  exserted  : 
berries  white.    Woods,  Mich.  Wis.  and  N.    2— 4f.    July. 

3  S.  vulgiiris  Mx.     Lvs.  roundish-oval ;   spikes  axillary,  subsessile,  capitate,  and 

crowded ;  cor.  lobes  nearly  glabrous ;  sta.  and  bearded  style  included ;  berries  dark 
red.    River  banks,  Penn.  to  Iowa,  and  S,    2— 3f.    Flowers  greenish-red.    July. 

4.    LONICERA,   L.    Honeysuckle.    AVoodbine.     Calyx  5-tootlied, 

tube  subglobous.    Cor.  funnel-  or  bell-form,  limb  5-cleft,  often  labiate.    Sta. 

5,  exserted.     Ov.  2-3-celled.    Berry  few-seeded.     Stig.  capitate.     "^  5  Lvs. 

entire,  often  connate.    Fls.  fragrant  and  beautiful.    May-Jl.    Figs.  67,  390. 

§  Xtlosteon.    Shrubs  erect.    Leaves  never  connate.    Flowers  in  pairs. .  .(a) 

a  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  lobes  somewhat  irregular Nos.  1—3 

a  Coi-olla  not  gibbous,  lobes  spreading,  equal,  roseate No.  4 

§  Caprifolium.    Shrubs  climbing.    Flowers  sessile,  mostly  whorled . . .  (6) 

b  Leaves  all  distinct.    Corolla  ringent.    Cultivated  exotics Nos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  (the  upper  pair)  connate-perfoliate..  .(c) 

c  Corolla  subequal,  both  tube  and  limb  scarlet No.  7 

c  Corolla  limb  ringent,— f^  tube  equal  (not  gibbous)  at  base Nos.  8—10 

—d  tube  gibbous  at  the  base Nos.  11,  13 

1  li.  ciliata  Muhl.    Fly  Honeysuckle.    Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  ciliate  ;  cor.  limb  with 

short  and  subequal  lobes,  tube  saccate  at  base  ;  sty.  exserted  ;  berries  distinct,  red. 
Woods,  Me.  to  O.  and  N.    3— 4f.    Flowers  straw-yellow,  on  short  ped.    May. 

2  L..  obloiiglfolla  Hook.    Lvs.  oblong  or  oval,  velvety  beneath ;  cor.  limb  deeply 

bilabiate ;  ped.  long,  filiform,  erect ;  berries  connate  or  united  into  one,  globous,  pur- 
ple.   Swamps,  N.Y.,  W.  and  N.    2— 3f.    Purple-yellow,    t 

3  li.  coeriilea  L.  Lvs.  oval-oblong,  ciliate,  obtuse,  villous  both  sides,  at  length  smooth- 

ish ;  ped.  short,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries ;  cor.  lobes  short, 
subequal ;  berries  connate,  deep  blue.    Rocky  woods,  Ms.  N.  Y.  and  N.    2 — 3f. 

4  li.  Tartarica.    Tartanan  Honeysuckle.    Much  branched ;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  polish- 

ed ;  cor.  segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  purple-white.    Russia.    4 — lOf. 

5  li.  Japonica.    Chinese  Honeysuckle.    Sts.  soft-pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate  and  oblong ;  ped. 

axillary,  2-bracted  and  2-flowered ;  flowers  orange,  &e.    China.    15f. 

6  Ij.  PEEiCLYMENrsi  Tourn.    Woodbine.    Lvs.  deciduous,  elliptical,  acute,  on  short  peti- 

oles ;  fls.  in  dense,  terminal  heads,  red,  yellow.    Europe.    15f. 
/3.  QUERCiFOHUJi.    Leaves  sinuate-lobed. 

7  li.  sempervlrens  Ait.    Trumpet  Honeysuckle.   Lvs.  oblong,  evergreen ;  flowers  in 

nearly  naked  spikes  of  distant  whorls ;  cor.  trumpet-shaped,  nearly  regular,  ventri- 
cous  above.    Moist  groves,  N.Y.,  W.  and  S.    15f.    May— Sept.    t 

8  li.  flava  Sims.    Yelloiv  Honeysuckle.    Lvs.  ovate,  glaucous  both  sides ;  spikes  termi- 

nal, of  about  2  close  whorls  ;  cor.  smooth,  slender,  bright  yellow  ;   stam.  exserted. 
N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Shrub  scarcely  twining.    Corolla  15".    t 

9  li.  grata  Ait.    Evergreen  Honeysuckle.    Lvs.  evergreen,  obovate,  smooth,  glaucous 

beneath  ;  fls.  in  sessile,  terminal,  and  axillary  whorls  ;  cor.  ringent,  long,  slender,  red- 
dish without,  yellowish  within.    Damp  woods,  M.  and  W.  States.    12f. 

10  li.  Caprifolium.  Italian  Honeysuckle.  Lvs.  deciduous;  fls.  in  a  single,  terminal 
verticil;  lips  of  corolla  revolute,  red,  yellow,  white.    Europe. 

11  li.  pai'Tlflora  Lam.  Lvs.  smooth,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  oblong,  all 
sessile  or  connate,  the  upper  pair  perfoliate  ;  fls.  in  heads  of  1  or  more  approximate 
whorls ;  cor.  glabrous,  short,  yellow-red :  fil.  bearded.    Rocky  woods.    8— lOf. 

fi.  Dous;ldsU,      Lvs.  large,  pubes.  beneath,  lower  petiolatc ;  fls.  pubes.  O.,  and  W. 
10 


146  Order  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

12  L..  Iilrsiita  Eaton.  Lvs.  hairy  above,  poft-villoiis  beneath,  veiny,  broad-oval,  t  ty 
ruptly  acuminate ;  fls.  in  verticillate  spikes,  sreeuish-yellow  ;  fll.  bearded.  Woods, 
N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  N.    15— 20f. 

5.  DIERVILLA,  Tourn.    Bush  Honeysuckle.     Calyx  tube  oblong,     , 
■limb  of  5  linear  segm.     Cor.  twice  as  long,  fuuncl-sliaped,  limb  5-cleft  and  ^"^ 

nearly  regular.     Sta.  5.     Capsular  fr.  2-cellcd,  2-valved,  crowned  with  the 
cal.,  many-seeded.  }j  Lvs.  acuminate,  serrate,  deciduous.  Ped.  axillary.  Jn. 

1  D.  trifida  Mccuch.    Lvs.  ovate,  on  distinct  petioles ;  ped.  1-3-flwd. ;  pod  attenuate 

at  top  beneath  the  calyx  limb.  Thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  2f,  bushy.  Fls.  greenish-yellow. 

2  D.  sessllifolia  Buckley.    Lvs.  lance- oblong,  sessile  or  subamplexicau! ;  peduncles 

3-5-llwd.,  crowded  in  the  axils  above;  caps,  short-beaked.    High Mts.  N. Car.    2 — if. 

6.  SAMBUCUS,  L.  Elder.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Cor.  5-cleft,  segm. 
obtuse.  Sta.  5.  Stig.  obtuse,  small,  sessile.  Berry  globous,  pulpy,  3-seeded. 
J)  U  Lvs.  odd-pinnate  or  bipinnate.    Fls.  in  cymes,  white.     Figs.  4C(j,  477. 

1  S.  Canadensis  L.    Woody,  with  large  pith;  ifts.  7—11,  oblong-oval,  acuminate, 

smooth  ;  cymes  fastigiate  ;  berries  dark-purple.    Hedgerows,  thickets  :  common.   S— 
i2f.    Cymes  broad,  white.    May— July. 

2  S.  pnbens  Mx.    Woody;  U'ts.  lance-oval,  acuminate,  5—7,  dor.-ny  beneath  :  cymes 

paniculate ;  berries  scarlet.     Copses.     Can.  to  Car.    5— lOf.     June.— Berries  rarely 
white.    Catskill  Mountains. 

7.  VIBURNUM,  L.  Calyx  small,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Cor.  rotate, 
limb  5-lobed,  seg.  obtuse.  Stam.  5.  Stig.  1 — 0,  sessile.  Fr.  a  drupe,  1- 
celled,  1-secded, — a  stony  nut  covered  with  soft  pulp.  55  Lvs.  simple, 
petioles  often  minutely  stipulate.  Fls.  white,  in  compound  flat  cymes, 
Avhich  are  often  radiant.    Fig.  383. 

§  Cymes  radiant,— the  outer  flowers  sterile  and  showy.    Leaves  stipuled Nos.  1,  2 

§  Cymes  not  radiant,— the  flowers  all  alike  perfect . .  (a) 

a  Leaves  3-lobed,  palmately  .3-5-veined,  with  setaceous  stipules  Nos.  3,  4 

a  Leaves  not  lobed,— 6  coarsely  toothed,  straight-veined.    Cyme  stalked  . .  .Nos.  5—7 

—b  finely  and  sharply  serrate.    Cymes  sessile.    June Nos.  8,  J) 

--i  entire,  or  nearly  so.— c  Species  native Nos.  10, 11 

—c  Species  exotic Nos.  12,  13 

1  V.  lautaiioides  L.    Hobble-bush.    Leaves  round-cordate,  abniptly  acuminate,  un- 

equally serrate  ;  petioles  and  veins  rusty-downy  ;  cyme  sessile  ;  fruit  ovate.     Rocky 
woods,  N.    5f.    Shoots  often  reclined  and  rooting.    Handsome.    May. 

2  V.  Opulus  L.    Iliff'i  Cranbemj.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  3-lobcd,  3-veined,  broader  than  long, 

rounded  at  base,  lobes  acuminate,  crenate  dentate  ;  petioles  glandular  ;  cymes  pedun- 
culate.   Bordersof  woods,  N.    8— 12f.    Fruit  bright  red,  very  acid.    June, 
p.  KOSEUM.    Snow-ball.    Fls.  all  neutral,  in  globous  cymes.  + 

3  V.  acerifoliuni  L.    Dockmackie.    Leaves  subcordate,  3-veined,  lobes  acuminate, 

acutely  dentate,  downy  beneath  ;  stam.  exserted  ;  fr.  purple.    Woods.    4— Gf.    June. 

4  V.  pauclfloruni  Pylaie.    Lvs.  roundish,  5-veined  at  base,  with  3  short  lobes,  ser- 

rate ;  cymes  few-flowered  ;  stamens  included ;  fr.  red.    Mts.  N. :  rare.    2— Sf. 
o  V.  dentatum  L.    Ari'Oiv-ivood.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  round-ovate,  acutely-toothed,  often 
with  downy  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  stout  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  slender ;  fr.  blue  ; 
nut  concavo-convex.    Damp  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.    S — 12f.    Branches  virgate.    June. 

6  V.  pubescens  Ph.    Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  broadly  dentate,  hairy  most  beneath ; 

petioles  short,  downy  ;  fr.  black,  nut  plano-convex,  grooved.  Rocks,  Can.  to  Car.  2— .3f. 

7  V.  molle  Mx.    Poison  Haw.    Downy  throughout,  with  forked  or  stellate  haii-s  ;  lvs. 

broadoval,acnte,  crenate  dentate;  fr.  blue,  nut  grooved.  Woods.  Ky.  toFla.  lOf.  May. 


Order  67.— RUBIACE^.  147 

8  V.  Leutago  L.    Sweet  rilniriuim.    Lv?.  ovate  and  oval,  long-acuminate,  acutely  and 

linely  xincinate-serrafe  ;  petiole  with  undulate  margins  ;  ft",  glaucous-black,  oval,  eat- 
able.   Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.    10— 20f.    A  smaU,  handsome  tree.    June. 

9  V.  pranlfolluni  L.   Black  Haw.   Sloe.   Lvs.  shining,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  sharply 

uncinatc-serrulate ;    petioles  slightly  margined ;   cymes  sessile ;   fr.  blackish,  oval, 
sweet.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  111.    10— :iOf.    A  small  tree.    Lvs.  2—3'. 
(3.  ferritg-ineum.    Possum  Haw.    Lvs.  lance-oval,  rusty  beneath  ;  h:  tasteless.   S. 

10  V.  nitdnni  L.  Smooth;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  or  lance-oval,  subrevolute  at  edge,  en- 
tire or  subcrenulate,  not  shining,  veiny  and  dotted  beneath ;  petioles  not  winged ; 
cymes  on  short  stalks.   Thickets.   10— 20f.   Lvs.  3—1'.  Drupes  blue,  eatable.  Apr.-Jn. 

/5.  ang'uatifoUutn,    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  subentire.    S. 
■y.  eagainoides.    Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  denticulate,  obtuse,  acute,  &c.    N. 
S.  ovale,    Lvs.  small  (15'0,  oval,  obtuse,  very  entire.    South. 

1 1  V.  obov^tnm  Walt.  Lvs.  small  (6—12"),  obovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
subsessi'.e,  dotted  ;  cymes  small,  many,  sessile.  Elver  banks,  S.  12f.  Fruit  black.  Ap. 

12  V.  Tixus.    L<iure.':tin€.    Lvs.  lancc-ovate,  entire,  thick,  shining.    Eur.    5f. 

13  V.  ODORATissiMrM.    Lvs.  clliptic-oblong,  repand-dcntatc,  thick.    China. 

Order  LX^^I.  RUBIACE^.  :Madderworts. 
Plants  with  opposite  or  yerticillate,  entire  leaves.  Stipules  between  the 
petioles  soTnetimes  leaflike  or  0.  Caly-v  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  4- 
to  5-cleft.  Corolla  regular,  inserted  upon  the  calyx  tube,  and  of  the  same 
number  of  divisions.  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  equal 
in  number  and  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovaries  2-(rareh^  more)-oelled. 
Style  single  or  partly  divided.    Fruit  various. 

§  STELL.\T.5E.     Herbs  with  the  leaves  in  whorls  of  4— S  and  no  stipules. .(«) 

a  Flowers  4-parted.     Fruit  twin,  separating  into  2  nutlets Galium.  1 

a  Flowers  5-parted.     Fruit  twin,  separable,  baccate,  smooth RnBiA.  2 

I  CIXCHONEyE.    Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  with  stipules. — h  Herbs.. (r) 

— 6  Shrubs  or  trees..  ((0 

c  Flowers  in  pairs,  with  a  double  ovary.     Berry  double Mitchella.         3 

c  Flowers  separate.    Carpels  2,— e  each  1-sceded,  separating  in  fruit. .(/) 
— e  each  GO -seeded,  forming  a  capsule.. (j) 

/  Fls.  in  clusters.— A  Both  carpels  open  after  separating Boureria.  S.  Fla. 

— li  One  carpel  open,  the  other  indehiscent. Sper."iiacoce.       4 

/  Flowers  subsolitary.    Both  carpels  indehiscent,— /■•  dry Diodia.  5 

—fc  baccate Er.nodea  hUoralis.  S.  Fla. 

ij  Corolla  funnel-form.    Seeds  16  +  ,  cup-shaped Hocstonia.        6 

g  Corolla  wheel-shaped.    Seeds  89  +  ,  angular Oldexlandia.    7 

d  Flowers  capitate,  iv  round,  dense  heads.     Leaves  often  ternate.  .(0 
d  Flowers  not  capitate.— ni  Carpels  2—10,  each  1-seeded.    In  S.  Florida.. (h) 
—;n  Carpels  2— 5,  each  CO -seeded.     Florida.. (o) 
n  Carpels  2 — 1,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.     Fruit  fleshy,  .(fi) 
n  Carpels  4 — 10,  symmetrical  with  the  corolla  lobes,  .{q) 

I  Flowers  4-parted,  white.     Fruit  compacted  but  distinct,  dry CEpnALANTHUS.  8 

J  Flowers  5-parted,  red.    Drupes  united  into  a  compact  berry Mori.vda  iJoioc.  S.  Fla. 

p  Leaves  opposite.     Racemes  axillary.     Carpels  flattened Cuiococc A  racemosa, 

p  Leaves  opposite.     Corymbs  terminal.     Carpels  angular Pstcotria. 

p  Leaves  in  3"s,  linear,  rigid.     Racemes  axillary.     Shrub Strdmpfia  marilima. 

q  Spikes  axillai-y,  forked.     Anthers  on  the  throat  of  corolla Guettarda. 

q  Panicles  axillary.     Filaments  inserted  on  the  base  of  corolla Erithalis /ru^Kosa. 

o  Fruit  baccate,  5-celled.    Corolla  tubular.     Stigmaentire Hamelia pa<en.». 

o  Fruit  baccate,  2-celled.  Cor.  funnel-form,  white.  \ .  .Ckipe  Jessamine.  .Gardenia,  p.  SbS. 

«  Fruit  capsular.— s  Flowers  in  radiant  cymes.     A  slender  tree Pixckneya.  9 

— s  Flowers  in  cymes,  not  radiant,  red.     Shrub,  t.  ..Bouvardia.        10 
—«  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.     Shrub  6— lOf Esoste.mma.   S.  I'la. 


148  Order  67.— RUBIACE^. 

1.  GALIUM,  L.  Cleavers.  Bedstraw.  Calyx  limb  minutely  4- 
toothed.  Cor.  rotate,  4-cleft.  Sta.  4,  short.  Sty.  2.  Carpels  2,  united, 
separating  into  2  1-seeded,  indeliiscent  nutlets.— Herbs  with  slender,  4- 
angled  stems.    Verticels  of  4,  6,  or  8  leaves,  rarely  of  5. 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  about  8.    Fruit  smooth No.  1 

a  Flowers  dull-purple.    Leaves  (large)  in  whorls  of  4.    Fruit  hispid  or  not.  .Nos.  2 — 4 

a  Flowers  white. — b  Leaves  in  4'9  only.    Fruit  dry.    Panicle  terminal No.  5 

— 6  Leaves  in  4'8  only.    Fniit  smooth,  purple  berries Nos.  (i,  7 

—6  Leaves  in  4'6— 6's.— c  Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  hairs No.  8 

— c  Fruit  smooth  or  nearly  so,  dry.  .Nos.  9 — 11 
— b  Leaves  in  8's,  long  and  narrow.    Fruit  hispid No.  13 

1  G.  veruni  L.    Yellow  Bedslraw.    Erect;  Ivs.  in  8's,  grooved,  entire,  rough,  linear; 

fls.  densely  paniculate,    li  Dry  soils,  Mass.    1— 2f.    Branches  short.    June.    §  Eur. 

2  G.  pllosuiu  Ait.    Hirsute  ;  Ivs.  in  4's,  oval,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  ;  ped.  several 

times  2-  or  3-forked  ;  fls.  pedicellate,  densely  hispid,    n  Dry  thickets.    1— 2f.    June. 

3  G.  circaezans  Mx.    Wild  Liqitorlce.    Smoothish  ;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  ob- 

tuse, .3-veiued,  ciliate  on  the  margins  4ind  veins ;  ped.  divaricate,  few-flowered ;  fr. 
Bubsessile,  nodding,  hispid.    il  Woods  :  common.    8—12'.    July. 

^.  lanceolattim.    Very  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  2' long ;  fruit  sessjle. 

y.  montanum.    Dwarf;  leaves  obovate.    White  Mountains.    (Oakes.) 

4  G.  latlfoliuni  Mx.    St.  erect,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  3-veined,  very  acute ;  ped. 

axillary  (leafy)  and  temiinal,  about  twice  3-forked  ;  purple  flowers  and  smooth  fruit 
on  filiform  pedicels,    n  Woody  hills,  Pa.  S.  and  W.    2f.    July. 

5  G.  boreale  L.    Erect,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  3-veined,  smooth  ; 

fls.  in  a  terminal  pyramidal  panicle.    ii  Shaded  rocks,  N.    If.    July. 

6  G.  lii.spidulum  Mx.    Diffuse,  minutely  hispid  ;  Ivs.  oval,  thickish,  mostly  acute  ; 

ped.  axillary,  1-3-flwd.  ;  fr.  large,  bluish-purple.    ii  Sandy.    S.    2f.    May — Oct. 

7  G.  uuiflorum  Mx.    Glabrous,  cnespitous,  slender;  Ivs.  linear,  acute;  ped.  axillary, 

solitary,  mostly  1-flwd.  bracted  ;  fr.  purple.     2f  Damp  woods,  S.    If.    May. 

8  G.  trifloriim  Mx.    Stems  weak,  rough  on  the  angles  ;  Ivs.  in  5's  and  6's,  lance-el- 

liptic, cusp-pointed,  1-veined ;  ped.  mostly  3-flowered.    il  Moist  woods.    1 — .3f.    July. 

9  G.  asprelliim  Mx.    Rough  Cleavers.    St.  diftUse,  very  branching,  rough  backward  ; 

Ivs.  in  6's,  5's,  or  4's,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  or  cuspidate,  margin  and  midvein  re- 
trorsely  aculeate  ;  ped.  short,  in  2's  or  .3's.    ii  Thickets,  N.    2— 5f    July. 

10  G.  trifiduin  L.  Dyer's  Cleavers.  Goose-gr'ass.  St.  decumbent,  very  branching, 
roughish  with  retrorse  prickles  ;  Ivs.  in  5's  and  4'8,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, rough-edired  ;  flowers  mostly  3-parted.    it  Swamps.    0'.    July. — Variable. 

/3.  tinctbriitm.    Ped.  3-6-flowered  ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4'8.    The  root  dyes  red. 

■y.  latif'olium,    Lvs.  in  4's,  oblanceolate  ;  ped.  3-flowered  ;  fls.  4-parted. 

H  G.  couciuniim  T.  &  G.    St.  decumbent,  diff'nse,  scabrous;  lvs.  in  6's,  linear, 

glabrous,  1-veincd,  scabrous  upward  on  the  margins;  ped.  filiform,  twice  or  thrico 

3-forked,  panicled.    il  Dry  woods,  Pa.  Va.  111.    If.    June. 

12  G.  Aparine  L.    St.  weak,  procumbent,  retrorsely  prickly ;  lvs.  in  S's,  7's,  or  C's, 

linear-oblanceolatc,  mucronate  ;  ped.  axillary,  1-2-flwd.  (T)  Wet  thickets,  N.  3-5f.  Jn. 

2.  RUBIA,  Tourn.  Madder.  Like  Galium,  but  its  flowers  are  mostly 
5-mcrous,  and  its  fruit  always  smooth  and  berry-like. 

R.  TiNCTORUM  L.  Stem  weak,  rough  backward ;  lvs.  in  6's,  lanceolate,  aculeate ;  fls. 
brownish-yellow,  paniculate  above,  with  3-forked  peduncles.    Europe.    3— 5f. 

3.  MITCHELLA,  L.  Partridge  Berry.  Flowers  2  on  each  double 
ovaiy.    Cal.  4-parted.    Cor.  funnel-shaped,  haii^y  within.    Stam.  4,  short, 


Order  67.— RUBIACE^:.  149 

inserted  on  the  corolla.     Stig.  4.    Berry  composed  of  the  2  united  ovaries, 
each  4-sceded.    [^  Smooth.    Leaves  opposite. 

in.  repens  L.— Woods :  com.  Sts.  creeping,  6-18'.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate,  ever- 
green.  Cor.  reddifh-white,  fragrant.  Berry  red,  seeds  (nutlets)  bony.  Very  pretty.  Jn, 

4.  SPERMACOCE,  L.  Cal.  2-4-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  limb  4-lobed. 
Stam.  4.  Stig.  2-cleft.  Fr.  dry,  2-celled,  crowned  Avith  the  calyx,  separat- 
ing into  1  open  and  1  indehiscent  carpel.  Sds.  2. — Low  herbs.  Stip.  bristly. 
Flowers  small,  in  dense,  axillary,  sessile  whorls,  or  clusters,  white. 

1  S.  glabra  Mx.    Glabrons ;  Ivs.  lanceolate ;  cal.  4-toothcd ;  cor.  fimnel-form,  short, 

throat  hairy  ;  anth.  included  in  the  tube ;  stig.  subsessile.    if  River  banks,  \V.    1— 2f. 

2  S.  Chiapiiianll  T.  &  G.    Neai-ly  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate  ;  cor.  funnel-form, 

thrice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  stam.  and  sty.  exserted.    Fla.  Ga.    10'. 

3  S.  involucrata  Ph.    Hispidry  hairy;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  heads  terminal,  invo- 

lucrate  ;  stam.  exserted.    Carolina  (Fraser).    If.    Leaves  oblique. 

5.  DIODIA,  L.  Carpels  2,  rarely  3,  separating,  eacli  1-seeded  and  inde- 
hiscent Fls.  otherwise  as  in  Spermacoce. — Herbs.  Stip.  fringed  with 
bristles.  Fls.  few  or  solitary,  axillary,  sessile,  small,  white  ;  the  tube  often 
slender.     Summer. 

1  D.  Virgiiiica  L.    Procumbent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  corolla  tube  slender,  with  a 

broad,  spreading  limb  ;  sta.  exserted.    7i  Damp  places.    1— 2f.    Varies  with  the  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  also  with  the  leaves  more  or  less  hairy. 

2  D.  teres  Walt.    Erect  or  ascending,  nearly  terete ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rigid,  sessile; 

bristles  long ;  cor.  reddish- white,  with  a  wide  tube  and  sJiort  limb  ;  sta.  scarcely  ex- 
serted.   (3)  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Li.,  and  S.    5—18'. 

6.  HOUSTONIA,  L.  Bluets.  Cal.  4-toothed  or  cleft,  persistent.  Cor. 
tubular,  the  4  lobes  spreading.  Fil.  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  1. 
Anth.  and  stig.  dimorphous,  that  is,  in  some  plants  the  former  exserted 
and  the  latter  included — in  others  the  style  exserted  and  anthers  included. 
Caps.  2-lobed,  the  upper  half  free,  cells  few-  (8-20)-seeded. — Herbs.  Stip. 
connate  with  the  petiole,  entire.  Fls.  solitary  or  in  cymes,  white,  bluish,  &c. 

§  Corolla  saiver-form,  glabrous.    Peduncles  1-flowered— a  terminal Nos.  1,  2 

—a  axillary Nos.  3,  4 

§  Corolla  funnei-form.    Peduncles  GO-flowered,  cymous.— 6  Lvs.  lance-ovate No.  5 

— b  Lvs.lance-linear..Nos.6,7 

1  H.  coeriilea  L.    Dicarf  Pink.    Innocence.    Caspitous  ;  radical  lvs.  ovate-spatulate, 

petiolate ;  sts.  erect,  numerous,  dichotomons ;  ped.  filiform,  1-3-flowered.    @  Moist 
soils.    3—5'.    Flowers  5",  pale  blue,  with  a  yellow  centre.    May,  June.    Pretty, 
p.  minor.    Branches  divaricate;  flowers  smaller  (.3^"  wide).    South. 

2  H.  serpyllifolia  Mx.    Crespitous  ;  sts.  filiform,  procumbent ;  lvs.  roundish-ovate, 

petiolate,  ciliolate;  ped.  terminal,  very  long.    2;  Mts.  of  Car.,  Tenn.   G— 12'.   May— Jl. 

3  H.  minima  Beck.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  linear-spatulate ;  ped.  at  first  nearly  radical,  at 

length  axillar}%  often  not  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  seeds  concave,  smooth.  @  Prairies, 
m.  to  La.    1—3'.    ^lo^^■ers  rose-color,  3—4".    March— May. 

4  H.  rotundifolia  Mx.    Procumbent,  creeping,  leafy ;  lvs.  roundish-ovai,  abrupt  at 

base,  petiolate ;  ped.  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  caps,  emarginate,  few-seeded. 
n  Sandy,  damp  places,  S.    In  patches.    2—5'.    Flowers  white.    Mar.— Dec. 

5  H.  purpurea  L.    Erect ;  lvs.  3-5-veined,  closely  sessile  ;  cymes  3-7-flowered,  often 

clustered ;  calyx  segm.  lance-linear,  longer  than  the  pod.    U  Penn.,  S.  and  W.    If. 
White-purple.    May— JuJy.    Very  pretty. 


ir.O  Ordeh  68.— VALERIANACE^. 

0  H.  loiigifolla  Gaert.    Kadical  leaves  oval-el Hptic,  cauline  linear  or  lance-linear,  1- 

veined  ;  fls.  in  small,  paniculate  cymes  ;  sepals  shorter  than  the  pod. 
p.  tenuifolia.    Much  branched  ;  leaves  very  narrow  ;  ped.  filiform. 
y.  cilioltita.    Leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  'often  ciliate  ;  branches  erect.    N.  and 
W.,— all  the  forms,  on  river  banks  and  prairies.    If.    June,  July. 
7  H.  angustllolia  Ms.    Slender,  tall,  strictly  erect;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1-veined; 
fls.  very  numerous,  short- pediceDcd,  in  compact,  terminal  cymulcs  ;  cal.  lobes  subu- 
late ;  caps,  obovoid  or  top-shaped,    n  Prairies,  HI.  to  La.    1— 2f.    June— July. 

7.  OLDENLANDIA,  L.  Calyx  4-  or  5-lobed,  persistent.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  with  a  short  tube,  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-5-lobed.  Sta.  4 — 5. 
Sty.  short  or  0.  Stig.  2.  Caps,  -wholly  adherent.  Seeds  very  numerous 
and  minute  (40 — GO  in  each  cell). — Herbs  erect  or  prostrate.  Stipules  "with 
2 — 4  subulate  points  each  side.    Flowers  small,  axillary,  white. 

1  O.  glomer^ta  Mx.     Creejylng  Greenhead.    Stems  assurgent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 

pubescent,  nan-owed  at  the  base  ;  fls.  glomerate  in  the  axils  and  terminal ;  cor.  shorter 
than  the  leafy  calyx  teeth.    Swamps,  N.Y.  to_ La.    1—12'.    June— Sept. 

2  O.  Boscii.    Erect,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute  ;  fls.  subsolitary,  axillary, 

sessilf.    11  Banks  of  rivers,  S.    6— KX.    Corolla  purplish.    July,  Aug. 

3  O.  Hulel.   Weak,  difl'use,  succulent ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  .icute  ;  fls.  subsolitarj',  white, 

pcntamerous.    i;  Kiver  banks,  Fla.  to  La.    8— ICK. 

8.  CEPHALANTHUS,  L.    Button  Bush.     Calyx  limb  4-toothed. 
Cor.  tubular,  slender,  4-cleft.     Sta.  4.     Sty.  much  exserted. — Shrubs  with 
opposite  Ivs.  and  short  stip.    Fls.  in  globous  heads,  without  an  involucre. 
C.  occidentali.s  L.    Lvs.  opposite  and  in  3"s,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth ;  heads 

pedunculate.    Margins  of  streams,    (if.    Heads  nearly  V  diam.    July. 

9.  PINCKNEYA,  Mx.  Calyx  5-parted,  one  of  the  segm.  in  the  outer 
tlowers  changed  to  a  large,  rose-colored  bract.  Cor.  tubular,  lobes  5,  spread- 
ing. Sta.  5,  exserted.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Caps.  2-valved,  co-seeded.  ^  Lvs. 
large,  ovate.  Cymes  corymbous,  terminal,  splendidly  ra(Z«a/i<.  Cor.  pm-plish. 
P.  pubescens  Mx. — Swamps,  S. :  common.    15 — asf.    Pods  size  of  a  hazel-nut.   May, 

June.— In  cultivation  it  is  a  shrub,  flowering  when  8— 12f  high. 

10.  BOUVARDIA,  H.  K.  Calyx  toothleted  between  its  4  lobes.  Cor. 
tubular.  Anth.  4,  included.  Caps.  2-partible,  cc-seeded.  Sds.  margined. 
^)  Glabrous.    Leaves  lanceolate,  coriaceous. 

1  B.  TRiPHYLLA.    Lvs.  in  whorls  of  3's  ;  cymcs  corymbcd ;  fls.  scarlct.    Jtcxico.    2f. 

2  B.  vERsicoLOK.  Lvs.opp. ;  cymes  racemed ;  cor.  clavate,  curved,  red  and  purp.  S.Am. 

Order  LXVIII.    VALERIANACE^.    Valerlyns. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Calyx  adherent,  the  limb 
either  membranous  or  resembling  a  pappus.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel- 
form,  4-5-lobed,  sometimes  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  distinct,  inserted  into 
the  corolla  tube  alternate  with,  and  generally  fewer  than  its  lobes.  Ovary 
inferior,  with  one  perfect  cell  and  two  abortive  ones.  Seeds  solitary,  pen- 
dulous, in  a  diy,  indehiscent  pericarp. 

1.  VALERIANA,  L.    Valerian.    Calyx  limb  at  fii-st  veiy  small,  in- 


Order  69.— DIPSACE.E.  151 

volute,  at  length  evolving  a  plumous  pappus.  Cor.  funnel-form,  regular, 
5-cleft.  Sta.  3.  Fruit  1-celled,  l-seedcd.  U  Leaves  opposite,  mostly  pin- 
iiately  divided.    Flowers  in  close  cymes.    June,  July. 

§  stems  dimljiiig  and  twining.    Leaves  tcniately  divided,  long-stalked No.  1 

§  Stem  erect.— a  Leaves  and  leaflets  broad,  somewhat  ovate.  Root  fibrous... Nos.  2,  3 

— a  Leaves  and  leaflets  uaiTOw,  nearly  linear.  Root  fusiform No.  4 

t  Garden  exotics,  native  of  Europe Nos.  5—8 

1  V.  scandeus  L.    Glabrous  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  thin,  entire,  pointed  ;  cymes  diffusely  pani- 

cled,  axillary  and  terminal ;  corolla  very  short.    E.  Fla.    4— 6f,  slender. 

2  V,  pauciflora  Mx.    Rt.  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate-serrate ;  cauline  of  3—7  ovate, 

toothed  Ifts. ;  cor.  tube  long  (7— S")  and  slender,  rose-white.    O.  to  Va.  and  W.   1— 2f. 

3  V.  sylvatica  Richd.    Et.  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong,  never  cordate,  entire  ;  cauline  of  5 — 

11  lance-ovate,  entire  Ifts. ;  cor.  short  (.3 — 4"),  roseate.    Swamps,  Vt.  and  W. 

4  v.  edulis  N.    Smooth,  thickish ;  root  Ivs.  linear-spatulate,  entire ;  cauline  of  3 — 7 

lance-linear,  acute  segm.,  the  margins  ciliate ;  cor.  white,  short  (2 — 3"),  in  a  dense 
panicle.    Low  grounds,  O.  Wis.  and  W.    The  thick  root  is  edible.    1— 3f 

5  V.  DioicA.    Root  Ivs.  undivided;  cauline  pinnatifid;  fls.  panicled,  i  9,  blush.    If. 

6  V,  Phu.    Root  Ivs.  undivided  ;  cauline  pinnate  ;  fls.  corj'mbed,  5  ,  white.    3f 

7  V.  OFFICINALIS.    Lvs.  all  pinnate  and  toothed ;  fls.  corymbed,  bhish-culored.    3f. 

8  V.  PvEEXAicA.    Lvs.  cordate,  toothed,  upper  pinnate  ;  fls.  corymbed,  pink-red.  1— 2f. 

2.  VALERIANELLA,  Moench.  DC.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Cor.  tube 
short,  not  spurred,  limb  5-lobed,  regular.  Sta.  3.  Stig.  3-cleft  or  entire. 
Fr.  3-celled,  1-seeded,  2  cells  empty.  (T)  Stems  forked  above.  Lvs.  oppo- 
site, oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed,  sessile.  Fls.  in  dense,  terminal 
cymelets.  The  specific  characters  are  afforded  mainly  by  the  fruit.  (Fedia, 
Gaert.  T.  &  G.) 

*  Elowers  pale  blue.    Fruit  orbicular,  fertile  cell  larger  than  the  empty No.  1 

*  Flowers  white. — a  Fruit  ovoid,  fertile  cell  larger  than  the  2  empty Nos.  2,  3 

— a  Fruit  subglobous,  empty  colls  larger  than  the  fertile. .  ..Nos.  4,  5 

1  V.  olitoria  Moench.    Lamb  Let tvce.    Fr.  finally  broader  than  long  ;  fertile  cell  with 

a  corky  back,  seed  laterally  compressed.    Fields,  N.  Y.  to  Va. :  rare.    8—12'.    June. 

2  V.  Fagopyrum.    Fruit  smooth,  ovoid-triangular,  the  empty  cells  at  the  obtuse 

angle,  and  no  groove  between  ;  fls.  large  (W).    W.  N-Y.  to  Wis.    If.    June. 

3  V.  radisita  Dufr.    Fruit  pubescent,  ovoid,  somewhat  4-angled,  1-toothed  at  apex  ; 

empty  cells  with  a  groove  between  ;  fls.  small  (J").    Pa.  to  Mich.,  and  S.    0'. 

4  "V.  iiinbilica,ta.    Fr.  inflated,  apex  1-toothed,  the  anterior  face  deeply  umbilicate 

and  perforated  into  the  empty  cells,  which  are  much  larger.    Ohio  (Sullivant). 

5  "V.  patellaria.    Fruit  orbicular,  flattened,  the  empty  cells  widely  divergent,  at 

length  forming  a  winged  margin  to  the  fertile  cell.    Ohio  (Sullivant). 

Order  LXIX.    DIPSACE^.    Teaselworts. 

Herhs  with  whorled  or  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  dense 
heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  as  in  Compositse.  Calyx  adherent,  pap- 
pus-like, surrounded  by  a  special  scarious  involucel.  Corolla  tubular.  Sta- 
mens 4,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  corolla,  and  distinct.  Ovary  inferior, 
1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Style  1,  simple.  Fndt  dry,  indehiscent,  with  a  single 
suspended  seed.    Fig.  441. 

1.  DIPSACUS,  L.     Teasel.    Fls.  in  heads.    Involucre  many-leaved. 


152  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

Involucel  4-sided,  closely  investing  the  calyx  and  fruit.  Cor.  4-clGft,  lobes 
erect.  Fruit  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  @  Stout,  prickly.  Leaves 
connate  at  base.    Hds.  oblong,  the  middle  zone  of  florets  first  expanding. 

1  D.  sylvestris  Mill.     fMld  T.    Lve.  sinuate  or  jagged  ;  bracts  slender,  erect,  pun- 

gent, longer  than  the  heads ;  chaflf  pungent,  with  a  straight  point.    Waysides  and 
hedges,  Mafs.  to  Cal. !    ijf.    Flowers  bluish.    July.    §  Europe. 

2  D.  FULLONUM.    Fullers'  T.    Leaves  serrate  or  entire  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  spread- 

ing ;  chaff  rigid,  erect,  with  sharp,  hooked  points.    Europe.    4f.    July. 

2.  SCABIOSA,  L.     Scabish.    Fls.  in  heads.    Involucre  many-leaved. 
Involucel  nearly  cylindrical,  Avith  8  little  excavations.     Calyx  limb  con- 
sisting of  5  setas,  sometimes  partially  abortive.     %  Mostly  European. 
S.  ATROPURPiJKEA.    Mouming  Bride.    Leaves  pinnatifid  and  incised  ;   heads  radiant ; 
receptacle  cylindric.    India?    3f.    Purple.    Beautiful. 
^.  cANDiDissiMA.    Flowcrs  purc  white.— There  are  many  other  varieties. 

Order  LXX.    COMPOSITE.    Asterworts. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  compound  flowers  (of  the  old  bota- 
nists), i.  e.,  the  flowers  in  dense  heads  (capitula)  surrounded  by  an  involucre 
of  many  bracts  (scales),  with  5  united  anthers,  and  the  fruit  an  acheuium 
(cypsela).  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  exstipulate,  simple,  yet  often  much 
divided.  Flowers  (florets)  go,  crowded,  sessile,  on  the  receptacle  with  or 
without  pales  (chaff).  Calyx  adherent,  the  limb  wanting  or  divided  into 
bristles,  hairs,  »&c.  (pappus).  Corolla  tubular,  of  5  lobes  with  a  marginal 
vein,  often  ligulate  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  anthers  cohering  into  a  tul)e.  Otary  1-celled,  with  1  erect  ovule. 
Style  single,  with  2  stigmas  at  summit.  Fruit  a  cypsela  (§  151),  dry,  inde- 
hiscent,  1-seeded,  often  crowned  with  a  pappus.    (See  §  104,  348,  362.) 

Figs.  68,  72-7, 103,  146,  100,  178,  261,  319,  341-6,  387-8,  433-4,  446-8,  492. 

An  immense  and  perfectly  natural  assemblage,  of  about  1000  genera  and 
9000  species.     In  the  United  States  very  few  are  shrubby. 

The  flowers  are  perfect  or  variously  diclinous.  If  the  head  has  all  its 
flowers  of  one  kind,  whether  5  ,  or  ^  ,  or  5  ,  it  is  honiogamous  ;  if  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  it  is  heterogamous.— The  following  are  De  CandoUe's  Subor- 
ders and  Tribes,  with  a  convenient  artificial  analysis  appended. 

I.  TV  BVJiJFIjOIIJE.— Corolla  of  the  perfect  noicera  tubular^  S-lobed.    (A.) 
Tribe  1,  VERNONIACE^.     Briinches  of  the  style  long,  slender,  terete,  and  hispid  all 

over.     Heads  discoid.     Flowers  all  alike,  perfect Nos.  1— 3 

Tkibe  2,  EUPATORIACEyE.     Branches  of  the  style  clavate,  obtuse,  flattened,  minutely 

pubescent.     He.ids  discoid.     Flowers  all  alike,  perfect Nos.  4—15 

Tribe  3,  ASTEROIDE^.     Branches  of  the  style  flat,  linear,  downy  above  and  opposite 

the  distinct,  stiprmatic  lines,  appendaged  at  top.     Heads  discoid  or  radiate Nos.  16— 31 

Tribe  4,  SENECIONID.E.     Branches  of  the  style  linear,  fringed  at  the  top,  truncate  or 

extended  into  a  conical,  hispid  appendage Nos.  35—89 

Tribe  5,  CYNAEE.li.     Style  thickened  or  node-like  at  top.     Branches  not  appendaged, 

the  stigniatic  lines  not  prominent,  reaching  the  apex Nos.  90—98 

II.  lilGUlilFLiORiE.— '^<""<»"<»*  "tl  Ululate  {radiant)^  tlowera  all  perfect,  (B.) 
Tribe  6,  CICHORACEyE.     Branches  of  the  style  long,  obtuse,  pubescent  all  over  ;  stig- 

matic  lines  commencing  below  their  middle.    Juice  milky Nos,  99—115 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  153 


III.  JjABIATIFIjOIiIjE.— Corolla  of  the  perfect  nower»  btlabtate.    (C.) 

Tribk  7,  JIULISIACE.^.     Style  nearly  as  in  Cynare<B,  the  branches  obtuse,  very  convex 
outside,  minutely  downy  at  the  top 


A.  Suborder  TUBULIFLOR^. 

§  Heads  discoid,  that  is,  without  rays...(l) 

§  Heads  radiate,  i.  e.,  the  outer  flowers  lignlate. .  .(S) 

1  Receptacle  naked,  i.  e.,  with  no  pales  or  bristles  among  the  flowers...© 
1  Receptacle  chaffy,  bearing  pales  among  the  flowers. .  .(6) 
1  Receptacle  bearing  bristles,  or  deeply  alveolate  (honeycombed). .  .(7) 
2  Pappus  a  circle  of  5 — 20  chaffy  scales. .  .(a) 
2  Pappus  none,  or  a  short,  toothed  margin... (?;) 
2  Pappus  composed  of  many  capillary  bristles. .  .{3) 
3  Leaves  opposite.    (Heads  Uoraogamous)  ...(</) 
3  Leaves  alternate... (4) 

i  Heads  homogamous,— flowers  all  perfect ...  (c) 
4  Heads  heterogamous, — flowers  not  all  perfect ...  (5) 
5  Scales  herbaceous,  often  deciduous.,  .(e) 
5  Scales  scarious,  persistent,  often  colored... (/) 
6  Leaves  alternate... (.7) 
6  Leaves  opposite.  ..(/<) 

7  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  scales...  (0 
7  Pappus  composed  of  many  bristles.  ..(J) 
8  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy),  or  (in  No.  67)  deeply  honeycomb-celled... (9) 
8  Receptacle  chaffy,  with  pales  among  the  flowers... (13) 

9  Pappus  of  5—12  scales,  which  are  1-awned  or  (in  No.  62)  cleft-bristly... (*) 
9  Pappus  none,  or  of  a  few  short  awns.,.(0 
9  Pappus  of  many  capillary  bristles. .  .(10) 
10  Rays  cyanic,  in  a  single  row. . .(Hi) 
10  Rays  cyanic,  in  several  rows. .  .(n) 
10  Rays  yellow,  in  about  one  row. .  .(11) 

U  Pappus  double,  or  of  very  unequivl  bristles... (o) 
11  Pappus  simple,  the  bristles  all  similar... (12) 

12  Involucre  scales  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter... (p) 
12  Involucre  scales  equal,  not  imbricated... (r) 
13  Disk  and  ray  flowers  both  fertile,  the  latter  pistillate. .  .(14) 
13  Disk  flowers  sterile,  ray  flowers  fertile. . .(«) 
13  Disk  flowers  fertile,  ray  flowers  sterile. .  .(15) 
14  Rays  yellow... (.s) 
14  Rays  cyanic. ..(() 

15  Achenia  obcompressed,  often  beaked... (c) 

15  Achenia  compressed  laterally,  or  not  at  all. .  .(x) 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sided.     Head  large,  manj-flowered Siokesia.  2 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sided.    Heads  4-5-aowered,  aggregated Ei.kphantopus.    3 

o  Corolla  lobes  equal.— Leaves  opposite.     Pappus  awned Agekatum.  4 

—Leaves  whorled.    Pappus  obtuse Sclerolbpis.        5 

—Leaves  alternate.— Pappus  scales  8 — 10 Palafoxia.  65 

—Pappus  scales  12--20 IItmenopappus.  66 

6  Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  dioscious,  obscure Ambrosia.  47 

6  Leaves  alternate.— Flowers  yellow.    Disk  conical Matricaria.       73 

— Flowers  yellow.    Diik  convex Tanacetom.         74 

—Flowers  whitish.— Erect,  leafless  above Ade.nocaolo.n.    15 

— Fls.  3  ....ARTE.MISIA.  76 Fl8.  D  ....HuMEA.       (82u)  116 

-Low  and  depressed Soliva.  77 

c  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.— Flowers  cyanic Cacalia.  86 

—Flowers  yellow.— Receptacle  fiat Se.nkcio.  87 

— Receptacle  convex Rugelia.  89 

e  Scales  imbricated.— Flowers  yellow Bigelovia.  27 

—Flowers  whitish Eupatouium,  10,  and Kuhnia.  8 

—Flowers  purple. — Pappus  simple.    Involucre  not  radiate... Liairis.  7 

—Pappus  simple.    luvolucro  dry,  radiate. .  .Rbodaxtuk.       82 
-Pappus  donble VERVoyiA.  1 


154  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

d  Achenia  lO-striate.     Flowers  purple Buickkllia.  9 

d  Achenia  Sangled.— Receptacle  conical.     Flowers  blue Ccnoclinium.  12 

—Receptacle  flat.— Scales  4  or  5 -Mikania.  1 1 

—Scales  8—20 Eupatokium.  10 

«  Shrubs.     Flower  dioecious,  the  J  and  £  in  different  heads Baccharis.  34 

«  Herbs.— Stem  winged.     Heads  spicate Ptkrocaulo.v.  S,j 

— Stem  wingless.- Heads,  corymbous,  purplish Pluchea.  S.? 

—Heads  paniculate.— Pappus  reddish Con yza.  31 

-Pappus  white Erkchtitks.  85 

.'■  Receptacle  chafiy  except  in  the  centre Filago.  80 

f  Receptacle  naked.— Heads  dioecious Axtk.vnauia.  79 

—Heads  heterogamous. — Involucre  erect G.vapiialium  78 

—Involucre  radiate Helichrysum.  83 

<7  Scales  dry,  fadeless.     Pappus  4  teeth.     Stem  winged Ammobium.  81 

If  Scales  dry,  fadeless.     Pappus  of  scale-like  awns Xeranthkjium.  84 

jy  Scales  herbacecus.— Flowers  dioecious.     Fruit  a  burr Xasthium.  48 

—Flowers  all  perfect.— Pappus  of  5  or  6  scales Marshai.lia.  69 

— Pappus  of  many  bristles Carphephorus.    6 

A  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  inversely  hispid  awns Bidk.vs.  59 

A  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  erectly  hispid  awns Coreopsis.  58 

A  Flowers  wbitish,—dicEcious.    Anthers  yellowish Amiirosia.  47 

— monoecious.    Anthers  yellow Iva.  46 

—all  perfect.     Anthers  black Mela.vthera.  49 

i  Outer  scales  of  the  invol.  leafy.     Pappus  none Carthamus.  94 

t  Outer  scales  pectinate  or  ciliate-fringed,  or  entire Centaurea.  93 

.1  Pappus  plumous.     Achenia  obovate Cynara.  90 

)  Pappus  plumous.    Achenia  oblong Cirsicm.  97 

)■  Pappus  scabrous,— triple,  each  row  by  lO's Cnicus.  95 

—simple.— Scales  spinescent,  (Corduus,  p.  392,  or) O.vopordo.n.  96 

—Scales  hooked Lappa.  98 

k  Leaves  opposite.    Pappus  scales  deeply  cleft  into  bristles Dysodia.  62 

t  Leaves  alternate —Receptacle  with  deep  horny  cells Baldwisia.  68 

—Receptacle  with  shallow  fringed  cells Gaillardia.  63 

—Receptacle  areolate.— Rays  all  yellow HelleiMu.m.  67 

—Rays  spotted  at  base  + Gazania.  64 

J  Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  double,  outer  8  united Dahlia.  23 

J  Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  single.    Scales  united Tagetes.  91 

{  Leaves  alternate. — Pappus  of  a  few  short  awns  or  bristles Boltonia.  24 

— Pappus  a  membranous  margin Matricaria.  73 

—Pappus  0.— Rays  fertile,  disk  sterile Calendula.  91 

— Flowers  all  fertile.— Involucre  scales  equal Bellis.  22 

— Invol.  broad,  flat Leucanthemum.  72 

—Invol.  hemispherical Cfirysakthemum.  75 

»iRays4or5.    Involucre  oblong,  imbricated.     Cypsela  very  silky Sericocarpcs.  17 

m  Rays  5— 75.     Involucre  loosely  or  closely  imbricated.     Pap.  simple,  copious. .  .Aster.  18 

m  Rays  8— 12.    Involucre  imbricated.     Pappus  double,  the  outer  very  short Diplopappus.  19 

m  Rays  40—200.    Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  scales  nearly  equal Erigkro.v.  20 

n  Flowers  dicEcious,  purplish.    Leaves  all  radical Nardos-VI-A.  14 

n  Flowers  all  fertile.— Native.     Scales  snbequal,  flat.    Fruit  smoothish Erigero.v.  20 

—Exotic.     Scales  snbequal,  keeled.     Fruit  hairy Agathea.  16 

—Exotic.    Scales  imbricated.    Pappus  double Callistephus.  21 

o  Pappus  double  in  the  disk  flowers,  none  in  the  rays Heterotheca.  29 

o  Pappus  double  in  both  disk  and  ray  flowers Chrysopsis.  30 

j>  Heads  large,  about  20-rayed.    Pappus  in  one  row Inula.  32 

p  Heads  very  small,  1-15-rayed.— Pappus  1  row,  shorter  than  achenia Braciivch.bta.   25 

—Pappus  1  row,  tawny,  longer  than  achenia Isopappus.  28 

—Pappus  irregularly  2-rowed,  white Solidago.  26 

r  Head  solitary,  on  a  scape  with  alteniate  bracts Tussilago.  13 

r  Heads  corymbed,  Ac- Leaves  alternate Senecio.  87 

—Leaves  opposite Arnica.  88 

«  Shrubby.    Pappus  4-toolhed,  obscure Borriciiia.  36 

<  Herbaceous.— Scales  (the  4  outer)  united  iuto  a  cup Tktragonotukca.  52 


Order  70.— COMPOSIT.E.  loo 

—Scales  distinct.— Cypselie  4-angled.     Pappus  0 IIeuopsis.  51 

—Cypsela^  flattened.     Pappus  0 : Spilaxthes.  60 

— Cvpselae  flat,  with  a  2-awned  pappus Vli!besi.n-a.  61 

I  Leaves  aUernate.     Pnppus  none.    Achenia  terete A.nthk.mis.  70 

t  Leaves  alternate.     Pappus  none.    Achenia  obcompressed Achille.v.  "1 

(  Leaves  opposite. — Pappus  none Eclipta.  37 

—Pappus  of  fringed  scales Gali.\soi;a.  38 

—Pappus  of  the  disk  a  single  awn,  of  the  ray  0 Zinma.  50 

u  Leaves  opposite.    Rays  yellow.    Pappus  none Polymnia.  39 

u  Leaves  opposite.    Rays  yellow.    Pappus  a  2- or  3-toothed  crown Chrysogoxum.  40 

u  Leaves  alternate.- Rays  whitish,  very  short,  5  only Parthexium.  45 

—Rays  yellow,  disk  dark-purple.    Leaves  entire Madia.  43 

— Rays  yellow,  disk  brov.n.     Leaves  cut Sphexogyne.  44 

—Rays  and  disk  yellow —Kruit  winged Silpiiic.m.  41 

— Fruit  wingless Behlaxpiera.  42 

V  Cypsela  with  erectly  hispid  awns,  or  awnless,  never  rostrate CoKEOP.iis.  58 

V  Cypsela  with  retrorsely  hispid  awns,  often  attenuated  above  Bidexs.  59 

X  Rays  white,  spreading.     Pappus  none .\xthe.viis.  70 

X  Rays  purple,  pendent.     Pales  sharp,  elongated Echixace.a.  53 

I  Fays  yellow.— Pappus  none.     Cypsela  quadrangular Rudceckia.  54 

—Pappus  none.    Cypsela  compressed Lepachis.  55 

—Pappus  of  2  awns.— Pruit  wingless Heliaxthus.        56 

— Fruit  broad-winged Actixomeris.       57 

B.   Suborder  LIGULIFLOR^E. 

§§  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  little  scales... (a) 

§§  Pappus  double  (of  scales  and  bristles),  or  simple  and  pluraous. .  .Ci) 

§§  Pappus  composed  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plunious. ..(,-) 

*  Achenia  terete  or  angular,  not  flattened.  ..(•■) 

*  Achenia  evidently  flattened. .  .(rf) 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  none.     Heads  paniculate Lampsaxa.  99 

a  Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  none.     Heads  solitary  or  umbellate Apogox.  100 

a  Flowers  blue. — Pappus  of  many  little  .scales.     Receptacle  naked Cichorium.  101 

— Pappus  of  5  scales.     Receptacle  chaflj- C.vtaxaxche.  107 

b  Flowers  purple.    Feathery  pappus  on  a  long  filiform  beak Tragopogox".  105 

6  Flowers  yellow.  Feathery  pappus  on  a  short  beak  or  sessile Leoxtodox.  104 

6  Flowers  jeUow.—Pappus  of  many  bristles  with  the  scales Cv.nthia.  103 

— Pappus  of  5  bristles  and  5  scales Kuigia.  102 

c  Flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  mostly  nodding.     Stem  leafy Nabalcs.  lOS 

c  Flowers  rose-purple,  erect.     (Stem  almost  leafless) Lygodesjiia.  109 

c  Flowers  yellow.— .\chenia  long-beaked.    Pappus  white Tar.ixacC-M.  112 

— Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  reddish Pyrrop-ippus.  Ill 

— Achenia  not  beaked. — Pappus  dull-white  or  tawny Hieraciu.m.  106 

— Pappus  bright  white Tkoximox.  110 

d  Achenia  contracted  into  a  slender  beak.     Flowers  mostly  yellow Laciuca.  113 

d  Achenia  scarcely  beaked.— Flowers  mostly  blue Mulgediu.v.  114 

—Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  silky So.nchus.  115 

C.    Suborder  LABIATIFLOR.E. 

§§§  Head  radiate,  solitary,  nodding  in  bud.     Pappus  capillary Cuaftalia.         117 

1.  VERNONIA,  Schreb.    Ieox  Weed.    Fls.  all  tubular,  perfect.     In- 

Tol.  of  ovate,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  longest.    Recept.  naked.    Pap. 

double,  the  exterior  chaff}',  the  interior  capillary,     if  ^  Leaves  alternate. 

Fls.  purple  (in  our  species).     Cymes  coiymbed.    Figs.  446-8. 

§  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  obtuse  and  closely  appressed.    Stem  tall,  grooved.  ..No.  1 

§  Scales  of  the  invol.  (usually  all)— a  with  slender,  flexnons  points Nos.  2,  3 

— a  with  acute  or  mucronate  points.   South. .  .Nos.  4-6 


156  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

1  V.  fasciculata  Mx.    Lvs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  serrulate  ;  cyme  fastigiate  ;  invol. 

ovoid-bell-shaped,  half  as  long  as  the  showy,  dark-purple  fls.  Com.  W.  .3— lOf.  Jl.  Aug. 

2  V.  >ovaboracense  Willd.    Lvs.  many,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough;  cyme  fas- 

tigiate ;  invol.  scales  filiform  at  the  ends,  or  the  upper  cuspidate.    Com.    3 — 6f.   Aug. 

3  v.  scaberrima  N.    Lvs.  all  sessile,  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  margins  revolute, 

Bubentire  ;  hds.  20-30-flowered  ;  scales  lanceolate,  ciliate,  protracted  into  long,  fiexu- 
OU9  points.    Pine-barrens,  S.    2— 3f.    June— August. 

4  V.  angustlfolia  Mx.    Lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  margins  revolute  ;  hds.  10-15- 

flowered  ;  lower  scales  some  filiform-pointed.    Barrens,  S.    2f.    September. 

5  V.  ovallfolia  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  many,  the  lower  oval  or  oblong ;  invol.  bell-form,  20- 

flowered  ;  scales  acute  or  mucronate,  short.    Dry  woods,  Fla.    2— 3f.    June,  July. 

6  v.  ollgopliylla  Mx.    Lvs.  mostly  radical,  oblong-obovate,  the  2  or  3  cauliue  bract- 

like, lanceolate  ;  scales  spreading,  acuminate.    S.    2f.    June,  July. 

2.  STOKESIA,  L'Her.  Fls.  all  tubular,  the  marginal  larger,  ray-like, 
irregular;  scales  of  the  invol.  imbricated,  in  several  rows,  the  outer  spinu- 
lous  and  leaf-like.  Recept.  naked.  Cypsela  4-angled.  Pap.  of  4  or  5  awn- 
like, rigid,  deciduous  scales.  U  Erect,  with  a  downy  stem,  alternate  lvs., 
and  large  terminal  heads  of  showy  blue  flowers. 

S.  cyania  L'Her.— Wet  woods,  S.  Car.  and  W. :  very  rare.    2f.    Lvs.  glabrous,  entire. 
Bracts  spinulous  at  base,  gradually  becoming  scales,    t 

3.  EliEPHANTOPUS,  L.  Elephant's-foot.  Heads  3-5-flowered, 
glomerate  into  a  compound  head  with  leafy  bracts.  Fls.  all  $  and  equal. 
Invol.  scales  about  8,  in  2  series.  Cor.  deeply  cleft  on  one  side.  Fr.  rib- 
bed. Pap.  chaffy-setaceous.  IC  Erect,  with  large,  alternate,  subsessile  lvs. 
Cor.  purple  or  white.    July — September. 

1  E.  Carolinianiis  Willd.    St.  much  branched,  leafy,  hairy;  lvs.  somewhat  hairy, 

ovate  or  oval  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate.    Dry  soils.  Pa.  S.  and  W.    2f. 

2  E.  tonientosus  L.    St.  hirsute,  nearly  leafless,  simple  or  dichotomous  above  ;  root 

lvs.  hirsute-tomentous,  oblong-obovate.    Woods,  S.    1— 2f.    Flowers  whitish. 

4.  AGERATUM,  L.  Heads  cx-flowered,  5,  discoid.  Scales  linear, 
imbricated,  pointed.  Recept.  naked.  Corollas  all  tubular.  Cyp.  5-augled, 
narrowed  at  base.  Pap.  5  or  10,  chaffy,  awned  scales.  (Dd)  Mostly  tropi- 
cal, with  opposite,  petioled  lvs.  and  corymbed  heads.     Fig.  75. 

A.  conyzotdes  L.    Branching;  lvs.  ovate,  tooth-crenate,  acute  or  cordate  at  base, 
somewhat  rugous ;  pap.  scales  5,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  but  much  shorter  than  the 
conspicuous  styles.    Wet  places,  near  Savannah.    1 — IJf.    Blue  or  white.    Apr.— Jn. 
p.  Mexicana.    Lvs.  all,  or  nearly  all,  cordate.    Fls.  light  blue,  perpetual.    1- 

5.  SOLEROLEPIS,  Cass.  Head  co-flowered,  5 ,  discoid.  Scales 
equal,  linear,  in  2  series.  Recept.  naked.  Cor.  5-toothed.  Styles  much 
exserted.  Cyp.  5-angled,  crowned  with  a  cup-shaped  pappus  of  5  obtuse, 
horny  scales.  iS'  Glabrous,  simple,  with  1 — 3  terminal  hds.  Lvs.  verticil- 
late.    Flowers  purple. 

S.  vertlcillata  Cass,    if  In  shallow  water,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    Erect,  1— 2f,  from  a  decum- 
bent base.  Lvs.  lin.,  entire,  1',  in  whorls  of  5"s  and  G's.  Hds.  mostly  solitary.  Jl.— Sep. 

6.  CARPHEPHORUS,  Cass.  Heads  (about  20-flowered),  involucre, 
flowers,  and  fruit  as  in  Liatris.    RecepL  chaffy.    Pales  narrow,  3-veined, 


Order  70.— COMPOSITiE.  157 

rigid,  shorter  than  the  flowei-s.     U   Sts.  simple,  leafj^,  corymbous  at  top, 
with  middle-sized  heads  of  purple  flowers  in  Autumn.    (Liatris,  Mx.  Ell.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  downy-tomentous.    Leaves  acute Nos.  1,  2 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  rounded-obtuse,  nearly  glabrous.    Leaves  obtuse  ..Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  pseudo-llatrls  Cass.    Lvs.  linear-subulate,  rigid,  closely  appressed  to  and  cov- 

ering the  stem ;  hds.  few,  rac.  or  cor. ;  plant  downy,  erect.    W.  Fla.  to  La.    2f. 

2  C.  toiuentosiis  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  petiolate,  the  cauline  lance-ovate,  sessile, 

small,  erect ;  plant  tomentous,  corymb  loose.    Swamps,  S.    2f. 

3  C.  bellidllolius  T.  &  G.    Low,  nearly  smooth,  tufted ;  lvs.  spatnlate  below,  linear 

above  ;  hds.  few,  in  a  loose  corymb  ;  scales  herbaceous.    Sand  hills,  N.  Car.    If. 
i  C  corynibosus  T.  &  G.    St.  single,  stout,  erect,  hairy  ;  lvs.  oblanceolate,  the  up- 
per oblong,  sessile  ;  corymb  dense  ;  scales  scarious-edged.    Swamps,  S.    3f. 

7.  LIATRIS,  L.  Fls.  all  2 ,  tubular.  Invol.  oblong,  imbricate.  Re- 
cept.  naked.  Pap.  of  co  capillary  bristles.  Cyp.  tapering  to  the  slender 
base,  10-striate.  Styles  much  exserted.  U  With  simple,  erect  stems,  al- 
ternate, entire  lvs.,  and  handsome  rose-purple  flowers  in  spicate,  racemed, 
or  paniculate  heads.    August — November. 

§  Heads  in  a  corymb  or  thyrse-like  panicle.    Root  fibrous,  no  tuber Nos.  1-3 

§  Heads  in  a  spike  or  a  simple  raceme.    Root  a  roundish  tuber. .(«) 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  colored  and  petaloid  at  their  lengthened  ends No.  4 

a  Scales  not  petaloid,  green  or  slightly  tinged  at  the  end..(&) 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Corollas  (13  to  60)  hairy  within Nos.  5,  6 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Cor.  (3  to  5)  smooth  within.    South Nob.  T,  8 

b  Pappus  only  barbellate  (smooth  to  the  naked  eye)..(c) 

c  Heads  20-40-flowered,  roundish,  with  rounded  scales No.  9 

c  Heads  T-lo-flowered. — d  Scales  all  similar,  obtuse Nos.  10. 11 

— d  Scales  all,  or  the  inner  only,  acute..  ..Nos.  12,  13 

c  Heads  3-7-flowered,— e  in  a  regular  spike,  raceme  (or  panicle). .  .Nos.  14-16 

— e  in  one-sided  spikes  or  racemes No.  17 

1  li.  odoratissinia  Willd.     Vanilla  Plant.    Beer's  Tongue.    Smooth ;  lvs.  obovatc- 

spatnlate,  obtuse,  thick,  the  cauline  oblong ;  heads  T-S-flowered,  in  a  loose,  compound 
corymb.    Pine-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.    1— 3f.    Used  to  perfume  tobacco. 

2  li.  paniculata  Willd.    Viscid-tomentous  ;  lvs.  lance-spatulate,  the  cauline  small, 

pointed  :  hds.  5-flwd.,  in  an  oblong,  dense  panicle,  white-purple.    Damp.    S.    2— 3f. 

3  li.  frutlcosa  N.    Shrubby,  smooth ;  lvs.  obovate,  fleshy,  veinless,  the  lowest  op- 

posite ;  hds.  corymbed,  5-flowered  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  dotted.   E.  Fla.    Lvs.  1'. 

4  Ij.  elegans  Willd.     Hairy  above ;  lvs.  oblanceolate,  cauline  linear;  rac.  dense.  If ; 

hds.  4-5-flowered,  scales  longer  and  more  showy  than  the  flowers.    Woods,  S.    4f. 

5  li.  squarrosa  Willd.    Blazing  Star.    St.  2— 3f ;  lvs.  linear,  the  lower  narrowed  at 

base ;  rac.  leafy ;  hds.  few,  15-40-flowered,  subsessile,  scales  squarrous-spreading, 
the  outer  leafy,  inner  sharp-pointed.    Dry  soils,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  W. 

6  li.  cylindracea  Mx.    St.  low  ((i— 18'),  slender;  lvs.  linear,  rigid;  hds.  few,  cylin- 

drical, 15-^0-flowered  ;  scales  short,  rounded,  appressed.    Dry.    N.  Y.  and  W. 

7  li.  Boykinll  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  linear,  dotted;  hds.  3  or  4-flowered  in  a  close,  virgate 

spike  ;  scales  pointed  and  spreading  at  the  tips.    Near  Columbus,  Ga.    1— 2f. 

8  li.  teuullolia  L.    Lvs.  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  ;  hds.  5-flwd.,  crowded  in  a  long 

raceme  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse-mucronulate.    W^oods,  S.    2 — 4f.    Fine. 

9  li.  scariosa  L.     Gaij  Feather.    Scabrous-pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  lower  on 

long  petioles,  upper  linear  ;  hds.  remotely  racemed  ;  invol.  hemispherical,  with  obo- 
vate, very  obtuse  scales.    Dry  soils.    4— 5f    Beautiful. 

10  li.  spicata  Willd.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  the  lower  narrowed  at  base ;  hds.  sessile,  in 
a  long  spike ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  narrow-margined.    N.  J.,  W.  and  S.    2— 6f. 


158  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

11  Ij.  graminifolla  Willd.  Leaves  linear,  1-veined ;  hds.  mostly  pedicullatp.  lac. 
rarely  paniculate  below ;  invol.  acute  at  base,  scales  obovate-spatulate,  obtu^^e.  ap- 
presf  ed  ;  cyp.  hairy.    Sandy  soils,  N.  J.  and  S.    Variable. 

12  li.  pil®***-  Willd.  Downy  and  hairy,  stout ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lanco- linear ;  hds.  loosely 
racemed,  scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  the  inner  linear.    N.  Car.    Rare. 

13  li,  lieteropliylla  R.Br.  Glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  the  upper  greatly  diminished  ; 
hds.  spiked,  scales  lance-acuminate,  spreading.    N.  Car.  to  Ga.    Rare. 

14  Li.  gracilis  Ph.  Pubescent;  Ivs.  linear,  1-vcined,  the  lower  lanceolate  ;  heads  on 
slender  stalks,  in  a  long  virgate  rac. ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse.    Dry.    Ga.  Fl.    2— 3f. 

15  Ij.  pyclsnostncliia  Mx.  Hirsute;  Ivs.  rigid,  lanceolate,  the  upper  narrow-liu- 
ear;  spike  dense,  thick,  of  numerous  cylindric  heads ;  scales  appressed,  with  acute, 
scarious,  colored  and  spreading  tips.    Prairies.    111.  to  Tex.    3— of.    Spike  10—20'. 

1 6  li.  Cliapmanii  T.  &  G.  Tomentous  ;  Ivs.  linear,  obtusish,  the  upper  very  short ; 
hds.  cylindric.  3-flowered.  densely  spiked ;  scales  acum. ;  fr.  hairy.    Fla.    1— 2f. 

17  L..  paiit'iflora  Ph.  St.  pubescent,  recurved;  Ivs.  linear,  short,  the  lowest  lance- 
linear  ;  rac.  recurved,  with  the  hds.  all  turned  to  the  upper  side  ;  hds.  4-5-flowered  ; 
scales  lance-oblong,  acute.    Dry  sand-hills,  S.    1— 3f.    (L.  secunda  Ell.) 

8.  KUHNIA,  L.  Heads  10-25-flowcred,  $  .  Scales  lanceolate,  loosely 
imbricated.  Recept.  naked.  Cor.  slender,  5-toothed.  Pap.  in  a  single  series, 
plumous.  Fr.  cylindrical,  striate,  pubescent.  U  With  alternate,  resinous- 
dotted  Ivs.,  and  corymbed  heads  of  pale  yellow  florets.     September. 

K.  eiipatorioides  L.  St.  some^\'hat  viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  to  lance-lin., 
resinous-dotted,  petiolate,  toothed  or  entire.    Dry  soils,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

9.  BRICKELLIA,  Ell.  Heads  many-flowered,  5  .  Scales  imbricated, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  striate.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Cor.  tube  slightly  ex- 
panded above,  5-toothed.  Branches  of  the  style  clavate.  Fr.  10-striate, 
contracted  above.  Pap.  setaceous,  in  one  series.  U  With  opposite,  3- 
veined  leaves  and  large  heads  of  purple  florets  in  corymbs. 

B.  cordifolla  Ell.  Pubescent ;  Ivs.  triangular,  truncate  or  cordate,  crenate,  petiolate ; 
hds.  30-40-flowered,  scales  obtuse  ;  pap.  purple.    Ga.  Fla.    2— 4f.    August. 

10.  EUPATORIUM,  Tourn.  Boneset.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5 .  Invol.  im- 
bricate, oblong.  Style  much  exscrted,  deeply  cleft.  Anth.  included.  Re- 
cept.  naked,  flat.  Pap.  capillar}^,  simple,  scabrous.  Cyp.  5-angled.  y 
Generally  -with  opposite,  simple  Ivs.  and  corymbous  hds.  Fls.  of  the  cy- 
anic series — that  is,  white,  blue,  red,  &c.,  never  yellow.    July — September. 

§  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  pinnately  dissected.    Heads  paniculate,  very  GO Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  mostly  opposite  or  verticillate,— c  pinnately  dissected.    Hds.  corymbed.   ."No.  3 

— c  undivided.    Heads  corymbed.  .(*) 

*  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  gradually  shorter. . .  (a) 

a  Flowers  bluish.    Leaves  opposite.    Scales  strongly  striate No.  4 

a  Flowers  purplish.    Lvs.  whorled.    Scales  streaked  and  flesh-colored.  .Nos.  5—7 
a  Flowers  white,  5  only  in  each  head.    Lvs.  subsessile.    (exc.  No.  IS) . .  (b) 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.    Scales  with  acute  white  points Nos.  8—10 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.    Scales  obtuse,  short,  downy Nos.  11—14 

b  Leaves  obtuse,  roundish  or  truncate  at  the  base Nos.  15—18 

a  Flowers  white,  7 — 15  in  each  head.    Leaves  various Nos.  10 — 22 

*  Scales  all  of  equal  length,  in  about  1  row.    Leaves  petiolate Nos.  2:}— 25 

I  E.  foeiiiculu^ceum  Willd.  Very  branching;  lvs.  all  allernate,  compoundly  pin- 
nate, in  liuear-flliform  segments,  the  upper  setaceous,  simple  ;  heads  3-5-llowcred. 
Fields,  Pa.  (rare)  to  Fla.    8— lOf.    Flowers  yellowish-white,  1—2" long. 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  159 

2  E.  coronopifolinm  Wilkl.    Much  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  mostly  alternate 

(the  lower  opp.),  twice  plnnatifid,  with  lanoe-linear  lobes  <aiul  segm.,  the  upper  linear, 
simple  ;  hds.  5-flowered,  scales  10.    Dry  soils,  S.    3— 5f.    Flowers  white,  2". 

3  E.  piunat'fitluni  Ell.    Pubescent:  Ivs.  laciniate-pinnatifld,  segm.  linear,  toothed 

or  entire,  the  lower  whorlcd  in  4's,  middle  opp.,  upper  altern. ;  coo'mb  fastigiate  ; 
hds.  small,  00,  5-9-flowcred  ;  scales  oblong,  mucronate.    Pine  woods,  S.    3 — if. 

4  E.  ivsclolluni  L.    Lvs.  opposite,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  3-veiued  ;  heads 

pedicellate,  15-20-flowered ;  scales  20,  imbricated,  erect,  obtuse,  with  3—5  distinct 
strife.    Woods,  Miss,  and  Fla.    3— 5f.    Blue. 

5  E.  purpiireiim  L.    Stem  solid,  purple  at  the  joints  ;  lvs.  feather-veined,  in  whorls 

of  3"s — 5"s,  thin,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate.    Dry.    3 — 6f. 

6  E.  flstulosiini  Barratt.     Trumpet-weed.    Stem  hollow,  striate,  glabrous,  glaucous- 

purple  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  in  5's,  6's,  finely  serrate  ;  corymb  globous,  with  whorled 
rays.    Thickets.    6— lOf.    Lvs.  8'.    Corymbs  If.    (E.  purpureum.    /3.  T.  &  G.) 

7  E.  niaculJktum  L.    Stem  solid,  marked  with  purple  glands  and  lines ;  leaves  3- 

veined.  ovate,  in  3"s — 5"s.    Low  grounds:  common.    8 — of.    (E.  purpureum.    ^.  Dark) 

8  E.  scabriduiu  Ell.  ?  (Chapm.)    St.  stout,  tomentous ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  acute,  ser., 

3-veined  from  base  ;  scales  lauce-obk,  cuspidate,  edged,  shorter  than  fls.   Car.  Fla.  2f. 

9  E.  album  L.   Rough-downy  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  acutish  ;  hds.  oblong,  5-flowered  ; 

scales  white-scarious  at  the  point,  longer  than  the  fls.    Sands,  N.  J.  and  S.    2f. 

10  E.  leucolepis  T.  &  G.  Nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  lance-lincar.  obtuse  ;  heads  5-flwd. ; 
scales  white-scarious  at  the  tip,  as  long  as  the  fls.    Sands,  L.  I.  and  S.    2 — -Sf. 

HE.  lij's.^oplfollum  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  1-3-veined,  punctate,  lower  ones 
subserrate,  upper  ones  entire  ;  scales  oval.    Dry.    Mass.,  W.  and  S.    2f.    Hds.  .3". 

1 2  E.  parvlflorum  Ell.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  acutely  serrate  above,  3-veined  ; 
heads  2'',  crowded  ;  outer  scales  very  short,  inner  linear.    Damp.    Ya.  to  Fla.    2— 3f. 

13  E.  altissliuitiu  L.  Tall,  downy;  lvs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed  above,  conspicu- 
ously 3-veined  ;  scales  S— 12,  elliptical,  2  j^";  fls.  5".    Dry.    Pa.  to  Car.,  and  W.    3— 7f. 

14  E.  cunelfolluni  Willd.  Downy;  lvs.  small,  glaucous,  obovate-oblong,  3-veined. 
apex  obtuse  and  subserrate  ;  scales  oval,  2";  fls.  4".    Rich  shades,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2f. 

1 5  E.  teucrlloliiim  Willd.  Rough-down}- ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  veiny,  the  lower 
doubly  serr. ;  scales  elliptical,  faintly  striate,  rather  acute.  Damp.  Mass.  to  La.  2 — 3f. 

16  E.  scssililoliuin  L.  Smooth;  leaves  half-clasping,  lance-ovate,  serrate;  inner 
scales  oblong-obovate,  obtuse.    Rocky  woods,  Mass.  to  Ind.,  and  S.    3— 4f.    Lvs.  3—5'. 

17  E.  rotiindifoliuni  Willd.  Ildarkot/ncl.  Downy:  lvs.  roundish  ovate,  subcor- 
date,  3-veined,  sessile,  coarsely  toothed  ;  inner  scales  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  fls.  Dry 
fields,  N.  J.  and  S.    A  compact,  bushy  plant.    Sf. 

1  8  E.  inlk.anloide.s  Chapm.  St.  creeping  at  base,  ascending  ;  lvs.  deltoid,  truncate 
at  base,  petioles  subconnate  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute.    Is!.  St.  Vincent,  Fla.    1— 2f. 

19  E.  pubescens  Muhl.  Hairy;  lvs.  distinct,  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  blunt-toothed; 
hds.  about  8-flwd.  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  short.  Dry.  N.  H.  to  N.  J.,  and  Ky.  .3 — 4f. 

20  E.  reslnosiim  Torr.  Viscid-resinous;  leaves  distinct,  closely  sessile,  lin. -lanceo- 
late, long-pointed  ;  hds.  10-15-flwd. ;  scales  obtuse,  white-downy.   Barrens,  N.  J.   2-3f. 

21  E.  perfoliatum  L.  Thoroughwort.  Boneset.  Hairy  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  each  pair 
united  at  base  around  the  stem;  heads  about  12-flowered,  in  a  large,  dense  corymb; 
scales  lance-oblong,  acute.    Low  grounds :  common.    3— 4f.    A  powerful  tonic. 

22  E.  serotiniini  Mx.  Soft-puberulent ;  lvs.  petiolato,  lance-ovate,  sharp-serrate.  3- 
veincd  ;  hds.  12-15-flwd. ;  scales  9—11,  similar,  very  downy,  obtuse.  Md.,  S.  and  W.  5f. 

23  E.  ageratoides  L.  Smooth;  lvs.  long-petiolate,  ovate,  acuminate,  sharp-sen-., 
3-veined  ;  hds.  10-2i)-flwd..  in  a  compound  corymb  ;  scales  oblong,  obtust.  Woods.  3f. 

24  E.  aromaticuin  L.  Rough-downy;  lvs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  acute,  3-veined, 
blunt-serr. ;  hds.  10-15-flwd.,  in  small  corymbs  ;  scales  lance-linear.    Low  woods.    2f. 

25  E.  incarnatum  Walt.  Diff"usely  branched ;  leaves  long-petioled,  deltoid-ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  crenate-dentate  ;  hds.  on  slender  ped.,  15-20-flwd.  ;  scales  lin. -subu- 
late, 3-striate  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  pale  purple.    Damp  soils.  IST.  Car.  to  Fla,    3f. 


100  Ordku  70.— COMPOSIT.^. 

11.  MIKANIA,  Willd.  CmMBrNG  Boneset.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .  In- 
volucre 4-leaved,  4-flowerecl.  Receptacle  and  flowers  as  in  Eupatorium. 
If  Climbing  and  twining.    Leaves  opposite. 

M,  scandens  Willd.  Smooth;  Ivs.  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  ttie  lobes  di- 
varicate ;  lids,  in  pednnculate,  axillary  corymbs.  Thickets,  Ms.  to  Ga.  Not  common. 
Clusters  on  the  short,  lateral  branches,  of  white  or  pink-colored  flowers.    Aug.  Sept. 

12.  CONOCLINIUM,  DC.  Heads  many-flowered.  Receptacle  coni- 
cal. Character  otherwise  as  in  Eupatorium.  U  5  Leaves  opposite,  petio- 
late,  serrate.    Flowers  sky-blue,  in  crowded  corymbs. 

C.  coelestinum  DC.  Much  branched  ;  Ivs.  deltoid-ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate,  cre- 
iiate-serrate,  petiolate  ;  scales  linear.    7i  Copses,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Aug.  Sept. 

13.  TUSSILAGO,  Tourn.   Colt's-foot.    Head  radiate,  many -flowered. 
Flowers  of  the  ray  2  ,  those  of  the  disk  $  .    Invol.  simple.    Recep.  naked. 
Pappus  capillary.     If  Lvs.  radical.    Fls.  yellow,  with  very  narrow  rays. 
T.Farfara  L.— Cold,  clayey  banks,  N.  and  M.    Scape  5',  appearing  with  its  single  head 

of  yellow  flowers  in  March  and  April,  before  the  large  angular  leaves. 

14.  NARDOSMIA,  Cass.  Heads  radiate,  oo-flowered,  somewhat  3  $  . 
Fls.  of  the  ray  ?  ,  of  the  disk  5  ,  but  abortive  in  the  sterile  plant.  Invol. 
simple.  Recep.  flat,  naked.  Pappus  capillary.  U  Leaves  radical.  Fls. 
cyanic.  The  ray  flowers  of  the  sterile  heads  are  in  a  single  row  ;  of  the 
fertile  in  several  rows,  but  very  narrow. 

N.  palniitta  Hook.  Scape  with  a  thryse  or  corymb;  lvs.  roundish-cordate,  5-7-lobed, 
woolly  beneath,  coarsely  dentate.    Swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  W.    Rare.    May. 

15.  ADENOCAUIiON,  Hook.  Fls.  few,  all  tubular,  of  the  margin  2  , 
of  the  disk  S  .  Scales  equal,  in  one  series.  Recep.  naked.  Cyp.  clavate, 
exserted,  bearing  stalked  glands  above.  Pap.  0.  if  Nearly  acaulescent,  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  small,  paniculate  heads,  also  gland-bearing. 

A.  bicolor  Hook.    Lvs.  deltoid,  cordate,  angular-toothed,  decurrent  on  the  petioles, 
,  white-downy  beneath.    Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  W.    (Common  in  Oregon.)    2f. 

16.  AGATHiEA,  Cass.  Heads  as  in  Erigeron,  but  the  scales  are  1- 
veiued,  keeled  or  channelled,  and  the  cypsela)  rough-haired.  (J)  b  S.  Afr. 
Leaves  opposite.     Disk  flowers  yellow,  rays  blue.     (Cineraria,  L.) 

A.  AMELLoiDF.s.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  petiolate,  entire,  scabrous.  Not  hardy.  A  beau- 
tiful shrub,  often  cultivated  in  the  greenhouse.    1^2f.    Heads  solitary. 

17.  SERICOCARPUS,  Nees.  White-tipped  Aster.  Rayfls.  4— 6, 
2  :  disk  fls.  G — 10,  2  .    Invol.  oblong,  imbricated.     Scales  appressed,  white, 

with  green,  spreading  tips.    Recep.  alveolate.     Cyp.  obconic,  very  silky. 
Pap.  simple.     U  "With  alternate  lvs.  and  close  corymbs.    Rays  white.  ' 

1  S.  solidaginens  Nees.    Smooth;  lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile; 

heads  subsessile  ;  scales  obtuse  ;  pap.  white.    Woods :  com.    2f.    Rays  long.    Jl.  Aug. 

2  S.  coiiyzoidcs  Nees.    Some  pubescent;  lvs.  lance-oval,  acute,  serrate,  the  lower 

narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  rays  short;  pappus  rusty.  Woods,  Ms.  to  Fla.   l-2f.  Jl.  Aug. 

3  S.  tortifollus  Nees.    Grayish  pubescent;  Ivs.  short,  oblong-obovate,  sess.,  twisted 

to  a  vertical  position,  both  sides  alike ;  pappus  white.    Woods,  Va.  to  Fla.    2f.    Sept. 


Order  70.— C0MP0SITJ5.  161 

18.  ASTXjR,  L.     Invol.  oblong,  imbricate.    Scales  loose,  often  with 

greea  tips,  the  outer  spreading.  Disk  fls.  tubular,  k  ,  ray  fls.  ?  ,  in  one  row, 
ligulate,  o-toothed  at  apex,  tinally  revolute.  Recep.  flat,  alveolate.  Pap. 
simple,  capillary.  Cypsela  compressed,  if  Very  abundant  in  tiie  U.  S., 
flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Lvs.  alternate,  diminishing  grad- 
ually upward.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  changing  to  purple ;  ray-flowers  blue, 
purple,  or  white,  never  yellow.  Figs.  140,  388. 
A  Scales  of  the  Involucre  tipped  with  green  or  whollj'  gi-cen. .  .(§  1,  2,  3) 
B  Scales  destitute  of  green  tips,  white  or  scarious.  Lvs,  never  cordate. . .  (§  4-;/) 

§  1.  BioTiA.    Heads  corj-mbons,  large.    Rays  6—15,  white.    Lvs.  cordate Nos.  1,  2 

§  2.  Calliastrum.    Heads  corymbous  or  few,  large.    Rays  12—30,  violet- 
blue.    Pap.  bristles  unequally  thickened.    Lvs.  rigid,  not  cordate («) 

a  Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate  more  or  less.    Fr.  smoothish Nos.  3—5 

a  Leaves  lance-linear  to  linear,— 6  entire,  merely  acute Nos.  6,  7 

—6  bristly-fringed,  pungent Nos.  8,  9 

S  ).  AsTERiA.    Hds.  panicled  or  racemed,  rarely  few.    Pap.  equal,  soft. . .  (c) 

c  Leaves  petiolate,  the  lower  cordate,— (^  evidently  serrate Nos.  10, 11 

—d  entire  or  obscurely  serrate. .  .Nos.  12—15 
C  Leaves  all  sessile,  entire,  silky-canescent  both  sides.  Pap.  tawny.  ...Nos.  16,  17 
c  Lvs.  not  silky,— cf  clasping  with  a  cordate  or  auriculate  base. . .(/) 

—d  clasping  with  a  broad  base  not  cord,  or  auric. . .(/() 
— d  sessile  with  a  narrow  base,  not  clasping. . .(?«) 

/  Lvs.  very  small  (1"— 8'0i  entire.    Scales  with  spreading  tips Nos.  18,  19 

/  Leaves  ordinary  (1'— 6')-— «  Scales  with  abrupt,  appressed  tips Nos.  20,  21 

— e  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Lvs.  entire Nos.  22— 25 

—e  Scales  very  loose.    Lvs.  long,  serrate Nos.  26,  27 

h  Scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricated  (obtuse.  No.  20),  acute  —  Nos.  2S — .31 
h  Scales  loose,  or  spreading,  or  recurved.— A;  Pappus  bright-colored. .  .Nos.  32—34 

—k  Pappus  tawny-brown Nos.  35,  36 

m  Scales  squarrous-spreading  at  the  tips.— o  Hds.  large  (6"-10,  purple.  .Nos.  37,  33 
-0  Hds.  small  (2-i"), whitish.  .Nos.39-41 

m  Scales  loosely  divergent,  straight.    Heads  medium  size,  rays  pale No.  43 

m  Scales  erect,  straight,  in  1  row.    Heads  2—3.  or  solitary,  rays  white No.  43 

m  Scales  closely  imbricated.— ?i  Hds.  medium  (:W3'0,  purp.  or  pale. .  .Nos.  4-3,  44, 31 

—n  Heads  small  (2—3"),  white  or  pale Nos.  45—47 

§4.  ScAEiosi.— p  Lvs.  lanceolate,  broadly  or  narrowly.  Scales  obtusish Nos.  49— 51 

—p  Lvs.  subulate  or  lin.  Scales  very  acute.— .«  Hds.  large,  few .  .Nos..52, 53 
— s  Hds.  small,  many. .  .W— 56 

1  A.  corymbosus  Ait.    Nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  thin,  ovate-acuminate,  serrate,  the  peti- 

oles wingless  ;  rays  6 — 9.    Dry  woods,  N.,  M.    1 — 2f    Heads  oblong,  4".    Lvs.  large. 

2  A.  macropUyllus  Willd.    Rough-pubescent ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  serrate  with 

close  teeth,  jietioles  some  winged;  rays  S-15.  Woods,  N.  l-2f.  Lvs.  very  large.  Hds.  6". 

3  A.  mlrabllis  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  the  lowest  petiolate,  the  ramial  round- 

ish ;  invol.  hemispherical,  scales  obtuse ;  raj's  about  20.    S.  Car.    Very  rare. 

4  A.  radulaAit.   Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  sharp-serrate,  rough  and  rugous ; 

invol.  squarrous  with  the  spreading  scale-tips  ;  rays  20.    N.    1— 3f. 

5  A.  spectabilis  Ait.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  sessile,  entire,  the  lower  subserrate  ;  invol. 

hemispherical,  scales  linear-spatulate,  ciliate.    Sands,  Mass.  to  Fla.    1— 2f. 

6  A.  surculosusMx.  Root  a  creeping,  knotted  rhizome  ;  lvs.  lance-linear  and  linear; 

heads  1—5  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  ciliate,  inner  obtuse.    Wet.    N.  J.  to  Car.    If. 
^.  g-rdcllig.    Heads  8—12,  smaller ;  rays  12 ;  scales  but  slightly  spreading. 

7  A.  paIudosu8  L.  Slender,  glabrous ;  lvs.  long,  linear ;  hds.  1—6  ;  scales  lance-linear; 

rays  30,  longer  than  the  (6")  invol.    Swamps,  S.    2— 3f.    Heads  very  large. 
11 


162  Order  70— COMPOSITE. 

8  A.  spiuulosus  Chapm.    Bristly-hairy,  rigid:  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  puni^ent,  bristle- 

friiiirecl ;  beads  few,  spicate  ;  scale?  spine-pointed  ;  rays  13,  blue.    Fla.    If. 

9  A.  erynglfolius  T.  &  G.    Hairy,  rigid;    Ivs.  lance-linear,  pungent,  fringed  with 

spiny  teeth  ;  heads  very  large.  1 — 4,  loosely  racemed  ;  scales  green,  rigid,  lanceolate, 
long-pointed  :  rays  many,  white.    Fla.    1 — Sf.    (Prinopsis  Chapmanii,  C-B.) 

10  A.  covdifoHus  L.  Stem  paniculate;  leaves  sharply  serrate,  acuminate  ;  petioles 
winged:  scales  appressed,  with  short  green  tips.  Woods  and  glades,  N.  and  \V. :  com. 
1— 3f.    Heads  numerous,  rather  small,  blue  varying  to  white,  in  a  large  panicle. 

11  A.  sagittlfolius  "Willd.  Branches  racemed;  Ivs.  lauce-obl.,  some  arrow-shaped ; 
petioles  winged ;  scales  loose,  lin. -subulate.    Low  woods,  N.  and  W.    i-Af.   Wh.-blue. 

12  A.  undul^tns  L.  Racemous-paniculate.  rough,  grayish;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  undu- 
late-crenate,  the  base,  or  the  winged  petioles,  cordate-clasping,  the  upper  acute,  en- 
tire, sessile  :  scales  appressed.    Dry  woods.    2f.    Blue.    (A.  diversifolius  Mx.) 

p.  asptfulua.    Lowest  petioles  slender,  not  clasping;  Ivs.  scarcely  cordate.    Com. 

13  A.  azurens  Lindl.  Slender,  rigid,  rough;  Ivs.  below  on  slender  petioles,  cordate- 
lanceolate,  the  others  successively  lanceolate,  linear,  and  subulate,  acute  at  each  end  ; 
rac.  paniculate,  heads  obconic;  scales  acute,  appressed.    Woods,  prairies,  W.    2f. 

14  A.  Sliortii  Hook.  Smoothish,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  deeply  cordate,  peti- 
olate,  long-pointed,  entire,  the  upper  sessile;  rac.  paniculate ;  scales  green-tipped, 
shorter  than  the  disk.    Rocky  banks,  O.  to  Wis.  and  Ark.    3f. 

15  A.  anonialus  Eng.  Lvs.  as  in  No.  13;  scales  with  linear,  spreading,  leafy  tips: 
hds.  large;  rays  spreading,  15— IS",  bright  blue.    Rocks,  111.  Mo.  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.)    2— 4f. 

1 6  A.  sericeus  Vent.  Bushy  :  lvs.  silvery-silky  both  sides,  lance-oblong,  sessile  :  hds. 
large,  terminal  on  the  short,  leafy  branches  ;  scales  spreading  at  tip  :  fr.  glabrous  ; 
rays  15—25,  violet  blue.    Banks,  Mich.  (H.  Mapes)  to  Iowa,  and  S.    1— 2f. 

1 7  A.  concolor  L.  Subsimple ;  lvs.  grayish-silky,  lance-oblong,  the  upper  cusp- 
pointed  ;  heads  in  a  terminal,  virgatc  raceme  ;  scales  lanceolate,  appressed ;  fruit 
silky  ;  rays  purple.    Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    Aspect  of  Liatris. 

18  A.  squarrosus  Walt.  Slender,  with  simple,  1-flowered  branches;  leaves  very 
small,  triangular,  heart-clasping,  reflexed-squarrous  ;  scales  with  spreading  green 
tips  ;  fr.  pubescent.    Dry  soils,  S.    2— 3f.    Rays  20,  blue. 

19  A.  adnatns  N.  Slender,  rough  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  erect,  adhering  to  the 
stem  by  the  midvein,  the  summit  only  free.    Sands,  Fla.  to  La.    2— 3f. 

20  A.  tnrbinnellus  Lindl.  Smooth,  subcorymbed  ;  lvs.  lance.,  tapering  both  ways ; 
hds.  club-top-shaped  (6") ;  sc.  tips  short,  blunt.    111.  Mo.  to  La.    Blue.    Pap.  brown. 

21  A.  laivis  L.  Very  smooth;  branchlets  1-llwd. ;  lvs.  oblong,  entire,  shining,  lowest 
lanceolate,  subserrate,  upper  auriculate ;  scales  with  a  broad,  acute,  r^ipresscd  tip  ; 
heads  large,  rich  blue,  showy.    Low  woods.    2— 3f. 

/3.  IceHgAtteg.    Not  glaucous  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  scales  linear. 

y.  cyhneus.    Plant  glaucous  ;  leaves  thickened,  ver}'  entire.    Beautiful  Asters. 

22  A.  patens  L.  Pubescent;  rac.  paniculate ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  cordate-clasping, 
ciliale  at  edge  ;  heads  large,  terminal  on  the  leafy  branchlets  ;  scales  lax,  green-tipped ; 
rays  20,  violet-blue.    Dry  soils.  Mass.  to  Ga.    2— 3f. 

p.  pIilosrifo!iu».    Leaves  lance-ovate,  auriculate-clasping,  very  acute. 

23  A.  ametliystinus  N.  Hoary-puberulent ;  rac.  paniculate  ;  lvs.  lin. -oblong,  acute, 
some  auricled  at  the  clasping  base  ;  heads  broad-bell-shaped  (3'0  ;  scales  erect,  with 
only  the  green  tips  spreading.    Damp,  Mass.  to  111.  (J.  Wolf.)    2— 3f. 

2-t  A.  Novse-Angliae  L.  Corymbous-paniculate,  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate  and 
lance-linear,  auriculate-clasping;  scales  equal,  lax,  glandular-viscid,  green  their  whole 
length;  rays  70 -t- .  deep  purple.  Damp.  4— Cf.— Varies  with  the  rays  rose-purple,  or 
rarely,  white.    Fine  in  cultivation. 

25  A.  Caroliiiianiis  Walt.  Rough-downy:  branches  divaricate;  lvs.  lance-ovare, 
entire,  clasping  with  small  auriculate  lobes  ;  heads  very  large,  scattered  :  scales  with 
spreading  green  tips  ;  rays  rose-purple.    Damp,  S.    6— 13f. 

26  A.  puuiceu)«   L.     Hispid,  panicled;   lvs.  lance-oblong,  auriculate-clasping,  ap- 


Ordek  70.— composite.  163 

pressed-serrate  ;  scales  2-rowed,  long,  revo'ute  ;  heads  large,  showy,  with  30—60  nar- 
row, pale-purple  rays.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Car.,  and  W.    4— Cf.    Stem  often  red. 
p.  timinetis.    Tall,  slender,  smoothish  ;  heads  few,  very  large  ;  leaves  narrow. 
y.  srlaber.    Low  (it),  subsimple,  smoothish  ;  leaves  narrow,  erect,  entire  ;  scales 

loose,  not  recurved  ;  rays  large,  about  20,  white  ?    III.  (J.  Wolf.) 
S.  firmus.    Low  (2— 3f ),  scabrous,  stout ;  leaves  thick,  subentire  ;  heads  many. 
E.  cainliiitis— the  common  form,  with  white  rays.    N.  Y.  (Hankenson.) 
27  A.  prenantlioides  Muhl.    Hairy  or  downy,  corymbons-paniculate  ;  Ivs.  lance- 
oval,  pointed,  serrate,  the  long  petiole  winged  and  auriculatc-clasping :  scales  spatu- 
late,  the  green  tips  spreading.    Wet  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ya.,  and  W.    2 — 3f. 
2S  A.  c-oncinnus  Willd.    Pubescent,  subsimple;   Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lancc-linear, 
remotelj'  serrate,  narrowed  to  the  clasping  base,  the  upper  entire  ;  scales  appressed- 
jmbricate  ;  heads  medium,  rays  blue.    Woods,  &c.    2— 3f. 

29  A.  gracilleutus  T.  &  G.  Yery  smooth,  slender,  simply  panicled :  leaves  long- 
linear,  the  lov.er  toothed,  upper  clasping,  erect ;  scales  short ;  rays  blue.    S.    Kare. 

30  A.  luutabilis  Ait.  ?  Stem  smooth,  paniculate-branched  from  base,  dense-flwd. ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  clasping,  thickish,  npper  lance-oblong,  entire ; 
heads  medium ;  scales  lanceolate,  loose,  much  shorter  than  the  disk ;  rays  pale  ?  Wet. 
HI.  ^J.  Vi'olf.)    2 — 3f. — Yaries  witii  leaves  serrate,  heads  loose,  &c. 

31  A.  carnensNees.  Smoothish  ;  branches  leafy,  ascending,  racemed  with  1-headed 
branchlets ;  Ivs.  uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  only  the  upper  clasping ;  scales 
acute,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Moist,  E.  and  \V.  Heads  larger  than  in  No.  3D,  purple 
to  rose,  showy.    Stem  often  red,  2— 3f  higli. 

32  A.  virgAtus  Ell.  Smooth,  virgatc  branches  racemed;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate-serrulate,  half-clasping,  graded  above  into  numerous  subulate  bracts  and 
spreading,  pointed  scales  ;  fruit  glabrous.    Ga.  to  La.    S — 4f. 

33  A.  Novi-iSelgii  L.  St.  smoothish,  branches  pubescent;  Ivs.  subclasping,  lancc- 
obl.  to  linear,  pointed,  the  lower  subserrate  ;  heads  large,  racemed  or  subcorymbed  : 
scales  subequal,  loose,  equahing  the  disk.    N.  Y.  toH!.    2-4f.    Blue.    (A.  sestivus  Ait.) 

p.  li^tiflorus.  Branches  slender,  corymbed  at  cud;  Ivs.  very  narrow.  W.  Showy. 
3-1  A.  loiigifolius  Lam.  Stem  glabrous,  paniculate-spreading;  Ivs.  lance-linear  to 
linear,  long,  pointed,  subclasping,  nearly  or  quite  entire,  upper  subulate  ;  heads  large ; 
scales  linear-subulate,  the  outer  spreading.    E.  and  W.    2 — Of.    Blue. 

p.  ptwditttg,    TaU,  strict,  with  thyrsoid  panicles,  medium  heads  :  Ivs.  serrulate. 

35  \.  Elliottii  T.  &  G.  Stout,  smooth,  corymbous-branched  ;  Ivs.  ample,  lanceolate, 
subclasping,  subserrate  ;  ped.  naked  ;  scales  attenuate.    Swamps,  S.    2— 4f.    Purple. 

36  .\.  obloiigifolius  N.  Hairy,  bushy  ;  branches  spreading ;  leaves  obi. -lanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  clasping,  graded  above  into  subulate  bracts  and  subequal  spreading 
scales.    Ya.  (Harper's  Ferry)  to  Iowa  and  Mo.    Kays  purple.    1— 2f. 

37  A.  graiidifflorus  L.  Kough,  bristl3--hairy  ;  branches  some  corymbed,  1-flowered  ; 
Ivs.  small,  iinear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  hds.  very  large,  blue-purple  ;  scales  obtuse.    S.    2f. 

38  A.  Curtjsii  T.  &  G.  Smooth,  racemous  ;  Ivs.  thin,  sessile,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
subentire  ;  scales  with  green  spreading  tips  ;  heads  large,  showy.    Mts.  N.  Car. 

39  A.  duiuosus  L.  Eac.  paniculate ;  Ivs.  linear  to  oblong,  sessile, lowest  subserrate ; 
invol.  obtuse  at  base,  closely  imbricated  ;  scales  obtuse;  heads  small,  rays  20-1-,  pur- 
plish-white.   Dry  woods,  &c. :  common.    1 — 2f.    Lvs.  very  numerous,  3' — 3". 

p.  coridif'olitis,  is  a  starved,  attenuate  form,  very  slender  every  wa)'. 

40  A.  Tradescanti  L.  Smoothish,  slender,  much  branched :  lvs.  lance-linear,  long, 
remotely  serrulate,  teeth  sharp,  npper  leaves  entire,  all  sessile ;  heads  many,  subse- 
cund  ;  scales  close  ;  rays  small,  pale.    Fields,  copses.    2— 4f.    Leaves  5'— 5". 

p.  rrdg-ilis.    Leaves  nearly  Unear.  minutely  serrulate  ;  heads  scattered. 

41  A.  miser  L.  Hairy  or  downy,  very  leafy  :  branches  spreading,  racemous  ;  lvs.  ah 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways,  sessile,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  the  ramial 
smaller,  entire  :  scales  acute,  close;  rays  whitish,  short.  Old  fields.  6' — 30'. — Varies 
greatly.    Lvs.  5' — 1',  broad  or  narrow.    Hds.  dense  or  scattered.    Rays  15 -f,  2— 3". 


164  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

42  A.  simplex  Willd.  Loosely  corymbons-paniculate,  smoothish ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  lower  serrate ;  heads  scattered  ;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  linear-subu- 
late.   Low  gi-onnds  :  common.    3— Of.    Heads  twice  larger  than  No.  41,  blue  to  white. 

p.  tlitirg-ens.    Diffusely  branched,  loosely  racemous  ;  branches  hairy  in  lines. 

43  A.  tenuliollus  L.  Paniculate-branching,  with  1-flowered  branchlets  ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate  to  lance-linear,  slender-pointed,  sessile,  remotely  serrulate,  upper  entire ; 
scales  linear-subulate,  equalling  the  disk.    Moist  fields.    2— 6f. 

/3.  belliillUbrus,    Leaves  scabrous,  slightly  clasping ;  scales  loosely  imbricated. 
y.  diatichug.    Leaves  and  Strict  ascending  branches  in  2  rows  !    111.  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.) 

44  A.  sobasper  Lindl.  ?  Pubescent  above ;  racemous-branched,  branches  short, 
dense-flwd. ;  Ivs.  lance-acuminate,  appressed-sen-ate,  rough,  attenuate  to  a  petiole,  up- 
per reduced,  entire,  sessile  ;  jnvol.  closely  imbricated  ;  rays  purp.  Dry.  111.  2f.  (Wolf.) 

45  A.  ericoides  L.  Smoothish;  branches  virgate,  branchlets  secnnd,  1-headed  ;  Ivs. 
lance-lin.  to  subulate  ;  hds.  small ;  sc.  as  long  as  disk,  with  subulate-mucronate  spread- 
ing tips.  Rocky  fields.  l-3f  Lvs.  4'-4",  attenuate-mucronate.  Rays  white  or  purplish. 

46  A.  raceniosiis  Ell.  Rough-downy;  branches  slender,  erect ;  hds.  very  small  (2"), 
spicate-racemous,  crowded  above  ;  lvs.  linear,  sessile,  rigid,  3' — 3".   Coast,  S.  Car.   2f. 

47  A.  niiiltlflorus  L.  Grayish-downy,  diffusely  branched  ;  lvs.  linear,  entire,  sess., 
obtnse-mucronate  ;  hds.  small ;  sc.  with  obtusish  spreading  tips.  Dry  fields.  If.  Very 
bushy,  with  crowded  racemes.    Rays  about  12,  pale,  2—3"  long. 

48  A.  graminifolins  Ph.  Slender,  with  filiform  erect  branches,  6- -12''  lvs.  linear, 
crowded  below ;  ped.  slender,  leafless,  1-flwd. ;  sc.  subulate-linear ;  rays  abo.vt20,  white 
or  rose.    Rocks,  Vt.  N.  H. :  rare.    (Willonghby  Lake,  Vt.,  Bradford,  Vt.,  Whi  \-^.  Mts.) 

49  A.  acuminatum  Mx.  St.  simple,  flexuous,  angular,  branching  into  a  coryrabous 
panicle  above ;  lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  base,  serrate  and  acu- 
minate ;  scales  lax,  linear.    Wooded  hills,  K.    If.    Rays  12 -f,  long,  white. 

50  A.  nemoralis  Ait.  Branches  corymbed  or  0  ;  ped.  1-flwd.,  nearly  naked,  filiform ; 
lvs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  veinlcss,  subentire ;  sc.  very  acute,  loose, 
shorter  than  the  disk  ;  rays  long,  about  20.    Wet  woods.    If    White-purple. 

51  A.  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G.  St.  corymbous-fastigiate  above;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate, 
acute,  rough-margined,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole ; 
rays  short,  snow-white.    Rocky  shores,"  Vt.  to  Mo.    Rare.    Heads  rather  large. 

52  A.  flexuosus  N.  Smooth,  slender,  flexuous;  branches  leafy,  1-flwd. ;  lvs.  fleshy, 
long-lance-linear  to  subulate  ;  hds.  large  ;  rays  short,  many,  purple.    Marshes.    If. 

53  A.  Cliapmanii  T.  &  G.  Smooth,  slender,  strict;  branches  filiform,  1-flwd. ;  lvs. 
linear-subulate  ;  rays  longer  than  invol.,  20 — 30,  purp. ;  cyps.  glabrous.    Swamps,  Fla. 

54  A.  linifolius  L.  Sea  Aster.  (T)  Smooth,  much  branched,  paniculate;  lvs.  lance- 
linear  to  subulate  ;  scales  in  3  rows  ;  rays  minute,  scarcely  exserted.    Marshes.    If. 

55  A.  subula.tus  Mx.  (i)  Smooth,  slender,  much  branched,  corymljed ;  lvs.  linear- 
subulate  ;  rays  many,  narrow,  in  1  row,  longer  than  the  disk,  blue.    Wet.    S.    1— .3f. 

p.  hxilig.    Taller  (2— 4f ),  less  branched  ;  heads  few,  rays  pale  purple.    Ga. 

19.  DIPLOPAPPUS,  Cass.  Double-bristled  Aster.  Ray-flowers 
about  12,  ?  .  Disk-flowers  go,  5  .  Invol.  imbricate.  Scales  narrow,  des- 
titute of  green  tips.  Recep.  flat,  subalveolate.  Pap.  double,  the  exterior 
veiy  short  (about  5"  long),  interior  copious,  capillary.  Fruit  compressed. 
11  IjVS.  entire,  alternate.   Heads  corymbous  or  few,  rays  cyanic,  disk  yellow. 

§  Rays  violet.    Achenia  silky.    Bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  alike.    Sept.  Oct No.  1 

§  Rays  whitish.  Some  of  the  longer  bristles  clavellate.— Ach.  smoothish.   Aug.  .Nos.  2, 3 

— Ach.  villous.    Sept.  Oct. .  .No.  4 

1  D.  linariifolius  Hook.    St.  clustered,  leafy  ;  branches  1-flwd.,  fastigiatc  ;  lvs.  lin., 

entire,  1-veined,  obtuse,  rigid,  rough.    Dry  places.    If    Heads  rather  large,  showy. 

2  ».  umbellatus  Hook.    Smooth,  simple,  strict,  with  GO  heads  in  a  level  corymb ; 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  165 

Ivs.  long  (4-60,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  sc.  obtuse  ;  fr.  pnbes.  in  lines.    Low  grounds. 
•2 — 4f.    Stem*  purplish.    Eays  about  12,  3 — i"  long.    Handsome. 
/3.  aiui/silolinus,    St.  roughisli  above  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  SC.  rather  loose.  2-3f. 

3  I>.  cornifblius  Less.    Rough  above,  some  hairy  in  lines  ;  hds.  few,  corym. -panicu- 

late :  Ivs.  elliptical,  thin,  long-pointed  both  ways,  entire  ;  scales  shorter  than  the  disk, 
obtuse ;  cypsela  glabrous.    Woods,  Can.  to  Car.    1—21".    Rays  about  10,  white. 

4  D.  obovatus  (Ell.)    Cinereous-pubescent:   heads  corymbed;  Ivs.  obovate-oblong, 

acute;  sc.  lin. -subulate,  rusty  yellow  ;  fr.  villous  ;  rays  white.    Damp  shades,  S.    2— 3f. 

20.  ERIGERON,  L.  Fleabake.  White-weed.  Heads  snbliemi- 
spherical.  Ray-flowers  ?  (40 — 200),  iiarrow,  linear.  Fls.  of  the  disk  ?  ,  oo. 
Ilecep.  flat,  nalied.  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  in  one  row  and  equal. 
Pap.  generally  simple.    Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.,  rays  cyanic,  disk  yellow. 

§  Rays  minute,  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  involucre,  white.  Pappus  simple. .  ..1,  2,  10. 

§  Rays  long,  showy,  30— 40.    Pappus  simple.    Lvs.  all  radical.    lids.  corymbous..No.  3 

§  Rjiys  long,  showy,  50— 200.— a  Pappus  simple.  Leaves  clasping.  Corymbous. .  .Nos.  4—6 

—a  Pappus  double.  Leaves  sessile.  Corymbous Nos.  7—9 

1  E.  Canadense  L.    Erect ;  invol.  oblong ;  rays  40—50,  crowded,  minute  ;  pap.  sim- 

ple ;  stem  hairy,  paniculate ;  leaves  lanceolate.    ®  A  common  weed.   G' — 6f.    Jl. — Oct. 

2  E.  dlvaricatuiu  Ms.    Decumbent  and  diffusely  branched,  hirsute  ;  lvs.  linear  and 

subulate  ;  hds.  very  small,  loosely  corymbous.   (5)  Dry  soil,  Vf.  and  S-W.  6'— 2f.  Purp. 

3  E.  uudlcaiile  Mx.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  obovate  or  spatulate,  radical,  rosulate,  entire  ; 

hds.  few;  rays  narrow,  white,   "d  Pine-barrens,  S.  Scape  bracted,  slender.  IS'.  Jn.  JI. 

4  E.  bellidlloliuiu  Muhl.    EoMns'  Plantain.    Hirsute  ;  radical  lvs.  obovate.  obtuse, 

subserrate  ;  stem  lvs.  remote,  mostly  entire,  clasping ;  hds.  3— 7 ;  rays  50—00,  purple, 
linear-spatulate.    n  Pry  soils :  common.    1— 2f.    May,  June.    Handsome. 

5  E.  Plilladelpkicum  L.    Pubescent  or  hirsute;   lvs.  thin,  lower  spatulate,  cre- 

nate-dentate,  upper  clasping,  sometimes  cordate-aiiriculate  ;  heads  few,  on  long,  slen- 
der ped. ;  rays  150-2'00,  filiform,  reddish.  %  Damp :  com.  2f  St.  lvs.  various.  Jn.-Aug. 

6  E.  querciloliuiii  Lam.    Pubescent :  root  lvs.  oblong-obovate,  lyratc-pinnatifid,  or 

deeply  sinuate-toothed,  the  caiiline  sharply  serrate,  clasping ;  heads  CC,  small,  with 
innumerable  filiform  flesh-colored  rays.     2f  Low  grounds.    8.    May. 

7  E.  annuuni  Pers.     Conunoii  Flcabane.    WJiite-tceed.    Hirsute,  branching ;  leaves 

coarsely  serrate,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  lower  on  winged  stalks  ;  rays  very  numerous, 
narrow,  white.    @  (2)  Fields :  common.    2 — 4f.    June — Aug. 

8  E.  strigosuni  L.    Rough,  with  short,  appressed  hairs,  or  neai-Iy  smooth  ;  lvs.  lan- 

ceolate, tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  or  with  a  few  large  teeth  in  the  middle,  lower  ones 
3-veined  and  petiolate  ;  pan.  corymbous,  white.    @  Grass  lands  :  com.    2f.    Jn.— Oct. 

9  E.  glabellum  Nutt.    Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  spatulate,  long-tapering  at  base,  upper 

lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  sessile,  acuminate ;  heads  4—6,  pubescent ;  rays  very  nu- 
merous, pale  blue.    Wis.  to  Dak.    12'— 18'.    July,  Aug. 

10  E.  acre  L.    Erect,  If;  lvs.  entire,  oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  heads  few  ormany,  hemi- 
spherical, with  bluish-purple  rays  as  long  as  the  pappus.    Lake  Superior  (Porter). 

21.  CALLISTEPHUS,  Cass.    China  Aster.     Ray  flowers  5  ,  oo,  disk- 
flowers  §  .     Involucre  hemispherical.    Roccji.  subconve.x.    Pappus  double, 
each  in  1  series,  outer  scries  short,  chaS"y-setaceous,  with  the  setjc  united 
into  a  crown ;  inner  series  of  long,  filiform,  scabrous,  deciduous  bristles. 
C.  Chinensis.    Stem  hispid ;  branches  divergent,  1-flwd. ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  dentate, 

petiolate,  cauline  ones  sessile,  cuneate  at  base.     China?    Cultivation  has  produced 
innumerable  varieties,  double  and  semi-double,  of  every  color.    Aug.,  Sept.    if) 

22.  BELLIS,  L.     G.\rden  Daisy.     Riys  oo,  s .     Disk  5  .     Involucel 


1G6  Ordek  70.— COMPOSIT.^. 

hemispherical,  of  equal  scales.     Eecep.  subalvcolate,  conical.    Pap.  none. 
@  U  Heads  solitary. 

1  B.  integrifolla  Mx.    Auimal,  diffusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  entire,  spatulate-obovate  to 

lauce-obl. ;  sc.  with  pcarious  margin?;  ray? violet-purp.  Ky.  to  Tex.  6-12'.  Mar.-May. 

2  B.  PERENNis.    Perennial,  acaiilesccnt ;  root  creeping;  scape  naked,  single-flwd. ;  Ivs. 

obovate,  crenate.    Europe.    3—4'.    Fls.  white,  double,  quilled,  &c.    June— Aug. 

23.  DAHLIA,  L.  Eays  2 .  Disk  5 .  Invol.  double,  the  outer  series 
of  many  distinct  scales,  the  inner  of  8  scales  united  at  base.  Recep.  chaflFy. 
Pappus  none.     U  Splendid  Mexican  herbs.    Leaves  opjjosite,  pinnate. 

1>.  VARIABILIS.  Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  3—7  in  number ;  stems  stout, 
widely  branched ;  heads  solitary,  very  large ;  root  tuberous.  Colors  exceedingly 
variable  and  splendid.  Heads  about  3'  diameter ;  but  a  variety  (the  bouquet  Dahlia) 
has  the  heads  from  IJ  to  2'  broad. 

24.  BOLTONIA,  L'Hcr.  Ray-flowers  ?  ,  in  a  single  series,  those  of  the 
disk  tubular,  ^  .  Scales  in  2  series,  apprcssed,  witli  membranous  margins. 
Recep.  convex,  punctate.  Cyp.  flat,  2-  or  3-winged.  Pap.  of  minute  setce, 
2  (to  4)  of  them  usually  lengthened  into  awns.  U  Glabrous,  loosely  branch- 
ing.    Leaves  sessile.    Rays  white.    Aug. — Oct. 

1  B.  asteroides  L'Her.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  all  entire  ;  heads  corymbed  ;  fniit  broadly- 

oval  with  a  few  minute  setaj, — ^no  awns.    Swamps,  Pa.  to  Ga.    1 — 3f.    Rays  13 — 20. 

2  B.  glastifolia  L'Her.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  serrate ;  heads  in  a  loose 

paniculate  corymb  ;  fruit  obovate,  with  2  long  awns.  Prairies,  W.  &  S.  3— 7f.  Rays  30. 

3  B.  decitrrens.    Lvs.  lance-oblonir,  the  broad  base  decurrent  on  the  green,  winged 

stem  ;  heads  corymbed,  globular  in  fruit ;  fruit  obovate,  with  2  awns  and  several  mi- 
nute bristles  ;  raj's  purple.    Bottoms.    111.  (.L  Wolf.)    (B.  glastifolia.   /3.  ?  T.  &  G.) 

4  B.  diffusa  Ell.  Lvs.  lance-linear  to  subulate,  entire;  hds.  small,  in  a  diffuse  panicle; 

fruit  obovate,  with  2  short  (lialf  its  own  length)  awns.    Prairies,  W.  &  S.    3— Uf. 

25.  BRACHYCH.ffiTA,  T.  &  G.  False  Goldenrod.  Pap.  a  single 
row  of  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  obconic  cypsela.  Otherwise  as  in 
Solidago.  The  golden  yellow  heads  arranged  in  little  clusters,  forming  1  or 
more  unilateral  racemes. 

B.  cordata  T.  &  G.— Woods,  E.  Ky.  (at  Cumberland  Gap)  to  Ga.  along  the  mountains. 
2-lf.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  the  lower  petiolate,  serrate.  Hds.  small  (3"  long).  Aug.-Oct. 

26.  SOLIDAGO,  L.  Golde^rod.  Fls.  of  the  ray  about  5,  S  ,  remote ; 
of  the  disk  g .  Invol.  oblong,  imbricate,  with  appressed  scales.  Recep. 
punctate,  narrow.  Pap.  simple,  capillary,  scabrous.  U  Very  abundant  in 
the  U.  S.  Stem  erect,  bi-anching  near  the  top.  Lvs.  alternate.  Hds.  small, 
with  1—15  (very  rarely  0)  small  rays.  Fls.  yellow  (one  species  whitish), 
expanding  in  the  autumnal  months.     Fig.  319. 

§  Shrubs  1— Sr.    Leaves  punctate,  veiulcss,  entire.    Rays  1—3.    Curtsoma. No.  1 

§  Herbs.    Scales  of  involucre  with  spreading  herbaceous  tips.  Chrysastrum.  .  .Nos.  2—4 
§  Herbs.    Scales  imbricated,  erect,  scarions,  seldom  herbaceous.. .(«) 

a  Inflorescence  chiefly  axillary,  in  clusters  or  short  racemes. .  .(b) 

a  Inflorescence  terminal,  virgate  or  paniculate. . .  {d) 

a  Inflorescence  terminal,  in  a  fastigiate  corymb. .  .(s) 

b  Riiys  white  or  cream-white.    Clusters  approximate  above No.  5 


Okder  70.— COMPOSITxE.  167 

b  Rays  golden  yellow. — c  Cypsela  glabrous.    Scales  acute Nos.  6,  7 

—c  Cypsela  pubescent.    Scales  obtuse Nos.  S— 10 

d  Clusters  or  racemes  erect,  not  secuncl.    Leaves  feather-veined.  ..(e) 
d  Clusters  or  racemes  recurved  and  secund  (one-sided)  ...(£/) 

e  Heads  large,  with  loose  scales.    Alpine  plant? Nos.  11—13 

e  Heads  not  large. -^  Plants  glabrous.    Rays  4—7 Nos.  14—16 

— /  Plants  solt-downy.    Rays  9—12 Nos.  17,  18 

g  Leaves  evidently  feather-veined,  mostly  serrate.,  .{m) 

g  Leaves  evidently  3-veined.    Herbs  inland,  not  maritime. . . Qi) 

g  Leaves  3-  or  1-veined,  fleshy.    Very  smooth,  salt-marsh  herbs Nos.  19,  SO 

g  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subentire.    Herbs  some  downy,  inland. ..Nos.  21 — 23 

li  Leaves  entire  or  very  nearly  so Nos.  24—26 

h  Leaves  serrate.^A;  Stem  smooth  and  glabrous Nos.  27 — 29 

— k  Stem  roughish-pubescent Nos.  30,  31 

m.  Heads  discoid,  rays  none.    Southern Nos.  32,  33 

m  Heads  radiate. — n  St.  hairj'  or  downy.  Lvs.  rough  or  smooth.  .Nos.  34 — 37 

—ft  St.  glab.  Lvs.  glab.  or  not.— o  Rays  1—5 Nos.  38—40 

— 0 Rays  6—12.. (;;) 

p  Racemes  distant,  loosely  if  at  all  panicled Nos.  41,  42 

J)  Racemes  close,  forming  a  compact  panicle Nos.  4.3 — 45 

s  Hds.  large,  rays  fewer  than  the  disk  fls.— a;  St.  and  lane.  lvs.  smooth.  .Nos.  46-10 

—X  Plant  hairy.  Lvs.  oblong.. Nos.  50,  51 

c«  Hds.  small,  rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk  flowers.  Euthamia . .  Nos.  52,  53 

1  S.  pauciflosculosa  Mx.    Bushy,  glabrous,  glaucous  and  some  viscid  ;  lvs.  lance- 

linear,  entire,  sessile ;  rac.  erect,  panicled ;  fls.  5—7,  rays  1—3,  large.    Coast,  S. 

2  §.  discoidea  (EIl.j    Downy-canescent ;  hds.  about  12-flwd.,  with  no  rays  ;  rac.  erect, 

in  a  long,  narrow  panicle  ;  lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate.    Ga.  Fla.,  and  W.    3f. 

3  S.  sqiiarrosa  Muhl.    Pubescent :  hds.  very  large,  GO-flwd.,  rays  9—12  ;  panicle  long, 

spike-like  ;  lvs.  smooth,  broad-oval  to  elliptic,  serrate.    Hills,  Can.  to  Ga.    2 — of. 

4  S.  petiolarls  Ait.    Pubescent,  striate:  hds.  20-25-flwd.,  rays  6 — 10;  rac.  long,  com- 

pound ;  lvs.  rough,  small,  oval  to  elliptic,  the  upper  subpetiolate ;  scales  subulate,  the 
outer  herbaceous,  loose,  spreading.  Uplands,  S.  and  W.    1— -Sf.    (S.  squarrulosa.  C-B.) 

5  S.  bicolor  L.    Hairy,  simple;  leaves  elliptical,  the  lower  serrate  ;  heads  glomerate, 

virgate-panicled  above  ;  scales  obtuse  ;  rays  about  8,  whitish.    Hills.    2f. 
p.  hirshto.    Rays  yellow,  as  well  as  the  disk  flowers.    Penn.    (S.  hirsnta  N.) 

6  S.  Bucltleyi  T.  &  G.    Villous-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  acute  at  each  end  ; 

clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  fls.  15—20,  rays  4—0  ;  scales  glabrous,  rather  acute ; 
fruit  compressed,  glabrous.    Interior  of  Alabama.    2 — .3f.    Leaves  3'.    October. 

7  S.  monticola  (T.  &  G.)    Stem  terete,  slender,  puberulent  above  ;  lvs.  oblong-lance- 

olate, pointed,  subserrate  ;  rac.  appros. ;  fls.  12—15  ;  fr.  glabrons.  Mts.  N.  Car.  (Curtis). 

8  S.  latifolia  Muhl.    Stem  flexuous,  angular,  downy  above  ;  lvs.  broad-ovate  or  oval, 

acuminate  both  ways,  deeply  serrate  ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  dense  or  loose; 
cypsela  silky-pubescent ;  flowers  9—12,  rays  3^.    Woody  vales.    2f. 
/3.  ptibcng.    Pubescent,  becoming  woolly  above.    Mts.  N.  Car.  (M.  A.  Curl  is). 

9  S.  anil>:gua  Ait.    Smooth  or  smoothish;  st.  tall,  angled;  lvs.  long-lanceolate,  acu- 

minate, finely  serrate,  the  upper  reduced  and  shorter  than  the  racemes  ;  heads  large  ; 
scales  obtuse,  oblong  ;  fruit  hairy.    Mts.  N.  Car.    3f.    Leaves  4—5'. 
|8.  Cnrtisii  (T.  &  G.)    Rac.  shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  sc.  lin.-oblong ;  fr.  silky.    N.  Car. 

10  S.  ca;sia  L.  Stem  slender,  recurved  at  top,  terete,  smooth,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  lin. -lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  the  lower  serrate  ;  fls.  6—10,  rays  3—5,  oval ;  racemes  axillary,  usually 
short ;  fruit  puberulent.    Hilly  woods.    2— 4f.    Very  elegant,  wreath-like. 

11  S.  tliyrsoidea  Meyer.  St.  stout,  simple,  angular;  lvs.  ovate,  acute,  sharply  and 
unequally  toothed,  the  lower  on  long  petioles  ;  hds.  large,  in  a  narrow,  downy  raceme 
or  panicle,  rays  8-10;  cyp.  glabrous.  Mt.  woods,  Me.  to  N-Y.  l-4f.  Coarse  and  showy. 


168  Order  70.— COMPOSIT.E. 

12  S.  Virgaurca  L.  p.  a!phia  (Bw.)  St.  dwarf,  furrowed,  simple;  Ivs.  ovcal,  sub- 
serrate  or  entire,  narrowed  to  a  petiole,  upper  lanceolate  ;  lids,  few  (1—9),  large,  raya 
10—12;  sc.  acute,  very  thin.    Tops  of  high  mts.  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  shores  of  L.  Sup.    3— C. 

7.  grlomemta.    Taller;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  serrate  ;  hds.  very  large.    Mts.  N.  Car. 

13  S.  liuinilis  Ph.  Glabrous,  simple;  Ivs.  oblanccolate,  crenate-serrate,  acute,  the 
lower  obtuse,  petiolate  ;  rac.  paniculate  ;  hds.  middle-size,  about  12-flwd. ;  sc.  obtuse. 
Mt.  streams,  N.  H.  and  N.    C— 12'— 2f.— Varies  with  the  branches  pubescent  above. 

14  S.  vlrgata  Mx.  Tall,  virgate,  with  a  simple  raceme  at  top  ;  Ivs.  thlckish,  entire, 
oblanceolate,  the  lower  subserrate,  petiolate  ;  hds.  about  15-flwd.,  rays  6—7 ;  fr.  pubes- 
cent.   Damp  pine-barrens,  K.J.  to  Fla.    3— 5f.    Kac.  C— If  long,  of  small  clusters. 

1  5  S.  stricta  Ait.  Strict,  simple  :  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  serrate,  very  long-petiolate, 
upper  entire;  panicle  slender;  heads  10-12-flowered ;  scales  obtuse  ;  rays  5  or  (i.  Wet 
woods,  N.    2f. 

1 6  S.  speciosa  N.  Stout,  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  thick,  lower  very  broad,  sub- 
serrate,  petiolate  ;  panicle  thyrsoid  ;  ped.  pubescent ;  rays,  6—8,  large.  Thickets  ; 
not  common.    3— 6f.    Very  handsome. — Varies  with  the  panicle  slender  or  virgate. 

17  S.  verna  Curtis.  Iloary-pubescent ;  stem  few-lvd.,  loosely  paniculate  ;  Ivs.  ovate 
to  lance-ovate,  the  lower  finely  serrate  ;  rays  10—12.    Barrens,  S.    Fls.  in  May,  June. 

18  S.  puberiila  N.  Puberulent  as  if  dusty,  strict,  simple  ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate  to  lan- 
ceolate, the  lower  subserrate  ;  pan.  dense,  compound  ;  sc.  linear-subulate  ;  fls.  20—25, 
rays  about  10,  elongated.    In  woods.    Stem  purplish,  2— 3f.    Heads  rather  large. 

19  S.  seiiipervircjis  L.  Lvs.  thick,  lanceolate,  entire,  obscurely  3-veined  ;  hds.  pa- 
niculate, 25-30-tiwd.,  rays  8 — 10  ;  ped.  scabrous-pubescent.  Marshes.  3 — 6f.  Handsome. 

20  S.  aiigustilolia  Ell.  Lvs.  thick,  entire,  erect,  1-veined,  the  lower  lanceolate  ;  pan. 
dense,  virgate;  hds.  15-20-flowered,  rays  7;  ped.  glabrous.    Swamps,  S.    2^f. 

21  S.  pilosa  Walt.  Hirsute,  tall,  stout;  lvs.  lance-oblong  to  lance-ovate,  remotely 
serrulate,  rough  ;  rays  minute,  2—10,  disk-fls.  5—0.    Damp  barrens,  N.  J.  and  S.    4-7f. 

22  S.  odora  Ait.  St.  terete,  smoothish,  slender ;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  abrupt  at  base, 
acute,  pellucid-punctate  ;  rays  2^,  disk-fls.  3—4.  Dry  hills  and  woods.  2— 3f.  The 
plant  is  yellowish-green,  fragrant,  and  yields  by  distillation  a  fragrant  oil. 

p.  t-etrorso.    Lvs.  linear  to  subulate,  acute,  often  twisted  ;  rays  1—3.    Ga. 

23  S.  tortifolia  Ell.  St.  rough-pubescent ;  lvs.  many,  linear,  small,  subentire,  not 
punctate,  often  twisted  at  base ;  sc.  obtuse  ;  rays  3-5,  disk-fls.  3-5.    Dry  fields,  S.    2-3f. 

24  S.  neinoralis  Ait.  Dusty-subtomentous ;  lvs.  obscurely  3-veined,  roughish,  acute, 
attenuate  at  base  ;  hds.  small ;  fls.  10—15,  rays  5—6,  conspicuous.  Dry  fields,  roadsides. 
l-2f.— Varies  with  stem  much  branched,  or  with  stem  and  panicle  simple  and  slender. 

25  S.  rupestrls  Raf.  Smooth,  slender;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  plainly  3-veined  ;  hds. 
small,  in  a  simple  panicle  ;  fls.  15,  rays  very  short.    Rocky  banks,  Ind.  Ky.    2— 3f. 

26  S.  IieavciiAvortlili  T.  &  G.  St.  minutely  downy,  very  leafy;  lvs.  smooth,  lin.- 
lanceolate,  entire  above  ;  panicle  open  ;  heads  rather  large ;  ray  and  disk  flowers  each 
10-12.     Damp  soils,  South.     2—3  feet  high. 

27  S.  Mis.souriensis  N.  Low,  simple  ;  lvs.  lance-lin.,  tapering  both  ways,  shining, 
the  lowest  oblanceolate,  with  slender  serratures  ;  rac.  small,  dense  ;  pedicels  glabrous ; 
hds.  small,  12-15-flw'd. ;  sc.  Avith  greenish  tips ;  rays  about  8.  Dry  prairies,  111.  Mo.  l-2f. 

28  S.  scrotinaWilld.  St.  terete,  striate,  tall;  lvs.  slightly  serrate,  lin. -lanceolate,  veins 
beneath  pubescent ;  ped.  pubescent ;  hds.  small,  15-20-flwd.   Low  grounds.    3-6f. 

29  S.  glgantea  Ait.  St.  striate,  tall ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  with  sharp,  spreading  serratures ; 
strongly  3-veined ;  pan.  downy-hirsute ;  hds.  15-20-flwd.  4-7f.  Generally  much  branched. 

30  S.  Canadensis  L.  St.  downy ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough  ;  hds.  very  numer- 
ous and  small;  fls.  12— 17,  rays  short  and  obscure,  about  7.  Copses,  hedges :  com.  2-5f. 

|8.  procera,  St.  and  lvs.  beneath  villous  ;  hds.  and  rays  larger.  Low  grounds.  4— 7f. 
81  S.  SUortii  T.  &  G.    St.  minutely  rough-downy;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  acute,  smooth; 

pan.  contracted,  elongated  ;  sc.  with  greenish  tips  ;  fls.  10-15,  rays  5-7.    O.  Ky.    2f. 
32  S.  gracilliina  T.  &  G.    Smooth,  slender;  lvs.  lance-spatulate,  obtuse,  to  linear, 

entire;  panicle  narrow,  hds.  9-12-flowered,  scales  obtuse ;  rays  0.    Barrens, Fla.    21". 


Okdek  70.— composite.  169 

33  S.  bracliypliylla  Chapra.  Pubescent ;  leaves  spatulate  to  round-oval,  serrulate ; 
rac.  spreading;  scales  obtuse,  rigid;  disk-fls.  3—5,  rays  0.    Dry  soils,  Ga.  Fla.    3f. 

34  S.  altisslma  L.  Hairy,  tall ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  very  veiny,  rough  and  wrinkled,  the 
lower  serrate  ;  scales  acute  ;  rays  6—8.    Fields :  common.    3— 5f.    Variable. 

35  S.  Sruinmondii  T.  &  G.  Minutely  velvety ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  broad-oval,  acute  both 
ways,  sharply  serrate,  veiny ;  scales  oblong-obtuse  ;  rays  4-5.  111.  opp.  St.  Louis.  l-2f. 

36  S.  IfiadulaN.  Rough-downy,  simple;  Ivs.  oblong-spatulate,  tapering  to  base,  ser- 
rate above,  very  rough  and  rigid;  hds.  small,  rays  5,  disk-fls.  .3-6.    HI.  to  La.    1— 9f. 

37  S.  aniplexicaiilis  T.  &  G.  Rough-pubescent,  subsimple;  Ivs.  broad-cordate  to 
ovate,  serrate  ;  petioles  wing-clasping  ;  rays  1—3.    Dry  woods,  W.  Fla.  to  La.    2— .3f. 

38  S.  ulniifolia  Willd.  Stem  glabrous,  with  hairy  branches ;  Ivs.  thin,  elliptic-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  tapering  to  base, smooth  above,  villous  beneath;  raceme  recurved- 
sprcading;  hds.  small,  scales  acute,  rays  3—4,  disk-fls.  3—4.    Thickets,  N.  and  W.    3f. 

39  S.  Boottii  Hkr.  Stem  glabrous,  with  hairy  branches ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-ovate, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  serrate  ;  pan.  long,  loose ;  hds.  middle-size,  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse ;  rays  2—5,  disk-flowers  8—12.    Sandy  soils,  S.    2— 3f.— "Varies  with  stem  downy. 

40  S.  linoidcs  Sol.  Smooth  throughout,  slender,  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  finely  ser- 
rate ;  scales  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;  hds.  small,  rays  1-^,  disk  4—5.  Bogs,  near  Bos- 
ton to  X.  J.    12—20'.    Racemes  of  the  panicle  short,  secund,  at  length  spreading. 

41  S.  OTuIslcnbergll  T.  &  G.  St.  furrowed  ;  Ivs.  smooth  both  sides,  strongly  ser- 
rate, ovate  to  lanceolate,  pointed  both  ways ;  rac.  axillary,  remote,  spreading;  hds. 
15-20-flowered,  scales  linear,  obtuse.    Damp  woods,  N.  H.  to  Pa.    2— 3f. 

42  S.  patiila  Muhl.  St.  angular-striate;  Ivs.  elliptic,  acute,  serrate,  very  rough  above, 
the  lower  oblong-spatulate  ;  panicle  loose  ;  scales  obtuse,  flowers  12-15.  N.  and  W.   3f. 

43  S.  elliptica  Ait.  Glabrous,  leafy ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  acute  both  ways,  subserrate  ;  pan. 
pyramidal ;  rays  very  short,  5—8,  disk-fls.  6—7 ;  scales  obtuse.    Marshes,  R.  I.  to  Ga. 

iS.  JtHliotUt.    Panicle  more  widely  spreadinjr.    South.    (S.  Elliottii  T.  &  G.) 

44  S.  arguta  Ait.  Strict ;  Ivs.  smooth,  unequally  serrate  with  divergent  teeth,  ob- 
long-ovate to  elliptical ;  pan.  corymbous  ;  rays  about  10,  disk-fls.  9—10;  cyp.  smooth. 
Woods,  meadows  :  common.    3f.    Plant  smooth  and  shining. 

/3.  juncea.    Leaves  lanceolate,  upper  entire  ;  rays  twice  longer  than  involucre. 

45  S.  neglecta  T.  &  G.  St.  striate  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  lower  divergent- 
serrate,  long-stalked  ;  panicle  oblong  or  pyramidal ;  rays  6—10,  disk-flowers  7—12 ; 
cypsela  smooth.    Swamps,  Me.  to  Penn.,  and  W.    3-^f.    Root  leaves  6—12'. 

46  S.  Oliiensis  Riddell.  Entirely  smooth ;  Ivs.  entire,  lanceolate,  flat,  obtuse,  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, abruptly-acute,  the  lower  on  long  stalks  ;  hds.  numerous,  large,  15-20- 
flowered,  rays  about  6.    Meadows  and  prairies.  West  N-Y.  to  Ind.  and  Wis.    2— 3f. 

47  S.  Riddellli  Frank.  Stout,  nearly  smooth;  root  Ivs.  very  long,  lance-linear,  long- 
pointed,  on  long  petioles,  the  cauline  clasping,  carinate,  acute  ;  heads  20-24-flowered, 
densely  clustered  in  the  level  corymb.    Wet  prairies,  O.  to  Mo.,  and  N.    15 — 30'. 

48  S.  corymlhosa  Ell.  Glabrous,  with  the  corymbous  branches  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  sessile, 
lance-ob'    thick,  rigid,  smooth ;  hds.  large,  rays  10,  disk-fls.  20  ;  fr.  smooth.  Ga.  4— 6f. 

49  S.  ^fouglitonii  T.  &  G.  Low,  smooth;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  acutish,  flat,  entire, 
tapering  to  base  or  petiole  ;  hds.  few,  large,  20-30-flwd.,  rays  9  or  10.  N.  Y.  Mich.  1— 2f. 

50  S.  riglda  L.  Stout,  rough-hairy ;  Ivs.  rigid,  ovate  to  oblong,  serrate,  upper  minute ; 
hds.  very  large  (4-5"),  scales  obtuse,  rays  7-10,  disk-fls.  25  + .  Dry.   Ct.,  S.  andW.  3-5f. 

5 1  S.  spitliamaea  Curt.  Low,  villous  ;  Ivs.  lance-oval  to  oblong,  thin,  sharply  serrate ; 
hds.  middle-size  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute ;  rays  6—8,  disk-fls.  15—20.  High  mts.  N.  Car. 

52  S.  lanceolata  Ait.  St.  angular,  hairy,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  entire, 
3-veined  ;  rays  minute,  about  17,  disk-fls.  10.  Meadows,  copses :  com.  2-4f.  Fragrant. 

53  S.  tenuifolia  Ph.  St.  angular,  smooth,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1- 
veined,  the  axils  leafy;  corymb  open,  loose  ;  rays  about  10.    Dry  fields,  coastward. 

27.  BIGELOVIA,  DC.    Fls.  3—4,  all  tubular,  ^  .    Rays  0.     Invol.  cy- 
lindrical, as  long  as  the  flowers.    Scales  rigid,  linear,  closely  imbricated. 


170  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

Recep.  pointed  by  a  scale-like  cusp.    Fr.  obconic,  hirsute.     Pap.  bristles  in 
one  row.     If  Glabrous,  slender.    Leaves  alternate,  entire.    Pleads  ttistigi- 
ately  corymbous,  with  yellow  flowers  and  colored  scales. 
B.  virgata  DC— Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.    1— 2f.    With  virgate  branches  from 
base.  Lvs.  uaiTowly  lin.,  1-veined,  the  cauline  lin.-spatulate.  Sc.  glutinous.  Aug. -Oct. 

28.  ISOPAPPUS,  T.  &  G.  Ray-fls.  5—13,  5  ;  disk-fls.  10—20,  $  .  Scales 
of  the  invol.  lance-subulate,  closely  imbricated.  Recep.  alveolate.  Fr.  te- 
rete, silky-villous.  Pap.  a  single  row  of  equal  capillary  bristles.  (5)  Rough- 
hairy,  branching,  with  alternate  leaves  and  loose  panicles.     Aug. — Oct. 

I.  dlvarlcatus  T.  &  G.   Scabrous,  hispid ;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  taper-pointed  each  way ; 
pcd.  slender,  naked  ;  rays  &-S,  disk-fls.  10-13;  pappus  tawny.    Dry.    Ga.  Fla.  to  Tex. 

29.  HETEROTHECA,  Cass.  Hds.  OD-flowered.  Rays  in  one  scries, 
S  ;  disk-fls.  5 .     Scales  imbricated,  appressed.    Recep.  alveolate,  fringed. 

Fr.  minutely  canescent,  of  the  ray  without  pappus  (naked),  of  the  disk  with 
a  double  pap.,  the  outer  very  short,  scale-like,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles. 
U  Hairy,  corymbously  branched,  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 
H.  scabra  DC.  St.  flexuous,  striate  ;  lvs.  scabrous,  oblong-ovate,  dentate ;  pet.  wing- 
clasping  ;  hds.  large,  rays  15-20  ;  pap.  tawny  red,  the  outer  white.   S.  2-3f.   Sept.  Oct. 

30.  OHRYSOPSIS,  Nutt.  Hds.  co-flowered.  Ray-fls.  2 ;  disk-fls.  5 . 
Invol.  imbricate.  Recep.  subalveolate,  flat.  Pap.  of  the  ray  and  disk  simi- 
lar, double,  the  exterior  short,  interior  copious,  capillary,  brownisli.  Cyp. 
haiiy,  compressed.  U  (2)  Hairy,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves  and  yel- 
low flowers.    Heads  corymbous. 

§  Leaves  linear  and  lance-linear,  grass-like,  veined.    Cypscla  linear Nos.  1 — 4 

§  Leaves  oblong.    Cj^isela  clavellate. — a  Corymbs  simple,  umbel-like Nos.  5 — t 

—a  Corj'mbs  compound  or  paniculate.  .Nos.  8-10 

1  C.  gramlnifolia  N.    Canescent  -with  long,  silky  hairs  ;  stem  leafy  to  the  top  ;  lvs. 

linear,  the  upper  reduced  ;  hds.  many,  large,  loosely  corj'mbed.   Del.  to  Fla.   2f.   Sept. 

2  C.  oligantlia  Chapm.    Canescent  with  silky  hairs ;  st.  almost  leafless  above  ;  hds. 

quite  large,  few,  on  slender  peduncles ;  lvs.  lance-lin.  Damp  sands,  Fla.  2f.   Apr.  May. 

3  C.  pinlfolia  Ell.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  narrowly  linear  to  setaceous,  rigid,  erect ;  hds.  soli- 

tary, few ;  cyp.  villous ;  pap.  reddish-brown,  the  outer  whitish.   Hiils,  Ga.   l-2f.   Sept. 

4  C  falcata  Ell.    Villous  ;  lvs.  somewhat  falcate,  spreading,  narrow ;  hds.  small,  in 

axillary  corymbs  ;  rays  .j-toothed.  Dry  sands,  Ms.  to  N.  J.  St.  S',  stout,  leafy.  Sep.  Oct. 

5  C.  Mariana  N.    Silky-arachnoid,  simple  ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth  when  old, 

the  lower  spatulate,  rather  obtuse,  upper  reduced,  acute  ;  hds.  about  7,  large,  15-20- 
rayed  ;  pcd.  and  acute  scales  glandular.     7i  Ban-ens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2f.    Sept. 

6  C.  gossypina  N.    Cottony-tomentous,  simple ;  lvs.  uniform,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 

the  lower  tapering  to  base;  hds.  few,  large  ;  ped.  short,  glandular.    @  Md.  to  Fla.  in 
barrens.    1— 2f.    Lower  leaves  rarely  sinuate-toothed.    (C.  denlala  Ell.)    Sept. 

7  C  villosa  N.    Villous-pubescent,  leafy  to  top ;  lvs.  acnte,  lower  oblong-spatiilatc, 

upper  oblong-linear,  bristly-ciliate  ;  hds.  large,  nmbel  expanded.    111.  to  Ala.    2f. 

8  C.  trlchopliylla  N.    Silky-villons,  branching,  leafy;  lvs.  oblong  to  lance-linear, 

the  lower  obtuse  ;  corymb  large ;  ped.  and  scales  smoothish.  ©Barrens,  S.  2-3f.  Sept. 

9  C  scabrella  T.  &  G.    Dusty-scabrous,  stout,  branched  :  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the 

lower  narrowed  to  base,  upper  acute  ;  corymb  large ;  ped.  glandular.    Fla.    2f.    Oct. 

IOC.  dccumbens  Chapm.   Silky-villous,  decumbent ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  with 

leafy  axils,  lower  spat.-oblong ;  hds.  very  large,  paniculate,  glandular.  Fla.  S-4{.  Nov. 


Ordeh  ;o.— composite.  171 

31.  CONYZA,  L.  GxATBANE.  Fls.  all  tubular,  those  of  the  margin  $, 
of  the  centre  s  ov  ^  .  Scales  in  several  rows.  Recep.  flat  or  convex.  Cyp. 
compressed.  Pap.  1  row  of  (red)  capil.  bristles. — Herbs  chiefly  trop.  Fls.  yel. 
C.  ambigna  DC.    Cinereous-pubescent;  lower  Ivs.  sinnate-lobed,  acute,  middle  re- 

pand-dentate,  upper  linear,  entire ;  hd?.  panicled.  Ga.  S.  Car.  Ap.-Jl.  §  (C.  sinuata  Ell.) 

32.  INULA,  L.  Elecajipane.  Hds.  many-flowered.  Invol.  imbricate. 
Ray-fls.  numerous,  2  ;  disk-fls.  5  .  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  simple,  scabrous. 
Anthers  with  3  bristles  at  base.  If  Coarse  European  herbs,  witli  alternate 
leaves  and  very  large  yellow  heads. 

I.  Heleniuiu  L.  Lvs.  amplexicaul,  ovate,  ru<?ous,  downy  beneath  ;  hds.  solitary,  ter- 
minal; sc.  ovate.  Pasturesandroadsides,  N.  Eng.  tolll.  4-Of'.  Root  lvs.  l-3f.  Jl.  Aug.  § 

33.  PLUCHEA,  DC.  Marsh  Fleabane.  Hds.  oo-flowcred ;  fls.  of 
the  margin  $  ,  of  the  centre  5  ,  but  sterile.  Invol.  imbricated.  Recep.  flat, 
naked.  Stj'.  vmdivided.  Pap.  capillary,  simple. — Strong-scented  herbs,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  coiymbs  of  purple  fls.,  and  copious,  reddish  pappus. 

1  P.  bifroiis  DC.    Pubescent,  leafy;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  acute,  finely  serrate,  cordate- 

amplexicaul,  veiny  ;  heads  in  compound,  corymbous  clusters,    it  Damp,  S.    2f. 

2  P.  caiiiphora.ta  DC.  Ivvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acute,  sessile  or 

short-petioled,  serrate  ;  fls.  in  crowded  corymbs  ;  sc.  viscid-downy,  pointed.    (I)  Salt 
marshes,  Mass.  to  Fla.    1— 3f.    Stout,  some  fleshy,  with  upright  branches.    Aug.  Sept. 

3  P.  purpuraseens  DC.    Glandular-tomentous ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  on 

slender  petioles;  hds.  on  slender  ped.;  sc.  downy,  acute,   fi)  Swamps.  l--2f.  Fla.  Sept. 

4  P.  foetida  DC.    Nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy ;  lvs.  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acu- 

minate at  each  end,  petiolate,  obtusely  subserrate ;  heads  numerous,  in  paniculate 
corymbs  ;  scales  smoothish,  acute.    2f  Open  hills,  W.  &  S.    1— 2f.    Aug.— Oct. 

34.  BACCHARIS,  L.  Groundsel  Tree.  Hds.  discoid,  $  ?  .  Invol. 
imbricate,  cylindric,  or  ovate,  with  subcoriaceous,  ovate  scales,  s  Sta. 
exserted.  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  capillary.  }^  With  alternate  leaves  and 
white  flowers  in  Autumn. 

1  B.  Iialiiuitolia  L.  Whitish-scurfy  ;  lvs.  obovate.  incisel}'-  or  rcpand-dentate  above, 

the  highest  lanceolate;  panicle  compound,  leafy;  fascicles  pedunculate,  terminal,  in 
a  dense  panicle.    Sea-coast,  Conn,  to  Fla.    6— 12f.    A  handsome  shrub. 

2  B.  glomerullflora  Pers.    Minutely  scurfy ;  lvs.  all  obovate,  very  obtuse,  rcpand- 

few-toothed  ;  heads  in  sessile,  axillary  glomerules.    Coast,  Va.  to  La.    3— Gf. 

3  B.  angustifolia  Mx.    Diffusely  branched;  lvs.  linear,  sessile,  entire;  hds.  small, 

15-20flowercd,  cylindrical,  axillary,  loosely  paniculate.    Marshes,  S.    6 — lOf. 

35.  PTEROCAULON,  Ell.  Black-root.  Hds.  many-flowered,  the 
fertile  flowers  S  ,  in  several  rows,  the  sterile  flowei-s  central,  mostly  5  .  Sc. 
imbricated,  caducous  with  the  fruit,  ?  corollas  3-toothed,  »  5-cleft.  Cyp. 
angular,  hispid.  Pap.  of  equal  capillary  bristles  longer  than  tlie  involucre. 
U  Rhizome  tuberous.  Leaves  alternate,  decurrent,  and  the  stem  winged. 
Heads  sessile,  crowded  in  a  thick  woolh"  spike. 

P.  pyolinostachyuni  Ell.  Simple;  lvs.  lanceolate,  smooth  above,  cream-white- 
tomentous  beneath,  as  well  as  one  side  of  the  wings  of  the  stem.  Sandy  soils,  S.  2-3f. 
Spike  2—3'.    May — Aug.    A  curious  plant. 

36.  BORRICHIA,  Adans.    Sea  Ox-eye.    Ray-fls.  ligulate,  ? ,  fertile. 


172  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

Scales  imbricated,  the  outer  leafy.  Eecep.  flat,  chafiFy,  the  chaff  rigid,  per- 
sistent. Fr.  4-angular,  crowned  with  a  4-toothed  pappus.  ^)  +)  Maritime, 
with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  yellow  heads. 

1  B.  frutescens  DC.   Canescent,  dcwny ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  repand,  obtnse-cuspidatc, 

subconnate  at  base  ;  chaff  of  the  recep.  rigidly  cuspidate.    Marshes,  Va.  to  Pla.    1— 3f. 

2  B.  arborescens  DC.    Smoothish;  Ivs.  spatulate,  entire;  chaff  obtuse.    S.  Fla.    8f. 

37.  ECLiIPTA,  L.  Ray-fls.  ? ,  numerous,  narrow ;  disk  $  ,  mostly  4- 
toothed.  Scales  10 — 12,  in  two  rows,  leafy,  lance-ovate.  Recep.  flat.  Chaff 
bristlj'.  Cypsela  somewhat  angular  or  2-edged.  Pap.  0.  (i)  Strigous.  Lvs. 
opposite.  Heads  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary.  Flowers  white.  Fig.  73. 
E.  alba  (L.)   Erect  or  diffuse,  with  sliort,  appressed  hairs ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  tapering  to 

each  end,  subserrate  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  hds. ;  scales  lanceolate.    Damp  soils.  111.  to 
Md.,andS.  l-3f.  Rays  minute.   (E.  erecta  L.  E.  procambens  Mx.  Cotula  alba  L.,  &c.) 

38.  GALINSOGA,  R.  &  P.  Rays  4  or  5,  small,  obtuse,  ? .  Invol. 
scales  4  or  5,  ovate,  thin.  Recep.  conical,  chaffy.  Cyp.  angular.  Pappus 
of  small,  fringed  scales,  or  0.  (J)  Leaves  opposite,  3-veined.  Heads  small, 
with  white  rays  and  yellow  disk-flowers. 

C  parTiflora  Cav.    Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  subserrate  ;  pap.  scales  8 — Ifi.    A  weed  in  cul- 
tivated grounds,  coastward,  Mass.  to  Penn.    1 — 3f.    Surtimer.    §  S.  America. 

39.  POLYMNIA,  L.  Le.vf-cup.  Involucre  double,  outer  of  4  or  5 
large,  leafy  scales,  inner  of  about  10  leaflets;  concave.  Ray-flowers  pistil- 
late, few  ;  disk  sterile.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus  none,  if  Coarse  and 
clammy.    Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  yellow. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.    Viscid-villous  ;  lvs.  petiolate,  acuminate,  lower  pinnatifid,  up- 

per 3-lobed  or  entire,  rays  shorter  than  the  invol.    Can.  to  Car.  and  HI.    3 — 5f.    June. 

2  P.  UTedwlia  L.    Hairy  and  rough,  stout ;  lvs.  3-lobed,  acute,  decurrent  into  the  pet- 

iole, lobes  sinuate-angled  ;  rays  7—12,  much  longer  than  the  involucre.    In  highland 
woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    3— 6f.    Lvs.  very  large  (as  also  in  No.  1).    Hds.  showy. 

40.  CHRYSOGONUM,  L.  Rays  about  5,  2  ,  fertile  ;  disk  5  but  ster- 
ile. Scales  in  two  rows  of  about  5  each,  the  outer  leafy,  the  inner  chaffy. 
Recep.  flat,  chaffj'.  Cyp.  of  the  ray  obcompressed,  obovate,  each  embraced 
by  a  chaff  scale,  of  the  disk  abortive.  Pappus  a  small,  2-3-toothed  crown. 
U  A  little  prostrate  herb,  with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary,  pedunculate, 
bright  yellow  vernal  flowers. 

C.  VirslniM,niim  L.— In  rich  shady  soils,  Md.  to  111.,  and  South.    Acaulescent,  finally 
caulescent.    One  of  the  earliest  flowers  of  Spring. 

41.  SIIiPHIUM,  L.  RosiN-WEED.  Ray-fls.  numerous,  in  2  or  3  rows, 
fertile,  outer  row  ligulate ;  disk-fls.  sterile.  Invol.  campanulate.  Scales  in 
several  series,  leafy  and  spreading  at  summit.  Recep.  small,  flat,  chaffy. 
Cyp.  broad,  flat,  obcompressed,  crowned  with  a  2-toothed  pappus.  H  Stout, 
coarse,  resinous  herbs.     Heads  large.    Flowers  yellow.     Summer. 

*  Stem  nearly  leafless,  scape-like.  Lvs.  very  large,  alternate,  mostly  radical Nos.  1—3 

*  Stem  leafy.— a  Leaves  verticillate,  in  whorls  of  3's,  rarely  4's Nos.  4,  5  p. 

—a  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  the  highest  scattered Nos.  5—7 

— a  Leaves  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite  or  verticillate  or  alternate)..  No.  8 
—a  Leaves  conuate-perfoliate No.  9 


Okder  70.— composite.  173 

1  S.  laciniatum  L.    Polar  Plant.   Very  rough,  with  white,  hispid  hairs ;  leaves  (180 

piunately  parted,  petiolate,  segments  siniiate-lobed  or  entire  ;  heads  spicate,  distant; 
scales  ovate,  appendaged  and  squarrous  at  apes.    Prairies,  W.    5— lOf.    July— Sept. 

2  S.  tereblntliinaceum  L.    Prairie  Burdock.    St.  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong, 

cordate,  tooth-serrate,  obtuse  (1— 2f ) ;  hds.  panicled ;  scales  round-oval :  rays  about  20 ; 
fr.  winged.  Prairies,  W.  and  S.  4 — Sf.   Exudes  much  resin.  lids.  1'  broad,  rays  1'  long. 
(3.  pinnatlRdum,    Lvs.  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  or  pinuatifld.    Prairies. 

3  S.  composltuni  Ms.    Glabrous  throughout ;  slender,  glaucous ;  lvs.  cordate,  vari- 

ously siuuate-pinnatifid  with  lobed  segments ;  hds.  corymbed  ;  fr.  roundish-obcordate ; 
rays  about  10.  Barrens,  S.  3— 6f.  July,  Aug.   Varies  with  leaves  only  toothed.   Hills. 

4  S.  trIfoIla.tuiii  L.  St.  glabrous,  terete  or  G-angled;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  short-peti- 

oled,  in  3"s  or4's,  upper  opp. ;  cyme  loose ;  fr.  oval,  2-toothed.    Dry,  O.  to  Fla.    4 — 6f. 

5  S.  intcg'i'ifoliiiiu  Ms.    Scabrous;  st.  4-angled  ;  lvs.  opp.,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 

entire,  cordate  ;  corymb  close ;  fr.  broad-winged,  2-toothed.    Prairies,  AV.  and  S.    2— 3f. 
^.  ternatum.    Stem  6-angled  ;  lvs.  verticillate  in  3"s.    With  the  common  form. 

6  S.  scaberrimiim  Ell.    Eough-hispid  ;  lvs.  rigid,  oval,  some  pointed,  serrate,  petio- 

late, scales  ciliate-serruiate  ;  fr.  roitudish,  broad-winged,  deeply  notched  at  ape.x.    VV. 
Ga.  to  La.    3 — If.    Corymbed.    Eays  20,  spreading  2'.    Fruit  6".    Aug.  Sept. 

7  S.  laevlgatuni  Ell.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  acute,  serrate,  petiolate ;  scales 

ciliate;  fruit,  large,  oval,  narrowly  winged,  emarginate.    W.  Ga.  Ala.    2 — 3f.    Heads 
small,  loosely  corymbed.    Kays  spreading,  IJ'.    Fruit  4".    Aug.  Sept. 

8  S.  Asteriscus  L.    Hispid  or  hairj';  lvs.  lanceolate,  creuate-serrate,  petiolate  ;  scales 

leafy  ;  fruit  broad-obovate,  2-toothed.    Dry  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.    2— 4f.    June— Aug. 
^.  piimihim.    Downy,  low;  leaves  elliptical ;  heads  small;  fruit  truncate. 

9  S.  perfoiiatum  L.     Cvp-i)lan(..    Stem  square  ;  leaves  large,  thin,  ovate,  forming  a 

cup  with  their  connate  bases  ;  heads  on  long  peduncles  ;  fruit  broad-obovate,  winged, 
notched.    By  streams,  W.  and  S.    4 — 7f    Heads  large.    July,  Aug. 

42.  BERLANDIERA,  DC.  Ray-fls.  ?  ,  fertile,  in  one  series ;  disk  § 
but  sterile.  Scales  in  three  series,  leafj-,  subeqiial.  Recep.  chaffy.  Pales 
obtuse.  Cyp.  all  marginal,  in  one  row,  obconiprcssed,  wingless,  obovate, 
adherent  to  the  inner  scales.  Pap.  minute,  li  Velvety-canescent,  with  alter- 
nate, cordate,  petiolate  leaves  and  yellow  rays. 

1  B.  touieiitosa  T.  &  G.    Caulescent,  simple,  white-tomentous  ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse, 

crenate;  heads  in  small,  dense  cor3Tnbs.    Barrens,  S.    1— 2f    April— Aug. 

2  B.  subacaiilis  N.    Acaulescent,  at  length  some  caulescent,  roughish  canescent ; 

lvs.  siuuate-pinnatifid  ;  scapes  tall,  bearing  a  single  head.    Ga.  Fla.    May,  June. 

43.  MADIA,  Molina.    luvol.  scales  as  many  as  the  raj-s,  complicate 
and  embracing  the  compressed  cypseloe.   Recep.  chaffy  at  its  border.   Rays 
5—15,  ?  ;  disk-iis.  ?  ,  but  often  sterile.    Pap.  0.    (i)  Haiiy  and  glandular. 
M.  ELEGANS.    Lvs.  lancc-liuear,  sessile  ;  heads  corymbed;  rays  linear-cuneate,  3-toothed 

at  apes,  yellow,  with  a  purple  base.    From  California,  very  showy.    (Madaria,  DC.) 

44.  SPHENOGYNE,  Br.  luvol.  imbricate.  Sc.  with  broad  scarious 
tips.  Recep.  chaffy,  pales  embracing  the  flowers.  Rays  neutre  ;  disk-fls. 
5.  Cj'^p.  hairy.  Pap.  of  obtuse,  contorted,  chaff-scales. — S.Afr.  Lvs.  alternate. 

S.  SPECIOSA.    Leaves  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  cut  segments  ;  rays  linear-oblong,  spread- 
ing 2',  yellow,  disk  dark  purple.    @  If.    Blooms  profusely  from  July  to  Oct. 

45.  PARTHENIUM,  L.  Rays  5,  very  short,  fertile ;  disk-fls.  oo,  tu- 
bular, sterile.    Invol.  hemispherical.     Sc.  in  two  series,  outer  ovate,  inner 


174  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

orbicular.  Recep.  conical,  chaffj\  Cyp.  5,  compressed,  cohering  with  2  con- 
tiguous pales.    Americau  herbs  with  alternate  leaves.    (Flowers  white.) 

1  P,  iiitegrifoliiim  L.    Pubescent,  rij^idly  erect ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  coarsely  dentate- 

crcnate,  coriaceous  ;  hds.  many,  corymbed.    if  Dry.  Md.,  W.  and  S.  3— 5f.    Jl. — Sept. 

2  P.  Hysteropliorus  L.    Pnberalent,  decumbent ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  the  upper  lin- 

ear ;  heads  numerous,  vei-y  small,  in  a  diffuse  panicle.    River  banks,  Fla.  to  La. 

46.  IVA,  L.  Marsh  Elder.  HicnwATER  Shrub.  lids,  discoid,  mo- 
ncEcious.  Invol.  of  3 — 9  scales,  distinct  or  partly  united.  Marginal  fls. 
1 — 5,  fertile,  the  others  sterile.  Recep.  chaflFy.  Cyp.  obconic,  obtuse.  Pap. 
none.    Herbs  or  shrubs.    Lower  Its.  opposite.    Hds.  small,  greenish  white. 

1  I.  frutesccns  L.    Shrubby;  Ivs.  fleshj',  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  upper  lance- 

linear,  entire  ;  hds.  axillary  ;  scales  5,  distinct,  rounded  ;  cypseloe  5.    Borders  of  salt 
marshes,  Mass.  to  Fla.  3— 8f.  bushy.  Racemes  paniculate,  hds.  drooping.  July— Sept. 

2  I.  ciliata  Willd.    Annua!,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  hds. 

spicate;  sc.  3,  distinct,  roundish,  ciliate;  cyp.  .3.    Wet.    111.  to  La.    3— Tf.    Aug.— Oct. 
\i  I.  iiubricaria  Walt.    2f  Terete,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  linear-lanceolate.  3-veined, 
sessile ;  heads  drooping,  in  leafy  racemes  ;  scales  0 — 9,  obtuse,  imbricated  in  2  rows, 
with  torn  edges.    Sea-coast,  S.    1— 2f. 

47.  AMBROSIA,  Tourn.  Horse- weed.  3Ioncecions.  Sterile  involucre 
of  several  scales  united  into  a  depressed,  hemispherical  cup,  many-flowered. 
Anth.  approximate,  but  distinct.  Fertile  involucre  1-leaved,  entire  or  5- 
toothed,  1-flovvercd.  Cor.  0.  Sty.  2.  Sta.  0. — Herbaceous  plants  with  mostly 
opposite  leaves  and  unsightly  flowers.     July — Sept.    Figs.  73,  342. 

§  Sterile  heads  sessile,  densely  spicate,  chaffy.    Leaves  alternate No.  1 

§  Sterile  heads  pedicellate,  racemed,  not  chafly.— a  Leaves  opposite No.  2 

—a  Leaves  alternate Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  bidcntata  Mx.    Hairy  and  leafy,  with  simple  branches  ;  Ivs.  sessile  or  clasping, 

oblDug,  with  a  single  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base  ;  fertile  hds.  axillary  ;  fr.  4-au- 
gled,  acutely  pointed,  the  ribs  produced  into4  short  spines.  ®  Prairies,  111.  to  La.  l-3f. 

2  A.  trifida  L.    Eough-hairy;  Ivs.  3-lobed,  serrate,  lobes  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate ; 

fr.  with  6  ribs  ending  below  the  conical  top.    ®  Along  streams,  &c.    5— lOf.    Aug. 
;8.  integ-rifblia.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed. 

3  A.  artemislaefolia  L.    Ilog-tceed.    Lvs.  twlce-pinnatifid,  smoothish,  petioles  cili- 

ate  ;  sterile  hds.  in  paniclcd  racemes,  fertile  axillary,  sessile.    ®  Gardens,  fields.  2-3f. 

4  A.  psllostacbya  DC.    Whitish,  woolly,  branching  and  lea.'y ;  lvs.  rigid,  the  lower 

opp.,  bipinnatifid,  upper  pinnatifld ;  rac.  spike-like ;  fr.  hairy.  ©Prairies,  Wis.  to  Tex. 

48.  XANTHIUM,  Tourn.  Clot-weed.  Monoecious.  ^  Hds.  spicate 
above.  Scales  distinct,  in  one  row.  Anth.  approximate,  but  distinct.  Recep. 
chafiy.  2  Invol.  clustered  below,  2-lvd.,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  1-  or 
2-beaked,  enclosing  2  fls.     Sta.  0.    (i)  Coaree  weeds  with  alternate  leaves. 

1  X.  StrumaHuni  L.    Rough,  unarmed,  branching;  lvs.  cordate,  lobed,  3-veined,  un- 

equally serrate ;  fruit  elliptical,  armed  with  stiff,  hooked  thorns,  and  ending  with  2 
spreading,  straight  h(.rus.    Fields,  waysides,  N.,  M.    2— 3f.    Aug.    Unsightly. 

2  X.  splnosuni  L.    Whitish-downy,  armed  with  triple,  slender,  siibaxillary  spines; 

lvs.  lance-ovate,  3-lobed,  dentate,  or  enth-e ;  ?  invol.  oblong.  Waysides,  &c.  2f.  Sept. 

49.  MELANTHERA,  Cass.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .  Scales  in  2  subequal 
series.   Recep.  chuft'y,  the  pales  partly  investing  the  fls.  Cyp.  short,  truncate, 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  175 

angular.  Pap.  a  Ictt  minute  caducous  awns  or  bristles.  U  Scabrous,  -with 
square  stems,  opposite,  petioled,  3-Ycined  leaves  aud  long  peduncled  heads. 
Corolla  Avhite.     Anthers  black,  tipped  with  a  white  appendage. 

1  M.  liasta.ta  Mx.    Lvs.  hastately  .?-Iobed,  acnminate,  dentate  ;  sc.  lance-ovate,  acu- 

minate, pale?  rigid,  cusp-pointed.    Dry  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  and  W.  3 — 6f.  Jl.— Sept. 

2  ]TI.  deltoidea  Ms.    Lvs.  ovate-deltoid ;  scales  ovate  ;  pales  or  chaff  obtuse.    S.  Fia. 

50.  ZINNIA,  L.  Ray-fls.  ligulate,  ?  ;  disk  tabular,  ^  .  Sc.  oval,  mar- 
gined, imbricate.  Reccp.  chaffj^  conical.  Pap.  of  the  disk  of  1  or  3  erect, 
flat  awns,  (j)  American  herbs,  with  opposite,  entire  leaves  aud  solitary 
terminal  heads.     Rays  bright-colored,  showy. 

1  Z.  niultlflora  L.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  sess. ;  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  lvs.  ; 

rays  oval,  shorter  than  the  iuvol. ;  fr.  l-awned  ;  pales  entire.  Fields,  S.  6'-2f.  May,  Ju.  § 

2  Z.  ELEGANS  L.    Lvs.  ovatc,  cordate,  sessile  and  clasping  ;  peduncles  much  longer  than 

the  leaves  ;  pales  serrated;  fruit  2-awncd.    Mexico.    2 — 4f.    Fls.  single  or  double,  of 
all  colors,  often  brilliant,  blooming  in  gardens  throughout  the  Summer. 

51.  HSIilOPSIS,  Pers.  0.x-eye.  Invol.  imbricate,  y,\hh  ovate,  sub- 
equal  scales.  Rays  linear,  large,  S ;  disk  5 .  Recep.  chalfj',  conical,  the 
pales  lanceolate.  Fruit  4-sided.  Pappus  0.  if  Leaves  opposite.  Heads 
large.    Flowers  yellow,  like  Helianthus. 

H.  IjEVis  Pers.    St.  smooth;  lvs.  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  sen-ate,  petiolate, 
3-veiued,  smooth  beneath.    Hedges  and  thickets  :  common.    3 — 5f.    June,  July. 
^.  s-i'dcilis.    Slender,  2f ;  lvs.  lancc-ovate,  scabrous,  acute  at  base, 
y.  ecabra.    Stem  and  leaves  scabrous,  yellowish  ;  leaves  truncate  at  base.    W.    6f. 

52.  TETRAGONOTHECA,  Dill.  Hds.  radiate.  Invol.  double,  the 
outer  of  4  leafy  bracts  united  at  base,  the  inner  of  8  small  scales  similar  to 
the  chatf  of  the  conical  receptacle.  Ach.  smooth,  truncate,  destitute  of 
pappus.  %  Clothed  with  viscid  hairs,  opposite  leaves,  with  1  or  few  yel- 
low-flowered, large  heads,  on  long  peduncles. 

T.  lieliantlnoides  L.— Sandy  soils.  Va.,  and  S.    3f,    A  stout,  coarse,  unsightly  herb. 
Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  repand-toothed.    Kays  spreading  nearly  3'.    April— June. 

53.  ECHINACEA,  Mcench.  Purple  Cone-flower.  Scales  of  the 
invol.  in  2  or  3  rows.  Raj'-fls.  neutral ;  disk-fls.  5  .  Recep.  conic,  bristling 
with  stiff,  spiny  pales.  Cyp.  4-angled.  Pap.  a  few  teeth,  if  Branches  each 
with  1  large  head.    Leaves  alternate.    Rays  rose-purple,  drooping. 

1  E.  purpurea  Mcench.    A'ery  rough  ;  lower  lvs.  broad-ovate,  5-vcine.1,  cauline  lance- 

ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire  ;  rays  12 — 15,  very  long  (2 — 3'),  bifid.   Thickets,  W.  and 
S.    4f.    July-Sept. — Varies  in  roughness,  and  with  white  rays. 

2  E.  angustifolla  DC.    St.  hispid,  slender;  lvs.  all  entire,  hispid-pubescent,  S-vein- 

ed,  lanceolate  to  lance-linear;  rays  12—15,  narrow,  1—2'  long.    Prairies  and  marshes, 
111.  Mo.,  and  S.    2— 3f.    Pays  sometimes  white.    May— July,    (See  Addenda.) 

3  E.  atroriibcus  N.    Smooth  or  rough ;  stem  simple,  furrowed ;  lvs.  lance-linear  to 

linear,  rigid,  the  lower  3-veined ;  rays  S— 11,  shorter  than  the  disk  (1') ;  scales  in  3 
rows  ;  pappus  of  4  teeth.    Damp  barrens,  Ga.  Fla.,  and  W.    2f.    June— Aug. 

54.  RUDBECKIA,  L.  Livol.  scales  nearly  equal,  leafj^  in  a  double 
row,  G  in  each.     Ray-fls.  neutral ;  disk  y  .    Recep.  conic  or  columnar,  with 


176  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

unarmed  pales  or  chaff.     Cyp.  4-angled.    Pap.  a  lacerate  or  toothed  mar- 
gin, or  0.     U  Leaves  alternate.    Heads  large.    Rays  yellow. 

§  Eays  large,  drooping. — a  Leaves  divided.    Disls  ovoid  or  rounded Nos.  1,  2 

—a  Leaves  undivided.    Disk  columnar Nos.  3,  4 

§  Eaj's  spreading.    Disli  dark  purple,  conical  or  rounded. .  .(6) 

b  Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  parted,  the  upper  undivided Nos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  undivided. — c  Pales  of  the  disk  whitish  downy Nos.  7,  8 

— c  Pales  dark  purple  as  well  as  the  flowers Nos.  9 — 12 

1  R,  laclniata  L.    Glabrous;  lower  leaves  pinnate,  segments  3-lobed,  upper  leaves 

ovate  ;  disk  ovoid,  yellowish,  pales  truncate.    Swamps.    3— 5f.    Rays  near  2'.    Aug. 

2  R.  lieterophylla  T.  &  G.    Downy;  Ivs.  coarsely  toothed,  3-5-lobed  or  parted,  the 

lowest  often  round-cordate,  highest  ovate  ;  disk  globous  ;  pales  acute.  Fla.  4f.   Aug. 

3  R.  maxima  N.    Glabrous;  leaves  thin,  ample,  oval  to  oblong,  subentire,  the  upper 

clasping  ;  head  solitary,  on  a  long  ped. ;  rays  2'.    Wet  barrens,  Fla.  to  La.    7f.    Aug. 

4  R.  nitida  N.    Glabrous  and  shining;  leaves  thick,  lanceolate,  acute,  3-5-vcined; 

heads  few  or  solitary ;  disk  brown  ;  raj's  9 — 12,  near  2'.    Swamps,  S.    4f.    July. 

5  R.  subtomentosa  Ph.    Tomentous-downy,  coi-ymbous  ;  leaves  serrate,  the  lower 

3-parted  or  lobed,  upper  ovate;  disk  globular;  pales  bearded,  obtuse ;  rays  10—15, 
orange-yellow,  1'.    Prairies,  W.  and  S-W.    3— 5f.    July,  Aug. 

6  R.  triloba  L.    Hairy,  paniculately  branched  ;  Ivs.  coarsely  serrate,  3-lobed  to  ovate- 

lanceolate,  the  lowest  cut-pinnate  or  undivided  ;  hds.  rather  small,  disk  conical,  dark 
purple  ;  pales  smooth,  awned.    Fields.    M.,  W.    3 — if.    Aug.  Sept. 

7  R.  mollis  Ell.    Soft-woolly  all  over ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile  or  clasping ;  sc.  reflexed  ; 

disk  dark  purp.,with  canescent  pales  ;  rays  15-20, 1'.  W.  Ga.  2-.3f.  Lvs.  small.  Aug.-Oct. 

8  R.  Hcliopsidis  T.  &  G.    Slightly  downy  ;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  5-veined,  peliolate  ; 

sc.  obtuse,  squarrous,  rays  10— 12 ;  pales  canescent.  W.  Ga.  and  Ala.   l-2f.  Aug.  Sept. 

9  R.  liirta  L.    Very  rough-hairy ;  ped.  leafless  ;  lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  3-veined,  petio- 

late,  mostly  entire,  upper  ones  sessile,  lance-ovate  ;  scales  in  3  rows  ;  rays  oval,  12—15  ; 
disk  rounded,  dark  brown  ;  pales  bearded.    Fields.    2f.    Showy.    July— Sept. 

10  R.  falgida  Ait.  Rough-hirsute;  branches  leafless  above;  lvs.  ovate  to  lance-ob- 
long, remotely  dentate,  lower  petiolate  ;  scales  oblong,  spreading  as  long  as  the  12—14 
orange  rays ;  pales  glabrous,  lin.-oblong,  obtuse.  Mts.  Pa.  to  O.,  and  S.  l-3f.  July-Oct. 

11  R.  speciosa  Wend.  Hairy  and  downy ;  branches  slender,  leafless  above  ;  lvs.  strong- 
ly dentate,  acuminate,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  5-3-veined,  lower  long-petiolate  ;  sc.  much 
shorter  than  the  18  rays  ;  pales  smooth,  acute.    111.  to  Va.    2^f.    Aug.— Oct. 

12  R.  AMPLEXiPOLiA.  (i)  Branching,  glabrous;  lvs.  cordate-clasping;  rays  spotted  at 
ba.se,  brilliant.    La.    (Dracopsis.) 

55.  LEPACHYS,  Raf.  Invol.  in  one  series  of  linear  scales.  Ray-fls. 
few,  neutral ;  disk  5  .  Recep.  columnar,  chaffy.  Chaff  obtuse,  and  bearded 
at  apex.  Pap.  0.  Fertile  achenia  compressed,  1-3-winged.  U  Lvs.  alter- 
nate, pinnately  divided.   Hds.  with  long,  drooping,  yellow  rays.  June-Sept. 

1  L..  pinnata  T.  &  G.    Rough  ;  lvs.  all  pinnate,  divisions  5—7,  2-parted  or  entire ; 

rays  light  yellow,  twice  longer  than  the  ovoid  yellowish  disk.  W.  N-Y.,  W.  and  S.  2-4f. 

2  li.  columnaris.    Rough,  branching;  root  lvs.  undivided,  oblanceolate :  stem  lvs. 

pinnatifld  ;  disk  nearly  2'  long,  longer  than  the  5—8  broad  rays,  which,  in  Variety  pul- 
cherrima,  are  crimson,  tipped  \vith  yellow.    Montana.    2f. 

56.  HELIANTHUS,  L.  Sun-flower.  Ray-fls.  neutral ;  disk  $.  Sc. 
of  the  invol.  imbricated  in  several  series.  Recep.  flat  or  convex,  the  chaflF 
persistent,  embracing  the  fruit.  Pap.  of  2  or  4  chafiy  awns,  mostly  decidu- 
ous.   Fruit  compressed  or  4-angled.    ®  U  Rough.    Lvs.  opposite,  the  up- 


Okuer  70.— composite.  177 

per  often  alternate,  mostly  tripli-veined.    Rays  yellow  ;  disk  yellow  or  pur- 
ple :  in  late  Summer  and  Autumn.    Figs.  74,  261,  433-4. 

§  Helianthella  (T.  &  G.)    Pap.  pemstent.    Lvs.  scattered,  1-veined Xos.  24,  25 

§  Heliastuvs proper.    Pappus  deciduous.    Lower  leaves  opposite.  .(*) 

*  Disk  (its  corollas  aud  pales)  dark  purple,  mostly  convex.,  .(a) 

a  Herbs  annual.    Leaves  chiefly  alternate Nos.  1,  2 

a  Herbs  perennial.    Leaves  opposite.— e  Scales  acuminate Nos.  3—5 

—e  So.  obtuse  or  barely  acute.  .Nos.  6,  7 

*  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pales)  yellow. . .  (6) 

b  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  feather-veined Nos.  S— 11 

d  Leaves  chiefly  opposite  and  .3-veincd  or  tripli-veined..  .(c) 

.  c  Scales  erect,  closely  imbricated.—/  Plants  green,  rough Nos.  12,  1-3 

/  — /  Plants  whitish,  downy. .  .Nos.  14,  15 

c  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  large,  9-t5-rayed. .  .(<^ 

d  Scales  lance-linear,  longer  than  disk.    Leaves  thin Nos.  Ifi,  17 

d  Scales  lance-ovate,  as  long  as  tlie  disk.    Leaves  thick. .  .Nos.  IS— 21 
c  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  small,  5-S-rayed Nos.  22,  23 

1  H.  annuus  L.    G)-eat  SvnJIoicer.   Erect,  stout ;  lvs.  all  cordate,  only  the  lowest  op- 

posite ;  hds.  very  large  (G— 12'),  nodding ;  fr.  glabrous.  Gardens  and  fields.   2— lOf.  §  S. 
America.— A  variety  with  the  flowers  all  ligulate  is  sometimes  found  in  gardens. 

2  H.  debilis  N.    Decumbent,  slender;  leavesmostly  alternate,  ovate,  serrulate,  petio- 

late  ;  hds.  small ;  scales  with  slender  points  ;  fr.  pubescent.  Shores,  E.  Fla.  to  La.  l-2f. 

3  H.  Radiila  T.  &  G.    Hirsute,  simple,  bearing  a  single  head  ;  lvs.  roundish-obovate 

or  ovate,  obtuse  ;  scales  and  pales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  erect ;  rays  7 — 10,  rarely  0. 
71  Barrens,  Ga.  Fla.  Ala.    1 — 3f.    Often  growing  in  clusters.    Hds.  near  1'.    Aug.  Sept. 

4  H.  licteropliyllus  N.    Slightly  hispid,  slender,  bearing  a  single  head ;  lvs.  entire, 

the  lower  oval,  upper  linear-lanceolate  ;  scales  acuminate,  erect,  ciliate  ;  pales  acute  ; 
rays  12— IS.     n  S.    1— ':2f.    Heads  G"  diam.,  rays  spreading  ^'.    Aug.  Sept. 

5  H.  aiign^itlloliiis  L.    Erect,  slender,  scabrous  or  hispid  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  taper- 

ing to  a  long  point,  1-vcined,  rigid;  heads  few;  scales  lance-linear,  the  long  point 
spreading  ;  pales  linear,  3-tootbed.    Dry  soils.    N.  J.,  Ky.  and  S.    2— 3f.    Aug.— Oct. 

6  H.  TEgldiis  Desf.    Rigid,  subsimplc  :  lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed,  rough  both  sides ;  hds. 

few  ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  short ;  rays  12—20.    Prairies,  Wis.  Mo.  to  La.    2— 3f. 

7  H.  atrorikbeiis  L.    Ped.  few,  long,  leafless  ;  st.  hirsute  below;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval, 

obtusish,  on  winged  petioles  ;  sc.  oblong,  obtuse,  3-veined.   Dry  soils.   S.   2— 4f. 

8  H.  giganteus  L.    Rough  or  hairy ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed,  on  ciliate,  wing- 

ed petioles ;  scales  lance-linear,  ciliate  ;  raj's  12—20 ;  pappus  of  2  short,  fringed  scales 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.    4— lOf.— Varies  with  the  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

9  H.  tonieiitosiis  Mx.    Stout,  pubescent,  branched ;  lvs.  ovate  to  long-lanceolate, 

acuminate,  subentire,  the  lower  petiolate ;  scales  long-pointed,  villous,  spreading ; 
pales  hairy  and  3-toothed  at  top.    Dry  hills,  111.  to  Ga.    4— Sf.    Rays  15". 

1 0  H.  gro.sse-serratiis  Martens.  St.  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  downy  beneath,  on  winged  stalks:  scales 
loose,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  15—20.    W.  and  S.    4— Cf. 

11  H.  tnberosiis  L.  Jervsalem  Artichoke.  Root  bearing  oblong  tubers  ;  lvs.  cordate- 
ovate  to  ovate,  acuminate  ;  petioles  ciliate.    Fields,  hedges.    4f.    §  Brazil. 

12  H.  lastillorns  Pers.  St.  branched  above  ;  lvs.  thick,  lance-oval,  pointed,  serrate, 
on  short  stalks  ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate  ;  rays  12—20,  2'.   Woods,  W.  and  S-W.    3 — 4f. 

13  H.  occidentalis  Ridtlcll.  Slendei-,  simple,  nearly  naked  above;  lvs.  oval,  sub- 
serrate,  on  long  haiiy  petioles ;  hds.  1—5,  small ;  scales  lance-oval.    Sandy.    W.    Sf. 

14  H.  mollis  Lam.  Canescent-tomentous,  subsimple ;  lvs.  ovate,  sec-eile,  cordate- 
clasping,  acuminate;  sc.  lanceolate  ;  pales  entire,  acute ;  rays  15—2.5.    O.  to  Mo.  2— 4f. 

15  H.  C'lnereus,  /3.  Sullivtintii  (T.  &  G.)  Cinereous-pubescent;  stem  virgate, 
branched  above  ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  the  lower  to  a  winged 
petiole ;  pales  pointed,  with  2  lateral  teeth  ;  rays  about  20.    Ohio.    2— 3f. 

12 


178  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

1 6  II.  dccapetalus  L.  Lvs.  all  opposite,  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed,  on  winged 
italics,  scabious  above,  smoothish  beneath.— Varies  with  the  invol.  scales  enlarged 
and  leaflikc,  or  only  lance-linear.    Can.  to  Pcnn.    3— 4f. 

17  H.  traclieliilolius  Willd.  Branch  Ivs.  alteraate,  thin,  appressed-scrrate,  acumi- 
nate, all  ovate  to  lance-linear  ;  pales  3-toothed  ;  rays  12—15.    Thickets,  W.    3 — 8f. 

18  H.  itoroiiicoides  Lam.  Branching;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  per- 
rate  ;  scales  lance-linear  ;  rays  12—15, 1*',  very  showy.    W.  and  S.    4 — 7f. 

p.  piena-Hora,    Flowers  all  ligulate.    Gardens.    Very  handsome. 

19  H.  strumosus  L.  Smooth  below;  Ivs.  all  similar,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrulate;  heads  few,  about  10-rayed ;  scales  ciliatc,  squan-ous.    Swamps.    2— of. 

20  H.  Iiirstitiis  Eaf.  St.  simple  or  forked,  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
eubserrate,  hirsute  beneath  ;  scales  lance-ovate,  hairy ;  rays  11—15.  Dry,  W.  and  S.  6f. 

fi.  piibcscens.    Loaves  tomentous  beneath,  subsessile.    (H.  pubescens  Hook.) 

21  H.  divarica,4iis  L.  St.  smooth,  simple,  or  forked  ;  Ivs.  rough,  lance-ovate,  long- 
pointed  from  an  abrapt  sessile  base  ;  heads  few,  corymbons.    Woods,  &c.    4 — 5f. 

p.  ?  sci'.berrtmvs.    Stem  subsimple  :  leaves  thick,  exceedingly  rough  and  rigid, 
opposite  or  ternately  verticillate,  rounded  at  base.    W. 

22  H.  inicrooeiJlialus  T.  &  G.  St.  smooth  or  hispid,  branched;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  rough  above,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  scales 
lanceolate;  rays  5— 8,  spreading  1'.    Drj-,  W.  andS.    3— 5f.  (H.  Schweinitzii  T.  &  G.) 

23  H.  loiigiiolins  Ph.  Smooth  throughout,  branching ;  Ivs.  lancc-oblong  to  lance- 
linear,  acute,  the  lowest  petiolate,  serrulate;  heads  few;  scales  ovate-lanceolate- 
rays  C-10,  spreading  li— 2'.    Damp.    S.    3— 5f.    (il.  hevigatus  T.  &  G.) 

24  H.  grandifloriis.  Rough-downy  ;  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.  1—2',  lancc-linear,  sessile ; 
scales  lanceolate,  loose  ;  rays  15 — 20,  near  2' ;  pappus  2  fringed  scales.    E.  Fla.    3f. 

25  H.  teiiuifoliiis.  Rough-hairy,  simple  ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear  ;  scales  lance-subulatc, 
loose  ;  rays  10—13  (15") ;  pappus  2—4  awns.    AV.  Fla.    1— 2f.    Leaves  2—3'.    July. 

57.  ACTINOMERIS,  Niitt.  Heads  many-flwd. ;  ray-fls.  4—14,  rarely 
0.  Invol.  scales  foliaceous,  subequal,  in  1 — 3  series.  Recep.  conical  or  con- 
vex, ciiaflFy.  Acb.  compressed,  flat,  obovate,  mostlj'  "winged  and  2-a-\vned. 
If  Plants  tall,  Avitb  3-veined,  serrate  leaves.  Heads  corymbous.  Rays 
when  present  yellow.    Autumn. 

§  AcTiMEKis.    Pappus  of  2  awns.    Stems  tall,  corymbous . . .  («) 

§  AcH^TA.    Pappus  wanting.    C.ypsela  winged.    Stems  low,  simple.    Ju.  Jl No.  1 

a  Kays  wanting.    Disk  corollas  white.    Stem  narrowly  winged No.  2 

a  Rays  4—14,  flowers  all  yellow.    Scales  in  2  or  3  series Nos.  3—5 

1  A.  paiiciflora  N.  Lvs.  opp.  or  alternate,  lanceolate  to  elliptical,  rigid,  obtuse  ;  hds. 

1—3.  discoid,  yellow ;  fr.  narrowly  winged,  the  disk  cupshaped.    Barrens,  Fla.    1— 2f. 

2  A.  alba  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  both  ways,  serrulate;  gcales  lance- 

linear,  few,  in  one  series  ;  fruit  broadly  winged.    S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    7f. 

3  A.  lieliantlioides  N.    Stem  winged;  lvs.  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  decurrent, 

acuminate,  serrate,  rough,  hairy ;   rays  1'  long,  6—14,  unequal ;  scales  erect ;  fruit 
narrowly  winged.    Copses,  prairies,  Ohio  to  Ga.,  and  W.    2 — ^^If.    June,  July. 

4  A .  squarrosa  N.    Stem  winged,  tall  ((i— lOf) ;  lvs.  alternate,  some  opposite,  lance- 

oblong,  long  (6—14'),  pointed  both  ways,  decurrent ;  heads  small ;  scales  spreading  or 
deflcxed  ;  rays  4—8,  regular,  short.    Alluvion,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Homely. 

5  A.  nndicaulis  N.    Stem  wingless,  branched  and  leafless  above  ;  lvs.  oblong,  un- 

equally serrate,  closely  sessile ;  rays  T— 12,  broadly  winged.    Ga.  Fla.  Ala.    2— 3f. 

58.  COREOPSIS,  L.  Tick-seed.  Rays  about  8,  rarely  0.  Involucre 
double,  eacb  G-12-leavcd.  Recep.  cbaffy.  Cyp.  obcompresscd,  emarginate, 
eacli  commonly  with  a  2-toothed,  upwardly-hispid  pappus,  sometimea 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  179 

none.    Loaves  mostly  opposite.    Rays  usually  yellow ;  disk-flo-R-ers  yellow 
or  dark  purple. 
§  Corollas  of  the  disk  dark  pnrple..  .(rt) 

a  Eay-flowcrs  yellow  with  a  purple  base.    Achenia  incurved Nos.  1—3 

a  E;iy-flowers  wholly  yellow.  Achenia  not  incurved,  S-a^\Tied.  Summer Xos.  4—6 

§  Corollas  of  the  disk  yellow.    Kays  rose-colored.    Leaves  simple Xos.  7,  8 

§  Corollas  of  the  disk  and  ray  all  yellow  (disk  brownish  in  Ko.  9). . .  {b) 

b  Leaves  sessile,  divided  often  so  as  to  appear  verticillate Nos.  9—12 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  never  serrate,— c  pinnate  with  lance-linear  segments. .Nos.  13, 14 

—c  simple,  or  rarely  auricled  below Nos.  1.5,  16 

ft  Leaves  petiolate,  serrated,- c?  simple.    Achenia  awns  obsolete Nos.  IT,  IS 

—d  compound.— e  Rays  about  S Nos.  19— ?1 

—e  Rays  wanting Nos.  22,  23 

1  C.  DnuMiioNDir.    (i)  Pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinuately  (l-5)-divided ;  segm.  oval  or  oblong, 

entire ;  sc.  lance-acuminate  ;  rays  unequally  5-toothed.  Tex.  l-2f.  Raysampk-,  ehowy. 
^.  alfosang'uinea,  A  garden  variety,  with  the  rays  wholly  dark  purple.  Jul}--Oct. 

2  C.  TixcTOKiA.    (D  Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  some  pinnate ;  lobes  lin. -oblong  and  linear ; 

scales  very  short,  acute ;  rays  3-lobed  at  apex.    Nebraska.    l-3f.    Beautiful.    Summer. 

3  C  Atkinsoniana.    %  Lf  lobes  linear-spatulate  to  linear;  sc.  oblong,  obtuse  ;  rays  3- 

lobed ;  fr.  distinctly  winged.   Columbia  River,  Oreg.  lids,  handsome,  like  C.  tinctoria. 

4  C  gladla.ta  Walt.    St.  terete ;  Ivs.  alternate,  thick,  some  tcrnately  divided,  lance- 

oblong  to  lance-linear  ;  outer  scales  lance-ovate  ;  fr.  fringed,  awns  2,  slender;  raj's  3- 
toothed  at  the  dilated  apex.    Moist  ban-ens,  S.    2— 3f.    Heads  several,  corymbed. 

5  C  angustifolia  Ait.    St.  square  ;  Ivs.  opposite  (mostly),  undivided,  spatnlate  to  lin- 

ear, obtuse  :  outer  sc.  ovate,  obtuse  :  fr.  wing-fringed,  awns  2,  short ;  rays  3-lobed.    S. 

6  €.  JEiuieri  Ell.    St.  angular  above  ;  Ivs.  opp.,  lance-ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  outer  scales 

oblong,  obtuse ;  fruit  margined,  ciliate,  the  2  awns  very  short.    Ga.  (Elliott)  and  Fla. 

7  C.  nudata  Nutt.   Very  slender ;  Ivs.  few,  terete,  rush-like,  alternate,  the  lower  very 

long  ;  hds.  few  ;  rays  wedge-obovate,  crenate-lobed  at  apex.    2f  Swamps.  Ga.  Fla.    2f, 

S  C.  rosea  N.    Branching;  Ivs.  opp.,  1-veined,  linear;  ped.  short ;  outer  sc.  veiy  short; 

rays  oblong,  obscurely  tridentate.  2;  Wet  grounds,  Ms.  to  Ga.  8-lG'.  Delicate.  Jl.  Aug. 

9  C.  seuifolia  Mx.    Minutely  downy  or  glabrous;  Ivs.  opposite,  ternate.  sessile,  ap- 

pearing in  whorls  of  6;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate  or  even  to 
luiear  ;  scales  downy,  obtuse  ;  rays  entire.    2i  Drj',  Va.  Ky.  to  Ga.    1 — 2f.    July,  Aug. 

10  C  delpliinifoila  Lam.  Lvs.  opp.,  sessile,  divided  into  Ifts.  which  are  each  again 
2-5-parted ;  seg.  linear,  entire,  acute ;  disk-fls.  brown  at  the  tips,  n  Va.  to  Fla.  2f.  Aug. 

lie.  vertieiilata  L.  Branched ;  Ivs.  3-divided,  closely  sessile,  the  divisions  1-2-pin 
nately-partcd  ;  seg.  filiform-lin. ;  rays  1-3-toothed.  -n  Moist,  Md.  to  Ga.  l-3f.  Jn.-Aug. 

12  c.  palniata  N.  St.  angled,  striate,  leafy  to  top  ;  Ivs.  sessile,  deeply  .3-cleft,  rigid  • 
lobes  linear,  acutish,  entire  or  again  cleft;  fr.  linear-elliptic.  2i  Prairies,  W.  1-2.  July. 

13  C,  trtpteris  L.  St.  simple,  tall,  corymbous  ;  Ivs.  opp.,  stalked,  thick,  3-5-divided: 
seg.  lin. -lanceolate,  entire,  acute ;  hds.  small ;  rays  obtuse,   n  Dry,  W.  and  S.  4-8f.  Jl. 

14  C.  grandiflbra  N.  St.  low ;  hds.  solitarj',  large,  on  long  naked  stalks  ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, mostly  divided  into  lance-lin.  seg.;  rays4-5-cleft.  •«  Mo.  to  Tex.  Much  like  No. 15. 

15  C.  laiiceolata  L.  Ascending;  lower  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  upper  lanceolate,  all  entire; 
heads  solitary,  on  long  naked  peduncles ;  rays  4-5-toothed.  ix  Damp  soils.  West  and 
South.    Head  shov>-y.    Rays  about  8,  spreading  2'  or  more.    June— Aug.    t 

16  C.  auriculata  L.  Lower  Ivs.  round-ovate,  petiolate,  some  of  them  with  2  small 
lateral  segm.  (auriculate)  at  base,  tiie  upper  oblong,  subsessOe  ;  hds.  few,  on  long  ped., 
outer  scales  oblong-linear.    Dry  soils.  111.  to  Va.,  and  S.    1 — 3f.    Jlay — Aug. 

17  C.  lattfblia  Mx.  Very  glabrous,  tall;  Ivs.  thin,  opp.,  ovate  to  oblong,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed  ;  hds.  small,  rays  5  or  C,  entire,  large  ;  sc.  lin.,  spreading.  Mts.  S.  Aug. 

ISC.  arguta  Ph.  Stem  strict;  Ivs.  simple,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  petiolate,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate  ;  scales  oblong ;  rays  9—12,  3-toothcd  ;  awns  obsolete.  Hills,  S.  2— 5f. 


180  Okdek  70.— composite. 

19  C  aurea  Ait.  Lowerlvs.pinnately  divided,  upper  temately,  or  simple  ;  Ifit^.  ov. -tie 
to  lance-linear,  serrate;  rays  6— 9,  obtuse;  fruit  toothed.   Ditches,  S.   2-4f.   Aug. -Oct. 

20  C.  aristosa  Mx.  Sparingly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinuately  5-9-parted,  segm.  lance-lin., 
incised;  hds.  small,  rays  large;  outer  scales  10— ]2,  linear;  awns  slender,  spreading:, 
as  long  as  the  fruit.  ©  Low  woods,  W.  2— 3f.  Kays  expanding  18".  Aug.— Oct.— 
Varies  with  the  outer  involucre  leafy ;  and  with  the  awns  short,  &c. 

21  C.  trlcliosperma  Mx.  Stem  glabrous,  square,  dichotomous  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5-T- 
parted,  segm.  lanceolate,  cut ;  rays  entire,  large  ;  cyp.  narrowly  cuneatc,  with  2  short, 
stout  awns.  ®  Wet  grounds,  Mass.  to  111.  (J. Wolf),  and  Car.  l-2f.  Fls.  showy.  Jl.Aug. 

22  C.  discoidca  T.  &  G.  Glabrous,  much  branched  ;  leaves  ternate,  long-petiolatc ; 
Ifts.  lance-ovatc,  dentate  ;  hds.  small  (2—3") ;  fr.  linear-cuneate,  the  2  stout  awns  (up- 
wardly hispid)  half  as  long  and  equalling  the  corolla.  (5)  Wet,  W.  and  S.  l-3f.  Jl.-Sept. 

23  C.  bidejitoides  N.  Glabrous,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  simple,  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  heads 
7-10"  ;  fr.  li;i. -oblong,  the  slender  (up-hispid)  awns  longer  than  cor.    (i)  Pa.  Del. :  rare. 

59.  BIDENS.  L.  Burr-Marigold.  luvol.  double.  Scales  somewhat 
similar,  or  the  outer  foUaceous.  Rays  4 — 8  (sometimes  none),  neutral ; 
disk-flowers  perfect.  Recep.  chaffy,  flat.  Pap.  of  2 — 4  awns,  rough  back- 
wards. Cypsela  obcompressed,  obscurely  quadrangular.  Leaves  opposite, 
incised.    Flowers  yellow.    July — October. 

§  Cypsela  linear-subulate,  tapering  to  the  top,  3-4-angled,  2-6-awucd Nos.  1—3 

§  Cypsela  oblanceolate,  broader  at  the  top,  flat,  2-4-awued Nos.  4 — 7 

1  B.  leiicantlia  Willd.    Lvs.  in  3—5  serrate  lobes ;  hds.  with  5  white  rays.  S.  Fla.  If. 

2  B.  biplnnata  L.    SpaiiisJi  Needles.    Lvs.  bipinnate,  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  rays 

very  short,  obovate,  3,  4,  or  0 ;  sc.  all  equal  in  length.  (1)  Waste  grounds,  Ct.  to  111.  2-4f. 

3  B.  Beckll  Torr.    St.  subsimple  ;  submersed  lvs.  capillaceous-multifid,  emersed  lvs. 

lanceolate,  connate,  acutely  serrate  or  cut :  rays  longer  than  the  involucre.    2f  Slow 
waters,  Vt.  (rare),  W.  and  N.    Stem  2— 3f.    Heads  solitary,  terminal. 

4  B.  frondosa  L.    Beggar-ticks.    Eays  0 ;  outer  sc.  leafy,  (i  times  longer  than  the  fls. ; 

lower  leaves  pinnate,  ternate,  upper  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  awns  2.    (T)  Fields  :  com.   2f. 

5  B.  connata  Willd.    EaysO;  outer  sc.  leafy,  longer  than  the  head  ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 

serrate,  subconnate  at  base,  lower  some  trifid  ;  awns  3.    (\)  Swamps,  E.  and  W.    1 — 3f. 

6  B.  cerniia  L.    Rays  0—4—8,  small ;  hds.  cernuous ;  outer  scales  as  long  as  the  disk ; 

leaves  all  lanceolate,  subconnate,  dentate.    (I)  Swamps,  ditches,  E.  and  W.    1— 2f. 

7  B.  clirysaiithemoides  L.    Lvs.  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end,  connate  at  base, 

regularly  serrate;  rays  thrice  longer  than  the  involucre.   (I)  Ditches:  common.    6'-2f. 

60.  SPILANTHUS,  L.  Invol.  shorter  than  the  disk,  double,  appressed. 
Recep.  conical,  chafly,  the  pales  embracing  the  flowers.  Cyp.  of  the  disk 
compres.sed,  with  1 — 3  bristly  aw^ns  or  awnless,  of  the  ray  (when  present) 
3-angled.  Herbs  with  acrid  taste,  opposite  leaves,  and  solitaiy,  yellow  heads. 
Chiefly  tropical.    Aug. — Oct.    (Acmella,  Rich.) 

1  S.  repens  Mx.  Dift'use,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subserrate,  acuts 

at  each  end,  petiolate  ;  rays  about  12 ;  fr.  awnless,  not  ciliate.    if  Wet,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

2  S.  IVuttallii  T.  «fc  G.    Ascending,  diffuse  ;  lvs.  ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  ab- 

ruptly  petiolate  ;  fruit  ciliate  on  the  margins ;  rays  10-12.    Bogs,  E.  Fla.    l-2f. 

61.  VEKBESINA,  L.  Crown-beard.  Rays  2 ,  few  or  none ;  disk 
§  .  Sc.  in  2  or  more  series,  imbricated,  erect.  Chaff  concave  or  embracing 
the  flowers.  Achenia  compressed,  2-awned.  U  5  Leaves  often  decurrent 
serrate  or  lobed.     Heads  solitarj'-  or  corymbous. 

1  "V.  SIcglsbcckii   Mx.    Stem  4-winged ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate,  serrate,  acuminate,  3 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  181 

veined,  tapering  to  the  winged  petiole ;  hds.  corymbous,  yellow ;  rays  1-5 ;  I'r.  wing 
less,    n  Drj%  W.  and  S.    5f.    Aug.  Sept. 

2  v.  Virganica  L.    Stem  narrowly  winged;  Ivs.  alternate,  lance-ovate,  subserrate, 

feather-veinod,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base  ;  rays  3—4,  white  ;  fruit  narrowly  winged. 
If  Dry  woods.  Pa.  to  La.    4f.    August. 

3  V.  sinuata  Ell.    St.  wingless,  striate-angled  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  ovate,  acuminate,  con- 

tracted to  a  long  slender  base  and  petiole,  irregularly  repaud-toothed  or  lobed  ;  rays 
3— 5,  white  ;  fr.  broadly  winged.    2t  Sandy  fields,  S.    JMf,  with  ample  Ivs.    Sept.— Nov. 

62.  DYSODIA,  Cav.  False  Dog-fennel.  Rays  § ,  disk  $  .  Invol. 
a  single  series  of  partially  united  scales,  usually  calyculate.  Cyp.  elongated, 
4-angled,  compressed.  Pap.  scales  chaffy,  in  1  series,  fimbriately  and  pal- 
mately  cleft  into  bristles,  (i)  With  large,  pellucid  glands.  Lvs.  mostly  opp., 
pinnately  parted  or  toothed.  Hds.  paniculate  or  corymbous.  Fls.  yellow. 
1>,  clirysantlieinoides  Lagasca.    Smooth,  much  branched ;  lvs.  pinnately-parted, 

lobes  linear,  toothed  ;  hds.  with  few  very  short  rays.    Prairies  and  waysides,  W.,  mi- 
grating E.    If.    An  ill-scented  plant.    Aug.  Sept. 

63.  GAILLARDIA,  Foug.  Rays  neutral.  Scales  in  2  or  3  series,  acute, 
leafy,  spreading,  outer  largest.  Recep.  convex,  fimbrillate  (naked  in  No.  1). 
Rays  cuneiform,  3-cleft.  Cyp.  villous  with  long  hairs  from  its  base.  Pap- 
pus of  6—10  long  awns,  which  are  membranous  at  base. — Leaves  alternate, 
entire,  often  dotted.     Heads  on  long,  naked  peduncles.    May — Aug. 

1  G.  lanceolata  Mx.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  linear ;  sc.  as  long  as  the  dark  purple  disk; 

rays  8—10,  small,  yellow ;  recep.  naked.    @  Barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    l-2f. 

2  G.  PicTA.    Lvs.  lanceolate;  sc.  hairy,  longer  than  disk;  rays  10-12,  violet-purple  with 

yellow  teeth ;  recep.  fimbrillate  with  slender  awns.    (J)  u  Dak.  to  Tex.  2f.  Handsome. 

64.  GAZANIA,  Gasrt.  Rays  neutral,  disk-fls.  5 .  Sc.  in  several  rows, 
united  at  base.  Cyp.  wingless,  densely  hairy.  Pap.  chaffy.  Recep.  alveolate. 
— From  S.  Africa.  Hds.  solitary,  showy,  on  naked  stalks.  Rays  tricolored. 
G.  SPECIOSA.    Trailing,  half-shrubby ;  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  pinnatifld,  smooth  above, 

white-tomentous  beneath ;  rays  (10  orange-yellow,  each  with  an  eye  of  white  and 
chocolate  at  its  base.    Singularly  beautilul. 

65.  PALAFOXIA,  Lagasca.  Rays  2  or  0.  Sc.  8—15,  scarious  at  tip, 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Recep.  flat,  naked.  Cyp.  4-angled,  slender  at  base. 
Pap.  of  6 — 12  membranous,  denticulate,  pointed  scales,  y  }j  With  scattered, 
narrow,  entire  lvs.  and  cyanic  fls.  in  a  corymb.  (Polypteris,  N.)  Jl.-Sept. 
V.  integrifolia  T.  &  G.    Rough ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  1-veined ;  rays  none ;  pap.  of  8— 10 

pointed  scales  with  fringed  edges.    Barrens,  Ga.  and  Fla.    3— 5f.    Heads  purplish. 

66.  HYMENOPAPPUS,  L'Her.  Fls.  all  ? ,  tubular.  Sc.  6—12,  in  2 
series,  oval,  obtuse,  colored.  Recep.  small,  naked.  Anth.  exserted.  Cyp. 
broad  at  the  summit,  attenuate  to  the  base.  Pap.  of  man}^,  short,  obtuse, 
membranous  scales  in  1  series.  (2)  U  Hoary-villous.  Stem  grooved  and 
angled.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  divided. 

II.  scabioseeus  L'Her.   Leaf  segm.  linear-oblong  ;  corymb  simple  ;  sc.  obovate,  white, 
greenish  at  base,  longer  than  the  disk ;  fr.  pubescent.    W.  and  S.    1— 2f.    Apr.— June. 

67.  HBLENIUM,     L.    Rays  ?  or  neutral,  3-5-cleft  at  the  expanded 


182  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

summit.  Disk-fls.  ? .  Invol.  small,  scales  linear  to  filiform,  reflexed.  Rtcep. 
naked,  convex  to  oblong.  Cyp.  angled,  clavate  or  turbinate.  Pap.  of  5 — 12 
silvery,  thin  scales. — Herbs  with  alternate,  often  decurrent  leaves,  punctate, 
resinous.    Heads  corymbous  or  solitary,  showy,  yellow. 

§  Helleni.\strusi.  Eays  pistillate.  Pappus  awned.  Heads  corymbed.. .(«) 

a  Disk  globular,  its  corollas  5-toothed.    Pappus  awued Kos.  1 — 3 

a  Disk  oblong,  its  corollas  4-toothed.    Pappus  scales  obtuse No.  4 

§  Leptopoda.    Eays  mostly  neutral  and  fruitless. .  .(6) 

h  Heads  corymbed,  on  short  peduncles.    Pappus  awned.    Disk  globous No.  5 

b  Kend  solitary,  on  a  long  ped.    Disk  convex.— c  C'ypsela  glabrous Nos.  6,  7 

—c  Cypsela  hairy Nos.  8—10 

1  H.  autatiJiiale  L.    St.  strongly  "winged;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  decurrent,  heads 

loosely  corymbed.    if  Damp.   2--3f.   Hds.  large,  with  drooping  rays.   Sept.  Very  bitter. 

2  H.  parvsflormn  N.   St.  scarcely  winged ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subentire,  slightly  decur- 

rent; sc.  filiform,  shorter  than  the  globular  disk  ;  hds.  small,  few.  Ga.  (Nuttall.)  Scarce. 

3  13.  teniiifoHuiii  N.   St.  and  numerous  fastigiate  branches  wingless ;  Ivs.  crowded, 

linear  or  flliform,  fascicled ;  sc.  subulate.    @  Fields,  Ga.  to  La.   l-2f.   Rays  spread  10". 

4  H.  quadridentatum  Lab.    Much  branched,  strongly  winged  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  some 

lobed  or  toothed :  disk  oblong,  longer  than  the  rays.    Swamps,  S-W.    l-3f.    June-Aug. 

5  H.  fiiracliypoda.    St.  strongly  winged,  branches  few,  corymbous,  1-headed  ;  hds. 

small  (4"),  rays  8-li,  short  (3-4") ;  disk  brown-purp.,  globular.   Damp,  HI.  to  Ga.   l-2f. 

6  H.lieptcpoda.    Smooth  ;  st.  simple,  clustered,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  ob- 

long-linear, some  decurrent;  rays  20— SO,  spreading  IJ'l  disk  convex.  Moist  soils, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2f.    M?.rch,  April. 

1  H.  liicisHin.  Smooth  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  not  decurrent,  sinuate-pinnatifid  or 
incised;  rays  about  4^,  in  2  or  3  rows  ;  fruit  glabrous.    Low  barrens,  Ga.,  and  W.    2f. 

S  H.  puberiilnm.  Downy;  sts.  much  clustered;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  sessile,  not  de- 
current;  rays2)-30,  broad,  spreading  1J-2';  fr.  hairy.  Wet  pine-barrens,  S.  2f.  Ap.,T\[a}'. 

9  M.  forcvifolinni.    Pubescent  above,  single,  often  some  branched  ;  Ivs.  lance-obl.  to 

liiiiav,  obtuse,  the  radical  spatulate.  cauline  subdccurrent.  Wet.    S.    2f.    May,  June. 

10  H.  flnibriatiiiM.  Smooth;  often  branched  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  subentire,  acute, 
decurrent ;  pap.  scales  deeply  cleft  into  a  fringe  of  bristles.   Barrens,  Fla.   l-2f.  Apr.4- 

68.  BALDWINIA,  K  Invol.  scales  closely  imbricated  in  2—4  rows. 
Recep.  convex,  deeply  honeycombed,  with  horny  walls.  Rays  8—20,  neu- 
tral, in  1  row,  3-toothed.  Disk  5  .  Cypsela  silky -villous,  immersed  in  the 
cells.  Pappus  of  9—12  oblong  scales.  %  Simple  or  corymbed.  Leaves 
alternate,  linear,  punctate.    Heads  yellow.    Jul}' — Sept. 

1  B.  imiflora  N.    St.  simple,  puberulent,  with  1  large  head ;  rays  about  20  ;  Ivs.  below 

linear-spat ulate ;  pap.  scales  9.    Swamps,  Va.  and  S.    1— 2f.    Rays  spreading  2'. 

2  SB.  multiflora  N.    Glabrous,  corj^mbously  branched  ;  rays  about  10;  Ivs.  crowded, 

narrow-linear;  fruit  trancate  and  ray-marked  at  summit,  crowned  with  12  obovate 
scales.    Sand  hills,  Ga.  Fla.    1— 3f.    Rays  1}'.    (Actinospermnm,  T.  &  G.) 

69.  MARSHALLIA,  Schreb.  False  Scabish.  Invol.  scales  lance- 
linear,  subequal,  ei'cct,  in  1  or  2  rows.  Recep.  convex,  with  linear,  rigid 
pales.  Fls.  all  tubular,  i? .  Cor.  lobes  slender,  spreading.  Cyp.  5-augled. 
Pappus  of  5  or  G  membranous,  awned  scales.  V,  Simple  or  branched, 
with  alternate,  entire,  3-veined  leaves,  and  solitary,  long-stalked  heads  of 
purplish  flowers,  resembling  a  Scabish.     Ornamental. 

1  M.  latil'olla  Ph.    St.  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile ;  scales 


Order  TO.— COMPOSITE.  183 

rieid,  acute;  pales  narrowly  Hncsr ;  pappus  triangular-acuminate.    Dry  soils,  Va.  to 
A'a.    If.    Stem  purple,  smooth.    Corollas  6— T",  slender.    May,  June. 

2  m.  laneeolata  Ph.    Stem  simple,  leafy  below ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate, 

mostly  obtu-e  and  petiolate  ;  scales  obtuse.    Uplands,  S.    1— 2f.    April— June. 

3  MC.  angii^tifolia  Ph.    Mostly  branching,  leafy;  Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate  to  linear, 

all  acute  ;  i-ca!es  acute.    Swamps,  S.    If.    Very  handsome.    Julj',  Aug. 

70.  ANTHEMIS,  L.  CmvMOsnLE,  &c.  Invol.  hemispherical,  with 
siibequal,  small  imbricated  scales.  Rays  numerous,  generally  g.  Recep. 
chaffj'-  (at  least  at  summit),  convex  or  conical.  Disk-flowers  y  .  Cypsela 
ribbed,  smooth,  linear  or  clayate.  Pappus  a  slight  border,  or  0. — Herbs 
with  1-3-pinuatifid  leaves,  usually  strong-scented.     (Rays  white.) 

§  CHAM.EMELrH.    P.ays  pistillate.    Cyp.  tcretish.    Lvs.  mostly  alternate Nos.  1,  2 

§  Maeuta.    Kays  neutral.    Cypselse  clubshaped  or  obovoid.    Lvs.  alternate No.  3 

1  A.  arvensis  L.     Corn  C.    St.  erect,  bushy,  whitish-downy ;  lvs.  bipinnatifid,  segm. 

lance-lin. ;  branches  naked  above,  1-headed  :  pales  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  flowers. 
(T)  Fields  :  not  common.    Eosembles  Mayweed,  but  inodorous.    8—1.5'.    §  Eur.    July. 

2  A.  ncbilis  L.     Garden  0.    St.  prostrate,  branched  from  base,  woolly ;  lvs.  hairy,  de- 

compound-pinnatifld,  seg.  lin. -subulate  ;  pales  some  shorter  than  the  fls.    7i  Gardens, 
rarely  in  fields.  Aromatic.  §  Eur.— Tar.  with  fls.  double  (florets  all  radiate).  Jl.-Sept. 

3  A.  Cotula  L.    Maijiveed.    Nearly  smooth,  erect,  bushy ;  lvs.  bipinnatifid,  seg.  linear- 

subulate  ;  pales  bristly,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  ®  Waysides:  com.   If.  Hds.  termi- 
nal, corymbcd,  disk  yellow,  rays  white,  showy.  Ill-scented.    Jn.-Sept.    (Marnta.  DC.) 

71.  ACHILLEA,  L.  Millfoil,.  Yarrow.  Invol.  ovoid,  of  unequal, 
imbricated  scales.  Rays  5 — 10,  short,  ?  .  Recep.  flat,  chaffy.  Cyp.  without 
a  pappus.     11  Leaves  much  divided,  alternate.    Heads  small,  corymbous. 

1  A.  Millefollnm  L.    Lvs.  bipinnatifid,  with  linear,  dentate,  mucronate  segments; 

stem  furrowed,  corymbed  at  top  ;  sc.  oblong,  rays  4 — 5,  short.    Fields,  waste  grounds, 
everywhere.    1— ^f.    June— Sept.— A  variety  with  rose-purple  flowers,  is  very  pretty. 

2  A.  ptarmlca  L.    Sneezewort.    Leaves  linear,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth; 

hds.  loosely  corj-mbed;  rays  S— 12,  longer  than  invol.  (double  in  cult.)    Rare.    15'.    § 

72.  LEUOANTHEMUM,  Tourn.  Whiteweed.  Invol.  broad,  de- 
pressed, imbricated.  Raj-s  $  ,  numerous.  Recep.  flat,  naked.  Cyp.  striate, 
without  pappus.    If  Lvs.  alternate.    Hds.  solitary,  disk  yellow,  rays  white. 

1  li.  vnlgare  Lam.    St.  simple  or  branched ;  cauline  lvs.  clasping,  few,  lance-oblong, 

obtuse,  cut-pinnatifid  at  base ;  scales  brown  at  the  edge.    Too  common  in  our  fields 

and  pastures.    2f.    Rays  spreading  \\'.   July— Sept.    §  Europe.  [N.  Y.  (Gerard.) 

p.  tuhulifdrme  (Tenney).    Ray-fls.  tubular,  very  slender,  5-3-lobed.    Po'keepsie, 

2  1,.  Parthenium  Godron.    Fevej-few.    Branched  ;  lvs.  petiolate,  2-3-pinnate,  segm. 
-   ovate,  cut ;  hds.  corymbed.  Gardens,  rarely  in  fields.  2f.  Often  double.  (Matricaria, C-B.) 

73.  MATRICARIA,  Tourn.  Mother-Caret.  Invol.  scales  imbrica- 
ted, with  scarious  margins.  Recep.  conical  or  convex,  naked.  Rays  s  or  0. 
Pap.  a  membranous  border  on  the  cyp.,  or  0. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves. 

1  M.  discoidea  DC.    Hds.  discoid,  few,  terminal ;  lvs.  sessile,  2-3-pinnately-parted, 

lobes  small,  linear-oblong,  acute  ;  sc.  oval,  obtuse,  white-edged,  much  shorter  than  the 
conical  disk.  111.  and  W.    Common  in  Cal.    3-8'.    Disk  3"  broad  and  high.    Jl.-Sept. 

2  M.  Tanacetcm.    English  3Iint.    Downy;  leaves  oval,  serrate,  lower  petiolate  ;  heads 

small,  corj-mbed,  discoid.   Europe.    1— 2f.    Aromatic.    Jl.  Aug.    (M.  BalsamitsE  C-B.) 

74.  TANACETUM,  L.     Tansy.    Invol.  hemispherical,  imbricate,  the 


184  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

scales  all  minute.  Recep.  convex,  naked.  Pap.  a  slight  membranous  bor- 
der. Cyp.  with  a  large,  cpigynous  disk. — Lvs.  alternate,  much  dissected. 
Flowers  yellow,  discoid. 

1  T.  vulgare  L.  Lvs.  piBnatifld,  segm.  oblong-lauceolate,  pinnatifld  and  cnt-sen-ate; 

hds.  fastigiate-corymbous,  ray-fls.  terete,  tubular,  3-toothed.    ij.  Waysides.   a-3f.  Aug. 

2  T.  Hnronense  Nutt.  Lvs.  bipinnatlfid,  lobes  oblong,  often  again  pinnatifid ;  heads 

large,  corynibcd ;  ray-fls.  flattened,  unequally  S-5-cleft.     V-  Sandy  shores,  W.    2— 3f. 

75.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  L.  Invol.  bell-shaped,  sc.  imbricated,  sca- 
rious  at  the  edges.  Recep.  flat  or  convex,  naked  in  the  disk.  Rays  S  ,  disk- 
fls.  5  ,  5-toothed.  Cyp.  angular  or  compressed.  Pap.  0  or  tooth-like. — Plants 
ornamental,  from  E.  Asia,  with  alternate,  lobed  lvs.  and  large  rays.  Fig.  387. 

§  Ptrethrum.    Cypselffi  wingless,  angular,  all  alike.    Plants  perennial Nos.  1— 3 

§  Chrysanthemum.   C^'p.  of  the  ray  3-angled,  of  the  disk  compressed.  ® Nos.  4, 5 

1  C.  SiNENSE.    Shrubby;  lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifld,  thick,  glaucous  ;  rays  much  longer  than 

the  obtuse  scales.    Beautiful  flowers  of  all  colors,  late  in  Autumn.    2— 3f. 

2  C.  Indicum.    Shrubby;  leaves  incisely-pinnatifid,  thin,  flaccid;  rays  little  longer  than 

the  obtuse  scales,  spreading  about  1'.    Heads  much  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3  C.  RosEUM.    Perennial,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  2-3-pinnatisect ;  hds.  solitary,  terminal ;  scales 

brown-edged ;  rays  rose-colored  or  white,  often  double.    2[  Heads  V  broad. 

4  C  coRONARiuM.    Annual;  lvs.  clasping,  bipinnatlfid,  lobes  dilated  at  summit;  flowers 

large,  terminal,  yellow  ;  pappus  none.    S.  Europe.    3f.    Varieties  double,  &c.    Aug. 
6  C  CAKiNATUM.     THcoloved  C.    Annual;  lvs.  thick,  bipinnatifid;  scales  carinat« ;  rays 
white,  yellow  at  base,  disk  purple.    Barbary.    1— 2f.    Flowers  all  Summer. 

76.  ARTEMISIA,  L.  Wormwood,  &c.  Invol.  ovoid,  imbricate,  with 
diy,  connivent  scales.  Recep.  without  pales.  Disk-fls.  numerous,  $  ,  tubu- 
lar ;  ray-fls.  few,  often  without  stamens  and  with  a  subulate  corolla  or  none. 
Cypsela  with  a  small  disk.  Pappus  0. — Bitter  herbs.  Leaves  alternate. 
Heads  yellow  or  purplish,  discoid.    Aug.,  Sept. 

§  Absinthium.    Recep.  villous  or  hairy.    Fls.  all  fertile,  heterogamous Nos.  1,  2 

§  Abrotanum.    Recep.  naked.    Fls.  ail  fertile.— a  Lvs.  orsegm.  lanceolate.  .Nos.  .3,  4 

—a  Lvs.  or  segm.  linear Nos.  .5—7 

§  Dracuncclus.    Recep.  naked.    Disk-fls.  sterile.— 6  Lvs.  trifid  or  entire.  ..Nos.  8,  9 

~b  Lvs.  pinnatisect....Nos.  10—12 

1  A.  Absintliiuin  L.     CoinmonW.    Leaves  multifid,  clothed  with  short  silky  down 

both  sides  ;  seg.  lanceolate  ;  hds.  hemispherical,  drooping.  Waysides,  N.  l-2f.  §  Eur. 

2  A.  frigida  Willd.    Lvs.  silky  canescent,  the  canline  pinnatifid  ;  seg.  linear, -S-S-cleft ; 

hds.  small,  glob.,  drooping ;  inner  sc.  woolly.    Rocky  hills,  Minn.  Dak.,  and  W.    6-12'. 

3  A.  liUdoviciana  N.   Canescent-tomentous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  serrate  or 

pinnatifid,  upper  entire  ;  heads  ovoid,  in  a  slender,  leafy  panicle.    %  Shores,  Mich, 
and  W.    2— 5f.    Heads  small  and  crowded. 

4  A.  vulgaris  L.    Mxigwort.    Lvs.  canescent-tomentous  beneath,  pinnatifid  with  lan- 

ceolate segments,  upper  entire  ;  heads  erect,  ovoid,  snbsessile,  in  a  branched  panicle. 
Waysides,  N.  and  W.    3f.    §  Europe. 

5  A.  Abr6tanum.    Southernwood.    Hoary ;  leaves  bipinnatisect;  heads  hemispherical, 

nodding,  downy.    From  S.  Europe.    3f.  [ding.    Eur.    3f. 

6  A.  Pontica.    Homan  W.    Lvs.  hoary  beneath,  2-3-pinnatisect;  heads  globular,  nod- 

7  A.  biennis  Willd.    Erect,  glabrous,  simple  ;  lvs.  1-2-pinnatiftd,  lobes  sharply  serrate 

or  cut,  those  above  subentire  ;  hds.  globular,  erect,  spicate,  in  a  virgate,  leafy  panicle. 
@  Common  westward,  migrating  E.  to  Po'keepsie  (Gerard),  and  to  Pa.    l-3f.    Aug.  +  . 


Ordeu  to.— composite.  185 

8  A.  Dracunculus.    Tarragon.    Glabrous;  Its.  lin. -lanceolate,  lower  trifid ;  heads  glo- 

bous.    From  Siberia.    3f.    A  garden  salad.    Give  a  rich  fragrance  to  vinegar. 

9  A.  dracunculoides  Ph.    Canescent  when  young,  branched ;  Ivs.  lin. -filiform,  the 

radical  often  trifid ;  hds.  small,  globular ;  inner  scales  roundish,  outer  oblong,    v  N-W. 

10  A.  borealis  Pal.  Tufted,  silky-villons,  simple;  lower  Ivs.  petiolate,  lance-linear, 
entire  at  base,  temately,  pinnately,  or  bipinnately  parted  at  apes  with  lin.  lobes  ;  hds. 
hemispherical ;  scales  colored,    a:  Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  N.  and  W.    6-12'. 

11  A.  Canadensis  Mx.  SeaW.  Glabrous  (mostly) ;  Ivs.  1-2-pinnatisect  with  linear 
seg. ;  hds.  roundish,  sessile,  in  a  pan.  of  glomemles.   7i  Lake  shores,  N.  2-lf.  Hds.  1". 

12  A.  caudata  Mx.  Glabrous,simple,  densely  paniculate;  Ivs.  .3-2- 1-pinnatisect  with 
alternate,  filiform  segm. ;  heads  globous,  pedicellate,  erect.   @  Coast,  N.  H.  to  Ga.    4f. 

77.  SOLIVA,  E.  «fc  P.  Invol.  of  5—15  scales  in  1  row.  Recep.  flat, 
naked.  Fertile  fls.  in  several  rows,  apetalous ;  5  fls.  few,  interior,  with  a 
3-5-toothecl  corolla.  Cj'p.  obcompressed,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style 
and  no  pappus. — Little  matted  herbs  with  pinuatifid  Ivs.  and  sessile  heads. 
S.  nastnrtilfolia  DC.    Lf.  lobes  5—9,  oblong,  obtuse ;  so.  10—15;  fr.  obconic,  rugous, 

crowned  with  a  dense  tuft  of  wool  instead  of  a  pappus.    Sandy  shores,  S.    1—3'. 

78.  GNAPHALIUM,  L.  Cudweed.  Everlasting.  Heads  discoid, 
heterogamous.  luvol.  imbricate  with  scarious,  colored  scales.  Marginal 
fls.  2  ,  subulate,  mostly  in  several  rows ;  central  fls.  2  .  Recep.  flat,  naked. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  scabrous,  hair-like  bristles. — Herbs  generally 
clothed  with  whitish  wool.    Leaves  alternate,  enthe. 

*  Heads  in  terminal  coiymbous  clusters.    Angust Nos.  1—3 

*  Heads  in  axillary,  somewhat  spicate  clusters Xos.  4,  3 

1  tr.  dec  ikrrens  Ives.  Lvs.decurrent,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  naked  above. white 

and  woolly  beneath  ;  fls.  in  dense,  roundish,  terminal  clusters.     ii  Hilly  pastures,  N. 
Kng.  to  Penu.  and  Mich.    2f.    Lvs.  green  above.    Fls.  yellow,  scales  white. 

2  G.  polyreplialum  Mx.    Woolly;  lvs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous 

above ;  hds.  capitate,  corymbous  ;  sc.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.    iT)  Dry.    l-2f.   Fragrant. 

3  Ct.  uliginosum  L.     Cudweed.    St.  diffusely  branched,  woolly ;  lvs.  sessile,  linear- 

lanceolate;  hds.  small  (1"  wide),  in  terminal,  crowded,  leafy  clusters ;  scales  obtuse, 
yellowish  or  brownish  ;  fniit  smooth,    (i)  Moist  hollows,  N.  M.  W.    4—0'. 

4  G.  purpiireum  L.  Erect;  lvs.  linear- or  obovate-spatulate,  canescent  beneath,  green 

above  ;  hds.  sessile,  crowded ;  sc.  acuminate,  purplish,    (i)  Dry  fields.    8 — 12'.    June. 

5  G.  snpinum  Villars.    Ctespitous,  woolly ;  lvs.  linear;  hds.  few,  oblong,  in  a  spicate 

raceme  or  solitary  ;  scales  acute,  brown.    White  Mountains.    2 — 4'.    Rare. 

6  G.  FCETiDUM,  from  S.  Africa,  has  yellow  heads,  entire,  clasping  leaves.    2f.    Hardy. 

79.  ANTENNARIA,  Br.  Everlasting.  Heads  S  $.  Invol.  of  im- 
bricate, colored  scales.  ?  Cor.  filiform.  Recep.  subconvex,  alveolate. 
Pap.  a  single  row  of  bristles.  U  Tomentous.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire.  Hds. 
corymbous,  with  white  or  brownish,  never  yellow  scales. 

1  A.  niargarltdcea  Br.    Woolly-white,  erect,  corymbed  above  ;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate, 

3-veined  ;  scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  pearl-white,  fadeless.    Fields.    1— 2f.    July. 

2  A.  plautagfuifolla  Br.    Mouse-eai' E.    Simple,  with  running  stolons ;  leaves  oval 

to  spatulate,  the  cauline  small,  bract-like  ;  hds.  in  a  close  terminal  cluster,  purplish, 
all  ?  in  some  plants,  all  i  in  others,  in  early  Spring.    Borders  of  woods.    5— S'. 

80.  FILAGO,  Tourn.  Cottox  Rose.  Heads  heterogamous.  Recep. 
columnar,  naked  at  top,  chaffy  below,  with  pales  resembling  the  scales^ 


186  Order  70.— COMPOSIT.E. 

each  with  a  2  fl.  in  its  axil.     Cyp.  terete,  the  central  with  a  hairj-  pappus. 
— Herbs  canescent-cTowny.    July,  Aug.    §. 

F.  Germanica  L.    Lvs.  erect,  crowclcd,  linear-lanceolate  ;  hds.  in  capitate  cluster?, 
which  are  sncccfsively  proliferous  ;  scales  cuspid.,  straw-color.    (T)  Fields,  E.    6—10'. 

81.  AMMOBIUM,  Br.     Invol.  imbricated,  so.  with  broad,  scarious, 
spreading  tips.     Recep.  l)road-conic,  chaffy.    Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .     Cyp.  4- 
angled,  4-tootlied.    U  Australia.    Stems  winged  Avith  the  decurrent  leaves. 
A.  ALATUM.    (T)  In  gardens.    1— 2f.    Tillous-canescent.    Eoot  lvs.  oblong-petioled.    In- 
volucre white,  flowers  yellow.    Summer. 

82.  RHODANTHE,  Lindl.    Involucre  top-shaped,  imbricate,  sc.  dry, 
ovate,  acute,  the  inner  radiate-spreading.    Eecep.  naked.    Fls.  all  tubular, 
5-toothed,  5  .     Cyp.  "woolly.    Pap.  of  plumous  bristles.     (T)  Australia. 
R,  Maxglesii.    Lvs.  oWong,  clasping,  entire  ;  hds.  large,  fadeless,  rose-colored,  varie- 
gated.   A  splendid  "Everlasting,"  with  many  beautiful  varieties.    Hds.  1—2'  diam. 

83.  HELICHRYSUM,  Cass.  Immortal  Flower.  Invol.  imbricate, 
with  scarious,  colored  scales.  Recep.  flat,  naked  of  pales.  Pap.  a  row  of 
bristles,  often  cohering. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  chiefly  S.  African.  Lvs.  alter- 
nate.   A  vast  genus  of  200  species. 

1  HE.  BRACTEATUM.  Branching,  puberulent ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  linear,  repand,  acuminate ; 

hds.  terminal,  bracted  at  base  ;  outer  scales  brownish,  the  inner  radiant,  ylw.  to  \vh. 

2  H.  MACRANTHUM.    Subsiuiplc,  scabrous ;  lvs.  spatulate  to  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  en- 

tire ;  hd.  1  or  few,  large,  white  outside,  roseate  within  ;  inner  scales  radiant.    (T^—ii. 
/3.  COMPOSITUM.    Hds.  composite  (or  double),  purple,  carmine,  yellow,  white. 
y.  ATnosANGuixEUM.    Hds.  composlte,  with  deep  crimson  scales  and  pappus.    18'. 

84.  XERANTHEMUM,  Toum.  Hds.  discoid,  heterogamous.  Invol. 
hemispherical,  imbricated,  dry,  with  radiant,  colored  scales.  Eecep.  with 
3-toothed,  diy  pales.  Pap.  chafi'y -bristly.  ®  S.  Eur.  Lvs.  entire.  Hds. 
white  or  rose-colored. 

X.  RADiATUM.    Eternal  Flower.    Erect,  branched.    Lvs.  linear-oblong  ;  luls.  1—2'  diam. 

85.  ERECHTITES,  Raf  Fire-weed.  Fls.  all  tubular,  those  of  the 
margin  $  ,  of  the  disk  5  .  Invol.  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly  calyculate. 
Recep.  naked.  Pap.  of  numerous,  fine,  capillaiy  bristles.  @  Lvs.  simple, 
alternate.    Fls.  corymbous,  whitish.    A  rank  weed. 

E.  liieracifolius  Raf.    St.  virgate,  paniculate  ;  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  claspmg,  unequally 
and  deeply  cut-toothed  ;  invol.  smooth  ;  fr.  hairy.    Burnt  grounds,  &c.    3f.    Aug.-i-. 

86.  CACALIA,  L.  Tassel-flower.  Fls.  all  tubular,  » .  Involucre 
cylindric,  oblong,  in  one  series,  often  caljxulate  with  small  scales  at  the 
base.  Recep.  not  chaffy.  Pap.  capillaiy,  scabrous.  @U.  Smooth.  Lvs. 
alternate.    Heads  of  flow^ers  corymbed,  mostly  cyanic. 

§  Scales  of  the  invol.  cohering,  about  12.    Flowers  GO— 80,  scarlet No.  S 

§  Scales  of  the  invol.  distinct,— a  about  12.    Flowers  20-30,  white Xo.  1 

—a  5  only.    Fls.  5.— &  Lvs.  cordate  or  lobed Nos.  2 — 4 

—b  Lvs.  never  cordate Nos.  5—7 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  187 

1  C  suaveolens  L.    Glabrous  ;  st.  striatc-angular ;  Ivs.  on  winged  petioles,  hastate- 

sagittate,  dentate,  green  on  bolh  sides  ;  tls.  white,  v  Ct.,  W.  andS. :  rare.  4— 5f.  Aug. 

2  C  reniformis  Muhl.     St.  sulcnte-angled ;  Ivs.  palmately-veined,  uearl3^  smooth, 

green,  pctiolate,  lower  rcniform,  upper  flabelliform.    2f  Woods,  111.  to  Car.  3 — Gf.  Jl. 

3  C.  atripliclfblia  L.    St.  terete  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  palmate- 

veined,  angularly-lobed  and  dentate,  the  lower  subcordate.   N.  Y.,S.andW.  3-5f.   Jl. 

4  C.  diversifolia  T.  &  G.   Not  glaucous  ;  St.  striate-angled  ;  lower  Ivs.  cordate-ovate, 

obtuse,  repand-dentate,  upper  3-5-lobed,  subhastate.    2f  Swamps,  Fla.  2— 3f.   Ma}--!-. 

5  C.  tubcro.sa  N.    St.  augular-sulcate  ;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate,  strongly  5-7-veined,  not 

glaucous,  petiolate,  lower  petioles  very  long,    li  Swamps,  W.  and  S.    2 — 5f.    May — Jl. 

6  C  ovsita  Ell.    St.  terete ;  Ivs.  glaucous  beneath,  3-5-veined,  ovate  and  oval,  entire  or 

undulate-margined,  contracted  at  base  into  petioles.    2f  Swamps,  S.    3 — if.    July  +  . 

7  C  lanceolata  N.    St,  terete  ;  Ivs.  3-veined,  glaucous  beneath,  lanceolate  to  lance- 

linear,  the  lower  tapering  to  petioles,  upper  sessile;  corymb  simple.    2{  Ga.  Fla.    5f. 

8  C  cocciNEA.    Tassd-Jiower.    Root  leaves  ovate-spatulate,  cauline  clasping-auriculate ; 

invol.  much  shorter  than  the  scarlet  fls.,  finally  reflexed.    E.  lad.   1— 2f.   June— Sepl^ 

87.  SENECIO,  L.  Gkotjndsei,.  Invol.  of  many  equal  scales,  or  in- 
vested with  a  few  shorter  ones  at  base.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  ,  or  usually  radi- 
ate and  rays  ?  .  Recep.  not  chaffy.  Pap.  simple,  capillary  and  copious. 
— A  vast  genus  of  herbs  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  mostly  yellow, 
exceeding  the  invol.    Fig.  160. 

§  Rays  none.    Root  annual.    (A  perennial  climber.  No.  11.) No.  1 

§  Hays  yellow.— <i  Radical  leaves  undivided.    Achenia  glabrous Nos.  2,  3 

—a  Radical  leaves  undivided.    Achenia  pubescent Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Radical  leaves  divided,  as  well  as  the  cauline Nos.  6,  7 

§  Ra3's  purple,  &c.    Species  of  Cineraria,  L.  &c.  in  the  greenhouse Nos.  8—10 

1  S.  vulgaris  L.    St.  paniculate,  erect,  angular  ;  lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifld,  dentate,  am- 

plexicaul.    ®  A  weed  in  gardens,  &e.    If.    18'.    Flowers  all  Summer. 

2  S.  aureus  L.    Radical  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  cauline  one3 

lyrate-pinnatifld,  dentate,  terminal  segments  lanceolate ;  ped.  subumbellate,  thick ; 
rays  8—12  ;  fr.  glabrous,    n  Woods,  meadows.    1— 2f.    Rays  spread  1'.    May— Aug. 

/3.  Salsrimiloc,    Pubescent ;  lvs.  few,  small,  the  radical  lance-oblong.    Rocks. 

y.  grrdcilis.    Root  lvs.  roundish,  on  long  petioles,  cauline  linear-oblong,  dentate. 

S.  oboiiitus.    Root  leaves  obovate  to  oblong-spatulate  ;  peduncles  long. 

F.  lanceoVatus,    Lvs.  lanceolate,  the  cauline  pinnatifld  at  base.    Vt.    Rare. 

^.  tliscoifSeus  (Porter).  Rays  none  ;  lvs.  obov.-spatulatc,  cauline  pinnatifld.  Penn. 

3  S.  obovatHS  Ell.    Tomentous,  becoming  glabrous  ;  root  lvs.  obovate  or  rounditih, 

crenate,  with  an  attenuated,  sessile  base ;  cauline  few,  small,  cut-pinnate ;  corymb 
small,  rays  10—12,  spreading  1'.    if  Va.  to  Fla.    If.    Stem  nearly  leafless.    May. 

4  S.  toiuentosus  Mx.    Cotton}--tomentous  ;  st.  lvs.  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse, 

long-petioled,  crenate,  upper  sessile  or  none  ;  rays  12—15,  spreading  10''.   n  Va.  &  S. 

5  S.  anonymus     Wood.     Cottony-tomentous ;  root  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  crenately 

toothed  orlobed,  cauline  pinnatifld,  the  lobes  dentate  ;  hds.  small,  rays  6—9,  spread- 
ing 0".    If  Thickets,  Ala.  (ilontgomerj').    2f.    Corymbs  compound.    May,  June. 

6  S.  Canadensis  L.    Lvs.  glabrous,  bipinnatifld ;  seg.  lobed,  obtuse,  the  few  uppej: 

pinnatifld  ;  corymbs  compound  ;  rays  9—12.    ii  Canada  (Kalra),  Mts.  N.  Car. 

7  S.  lobatus  Pers.    Buttericeed.    Glabrous  ;  leaves  all  pinnatifld,  the  lower  lyrately, 

lobes  crenate ;  invol.  subcalyculate  ;  rays  10—12.  (T)  Wet.   S. :  com.  2— 3f.    Mar.  Apr. 

8  S.  ELEGANs.    Puriile  Jacohxa.    Lvs.  pinnatifld,  hairy,  viscid;  scales  scarious  at  tip, 

calyculate  with  an  outer  row  of  short  green  ones,    (i)  S.  Afr.    Purp.,  varying  to  white. 

9  S.  LANATA.    Lvs.  roundish,  angular,  cordate,  wooUy  beneath ;  rays  vivid  purple  out- 

side, wh.  w"'  nin  ;  disk  white  or  blue,     n  Canaries.    3f.    Shrubby.— Many  varieties. 


188  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

10  S.  CKUENTUS.  Lvs.  angular,  cordate,  cut-toothed,  purple  beneath,  the  petioles  wing- 
ed, ear-shaped  at  the  base  ;  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  crimson,  purple,  blue,  white. 
U  Canaries.    A  common  handsome  greenhouse  plant. 

lis.  scANDENS.  German  Ivy.  Climbing  and  twining;  leaves  smooth,  roundish-cordate, 
5-7  angled  or  lobed ;  corymbs  axillary,  of  small  rayless  yellow  heads,  n  S.  Africa, 
freely  in  California,  rarely  in  our  greenhouses. 


88.  ARNICA,  L.  Involucre  of  equal,  lanceolate  scales,  1-  or  2-rowed. 
Ray  fls.  2 ,  disk  5  •  Receptacle  flat,  with  scattered  hairs.  Pap.  single, 
rigid,  and  serrulate.     %  Stem  simple.    Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  yellow. 

1  A.  mollis  Hook.    Pubescent;  stem  leafy;  lvs.  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  dentate, 

lance-oblong,  radical  ones  petiolate  ;  hds.  few  ;  fr.  hairy.    Mts.  &c.  N.  H.,  N.  Y.   July. 

2  A.  nudlcaiiUs  Ell.    Hairy ;  et.  nearly  naked ;  lvs.  all  sessile,  ovate,  subentire,  the 

cauline  bract-like  ;  heads  large,  rays  12,  spreading  2' ;   fruit  glabrous.    Wet  sands, 
Va.  to  Fla.    If.    April,  May. 

89.  RUGEIilA,  Shutt.  Invol.  as  in  Arnica.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .  Re- 
cep.  convex,  naked.  Cyp.  terete,  striate.  Pap.  of  rough  bristles,  if  Lvs. 
alternate.     Heads  large. 

R.  niidicaulis  Shutt.    St.  simple,  erect;  branches  1-ilwd. ;  root  lvs.  ample,  ovate, 
narrowed  to  long  winged  petioles  ;  stem  lvs.  small,  subsessile.    Mts.,  Tenn.    If. 

90.  CYNARA,  L.  Heads  discoid,  homogamous.  luvol.  dilated,  im- 
bricate, scales  fleshy,  emarginate,  pointed.  Receptacle  fibrillate.  Pap.  plu- 
mous.     Cypsela3  not  beaked.     U  Spiny.    Leaves  not  decurrent. 

1  C  ScoLTsius.    Garden  Artichoke.   Leaves  subspinous,  pinnate,  and  undivided ;  invol. 

scales  ovate.    Gardens.    The  heads  are  used  as  asparagus.    Coarse  plants. 

2  C.  CAUDUNCULUS.    CarcloOTi.    Leaves  spiny,  all  pinnatifid  ;  invol.  scales  ovate.   S.Eur. 

The  petioles,  blanched  by  culture,  are  used  as  celery. 

91.  TAGETES,  L.  Marigold.  Heads  heterogamous.  Invol.  simple, 
tubular,  of  5—10  united  scales.  Ray-fls.  5,  persistent.  Receptacle  naked. 
Pap.  of  5  erect  awns,    (i)  Tropical  America.    Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

1  T.  PATULA.  French  Marigold.   Stem  erect,  with  widely-spreading,  1-headed  branches  ; 

If.  segm.  linear-lanceolate;  ped.  long;  invol.  terete.  Yel.  and  dark  purp.  Handsome. 

2  T.  ERECTA.    African  Marigold.    Stem  stout,  erect;  If.  segm.  lanceolate;  ped.  1-flwd., 

thickened  at  top  ;  involucre  angular.    Yellow  and  orange. 

3  T.  FLouiDA.    Erect,  corymbously  branched  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  opposite,  aristate-serrate  : 

rays  mostly  3,  large,  yellow.    Mexico.    18'. 

92.  CALENDUIiA,  L.    Pot  Marigold.    Heads  radiate.    Invol.  of 
many  equal  leaves,  in  about  2  series.    Rays  ?  ,  disk  $, .    Receptacle  naked. 
Cyp.  of  the  disk  membranaceous.    Pap.  0.    (i)  Oriental.    Lvs.  alternate. 
C  OFFICINALIS.    Viscid-pubescent ;  stem  branched;  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  ses- 
sile; hds.  terminal,  solitary  ;  large,  brilliant,  orange,  lemon,  double,  &c.    June — Sep. 

93.  CENTAUREA,  L.  Knap-weed.  Bachelor's-button.  Hds. 
discoid.  Invol.  imbricate.  Fls.  all  tubular,  the  marginal  often  enlarged, 
ray-like,  neutral.    Pappus  filiform,  scale-form,  or  0.    @U  Lvs.  alternate. 

♦  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  a  fringed  or  pectinate  appendage Nos.  1,  2 

*  Scales  not  appendaged,— a  merely  ciliate  or  spinescent Nos.  3,  4 

-a  nor  ciliate  nor  spinescent  (Amberboa) Nos.  5,  0 


Okder  70.— composite.  189 

1  C  Americana  N.    Erect,  sparingly  branched;  leaves  sessile,  glabrous,  rcpand- 

toothed,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  hds.  few,  very  large,  with  the  marginal  fls.  much 
enlarged,  pale-purple.    (T)  Ark.  La.  and  §  in  111.    2— 4f.    Appendages  siraw-yellow. 

2  C  nigra  L.    Erect,  branched,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  angular-lyrate  to  lanceolate,  dentate  ; 

sc.  ovate  ;  marg.  fls.  not  enlarged,  all  purp.     i;  Fields.    Append,  dark  brown.    §Eur. 

3  C.  C^anus  L.    Bachelor's-button.    Erect,  branched,  downy;  Ivs.  linear;  sc.  ciliate- 

serrate  ;  outer  fla.  much  enlarged.    (T)  Fields,  gardens.    Purple,  blue,  white. 

4  C.  Calcltrapa  L.    Star  Thistle.    Hairy,  diffusely  branched;   Ivs.  pinnately  lobed, 

lobes  lin. ;  scales  tipped  with  spreading  spines.    @  Pa.  to  N.  Car.    Purple.    §  Eur. 

5  C.  MOSCHATA.    Lvs.  lyrate,  dentate ;  invol.  subglobous,  smooth ;  sc.  ovate  ;  ray-fls. 

scarcely  enlarged  ;  pap.  0.    (T)  Persia.    Purple,  varying  to  white.    July — October. 

6  C,  STJAVEOLENs.     Yellow  Sweet  Sultan.    Lvs.  oblong,  toothed,  the  upper  pinnatifld  at 

base ;  ray  fls.  much  enlarged,  yellow  ;  pap.  chaff-like.    ®  Levant.   1 — 2f.    July — Sept. 

94.  CARTHAMUS,  L.  Saffron.  Hds.  discoid.  Invol.  imbricated, 
outer  bracts  foliaceous.  Fls.  all  tubular  and  $  ,  filaments  smooth.  Pap.  0. 
Receptacle  with  setaceous  pales.     Cypselae  4-angled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  TiNCToRins.    St.  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  spinous-denticulate,  half- 
clasping.    Q  Egypt.    Heads  large,  with  long,  slender,  orange-colored  flowers.    July. 

95.  CNICUS,  Vaill.  Blessed  Thistle.  Heads  discoid.  Invol.  ven- 
tricous,  imbricate  with  doubly  spinous  scales.  Ray-fls.  sterile.  Receptacle 
very  hairy.  Pappus  in  3  series,  the  outer  10-tootlied,  the  3  inner  each  10- 
bristled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  benedictus  L.    Lvs.  somewhat  decurreut ;  dentate  and  spiny;  invol.  doubly  spi- 
nous, woolly,  bracteate.    Fields,  &c. :  rare.    2f.    Heads  large,  yellow.    § 

96.  ONOPORDON,  Vaill.  Cotton  Thistle.  Heads  discoid,  homog- 
amous.  Involucre  ventricous,  imbricate  with  spreading,  spinous  scales. 
Recep.  deeply  alveolate.  Pappus  co])ious,  capillarj^  scabrous.  Cj'pselfe  4- 
angled. — Large,  branching  herbs,  with  decurrent  leaves. 

O.  acantliiuni  L.    Plant  cottony-white  ;  involucre  scales  spreading,  subulate  ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  sinuate,  spinous.    @  Waste  grounds  :  rare.    3f.    Fls.  purp.    JL,  Aug. 

97.  CIRSIUM,  Tourn.  Thistle.  Hds.  discoid,  homogamous.  Invol. 
subglobous,  of  many  rows  of  spinous-pointed,  imbricated  scales.  Recep. 
bristly.  Style  scarcely  divided.  Pap.  copious,  plumous.  Cyp.  comj^ressed, 
smooth. — Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.,  generally  armed  with  spinous  prickles. 
Flowers  in  Summer.    Figs.  178,  345. 

*  Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem  more  or  less,  floccous-woolly  beneath Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  not  decurrent,— a  white-tomentous  both  sides.    Plants  low,  stout..  .Nos.  3,  4 

—a  white-tomentous  beneath  only.    Plants  slender.. Nos.  5—7 

—a  green  both  sides.— 6  lids,  leafy-bracted  at  base..  .Nos.  8,  9 

—b  Hds.  naked,  few,  large  (lO.Nos.  10, 11 

— b  lids,  naked,  many,  small No.  12 

1  C.  lanceolatum  Scop.     Common  Thistle.    Lvs.  decurrent,  pinnatifld,  hispid,  the 

segments  divaricate  and  spinous  ;  hds.  several,  ovoid,  villous  ;  scales  lanceolate,  tip- 
ped with  a  spine,  spreading.    ©  N.  and  M. :  common.    3— 4f.    Heads  purple. 

2  C.  Liecoutti  T.  &  G.    Slender,  subsimple,  with  few  hds.;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  more 

or  less  decurrent,  hoary  beneath,  teeth  few,  spinous;  scales  not  spinous,  cuspidate; 
heads  large  (1'  diameter),  purple.    Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.  to  La.    2f. 


190  Okdeh  70.— composite. 

3  C.  Pitcheri  T.  &  G.  White-tomentons ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  segm.  linear,  spinous,  margins 

revolute  ;  scales  spine-pointed  ;  flowers  ochroleucous.   n  Lake  shores,  W.  June,  July. 

4  C.  undulatum  Spr.  White-tomentous  ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  wavy, 

prickly;  scales  scarcely  pricldy ;  flowers  purple.    @  Mich.,  and  N.    1— 2f. 

5  C  discolor  Spr.    Slender,  much  branched;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  segm.  2-lobed,  divari- 

cate, spinous;  scales  ovate,  tipped  with  a  spreading  spine.    ©  N.    3— 5f.    July-)-. 

6  C  altissiiuuni  Spr.    Tall,  branching,  villous,  leafy  to  the  top;  Ivs.  lance-oblong, 

often  sinuate-dentate,  or  pinnatifid,  spinescent ;  scales  lance-ovate,  the  outer  with  a 
spreading  spine.    Fields,  M.  and  W.    3 — Sf.    Purple.    August. 

7  C  Vlrglnlanum  Ms.    Slender,  subsimple,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  margins 

revolute,  spinescent,  lobed  or  dentate,  white-downy  beneath  ;  heads  small  (G'O  ;  scale? 
bristle-tipped.    Woods,  W.  and  S.    3— 4f.    Purple.    April— Sept. 

8  C  Iiori-idiiluiu  Mx.    Cottony  when  young ;  leaves  cut-pinnatifid,  spinous  ;  heads 

large,  invested  by  a  whorl  of  very  spiny  bracts  ;  scales  sharp-pointed.  @  Uplands, 
N.  Eng.  to  Fla.    Flowers  purple  or  cream-color.    1 — 3f.    April — August. 

9  C.  puiiiiliim  Spr.    Hairy;  Ivs.  few  above,  green,  clasping,  lance-oblong,  pinnatifid, 

segm.  lobed,  spinous  ;  heads  few,  very  large,  subtended  by  1—5  bracts ;  invol.  round- 
ovate,  spinous.  ©  Pastures,  waysides,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  W.:  com.  1— 2f,  stout. 
Flowers  purple,  fragrant.    July,  August. 

10  C.  iniiticuni  Ms.  Lvs.  pinnatifid;  heads  on  naked  peduncles,  bractless ;  invol. 
unarmed,  with  webbed  and  glutinous  scales,    (f)  Damp.    3— 7f.    Hds.  V.    Aug.,  Sept. 

^.  g-labrtim.   Nearly  glabrous  ;  lvs.  lance-lin.,  lobed  ;  scales  with  minute  spines.  S. 

11  C.  repanduni  Ms.  Lvs.  crowded  to  top,  at  length  green  both  sides,  clasping,  lin.- 
oblong,  wavy,  spinous-ciliate  ;  hds.  1  or  2 ;  inner  scales  subulate.    Barrens,  S.    1— 2f. 

12  C.  arvense  Scop.  Canada  Thidle.  Lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  wavy,  lance-oblong; 
hds.  paniclcd,  small  (3"),  numerous  :  scales  with  minute  prickles.  %  Waysides,  fields, 
N.  andW.    A  pernicious  weed,  hard  to  extirpate.    3f.    Very  prickly,  escept  its  heads. 

1  3  C.  puxciiERKiMUM  with  yellow  flowers,  3f  high,  is  rarely  planted  in  borders. 

1  4  C.  Ianthium.    a  greenhouse  shrub,  covered  with  pale  blue  flowers.    From  Mexico. 

98.  LAPPA,  Tonrn.  Burdock.  Heads  discoid,  liomogamous.  Invol. 
globous,  the  scales  imbricated  and  hooked  at  the  extremity.  Recep.  bristly. 
Pap.  bristlj%  scabrous,  caducous.  (2)  European  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  large, 
cordate,  petiolate.  Hds.  panicled,  pink-purple,  very  adhesive  by  the  hooks, 
li.  offic-iualis  AUioni.— A  coarse  weed,  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  E.  and  W.  3f. 

(L.  major  Goert.)— Varies  with  small  hds.  and  lvs.  somewhat  pinnatifid.  (L.  minor  DC.) 

99.  LAMPSANA,  Tourn.  NrppLEWORT.  Hds.  radiant,  8-12-flwd. 
Invol.  cylindrical,  angular.  Scales  8,  erect,  in  one  row,  with  2  or  3 
minute  l)ractlets  at  base.  Recep.  naked.  Cyp.  glabrous.  Pap.  0. — Slender, 
oriental  herbs,  Avith  small,  yellow  heads,  in  paniculate  coiyrabs. 

li.  conimunis  L.  Stem  leafy  ;  lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  dentate ;  ped.  cylindrical ;  invol. 
angular  in  fruit.    Ci)  Waysides,  Quebec,  Boston,  and  W.    Eare. 

100.  APOGON,  Ell.  Heads  radiant.  Invol.  scales  ovate,  acuminate, 
about  8,  in  two  rows.  Recep.  naked.  Ach.  glabrous,  oval,  longitudinally 
12-striate.  Pappus  0.  @  Herbs  glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  from 
the  base.     Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate.    Heads  small,  yellow. 

A.  liuniilis  Ell.— Woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  .3—12'.  Slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  vary- 
ing to  linear,  entire  or  lyrately  lobed.    Heads  3"  broad.    March— June. 

101.  CICHORIUM,  Tourn.     Chicory.    Invol.  double,  the  outer  of  5 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  191 

leafy  scales,  tlie  inner  of  about  8  linear  ones.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus 
scaly.  Cypselffi  not  rostrate,  obscurely  5-sicled. — Oriental  herbs  with 
bright  blue  flowers,  about  20  in  a  head. 

1  C.  Iiitybus  L.    Root  Ivs.  rnncinate,  cauline  bract-like ;  heads  axOlary,  enbsessile, 

mostly  in  pairs,    n  Dooryards,  waysides,  E.    2— .3f.    Rays  large,  showy,  5-toothed. 
The  root,  or  its  extract,  is  often  mixed  with  coflce.    July— Sept.    §  Europe. 

2  C.  Endivia.    Endive.    Root  leaves  sinuate-dentate  or  pinuatifld,  canliue  auricled  at 

base  ;  heads  axillary,  3—5  together,    (i)  India.    Cultivated  as  a  salad. 

102.  KRIGIA,  Schreb.  Dwahf  D.indeliox.  Involucre  many-leaved, 
nearly  simple,  equal.  Eecep.  naked.  Cypsela;  turbinate,  striate,  5-angled. 
Pappus  double,  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous  scales,  alternating  with 
as  many  slender,  scabrous  bristles,  (i)  Acaulescent,  small.  Leaves  lyrately 
lobed.     Scapes  simple.    Heads  solitary,  with  20 — 30  yellow  flowers. 

1  K.  Virg-inica  Willd.    Early  Ivs.  round-spatulate,  snbentire,  the  later  toothed  and 

pinnatifid  ;  scapes  1—5  or  more,  1' — 10' high.    Rocks  and  sands.    lids.  5 — 6''.    May+. 

2  It.  Carollniana  N.    Early  Ivs.  lin.-oblanccolate,  fcw-toolhed,  later  Ivs.  lyrate-pin- 

natifid,  or  augular-lobcd ;  scapes  1—5  or  more,  2'— 12'.    Sands.    S.    Feb.— May. 

103.  CYNTHIA,  Don.  Invol.  nearly  simple,  of  equal,  narrow  scales. 
Recep.  flat,  alveolate.  Pap.  double,  the  outer  minute,  scaly,  inner  copious, 
capillary.    Cyp.  short.    If  Lvs.  alternate  or  all  i-adical.   Fls.  15 — 20,  yellow. 

1  €.  Virgjiiica  Don.    St.  few-leaved,  subumbellate  ;  lvs.  lance-obl.,  repand-dentate, 

rarely  lobed,  petiolate.    N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    Very  smooth.    1— 2f.    Hds.  9".    June. 

2  C.  Dandelion  DC.   Acaulescent ;  scapes  leafless,  simple,  1-flwd. ;  lvs.  spatulate-obl. 

to  lance-lin.,  entire  or  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid.  Md.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  G— IS'.   Mar.-Jn. 

104.  LEONTODON,  L.  Autujin  Dakdeliox.  Invol.  imbricate,  the 
outer  sc.  very  short.  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  plumous,  persistent  on  the  some- 
what rostrate  cypsela. — Acaulescent  herbs  with  yellow  fls.,  many  in  a  head. 
Ij.  antuninalis  L.    Scape  branching;  ped.  scaly-bracted ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  dentate- 

pinnatifid,  smoothish.  Waysides,  meadows,  &c.  E.  N.  Eng.  6'— 20'.  Hds.  several,  near 
V  in  diameter.    July— Oct.    §  Europe. 

105.  TRAGOPOGON,   L.    Vegetable  Oystkr.     Invol.   simple,  of 
many  leaves.     Recep.  naked.     Pap.  plumous.     Cyp.  longitudinally  striate, 
contracted  into  a  long,  filiform  beak.   (2)  European,  with  long,  grass-like  lvs. 
T.  porrifolius  L.    Invol.  much  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  lvs.  lance-linear:  ped.  thick- 
ened upward ;  pappus  tawny.    Waysides,  &c.    N.  Y.  (Hankenson).    3f.    June.    %% 

106.  HIERACIUM,  Tourn.  Hawkweed.  Invol.  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated, ovoid,  many-flwd.  Sc.  very  unequal.  Cyp.  not  rostrate.  Pap.  a  single 
row  of  copious,  tawny,  fragile  bristles.    %  Lvs.  alternate,  entire  or  toothed. 

*  Heads  40-50-flwd.    Invol.  more  or  less  imbricated.    Cyp.  blnnt  at  top IVos.  1,  2 

*  Heads  12-30-flwd.    Involucre  simple.— a  Achenia  contracted  at  the  top Nos.  3,  4 

— o  Achenia  not  contracted  upward... Nos.  5,  6 

1  H.  Canadense  Mx.    St.  erect,  subvillous,  leafy,  corymbed;  lvs.  sessile,  ovate-obl. 

to  lanceolate,  acute,  with  few  acute  teeth;  invol.  strongly  imbricated  ;  fruit  brown. 

Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  and  N.    l-2f.    Stout.   Hds.  near  V  broad.    Aug.,  Sept. 


192  Order  70.— COJ^IPOSIT^. 

2  H.  scabruiu  Mx.    Leafy,  rough-hirsute,  glandular  above  ;  Ivs.  obovate  to  elliptic, 

subentire  ;  iuvol.  scarcely  imbricated  ;  fr.  red.    Hilly  woods.    1 — 3f.    Hds.  9".    Aug. 

3  H.  longipUum  Torr.    Clothed  with  long,  erect,  shaggy /ta«>s ;  Ivs.  lauce-oblong, 

entire  ;  hds.  glandular,  20-30-flwd.  in  a  small  naked  panicle.    W.    1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

4  H.  Cronovii  L.    Hairy,  paniculate,  glandular  at  top  ;  Ivs.  obovate  to  lance-oblong, 

slightly  toothed,  the  cauline  sessile,  often  few  ;  fr.  20—30,  narrowed  aiote.— Varies 
with  stems  leafy  or  subnaked  ;  pan.  close  or  difluse.    Dry  hills:  com,    1— 3f.    Aug. +  . 

5  H.  venosum  L.    Scape  or  stem  leafless,  or  with  one  leaf,  paniculate,  smooth  ;  Ivs. 

obovate,  entire,  nearly  glabrous,  with  purple  veins  ;  scales  smooth ;  fls.  20 ;  fr.  linear. 

Woods,  E.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Hds.  on  slender  ped.,  broader  (9")  than  in  No.  4.    Jl.,  Aug. 

G  II.  paniculatum  L.    Slender,  leafy,  diffusely  paniculate :  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous ; 

ped.  very  slender  ;  fls.  10—20  ;  fr.  short-cylindric,  black.    Woods  :  com.    2— 3f    Aug. 

107.  CATANANCHE,  L.  In  vol.  imbricated,  scarions.  Recep.  pale- 
aceous. Pap.  paleaceous,  5-leavecl.  Pales  awned.  (i)  Oriental  herbs,  with 
alternate,  lanceolate  leaves. 

C.  CCEEULEA  L.    Lvs.  villous,  somewhat  bipinnatifld  at  base  ;  invol.  lower  scales  ovate, 
mucronate.    S.Europe.    2— 3f.    Heads  on  long  peduncles.    Blue.    July  +  . 

108.  NABALUS,  Cass.  Drop  Flower.  Invol.  cyhndric,  of  many- 
linear  scales  in  one  row,  calyculate  Avith  a  few  short,  appressed  scales  at 
base.  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  copious,  capillary,  brownish,  2-rowed,  persist- 
ent. Cyp.  not  beaked,  smooth,  striate.  If  Erect,  with  a  tuberous,  bitter 
root.    Heads  5-18-flowered,  not  yellow,  although  often  straw-colored. 

§  Heads  pendulous,  glabrous.    Leaves  variously  lobcd  or  shaped. . .  (a) 

a  Dwarf  species  (6—10'  high)  native  of  high  mountains Nos.  1,  2 

a  Tall  (2— 5f  high).— c  Heads  5-6-flowered No.  3 

—-C  Heads  S-12-flowered. — d  Pappus  tawny No.  4 

— d  Pappus  straw-colored Nos.  5,  6 

§  Heads  nodding  or  erect,  hairy.    Leaves  mostly  undivided. . .  {b) 

b  Heads  about  12-flowered.    Pappus  straw-color Nos.  7,  8 

b  Heads  about  25-fiowered.    Pappus  tawny  or  dusky No.  9 

1  N.  Boottil  DC.    St.  simple,  dwarf;  lvs.  hastate-cordate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  entire ; 

heads  racemed  ;  flowers  10— 18,  inner  scales  10— 15.    High  mountains,  N.    July  +  . 

2  N.  nanus  DC.    Smooth,  simple  ;  lvs.  deltoid-hastate  and  variously  lobed,  upper  lan- 

ceolate, all  petiolate  ;  hds.  clustered-paniculate  ;  sc.  8,  fls.  10—12.    White  Mts.    Aug. 

3  N.  altissimus  Hook.    Smooth,  strict,  paniculate,  tall,  leafy;  lvs.  petiolate,  pal- 

mat  ely  3-5-cleft,  or  lobed,  varying  to  hastate,  cordate,  or  even  ovate,  dentate  ;  hds.  6" 
long,  yellowish,  forming  a  slender,  leafy  panicle;  sc.  5.    Woods,  N.    3— 5f.    August. 

4  N.  albiis  Hook.    Lion's-foot.    White  Lettuce.   Smooth,  glaucous,  corymb.-paniculate  ; 

lvs.  hastate-lobed  to  ovate,  petiolate,  the  lobes  or  leaves  obtuse  ;  heads  6—7",  with  8 
scales,  9—12  fls.,  and  brown  pappus.    Moist  woods.    2-^f.    Purplish  in  spots.    Aug. 
(3.  Serpenttiria.    Snake-root.    Lvs.  deeply  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  3-parted. 

5  N.  FraseriDC.    Earth-gall.    Smoothish,  corymb.-paniculate ;  lvs.  hastate  or  del- 

toid, rarely  5-7-lobed,  on  winged  stalks,  upper  lanceolate.— Varies  with  the  leaves  all 
lanceolate  and  merely  toothed.    Hard  soils,  Conn,  to  Ela.    2 — 4f.    August. 

6  IV.  virgatus  DC.   Glaucous,  simple,  strict ;  lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  narrow,  the  upper 

toothed  or  entire  ;  panicle  or  raceme  virgate.    Sands,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2 — 4f.    Sept.,  Oct. 

7  IV.  racemosus  Hook.    Smooth  (exc.  the  invol.),  simple,  slender;  lvs.  lance-oval  to 

lance-ovate,  denticulate  ;  hds.  suberect,  spicate-paniculate.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Iowa, 
and  N.    2 — 4f.    Flowers  pale  red.— Varies  with  the  lower  leaves  cut-pinnatifid.    Sept. 

8  N.  asper  T.  &  G.    Rough-downy,  simple,  strict;  leaves  oval-oblong  to  lance-oblong, 

dentate  ;  hds.  erect,  fascicled  in  a  spicate  panicle  ;  fls.  yellowish.    W.    2— 4f.    Sept. 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  193 

9  N.  crepldineiis  DC.  Smoothish,  tall,  stout,  corymb.-paniculatc ;  Ivs.  broadly  tri- 
ang.-ovate  to  lanceolate,  toothed,  petiolate  ;  hds.  nodding,  of  12  sc.  and  25—35  ochro- 
leucousfls.   Fields,  thickets,  W.  States.  5— Sf.  Larger  than  any  of  the  foregoing.  Sept. 

109.  LYGODIISMIA,  Don.  Invol.  fls.,  &c.,  as  in  Nabalus.  Pappus 
wliitish.  Corollas  rose-colored.  U  With  linear-subulate  leaves  and  erect 
heads  on  long,  naked  peduncles. 

1  li.  apliylla  DC.    St.  scape-like,  erect,  slender,  forked  above  ;  Ivs.  nearly  all  radical, 

short,  linear-filiform  ;  heads  5-flo\vered.    Pine  woods,  Ga.  Fla.    2f.    May. 

2  li.  j  ikncea  N.    St.  much  branched ;  Ivs.  lance-linear ;  fls.  5.  Min.  (Matthews),  and  W. 

110.  TROXIMON,  Kutt.  Hds.  many-flowered.  Inyol.  campanulate, 
scales  loosely  imbricate,  in  2 — 3  rows.  Cj'p.  oblong-linear,  compressed, 
glabrous,  not  rostrate.  Pap.  setaceous,  copious,  white,  if  Lys.  all  radical. 
Scape  bearing  a  single,  large,  showy  head,  with  yellow  flowers. 

T.  cuspi<la.tuin  Ph.  Rt.  fusiform;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  woolly  at  the  edge  ;  scales 
lanceolate,  cuspidate-poiuted.    Prairies,  Dl.  Wis.,  and  West.    April — June. 

111.  PYRRHOPAPPUS,  DC.  False  Dandelion.  Invol.  doul)le, 
the  outer  row  numerous,  loose  and  spreading.  Receptacle  naked.  Cyp.  5- 
grooved,  at  length  long-beaked,  bearing  a  copious,  soft,  capillary,  reddish 
pap.  (D  U  Hds.  solitary  on  long  ped.,  large,  Avith  numerous  deep  yel.  fls. 
P.  Carolliiianus  DC.  St.  simple  or  branched,  scape-like  :  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  lance- 
olate, acute,  sinuate-toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid.    Fields,  Md.  to  Fla.    May— Jul.y. 

1 12.  TARAXACUM,  Desf.  Dandelion.  Invol.  double,  the  outer  of 
small  scales,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  appressed  row.  Recep.  naked. 
Cyp.  produced  into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious,  white,  capillary 
pappus. — Acaulescent  herbs,  with  runciuate  leaves.    Figs.  68,  346,  492. 

T.  Deiis-leonls  Less.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed  ;  Ivs.  runcinate,  smooth, 
dentate;  scape  short  in  fl.,  long  in  fr.— a  globe  of  pappus.    2f  Fields  :  common.  §  Eur. 

113.  LAOTUOA,  Tourn.  Lettuce.  Invol.  few-flowered,  scales  im- 
bricated in  2  or  more  unequal  rows.  Cyp.  obcompressed  (flattened  same 
way  as  the  scales),  glabrous,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long,  filiform  beak. 
Pappus  copious,  soft,  capillar}',  white. — Herbs  with  leafy  stems  and  panic- 
ulate heads  of  variable  colors.    Fig.  77. 

1  li.  Canadensis  L.    p.  elons-ata.     Trumpet  Milkweed.    St.  tall,  hollow  ;  Ivs.  pale 

beneath,  clasping,  rune. -pinnatifid,  upper  lance.,  entire  ;  heads  racemous-paniculate, 
with  few  scales  and  12  +  fls.   ©  Rich  soils,  thickets.   3— 6f.  Yel.  to  purplish.    Jl.,Aug. 

/3.  aang'iiinea.    Stem,  If.  veins,  and  fls.  purple  ;  Ivs.  some  hairy,  glaucous  beneath. 

y.  g-ramini folia.    Lvs.  long,  linear,  the  lower  few-lobed,  upper  entire.    South. 

S.  integri folia.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  all  entire,  lower  some  sagittate  at  base. 

2  li.  sativa.    Garden  Lettuce.   Stem  corymbous  ;  lvs.  roundish,  the  upper  cordate  ;  fls. 

white,  (i)  Said  to  be  §  in  some  places,  when  its  lvs.  become  dontate-lobed  and  prickly. 

114.  MULGEDIUM,  Cass.  Wild  Lettuce.  Involucre  somewhat 
double,  outer  scales  short  and  imbricated.  Recep.  naked,  faveolate.  Pap. 
capillary,  crowning  the  short-beaked,  compressed  cypsela. — Leaves  mostly 
spinulous.    Hds.  paniculate,  small,  Go-flwd.    Jl.— Sept.    Figs.  76,  448-50. 


194  Order  71.— LOBELIACE^. 

*  Pappus  bright  white.    Corollas  blue Nos.  1,  % 

*  Pappus  tawnj.    Corollas  cream-colored,  turning  purplish No.  3 

1  ITI.  Floridaiiuni  DC.    Smooth;  Ivs.  runciiiately  pinnate-parted,  segia.  few,  sin- 

uate-dentate or  angular  ;  pan.  loose,  hds.  9".    ©  Thickets,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    3— Cf. 
p.  acuminatum,   Lvs.  lancc-ovate,  acuminate,  toothed,  or  the  lower  subrancinate. 

2  M.  pulclielluni  K.    Smooth  and  glaucous,  strict;  lvs.  lancc-oblong  to  lin.,  entire, 

or  the  lowest  runcinate  ;  pan.  corymbed  ;  fls.  bright  blue.    L.  Huron  to  Oreg.    2— 7f. 

3  ME.  leucopliaeum  DC.    Tall,  leafy;  lvs.  lyrate-nincinate,   coarsely-toothed;  ped. 

scal3'-bracted  ;  pan.  long,  compound  ;  fr.  scarcely  beaked.    ©  Moist  thickets.    5— lOf. 

115.  SONCHUS,  L.  Sow  Thistle.  Invol.  many -flowered,  imbricate, 
of  numerous  unequal  scales,  at  length  tumid  at  base.  Recep.  naked.  Pap. 
of  white-silky  hairs,  in  many  series.  Cypselae  compressed,  not  rostrate. — 
Leaves  mostly  spinulous.     Heads  with  many  yellow  flowers.    Europe. 

§  Flowers  bright  yellow,  in  showy  heads.    Achenia  angular.    Perennial No.  1 

§  Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  large  heads.    Achenia  flat.    Annual.    Aug.,  Sept.. Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  arvensis  L.    Smooth,  erect,  hispid  above ;  leaves  nincinate-pinnatifid,  spinu- 

lous-dentate.  clasping  with  short  auricles  at  base  ;  hds.  subumbellate.    Fields,  way- 
sides, N.  Eng.,  X.Y.    2f.    §. 

2  S.  asper  Till.    Leaves  cordate,  amplexicaul,  oblong-lanceolate,  undulate,  spinulous- 

dentate  ;  ped.  subnmbellate  ;  fniit  oval-obovate,  .3-ribbed  on  each  side.    1— 2f.    § 

3  S.  oleraceus  L.    Lvs.  sagittate-amplexicanl,  mucin. -pinnatifid,  subspinulous,  den- 

tate ;  ped.  downy ;  involucre  at  length  smooth;  fruit  many-striate.  Eubbish.   2 — 3f   § 

116.  HUMEA  ELEGAKS.  Tall,  4f,  branching  above  into  an  ample 
capillary  panicle  ;  lvs.  lancc-ovatc,  clasping;  heads  uuraerous,  small,  drooping,  with  dry, 
loose  scaks,  and  3  or  4  carmine-red  florets,  with  no  pales  or  pappus.    N.  Hoi.    July— Oct. 

117.  CH  APT  ALIA,  Vent.    Invol.  campanulate.     Scales  in  few  series, 
.inear,  acute.    Eecep.  naked.    Eay-fls.  S  ,  ligulate,  disk-fls.  5  ,  but  sterile, 
oilabiate,  lips  equal,  outer  3-,  inner  2-parted.     Cypselas  glabrous.    Pappus 
capillary.     71  Acaulescent.    Lvs.  all  radical.     Head  cyanic.    Mar.,  Apr. 
C.  toiuentosa  Vent.    White-tomentons ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate  to  lance-oval ;  hd.  nodding 

in  bud,  erect  in  fl.,  on  the  scape.    Moist  barrens,  S.    6—12'.    Eays  20,  rose-colored. 

Order  LXXI.    LOBELIACE^.    Lobeliads. 

Herbs  or  sliruhs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves  and  scat- 
tered flowers.  Calijx  5-lobed  or  entire.  Corolla  nionopetalous,  irregular, 
split  down  to  the  base  on  one  side.  Stamens  5,  free  from  the  corolla,  united 
into  a  tube  at  least  by  their  anthers.  Otary  adherent  to  tlie  calyx  tube. 
Style  1.  Stigma  surrounded  by  a  fringe.  Fndt  a  capsule  2-3-(rarely  1-) 
celled.    Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

1.  LOBELIA,  L.  Cor.  tubular,  in-egular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base  on 
the  upper  side,  upper  lip  of  2  separate  lobes,  lower  3-lobed.  Anth.  united 
above  into  a  cm-ved  tube.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Caps,  opening  at  the  summit. 
Seeds  minute.  (J)  U  Flowei-s  axillary  and  solitaiy,  or  in  terminal,  bracted 
racemes.    Julj^ — Sept. 

^  Corollas  scarlet  or  bright  crimson,  large...*  Exotic,  Xos.  15, 16 *  Native,  No.  1 

1  CoroUas  blue,  or  blue  and  white t  Exotic,  Nos.  17, 18....+  Native. .(a) 


Oedkr  71.— LOBELIACEJ^.  195 

a  Calyx  lobes  auricled  at  base,  denticulate,  shorter  than  corolla  tube Nos.  2—4 

a  Calyx  lobes  auricled  at  base,  entire,  linear,  long  as  corolla  tube Nos.  5,  6 

a  Calyx  lobes  not  auricled,  entire,— 6  very  slender  and  long Nos.  T— 9 

—6  much  shorter  than  corolla ...  (c) 

c  Leaves  cauline,  entire,  few.    Racemes  loose,  few-flowered Nos.  10—13 

c  Leaves  radical,  entire.    Racemes  strict,  few-flowered Nos.  13,  14 

1  li.  cai'dtnalls  L.     Cardinal  Ilower.    Tall,  simple,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  obloiig-lanceo- 

late,  slightly  toothed,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  bracted,  secund 
raceme  ;  stam.  longer  than  the  corolla.     2f  Swamps.    2— 4f.    Splendid. 

p.  integ-erriiiin.    Leaves  all  very  entire  ;  stem  naked  above.    Northern  N.  T. 

y.  catutifta.    Flowers  white,  the  segments  narrower.    Mass. 

2  li.  syplillitica  L.     Gi'eat  Lobelia.    Stem  erect,  angular;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 

acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  some  hairy ;  raceme  leafy ;  calyx  hispidly  cili- 
ate,  with  the  sinuses  reflexed.    li.  By  streams.    1 — 3f.    Flowers  1'. 
/3.  alba.    Flowers  pure  white.    N.  Y.  (E.  L.  Hankenson  ;  G.  M.  Wilbur). 

3  li.  glandulosa  Walt.    Subsimple,  leafless  above  ;  Ivs.  lance-lin.,  acutish,  and  with 

the  lanceolate,  auricled  sepals  some  glandular-toothed  ;  fls.  few,  remote,  large  (9") ; 
cal.  hispid  or  smoothish,  short,    if  Damp  barrens,  Va.,  and  S.    1^ — 2f.    Sept.— Oct. 

4  Li.  brevlfolia  N.    Erect,  simple,  hispid  ;  lvi>.  1',  crowded,  oblong-lin.,  denticulate  : 

Sep.  ovate,  fringe-toothed,  half  as  long  as  cor.  Damp,  Fla.  to  La.  18'.  (L.  Ludov.  C-B.) 

0  Li.  leptostacliys  A.  DC.    Glabrous,  erect,  simple,  virgate ;  Ivs.  lancc-oblong ;  fls. 

small  (4"),  spike  not  secund ;  auricles  awl-shaped,  long.    2j:  Prairies,  W.  and  S.   1— 2f. 

6  li.  puberula  Mx.    Downy  or  smoothish,  erect,  simple  ;  Ivs.  elliptic-ovate,  denticu- 

late ;  fls.  large  (7—8"),  i"  a  long,  secund  spike :  auricles  ear-shaped.  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  2f. 

7  li.  amoeiia  Mx.   Erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pointed  both  ways ;  fls.  large 

(8-9"),  secund,  numerous,  in  a  long  rac. ;  bracts  very  small,   n  Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.  2f. 

8  li.  spicata  Lam.    Erect,  simple,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  ;  fls.  small 

(3-4"),  crowded  in  a  slender  rac. ;  pedicels  and  bracts  as  long  as  the  fl.    Dry  soils.   l-2f. 

9  li.  inllata  L.    Indian  Tobacco.    Erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  ser- 

rate ;  fls.  short  (4"),  with  leafy  bracts  ;  caps,  inflated,  large.    @  Fields.    If.   Narcotic. 

10  li.  Boykinil  T.  &  G.  Slender,  smooth;  branches  erect;  Ivs.  awl-shaped,  erect; 
fls.  small  (4"),  on  filiform  ped.  in  long,  loose  racemes.  Wet  sands,  Ga.  Fla.    2f.  Lvs.  G". 

1 1  li.  NuttallU  DC.  Erect,  very  slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  few,  linear,  remote  ;  fls.  few, 
small  (3") ;  ped.  as  long  as  cor. ;  cal.  tube  almost  none.  (5)  Swamps,  L.  L,  and  S.  1-lJf. 

12  li.  Kalniii  L.  Simple  or  branched;  rt.  lvs.  spatulate,  st.  lvs.  lance-lin.  tolin.,  all 
obtuse ;  rac.  loose,  leafy ;  ped.  about  equalling  the  showy  blue-wh.  fls.,  minutely  bract- 
ed, or  naked  (in  same  specimen) ;  cor.  5".  lobes  obovate.  Rocky  swamps,  E.  &  W.  6-18'. 

13  li.  paludosa  N.  Lvs.  lin. -spat.,  thickish,  obtuse,  petiolate;  scape  simple,  nearly 
naked  ;  rac.  loose,  ped.  about  as  long  as  the  cal.    @  Bogs,  Del.,  and  S.   2-."f.   Lvs.  5-10'. 

14  li.  Dortiuanna,  L.  Lvs.  submerged,  tufted,  linear,  entire,  hollow  with  2  longi- 
tudinal cells,  short,  obtuse  ;  scape  simple,  nearly  naked  ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  raceme,  re- 
mote, pedicellate,  nodding,     if  In  ponds,  N.  States.    2 — Zf.    Only  the  fls.  emerging. 

15  li.  ruLGENS.    Downy,  erect,  simple  ;  lvs.  narrow-lane,  revolute  at  edge.   2f  Mex.   3f. 

1 6  li.  SPLENDENS.   Smooth,  erect ;  lvs.  narrow-lane,  flat ;  fls.  large,  in  long  rac.  Mex.  3f. 

1  7  Li.  Ertnus.    Slender,  difi"use ;  lvs.  toothed,  ellip.  toliu. ;  fls.  scattered,  bluish.    S.  Afr. 
1  8  Li.  ccELESTiNA,  a  garden  variely,  with  larger  blue  flowers,  yellow  in  the  centre. 

2,  DOWNINGIA,  Torr.  Sep.  5,  linear.  Cor.  2-lipped,  tube  not  split, 
upper  lip  2-parted,  erect,  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stam.  tube  incurved.  Caps, 
s-ilique-form,  1-celled,  oo-seeded,  opening  hx  3  linear  valves.  (T)  Low,  wath 
axillary,  solitaiy  flowers.    (Clintonia,  Doug.) 

1  M.  ELEGANS.    Stem  few-branched,  angular  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acute  ;  ovary  curved,  3-angIed, 

longer  than  the  lvs. ;  corolla  blue  with  a  white  palate.    Oregon  1    6—12'.    July,  Aug. 

2  D.  PULCHELLA.    Stem  much  branched  ;  lvs.  obtuse ;  fls.  8",  middle  lobe  longest.    Cal.  I 


196  Order  73.— CAMPANULACE^. 


Order  LXXII.    CAMPANULACEiE.    Bellworts. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  without  stipules.  Floicers 
mostly  blue,  showy.  Calyx  superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla 
regular,  campanulate,  generally  5-cleft,  withering,  valvate  in  {Estivation. 
Stamens  5,  free  from  the  corolla.  Anthers  distinct,  2-celled.  Pollen  spheri- 
cal. Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx,  2  or  more  celled.  Capsule  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal.    Seeds  many. 

§  Calyx  tube  short.    Pod  roundish,  opening  at  the  sides.    Cor.  bell  or  wheel  form Campanula.  1 

§  CHlyx  tube  elongated.     Pod  prismatic,  opening  at  the  sides.     Corolla  wheel-form Specularia.  2 

§  Calyx  tube  short.     Pod  ovoid,  opening  at  the  top.    Corolla  bowl-form Plattcodon.  3 

1.  CAMPANULA,  Tourn.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft.  Cor.  campanulate, 
or  subrotate,  5-lobed,  closed  at  base  by  the  broad,  valve-like  bases  of  the 
5  stamens.  Stig.  3-5-cleft.  Caps.  3-5-celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores. 
Mostly  y.    Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes,  or  few  and  axillary. 

§  Native  or  naturalized.— a  Flowers  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed No.  1 

— a  Flowers  campanulate,  few,  or  i?cattered Nos.  2 — 4 

— a  Flowers  funnel-form,  crowded  above No.  5 

§  Exotic— 6  Sepals  appendaged  at  base.    Stig.  3  or  5.    Corolla  bell-shaped.  .Nos.  6,  7 

—b  Sepals  not  appendaged.    Stig.  3.— c  Corolla  bowl-shaped Nos.  8,  9 

— c  Corolla  bell-shaped Nos.  10,  11 

— c  Cor.  rotate-spreading Nos.  12,  13 

1  C.  Americana  L.    Tall,  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  serrate, 

contracted  to  a  winged  petiole,  veins  often  ciliate;  fls.  axillary,  sessile  ;  style  exsert- 
ed,  decurved.    n  Dry  copses  :  common.  2 — 4f.  Fls.  1'  broad,  spreading,  flat.  Aug.  t 

2  C.  rotundifolia  L.    Ilare-beU.    St.  weak,  slender;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  reniform- 

cordate,  cauline  linear,  entire  ;  flowers  few,  nodding,  bell-shaped  and  blue.    2f  Damp 
rocks,  N.  States.    If.    Very  delicate.    June,  July.    Rt.  Ivs.  seldom  found  with  the  fls. 

3  C.  aparlnoides  Ph.    Stem  weak,  slender,  branching  above,  triangular,  the  angles 

inversely  aculeate  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  subentire  ;  fls.  terminal,  4"  long,  white.    In  wet 
meadows.    1— l^f,  leaning  on  the  grass  like  a  Galium.    June — Aug. 

4  €.  divarlcata  Mx.    Glabrous,  erect,  with  slender,  divaricate,  paniculate  branches ; 

Ivs.  narrow -lanceolate,  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  dentate  ;  fls.  campanulate,  pendu- 
lous on  the  slender  branchlets.    Rocky  woods,  Va.,  W.  and  S.    2f.    July. 

5  C.  glomcrata  L.   St.  angular,  simple,  smooth  ;' Ivs.  lance-oblong,  cordate,  the  lower 

petiolate  :  fls.  crowded  above,  cor.  funnel-form,  violet-bine.    Fields,  Mass.    2f.   §tEu. 
0.  AGGREGATA.    Flowcrs  pale  blue,  in  a  dense  head,  and  other  var.  are  cultivated. 

6  C.  Medium.    Canterbvry-beUs.   Erect,  hispid;  Ivs.  lanceolate;  fls.  1  J';  stig.  5.  ©En.  3f. 

7  C  sPECiosA.    Erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear;  fls.  racemed,  nodding;  stig.  3.    2f  Eur.    2f. 

8  C.  PTRAMiDALis.    Smootli,  branched ;  Ivs.  lancc-ovate ;  fls.  broad,  raccmed.    2f  Eu.  6r. 

9  C.  PERSiciFOLiA.  Smooth ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  thick ;  fls.  broad,  axillary.  Q:;  Eur.  :!f. 
IOC  Trachelium.  St.  angular,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate,  cord,  dentate  ;  ped.  1^3-flwd.  n  Eii.  4f. 
lie.  RAPUNcrLoiDES.  Rough :  Ivs.  ovatc,  pointed ;  rac.  spicatc  ;  fls.  noddiug.  ii  Eu.  2f. 

12  C.  LoREYi.    St.  erect,  ang. ;  Ivs.  obov.  to  lance-ovate;  cal.  hairy;  cor.  2' broad.  (T)  Eu. 

13  C.  Garganica.  St.  diffuse ;  Ivs.  cord.-reniform  to  ovate ;  fls.  small,  star-shaped.  2i  Eu. 

2.  SPECULARIA,  Heist.  Calyx  5-lobed,  tube  elongated.  Cor.  rotate, 
S-lobed.  Fil.  haiiy,  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Sty.  included,  hairy.  Stig. 
3.  Caps,  prismatic,  3-celled,  opening  laterally  in  the  upper  part.  @  Fls. 
axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  erect. 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  197 

1  S.  perfoliata  Lam.  St.  mostly  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  reniform-ovate,  cordate-clasping, 

creiiate ;  fls.  sessile,  aggregate,  axillary.    Fields,  copses.    If.    Fls.  deep  blue.    Jn.,Jl. 

2  S.  Liudoviclana  Torr.  St.  branched,  branches  slender;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  subentire, 

sess.  or  slightly  clai^ping;  ovaries  slender,  fls.  smaller  (5"  broad).    S.  Car.  to  La.    1 — 2f. 

3  S.  Speculum.    VerMS^  Looking-glass.    Stem  diffusely  branching;  Ivs.  oblong,  crenate; 

fls.  solitary,  with  shallow  lobes,  blue  vailing  to  white,  all  Summer.    S.  Eur.    Hardy. 

3.  PLATYCODON,  A.  DC.     Cor.  large,  bowl-shaped.     Sti,?.  5,  thick, 
spreading.     Caps,  ovoid,  opening  at  the  top  by  5  acute  valves.     U  Siberia. 
Smooth  and  glaucous. 
P.  GKANDiFLOKUM.    Lvs.  lance-OTOte,  serrate  ;  fls.  2',  blue  var.  to  wh.,  few,  terminal.   18'. 

Order  LXXIII.    ERICACE.^.    Heatiiworts. 

Plants  shrubby  or  suffruticous,  sometimes  herbaceous,  with  Leaver  sim- 
ple, alternate  or  opposite,  mostly  evergreen,  without  stipules.  Corolla  regu- 
lar or  somewhat  irregular,  4-5-cleft,  the  petals  rarely  distinct.  Stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  free,  hypogynous.  Anthers  2-celled, 
generally  open  by  pores,  often  appcndaged.  Pollen  (except  in  Monotro- 
pese)  compounded  of  4  united  grains.  Embryo  straight,  lying  in  the  axis  of, 
or  in  the  end  of  fleshy  albumen.    Figs.  64,  89,  90, 99, 114,  248,  255, 311, 438. 

§  Ovary  adherent,  in  fruit  a  Ijerry  crowned  by  the  calyx  teeth.     Shrubs. .  .(Suborder  I.) 
§  Ovary  free.— x  Shrubs,  trees.    Capsule  or  berry  with  the  cells  00  -seeded. .  .(Suborder  II.) 
— X  Shrubs.     Fruit  a  capsule  with  the  cells  one-seeded. .  .(Suborder  III.) 
— X  Herbs  half-woody,  low.— y  Leaves  evergreen.     Stamens  distinct. .  .(Suborder  IV.) 
— y  Leaves  evergreen.     Filaments  united. .  .(Suborder  V.) 
—<j  Le.ives  none.     Plants  without  verdure. .  .(Suborder  VI.) 

I.  VACCINE^E. — ft  Fls.  5-parted.     Berries  10-seedcd.     Shrubs  often  resinous-dotted.. .Gaylussacia.    1 

— a  Flowers  5-parted.     Berries  CO -seeded.    Shrubs  dotless Vaccinium.  2 

—a  Flowers  4-parted.— 6  Petals  narrow,  reflexed.    Berries  red OXYCOCCUS.  3 

— 6  Petals  short,  spreading.    Berries  white Chiogenes.  4 

II.  ERICIXE^E.—c  Flowers  4-parted.     Sepals  colored,  larger  than  the  corolla Calluna.  5 

— c  Flowers  4-parted.     Sepals  small.  ..(Gen.  11,  or) Erica.  6 

— c  Flowers  5-parted. — d  Petals  distinct,  or  very  nearly  polypetalous. .  .(»i) 
— d  Petals  united,— monopetalous. .  .(e) 
e  Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes.  ..(Ic) 
e  Corolla  urceolate  (ovoid,  cylindric  or  globular),  lobes  small. . .(/) 

e  Corolla  saucer-form,  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits Kaljiia.  7 

e  Corolla  salver-form,  very  fragrant.     Trailing  shrublct Epicea.  8 

/  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  ovary  5-seeded Arctostaphylos.  9 

/  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  calyx  C» -seeded Gaultheria.    10 

/  Fr.  dry,  capsular,— j?  septicidal.    Lvs.  linear,  heath-lil{e....MENZiESiA.        II 

—f]  loculicidaL— ft  Lvs.  linear,  moss-like.. Cassiope.         12 

—h  Lvs.  ample.    Shrubs. ..Andromeda.    13 

— /i  Lvs.  ample.    Trees Oxydendrum.  U 

Ic  Stamens  5,  included.    Plant  and  leaves  very  small Loiseleuhia.  15 

Ic  Stamens  5  (rarely  more),  long-exserted.    Cor.  funnel-form.  .Azalea.  16 

Ic  Stamens  10  (r.arely  fewer),  exserted.     Cor.  bell-form Rhododendron.  17 

m  Corolla  very  irregular,  open  before  the  leaves  appear Ruodora.         18 

VI  Cor.  regular,— n  7-petalled.     Stamens  14 Befaria.  19 

— n  5-petalled. — o  Capsule  5-celled LEDUiM.  20 

— o  Caps. 3-celled.— p  Fls.  umbelled..LEiOPHYLLUM.  21 
— p  Fls.  racemed...CLETHRA.  22 

ni.  CYRILLE^. — r  Flowers  1-parted,  with  8  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule Elliottia.        23 

— r  Flowers  5-parted,— a  with  5  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule Cyrilla.  24 

—i  with  10 stamens.  Caps.  3-celled,  2-winEed..MYL0CARlu.il.   25 


198  Order  73.— ERICACE^. 

IV.  rVROLEi15.— «  Flowers  racemed,  many.     Herbs  nearly  acanlescent Pyrola.  26 

— s  Flowers  nmbelled,  few.     Stems  ascending.     Style  very  short Chimaphila.  27 

— s  Flowers  solitary  (one  only).—*  Capstile  5-celled Mo.veses.  28 

—t  Capsule  3-celled Shortia.  29 

V.  ?  GALACIXEjE.    Anthers  5,  one-celled.     Capsule  3-celIed.    Scape  spicate Galax.  30 

VI.  MONOTROPE^.— a  Corolla  polypetalous.     Plant  white,  reddish  ortawny Mo.votropa.     31 

— «  Corolla  monopetalous, — v  campanulate,  in  a  short  spike.  ...Schtteixitzia.  32 
—V  oToid,  in  a  loose  raceme Fterospoba.    33 

1.  GAYIiUSSAOIA,  H.  B.  K.  Httckleberrt.  Calyx  acTherent,  5- 
tootlietl.  Cor.  urceolate  or  campanulate,  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Sta.  10.  Anth. 
awnless,  the  cells  produced  upward  into  tubular  beaks  opening  at  the  apex. 
Beriy  drupe-like,  globular,  10-celled,  10-secded.  5  5  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  in  lateral,  bracted  racemes,  -white  or  reddish,  small.  Fruit  black 
or  dark  blue,  svreet.    May,  June. 

§  Leaves  evergreen,  very  smooth,  with  no  resinous  dots,  crennlate No.  1 

§  Leaves  deciduons,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  beneath,  entire Nos.  2 — i 

1  G.  bracliycera  (Michx).    Box  H.    Lvs.  oval  to  ovate,  thick  and  firm  ;  rac.  dense, 

ped.  very  short ;  cor.  short-ovoid  ;  berries  light  hlne.  Rocky  hills.  Pa.  to  Va. :  rare.  If. 

2  G.  dumosa  T.  &  O.    Minntely  hairy  and  glandular  ;  lvs.  obovate-oblong,  nmcronate  ; 

bracts  persistent ;  cor.  short-bcU-fonn ;  ber.  black,  large,  insipid.    Me.  to  Fla.    1— -Sf. 

3  G.  reslnosa  T.  &  G.    Black  11.    Branches  ashy  ;  lvs.  oval  to  lance-obl. ;  rac.  1-sided, 

deciduous  bracts,  ped.  short  as  the  fls. ;  cor.  5-angled,  contracted  at  month ;  sty.  exsert- 
ed;  fr.  black,  ronnd,  sweet  and  eatable,  ripe  in  Aug.   Thickets,  Can.  to  Va.,  and  W.  2f. 

4  G.  frondosa  T.  &  G.    Blue  Dangles.    High  Blueberry.    Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  pale- 

glaucons  beneath  :  rac.  loose,  bracts  deciduous,  shorter  than  the  ped. ;  cor.  egg-bell- 
form  ;  berries  large,  blue,  sweet  and  eatable,  in  Aug.    Thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  La.    3— 6f. 

2.  VACOINIUM,  L.  BLrEBERRT.  Calyx  adherent,  5-toothed.  Cor. 
urceolate,  campanulate  or  cylindric,  limb  4-  or  5-cleft,  reflexed.  Sta.  8  or 
10,  included.  Anth.  vsith  2  awns  on  the  back,  or  aw^nless,  the  3  cells  pro- 
longed into  a  tube  opening  at  apex.  Berrj^  4  or  5  (or  partly  8-10)-celled, 
cells  co-seeded.  ^  ;5  Leaves  alternate.  Flowei-s  solitary  or  racemous, 
white  or  reddish,  small.    Fruit  generally  eatable.    Fig.  90. 

§  Anthers  2-awned  back  of  the  2  horns.    Leaves  deciduous.. .(«) 

a  Filaments  smooth.    Fruit  4-5-celled.  blue.    Shrubs  If  or  less Nos.  1,  2 

a  Filaments  hairy.    Fruit  partly  10-celled.    Taller  (2— 20f  high) Nos.  3,  4 

§  Anthers  S-homed.  without  the  awns.    Filaments  10,  hairy..  .(&) 

b  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  4-parted.    Fruit  4-celled Xo.  5 

b  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  5-parted.    Fruit  partly  10-celled Nos.  6,  7 

b  Lvs.  deciduous.    Fr.  partly  10-celled.    Fls.  in  short,  close  racemes.,  .(c) 

c  Corolla  bell-shaped.    Leaves  haiiy  both  sides,  entire No.  8 

c  Corolla  cylindrical.    Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so Nos.  9—11 

c  Corolla  ovoid,  evidently  contracted  at  the  mouth Nos.  11—13 

1  V.  nliglnosuiii  L.    Bilberrtj.    Procumbent ;  lvs.  obovate,  obtuse,  dull,  glaucous 

beneath  ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary ;  cor.  ovoid-globous,  4-cleft ;  stam.  8.  White  Mts.  Jn.,  Jl. 

2  V.  coespitosnni  :Mx.    BUbernj.    Dwarf,  creepitous  ;  lvs.  obovate,  attenuate  at  the 

base,  thin,  serrate,  reticulate  with  veins,  shining ;  flowers  subsolitarj- ;  corolla  oblong, 
5-toothed :  stamens  10.    White  Mountains.    2—3'.    July. 

3  v.  stamineum  L.    Beerb;rry.    Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  dull,  glaucous  beneath ; 

pedicels  solitaiy,  axillary,  nodding ;  cor.  bell-spreading,  seg.  acute,  oblong  ;  anth.  10, 
with  the  long  tubes  exserted.    Dry  woods.    2— 3f.    Fruit  greenish-white.    May,  June. 

4  V.  arbbreum  Mx.    Lvs.  obovate,  acute  at  base,  raucronate,  veiny,  shining  above, 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  199 

pale  green  and  subpubescent  beneath  ;  pedicels  secund,  iu  leafy  racemes  ;  cor.  cylin- 
dric-bell-shaped,  rose-white  ;  anth.  10,  inchided.  Woods,  S.  8-20f.  Fr.  black.  May,Jn. 

5  V.  Viii.s-IdaEa  L.    Decumbent,  much  branched,  smooth,  evergreen  ;  Ivs.  4-7",  oval, 

obtuse,  thick,  margin  revolute,  pale  beneath  ;  fls.  solitary  or  in  short  clusters,  4-parted ; 
corolla  campanulate.    Hills  and  mts.,  N.  Eng. :  rare.    June,  July. 

6  V„  Myrsluites  Ms.    Erect,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  small,  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end, 

glabrous,  serrulate  ;  fls.  in  small  lateral  clusters  of  2—5  ;  cor.  ovoid,  urceolate  ;  style 
slightly  exserted.    Woods,  S.    If.    Whole  plant  often  purplish.    March,  April. 

7  V.  luyrtifollnm  Mx.    St.  simple,  decumbent  at  base,  from  long,  creeping  roots  ; 

Ivs.  1 — 2',  cuneate-obovate  or  oval,  pale  beneath  ;  fls.  in  dense,  sessile,  lateral  clus- 
ters of  6 — 12;  cor.  oblong-cylindric ;  fr.  round,  black.    Woods,  S.    If.    Mar.,  April. 
S  V.  Canadense  Rich.    Branches  reddish-green,  pubescent,  leafy ;  Ivs.  elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, acute  at  each  end  ;  rac.  fasciculate,  sessile,  subterminal ;  cor.  campanulate  ; 
cal.  lobes  acute.    Kocky  thickets,  N.  Eng.,  and  W.    8 — 12'.    Berries  blue,  sweet.    May. 

9  V.  Penn.sylvanicuiii  Lam.     Common  Low  BlueteiTJj.    Branches  green,  with  2 

pubescent  lines  ;  Ivs.  1',  crowded,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  bristl.v-serrulate, 
shining;  fls.  in  short,  bracteate,  dense  rac.    Hard  soils,  Can.  to  Pa.    Ber.  blue,  sweet. 

p.  nis;rum.    Dark  green  :  berries  black  and  shining,  without  bloom. 

y.  alpinnm.    Dwarf,  decumbent ;  Ivs.  small  (.3 — 4''),  narrow-oblnnceolate.    ^Mts. 

10  V.  vacalSaiis  Soland.  Low,  bushy;  Ivs.  oval  to  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,  pale 
green,  dull,  glaucous  beneath,  minutely  serrulate  ;  rac.  dense-flowered,  preceding  the 
full-grown  Ivs.   Hilly  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Tenn.   1— 2if.   Fr.  blue-black,  sweet.  Maj%Jn. 

11  V,  corynibosuin  L.  Common  High  Bhiebernj.  Tall ;  flowering  branches  nearly 
leafless  ;  leaves  oval  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  entire,  pubescent 
when  young,  often  glaucous  beneath ;  rac.  short,  sessile ;  cor.  cylindrical  to  ovoid. 
Low  woods.    5 — lOf.    March — June. — Varies  exceedingly. 

j3.  virg'btum,  Branchlets  leafless,  covered  with  rose-colored  rac.  Sts.virgate.  5f.  S. 

7.  amesntim,    Lvs.  oblong ;  fls.  cj'lindric,  large,  roseate  ;  sty.  included  ;  fr.  blk.    8f. 

8.  fuacdtum,  Lvs.  serrulate  ;  ped.  elongated ;  sty.  exserted  ;  fls.  striped  with  red.  3f. 
f .  g-lobrinti.    Plant  glabrous  throughout,  the  leaves  entire.    Rare. 

12  V.  g'alezans  Mx.  Flowering  branches  leafy ;  lvs.  sessile,  cuneate-lanceolate,  stib- 
serrate,  veiny,  glabrous  when  old  ;  flowers  in  small,  sessile  fascicles  ;  corolla  small, 
yellowish  ;  style  exserted  ;  fruit  small,  black.    Swamps,  S.    If.    April +. 

13  V.  lilrsiitum  Buckley.  Whole  plant,  with  fls.  and  fr.,  densely  hirsute;  lvs.  ovate, 
entire  ;  corolla  oblong,  nearly  closed  at  mouth  ;  bony  round.    Mts.  of  N.  Car.    If. 

3.  OXYCOCCUS,  Pcrs.  Cranberry.  Calyx  adherent,  4-cleft.  Cor. 
4-partecl,  with  long,  narrow,  refiexed  segments.  Sta.  8.  Anth.  tubular,  2- 
parted,  opening  by  oblique  pores.  Berries  globous,  4-celled,  many-seeded. 
5  Lo  Delicate,  with  alternate  lvs.,  red  and  purple  berries  on  slender  ped. 

*  stem  erect,  with  membranous,  deciduous  leaves.    Berries  sweetish No.  1 

*  Stem  prostrate,  slender.    Leaves  evergreen,  small.    Berries  acid Nos.  2,  3 

1  O.  erythrocarpus  Ell.    Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  thin,  ciliate-sen-ulate ;  fls.  axillary, 

solitary,  the  long  segments  at  length  reflexed.    Mts.  of  Va.  and  Car.    1— 2f.    June. 

2  O.  palicstris  Pers.    Sts.  flliform,  purple  ;  lvs.  ovate,  entire,  revolute  on  the  margin ; 

pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered;  corolla  pink,  segments  ovate.    Alpine  bogs,  N. 

3  O.  niaerocarpiis  Pers.    St.  filiform  ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  edges  revo- 

lute, glaucous  beneath ;  pedicels  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered  ;  corolla  segm.  linear- 
lanceolate.    Sphagnous  swamps,  Va.,  and  N.    Fruit  large,  valuable.    June. 

4.  CHIOGENES,  Salisb.  Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent.  Cor.  broadly  cam- 
panulate, limb  deeply  4-cleft.  Stam.  8.  Anth.  cells  distinct,  awnless  on 
the  back,  bicuspidate  at  apex,  opening  longitudinally.     Ov.  adherent.    Fr. 


200  Order  73.— EEICACE^. 

white,  4-celled,  many-seeded.    [^.  Delicate.    Lvs.  very  small,  alternate,  -with 
the  flavor  of  the  Checkerberry.    Cor,  small,  wh.,  axillary,  solitary.    Fig.  248. 
C.  Iiispidula  T.  &  G.— In  old  woods,  N.  Eng.,  N.  and  W.    Stems  creeping,  slender, 
1— 3f.    Leaves  oval,  4—6".    Berries  very  small.    May,  June. 

5.  CALLUNA,  Salisb.  Heather.  Cal.  of  4  scarious,  colored  sepals. 
Cor.  campanulate,  4-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stam.  8.  Anth.  2- 
crested  on  the  back,  cells  opening  laterally.  Stig.  4-lobcd.  Caps.  4-cel]ed, 
8-seeded,  4-valved.  5  ^^^-  opposite,  minute,  crowded.  Fls.  axillary,  or 
crowded  in  1-sided  racemes,  scarious,  roseate,  with  4 — 6  scarious  bracts. 
C  vulgaris  Salisb.— Low  grounds,  Tewksbury!  Mass.,  Me.,  and  N.    2f.    Lvs.  {". 

6.  ERICA,  L.  Heath.  Cal.  4-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  bell-,  cup-,  urn-, 
globe-,  egg-,  or  salver-form,  the  limb  in  4  short  lobes.  Stam.  8.  Sly.  tili- 
form.  Caps.  4-celled,  opening  by  4  loculicidal  valves.  Sds.  2 — co  in  each 
cell.  5  Very  delicate,  chiefly  S.  African,  brandling  and  brittle.  Leaves 
whorled,  rarely  alternate,  linear  or  acerous.    Flowers  nodding,  cyanic. 

1  E.  cinerea  L.    Scotch  If eath.    Stems  clustered;  branchlets  and  linear  lvs.  (I'O  in 

3's,  crowded  :  fls.  racemous-clustered  on  the  upper  branchlets  ;  cal.  colored,  with  few  or 
no  bractlets,  J";  cor.  purple,  oval,  2"  ;  anth.  included,  awned  beneath.  Sandy  "  moors," 
Nantucket  Is. !    Found  by  Mrs.  E.  E.  Atwater,  June,  1868.    Apparently  indigenous. 

2  E.  CARN-E.\.  Very  slender,  6—10' :  leaves  in  3"s  or  4's,  2— 3"  Ion?,  obtuse  ;  flowers  axil- 

lary ;  corolla  2",  and  calyx  1",  flesh-color  ;  anthers  dark-purple,  exserted.  A-pa. 
April.— Of  the  400  known  species,  only  this  is  j-et  common  in  cultivation. 

7.  KALMIA,  L.  American  Laurel.  Cal.  o-parted.  Cor.  with  10 
prominences  beueatli  and  10  corresponding  cavities  within,  including  the 
10  anthers.  Border  5-lobed.  Fil.  elastic.  Caps.  5-celled,  many-seeded. 
5  5  Beautiful,  N.  American.  Leaves  entire,  evei-green,  coriaceous.  Flow- 
ers in  racemous  coiymbs,  white  and  red,  in  May — July. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.    Leaves  thick,  mostly  acute Nos.  1,  2 

*  Flowers  in  lateral  corymbs.    Leaves  obtuse Nos.  3,  4 

*  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.    Sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla No.  5 

1  K.  latifolia  L.     Calico  Bush.    Spoon-wood.    Lvs.  alternate  and  ternate,  oval  lance- 

olate, acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides  ;  corymbs  terminal,  viscidly 
pubescent.  Woods,  Me.  toO.,  Ky..  and  Fla.  5-20f.  Profusely  and  splendidly  flowering. 

2  K..  glauca  Ait.    Swamp  Laurel.    Branches  ancipitous ;  lvs.  opposite,  subsessile, 

lanceolate,  polished,  glaucous  beneath,  revolute  at  the  margin  :  corymbs  terminal,  the 
peduncles  and  bracts  smooth.  Bogs,  Pa.,  and  N.  2-.3f.  Lvs.  1'.  Corymbs  8-10-flowered. 
p.  ro»tnarinifolia.    Leaves  linear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

3  K.  angustifolia  L.    Sheep-poison.    Lvs.  ternate  and  opposite,  elliptical-lanceolate, 

petiolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth  ;  corymbs  lateral ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate.  Hills 
and  copses.  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.    2— 4f.    Flowers  deep  purple,  few  in  each  cluster. 

4  K.  cuneata  Mx.    Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  glan- 

dular-pubescent beneath  ;  flowers  white,  in  sessile  clusters.    Swamps,  Car. :  rare.   3f. 

5  K.  Iiirsiita  Walt.    Slender,  branched,  hairy  ;  leaves  scattered  or  opposite,  ovate  to 

linear-oblong,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  (4—6")-    Barrens,  S. :  common.    If.    Fls.  7"- 

8.  EPIGffiA,  L.  Trailing  Arbutus.  May-flower.  Cal.  large,  5- 
parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base.    Cor.  salver-form,  tube  villous  withm,  limb 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  201 

5-partecl,  spreiidiug.  Stam.  10.  Auth.  dehiscent  by  2  longitudinal  open- 
ings. Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved.  [^  Trailing,  with  cordate,  ovate,  entire, 
alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters. 

C  repeus  L.— Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  Ky.,  and  N.  Stems  half-shrubby,  hairy, 
10— 15' long.    Lvs.  evergreen,  2'.    FIs.  rose-colored,  delightfully  fragrant.   Apr.,  May. 

9.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans.  Bear-berry.  Cal.  o-parted,  per- 
sistent. Cor.  ovoid,  diaphanous  at  the  base,  limb  with  5  small  recurved 
segments.  Anth.  10,  with  3  long,  reflexed  awns,  and  opening  by  pores. 
Drupe  or  berry  5-10-celled,  the  cells  1-seeded.  5  Trailing.  Leaves  alter- 
nate.   Racemes  terminal. 

1  A.  Uva-ursi  Spr.    Lvs.  entire,  thick,  evergreen,  shining  above,  obovatc ;  flowers 

drooping  ;  drupe  red,  as  large  as  a  currant,  the  nut  5-seeded.    Rocky  hills,  N.    May. 

2  A.  alpina  Spr.    Lvs.  thin,  serrate,  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  netted;  ped. 

hardly  longer  than  the  bractlets  ;  drupes  black.    High  mts.,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  N. 

10.  GAULTHERIA,  Kalm.  Checkerberrt.  Wintergreek.  Cal. 
5-cleft,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Cor.  ovoid-tubular,  limb  with  5  small, 
revolute  lobes.  Fil.  10,  hirsute.  Caps.  5-celled,  invested  by  the  calyx, 
which  becomes  a  berry,     jj  Leaves  alternate.     Pedicels  bibracteolate. 

O.  prociiiiibens  L.  St.  procumbent,  with  the  branches  erect  or  ascending  ;  lvs.  obo- 
vate, mucrouate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  ;  fls.  few,  drooping,  terminal.  Woods 
and  pastures.  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.    3'.    Red  berries  and  leaves  spicy.    June— Sept. 

11.  MENZIESIA,  Smith.  Cal.  deeply  4-  or  5-cleft.  Cor.  urceolate  or 
campauulate,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Sta.  8  or  10,  anth.  opening  by  terminal  pores. 
Caps.  4- or  5-celled,  opening  septicidally.  Seeds  oo.  Low,  shrubby  plants, 
of  various  habits.    Flowers  in  terminal  clusters. 

§  PiiTLLODOCE,  Salisb.    Lvs.  evergreen,  heath-like.    Fls.  5-parted,  bell-form No.  1 

§  MENZiEsiAiJ7-o/;er.    Leaves  deciduous.    Flowers  4-parted,  urceolate. No.  2 

1  M.  taxifolla  Robbins.    Mminta'm  Heath.    St.  prostrate  at  base  ;  lvs.  linear,  obtuse; 

pedicels  erect,  slender,  terminal,  aggregate,  1-flowered.    Alpine  bogs,  N.  H.,  Me.,  and 
N.    6—12'.    Leaves  6 — 7".    Flowers  purple,  the  ped.  18".    June. 

2  M.  ferrnginea  Smith,    fi.  g-lobulhris  Sims.    Shrub  low,  straggling,  pubescent ; 

leaves  lance-oval,  ciliate  ;  flowers  small,  nodding,  on  slender  pedicels,  greenish-pur- 
ple.   Mts.,  Penn.  to  Car.    3— 4f.    June. 

12.  CASSIOPE,  Don.  Moss-plant.  Sep.  bractless,  imbricated,  ovate. 
Cor.  globular-campanulate,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Auth.  8  or  10,  pendulous,  cells 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  with  a  long  reflexed  awn  behind.  Caps.  4-  or 
5-celled,  valves  2-parted.  Placentis  pendulous,  GO-seeded.  ^  Small, 
alpine,  moss-like  or  heath-like  shrubs.    Flowers  solitary,  pedicellate. 

C.  liypnoides  Don.  Stem  filiform,  tufted;  leaves  evergreen,  subulate,  smooth, 
crowded  ;  flowers  5-parted,  purple,  nodding.    High  mts.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  Me.    2—3'.    Jn. 

13.  ANDROMEDA,  L.  Cal.  5-parted,  persistent,  not  becoming  fleshy 
in  fruit.  Cor.  urceolate,  the  mouth  more  or  less  contracted,  5-toothed. 
Anth.  10,  cells  2,  opeuing  by  a  terminal  pore.  Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved, 
often  re-enforced  with  5  external  valvelets.  Seeds  oo.  J)  +)  with  entire, 
or  serrulate,  alternate  leaves.    Figs.  64,  438. 


202  Order  73.— ERICACE^. 

§  Sepals  valvate  in  the  early  bud.    Fls.  in  clusters.    Caps,  globular. .  .(c) 

1  Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud.    Capsule  depressed. .  .(a) 

«  ris.  solitary,  axillary.  Pericarp  double.  Anth.  awnless.   (Cassandra).  .Nos.  1,  S 

a  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Pericarp  simple,  with  5  entire  valves  ...(b) 

b  Anth.  awnless.  BracUets  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels.  (Leucothoe)..]Sros.  3—5 
b  Anth.  2-awned.    Bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.    (Euboti-ys) Nos.  6,  7 

c  Flowers  in  a  terminal  nodding  umbel.   Cor.  globular.   (Euandromeda) No.  8 

c  Flowers  in  racemes,  panicled  or  axillary. . .((?) 

d  Capsule  with  5  narrow  valvelets  applied  to  the  sutures. .  .(e) 

(^  Capsule  naked.    Corolla  ovoid.    Anthers  2-awncd.    (Portuuia). .  .Nos.  9, 10 

e  Corolla  oblong.    Filaments  or  anthers  2-awned.    (Pieri.s) Nos.  11—1.3 

e  Corolla  globular.  Filaments  and  anth.  awnless.    (Lyonia)..  .Nos.  14—10 

1  A.  calyoulata  L.    Leather-leaf.    Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  ilat,  acute  at  base,  rusty 

beneath  ;  iis.  white,  each  with  a  leaf,  in  leafy  racemes  ;  cal.  2-bractleted  at  base,  sep. 
acute  ;  inner  pericarp  10-valved,  thin.    Bogs,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Wis.    3f.    April +. 

2  A.  angustlfolia  Ph.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the  margins  revolute;  calyx 

segments  acuminate,  2-bracteolate.    Otherwise  as  No.  1.    Swamps,  S.  Car.,  Ga. 

3  A.  axillaris  Lam.    Leaves  oblong,  acute,  denticulate,  petiolate  ;  rac.  dense,  short ; 

sepals  roundish,  obtuse.    Banks,  low  country,  Va.  to  Fla.    2 — 4f.    Evergreen.    Mar. 

4  A.  Catesbaei  Walt.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  petiolate,  finely  ser- 

rulate ;  rac.  dense,  nodding,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  sep.  ovate,  acute.    Banks, 
up-country,  Penn.  to  Ga.    2— 5f.    Eacemes  2—3',  white.    Evergreen.    May. 

5  A.  aciiiuinata  L.     Pipe-ivood.    Leaves  very  smooth,  rigid,  lance-ovate,  gradually 

pointed,  entire  ;  rac.  loose,  short ;  branches  hollow.    Swamps,  S.    .3— lOf.    April. 

6  A.  racemosa  L.    Lvs.  lance-oval,  slightly  pointed,  serrulate,  deciduous  ;  rac.  strict, 

ascending,  terminal,  naked,  long  and  1-sided ;  sep.  ovate,  acuminate  ;  anth.  cells  each 
2-awned  at  apex  ;  seeds  wingless.    Wet  woods.    2 — 6f.    Eac.  2— 3',  white.    Jn.,Ju]}'. 

7  A.  recurva  Buckley.    Lvs.  deciduous,  lance-ovate,  acuminate;  anth.  cells  each  1- 

awned ;  pod  5-lobed ;  sds.  winged,  flat ;  branches  recun'ed-spreading.  Mts.,Va.,  N.  Car. 

8  A.  pollfolia  L.    ^^'Ud  Eoseynary.    Erect,  smooth,  glancons  ;  lvs.  oblong-linear,  with 

margins  revolute,  white  beneath  (2—3') ;  nmb.  5-9-flwd.,  roseate.    Bogs,  N.    If.    Jn. 

9  A.  floribunda  Lyon  (Ph.)    Lvs.  thick,  evergreen,  lance-oblong,  acute  or  pointed, 

bristly-serrulate  ;  rac.  paniculate,  crowded  ;  bractlets  minute  ;  cor.  white ;  anth.  awns 
2,  reflexed,  white.    Mts.,  Va.  to  Ga.  2— lOf.    Flowers  numerous  and  handsome.    Apr. 

10  A.  pliillyrae folia  Hook.  Lvs.  thick,  shining,  evergreen,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse, 
serrulate  above  :  rac.  subterminal,  loose  ;  sep.  lanceolate  ;  cor.  oval :  anth.  each  with 

2  long  reflexed  black  awns.    Woods,  Quincy,  Fla.    1— 3f.    (A.  Croomii,  C-B.) 

11  A.  nitlda  Bartram.  Fetter-bush.  Lvs.  thick,  evergreen,  shining,  elliptical,  acu- 
minate at  each  end,  margins  veined  and  revolute  ;  umbels  axillary,  nodding,  roseate  ; 
branches  sharply  angled.    Low  pine-barrens,  S.    3— Of.    March,  April.    Elegant. 

/3?  rhombifhlia.    Leaves  broad-oval ;  sepals  J  as  long  as  the  ovoid  corolla.    Fla. 

12  A.  Mariana  L.  Stagger-bush.  Lvs.  thin,  deciduous,  oval,  entire,  acutish ;  flow- 
ering branches  leafless  ;  fls.  large  (4 — 5"),  white  or  reddish,  in  lateral  crowded  fascicles  ; 
sepals  linear,  \  as  long  as  the  cylindric  corolla.    Sands,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    3f.    June,  July. 

13  A.  speciosa  Mx.  Lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  serrate,  veiny,  deciduous;  flowering  stems 
mostly  leafless,  branched ;  sepals  J-  as  long  as  the  large  bell-shaped  white  corolla. 
Swamps,  S.    June.— Varies  with  the  leaves  broad,  crenate,  whitish  beneath. 

14  A.  ligustrina  Muhl.  Pubescent ;  lvs.  deciduous,  lance-obovate  to  obovate,  short- 
acuminate,  serrulate  ;  rac.  panicled  on  the  leafless  flowering  branches.  Wet  soils,  Ct. 
to  Fla.    6f.    June.— Var.  with  small  lvs.  scattered  among  the  small  d")  downy  fls.    S. 

15  A.  ferruginea  Walt.  Lvs.  thick,  rigid,  evergreen,  obovate  to  oblanceoiate,  rusty 
beneath,  rcvolute-edged  ;  umb.  axillary  ;  fls.  small  (1") ;  valvelets  nearly  as  broad  aa 
the  valves.    Pine-barrens,  S.  3— 20f.    Shrub  or  small  tree.  Apr.,  May.   (A.  rlgida  Ph.) 

16  A.  iiiontana  Buckley.  Lvs.  evergreen,  lance-ovate,  ciliate-scn-nlate  ;  fls.  in  large 
panicles  ;  pedicels  pubescent,  with  3  linear  bractlets.    Mts.,  N.  Car.    4— 6f. 


OiiDKR  73.— ERICACE^.  203 

14.  OXYDENDRUM,  DC.  Sorrel-tree.  Sep.  bractless,  valvate  in 
the  earlj'  bud.  Cor.  urceolate,  ovoid,  5-tootlicd.  Antb.  10,  linear,  erect, 
awnless,  cells  opening  lengthwise.  Capsule  oblong,  truncate,  5-celled,  5- 
valved.  Seeds  oo.  ^  Lvs.  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rulate. Flowers  white,  in  terminal  panicles  of  slender,  spicate  racemes. 
O.  arboreiiiu  DC— Ohio,  Pcun.,  and  S.  along  the  Alleghany  Mts.  Tree  40-50ft.  Jn.,  Jl. 

15.  IiOISEIiEURIA,  Desv.  Ai.pene  Azalea.  Calyx  5-parted,  lobes 
equal.  Cor.  subcampanulate,  5-parted,  regular.  Sta.  5,  equal,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  anth.  dehiscing  laterally.  Style  straight,  included.  Caps. 
3-  or  3-celled,  2-  or  3-valved,  co-seeded.  ^  Delicate,  procumbent,  tufted, 
with  opposite,  petiolate,  entire  leaves.  Pedicels  terminal,  solitary,  1-flow- 
ercd.     Corolla  rose-color. 

Li.  prociinibens  Desv.— Summit  of  the  White  Mts.,  X.  II.    A  tiny  shrub,  3— 6'.    Lva. 
elliptical,  3",  margins  revolute.    Flowers  nearly  sessile.    June,  July. 

16.  AZALEA,  L.  Swasip  Pink.  Cal.  small,  5-parted.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  somewhat  irregular,  with  5  spreading  lobes.  Sta.  5.  Fil.  and  style 
long,  cxscrted,  declined,  anth.  opening  by  pores.     Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved, 

00  -  seeded.     +)  Erect.     Lvs.  alternate,  /leciduous,  oblong  or  obovate,  en- 
tire.   Flowers  in  umbelled  clusters,  terminal,  large  and  showy.    Fig.  114. 

§  Calyx  lobes  all  (or  rarely  one  excepted)  very  short  or  minute Nos.  1,  2 

§  Calyx  lobes  all  oblong  and  of  conspicuous  length.— «  Native Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Exotic Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  viscosa  L.    Branchlcts  hispid ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  edges,  midvein,  and 

petiole  bristly ;  fls.  appearing  after  the  lvs.,  very  viscid,  the  tube  mucli  longer  than  the 
segments  ;  stamens  exserted  ;  style  mnch  longer.    Swamps.    4— lOf.    May— July. 

p.  iiititla.    Lvs.  smooth,  green,  shining,  oblauceolate.    Dry  woods,  N.    1— 2f. 

y.  hispida,    Lvs.  very  liispid  above,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath.    Mts.,  Pa. 

2  A.  nudiflora  L.    Pinx'ter-hloom.    Young  branchlets  and  lvs.  beneath  pubescent ; 

clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  before  the  young  lvs. ;  corolla  slightly  viscid,  tube 
downy,  scarcely  longer  than  the  segm.  Woods:  more  common  S.  3— 7f.  Apr. +  .— 
Varies  with  the  flowers  jnnk,  deepinirpU,  white-variegated,  tvhite  with  a  buff  centre, 
and  buff  all  over;  the  latter  two  fi-agrant.    Also,  with  10—20  stamens. 

3  A.  calendulaoea  Mx.    Flaming  Pinxter.    Young  branchlets  pubescent ;  lvs.  at- 

tenuated to  the  base,  corymbs  nearly  or  quite  leafless  ;  tube  of  the  cor.  hirsute,  not 
viscid,  shorter  than  the  ample  lobes.  Upland  woods,  O.,  Pa.,  and  S.  3 — lOf.  May,  Jn. 
—The  splendid  flowers  vary  to  yellow-scarlet,  flame-color,  brick-red,  saffron-yellow,  &c. 

4  .\.  arborescens  Ph.    Branches  smooth  ;  lvs.  obovate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath, 

margins  ciliate  ;  corymbs  leafy  with  full-grown  leaves  ;  corolla  tube  not  viscid,  longer 
than  the  lobes.    Mts.,  Penn.,  and  S.    10- 20f.    May— July. 

5  A.  Indica.    Strigous,  but  not  glandular ;  lvs.  wedge-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate; 

fls.  terminal,  1 — 3  together.    Japan.    Fls.  scarlet,  crimson,  white.  &c.    Splendid. 

6  A.  PoNTicA.    Lvs.  oblong,  acute,  margin  ciliate ;    fls.  viscid,  corymbed,  after  the 

leaves  ;  tube  equalling  the  limb,  yellow,  very  fragrant.    Asia  Minor. 

17.  RHODODENDRON,  L.  Eose  Bay.  Calyx  small,  deeply  5-part- 
ed, persistent.  Cor.  canipanulate,  often  slightly  unequal,  5-lobed.  Stam. 
10  (rarely  fewer),  mostly  declinate,  anthers  opening  by  3  terminal  pores. 
Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  ^)  +>  With  alternate,  entire  leaves. 
Flowers  in  dense,  terminal  umbels  from  large,  scaly  buds.    Figs.  99,  311. 


204  Okder  73.— ERICACE^. 

*  Leaves  obtuse  at  each  end.    Flowers  purple  or  lilac,  not  spotted Nos.  1,2 

*  Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  dotted  or  discolored  beneath.    Fls.  spotted. . .  Nos.  3,  4,  5 

*  Leaves  acuminate,  scarcely  paler  beneath.    Flowers  very  broad,  purple No.  6 

1  K.  liapponicum  Wahl.    Lapland  Rose  Bay.    Dwarf;  Ivs.  elliptical,  very  small, 

roughened  with  concave  rnsty  scales  both  sides  ;  fls.  small  (7"),  lobes  equal,  purple  ; 
sta.  5,  7,  or  10,  exsertod.    High  mts.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    8— 10',  very  bushy.    June,  July. 

2  R.  Catawbiense  Mx.     Catawba  Hose  Bay.    Lvs.  oval,  rounded-obtuse  at  each 

end,  paler  beneath,  smooth;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  elongated;  cor.  broad-campanulate, 
lilac-purple,  large  (14") ;  stani.  10.    High  mts.,  Va.,  N.  Car.    3— 6f.    Lvs.  3—5'.   Jn.    t 

3  R.  puiictatuni  Andr.    Lvs.  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate,  glabrous,  the  lower  sur- 

face and  dense  corymbs  covered  with  resinous  dots ;  fls.  bcll-funnel-form,  pink-red, 

green-spotted  within,  the  lobes  wavy.   Uplands,  Car.,  Ga.  4— 6f.  Lvs.  2—3'.  Jn.,  Jl.  t 

/3.  ChapMdnii.   Lvs.  oval-obovate,  obtuse,  small  (1—2') ;  sepals  minute.  W.  Fla. 

4  R.  maxiJiium  L.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  acute,  smooth,  coriaceous,  rusty  beneath, 

revolute  on  the  margin;  cal.  lobes  oval,  obtuse;  cor.  white  to  roseate,  spotted  with- 
in ;  lobes  unequal,  roundish.    Along  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.    6— 20f.    Splendid.    + 

5  R.  ARBOREUM.    Lvs.  lauccolate,  silvery-spotted  beneath ;   cor.  lobes  crenulate  and 

curled,  white,  buft".  red,  crimson,  &c. ;  calyx  downy.    Himmaleh  Mts.    5— 20f. 

6  R.  PoNTicuM.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  attennated  to  each  end,  smooth,  green  both  sides  ; 

corolla  bell-rotate  ;  calyx  smooth.   Asia  Minor.   Low  bush,  flowers  broad  (2'),  purple. 

18.  RHODORA,  Dunham.  Cor.  aclnate  to  the  5-toothecl  calyx,  deeply 
divided  into  3  segments,  upper  one  much  the  broadest,  2-3-lobed  at  the 
apex,  in  bud  enfolding  the  2  lower.  Sta.  10,  declinate,  fil.  unequal,  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores.  Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved.  Cells  many-seeded.  +) 
With  alternate  leaves,  and  pale-purple  flowers.    April,  May. 

R.  Canadensis  L.— Woods  or  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.    2— 3f.    Fls.  in  terminal 
clusters,  1',  appearing  before  the  oblong  leaves,  which  are  downy-canescent  beneath. 

19.  BSJARIA,  Mut.  Fls.  heptamerous.  Calyx  7-toothed,  campanu- 
late.  Corolla  of  7  distinct  petals.  Sta.  14.  Caps.  7-celled,  7-valved,  many- 
seeded.  5  Witli  alternate,  entire  lvs.,  and  fls.  in  dense,  racemous  panicles. 
B.  raceniosa  Vent.    Branches  hispid  and  glutinous ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous  ; 

racemes  terminal,  white.    Sandy  soils,  Ga.,  Fla.    3^4f.    June,  July. 

20.  LEDUM,  L.  Labrador  Tea.  Calyx  minute,  4-toothed.  Cor. 
5-petalled,  spreading.  Sta.  5 — 10,  exserted,  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal 
pores.  Caps.  5-celled,  opening  at  the  base.  5  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  fer- 
ruginous-tomentous  beneath,  coriaceous.  Fls.  in  terminal  corymbs,  white. 
li.  latiroliuni  Ait.    Lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  strongly  revolute  at  edge  ;  sta.  5—7,  scarcely 

exserted.    Mountains,  Penn.,  to  Greenland.    2^f.    May— July. 

21.  LEIOPHYLLUM,  Pers.  Sand  Myrtle.  Calj^x  5-parted.  Pet. 
5,  ovate-oblong,  spreading.  Sta.  10,  exserted,  anthers  dehiscing  by  lateral 
clefts.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  +>  Glabrous,  with  erect 
branches.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  oval,  coriaceous,  revolute-edgcd.  Co- 
rymbs terminal.    Flowers  white. 

1..  buxllolium  Ell.— Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Car.    8— 12f.    Leaves  shining.    May. 

22.  CLETHRA,  Gaert.  Sweet  Pepper-bush.  Cal.  5-parted,  persist- 
ent. Pet.  5,  distinct,  obovate.  Sta.  10,  exserted,  anth.  inverted  in  the  bud, 
at  length  erect.     Style  persistent,  stigma  8-cleft.    Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  205 

00  -  seeded,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.    +)^  Lys.  alternate,  petiolate.     Flowers 
white,  in  downj^-canescent  racemes.    Bracts  deciduous. 

1  C.  alnifolia  L.    Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  acute,  acumiuately  serrate,  green  on  both 

sides,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath;  racemes  terminal,  elongated,  simple  or 
branched ;  bracts  subulate.  Swamps,  N.  £ng.  to  Ga.  3— 8f.  Fragrant.  July,  Aug. 
/3.  toinentbsa,  Lvs.  tomentous  beneath  ;  spikes  subpanicled ;  fls.  3".  S.  Apr.-Jn. 
y.  scabra,    Lvs.  coarsely  serrate,  rough-downy  both  sides.  Ga.  (Bainbridge).  Pet.  2". 

2  C.  acuminata  Mx.  Arborescent ;  lvs.  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  oval,  acuminate, 

abruptly  acute  at  base,  finely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  rac.  terminal,  solitary  ; 
bracts  long,  caducous.    Mts.,  Va.,  Ky.,  to  Car.    10— ISf.    Lvs.  4—6'.    July,  August. 

23.  ELLIOTTIA,  Muhl.  Calyx  small,  4-tootlied.  Corolla  of  4  petals 
slightly  cohering  at  base.  Stamens  8,  anth.  sagittate.  Style  slender,  with  a 
capitate,  undivided  stig.  Caps.  3-celled,  B-seeded.  +)  Witli  yirgate-branched, 
alternate,  lanceolate,  entire  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  of  white  flowers. 
E.  racemosa  Muhl.— Dry,  rich  soils,  S.  Ga.    4— Sf.    Racemes  bractless.    June. 

24.  CYRILLA,  L.  Cal.  5-parted,  minute.  Pet.  5,  distinct,  spreading. 
Sta.  5,  anth.  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short,  with  2  stig.  Caps.  2-celled, 
2-seeded,indehisceut.  Seeds  suspended.  J)  Branches  irregularly  whorled, 
with  entire,  ellijjtic-oblanc.  lvs.,  and  the  white  fls.  in  slender  clustered  rac. 
C.  raeeniiflora  Walt.— Sandy  swamps,  S.    12— ISf.    Lvs.  2—3'.    Kac.  4—6'.    June. 

25.  MYLOCARIUM,  Willd.  Buckwheat  Tree.  Calyx  5-toothed, 
minute.  Pet.  5,  obovate,  obtuse.  Sta.  10,  very  short,  fil.  thickened  below. 
Caps,  corky,  2-  or  3-winged,  3-celled,  with  3  subulate  seeds.  J)  Very 
smooth,  with  branches  irregularly  whorled,  elliptical  leaves,  and  terminal 
racemes  of  white,  fragrant  flowers. 

OT.  ligustrluum  Willd.— Borders  of  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.    4— 8f.    April,  May. 

26.  PYROLA,  Salisb.  Wintergreen.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  equal. 
Sta.  10,  anth.  large,  pendulous,  fixed  by  the  apex,  2-horned  at  base,  open- 
ing by  2  pores  at  top.  Style  thick,  as  if  sheathed.  Stig.  5,  appearing  as 
rays  or  tubercles.  Caps.  5-celled,  opening  at  the  angles,  many-seeded.  % 
Low,  scarcely  shrubby,  evergreen  herbs.  Lvs.  radical  or  nearly  so,  entire. 
Scapes  mostly  racemous,  from  a  decumbent  stem  or  rhizome.    Fig.  99. 

§  Stamens  and  style  straight.    Stigmas  peltate,  5-rayed.    June,  July Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stamens  ascending.    Style  declined  and  curved.    Stigma  5-tubercled.  ..(a) 

a  Leaves  dull  (not  shining).    Petals  greenish-white Nos.  3,  4 

a  Leaves  thick  and  shining.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  5,  6 

1  P.  minor  L.    Lvs.  round-ovate,  repaud-creuulate,  longer  than  their  petioles  ;  rac. 

spike-like ;  corolla  globular,  including  the  short  style.    Woods,  N.  H.,  and  N.    July. 

2  V,  secunda  L.    Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  rac. 

secund  ;  cor.  oblong ;  style  exserted.    Woods,  N.  States.    5—8'.    Lvs.  near  the  base. 
/3.  p'umila  (Paine).    Lvs.  nearly  orbicular,  thin  ;  scape  3-6-flowered,  4—8'.    N.  T. 

3  P.  chlorantlia  Swartz.    Lvs.  orbicular,  crenulate,  shorter  (1')  than  the  petiole ; 

scape  tall  (6—12'),  few-flowered  ;  segm.  of  thecal,  very  short,  obtuse  ;  pet.  half-open, 
oval,  greenish  ;  anth.  conspicuously  tubular.    Woods,  N.  States  and  Can.    June,  July. 

4  P.  elliptica  N.    Leaves  oval  or  elliptical,  thin,  longer  than  their  petioles  ;  scape 

naked,  6-10-flowered  ;  eep.  very  short  and  obtuse  ;  anth.  pores  blunt ;  fls.  nodding, 
fragrant.    Woods,  N.  States  and  Can.    3—9'.    Petioles  white.    June,  July. 


206  Okder  73.— ERICACE^. 

5  P.  rotundifolia  L.    Lvs.  round-ovate,  shorter  than  the  petiole,  thick ;  scape  3 

angled,  bracted  below,  00-flowercd ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse;  anther  pores  distinctly 
tubular.    Woods,  Can.  to  Car.,  and  W.    8—14'.    Flowers  large.    June,  July. 
/3.  vlig-inosa.    Lvs.  dull,  IJ',  the  stalk  much  longer  ;  sep.  acute  ;  fls.  smaller. 

6  P.  asarifolia  Mx.    Lvs.  round-reniform,  thick,  shining,  shorter  tlian  the  petiole ; 

scape  angular;  rac.  lax,  GO-flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;  anther  pores  blunt. 
Old  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.    6—12'.    Flowers  purple.    June. 

27.  CHIMAPHILA,  Ph.  PiPsissiwA.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  10,  fil.  dilated  in  the  middle,  anth.  cells  produced  into  tubes, 
opening  hy  a  2-lipped  pore  at  apex.  Style  very  short,  thick.  Capsule  5- 
celled,  opening  from  the  summit.  ^)  Small,  glabrous.  Leaves  cauline,  ser- 
rate, thick.    Ped.  scape-like.    Flowers  terminal,  nodding,  roseate.   Fig.  255. 

1  C.  Miubellata  Nutt.    Prince's  Pine.    Lvs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  shining,  1-colored, 

serrate,  iu  4's— (i's  ;  umbel  4-7-flowered.    Dry  woods.    8—12'.    July. 

2  C  niaculata  Pursh.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  remotely  ser- 

rate, discolored,  opposite  or  in  3"s  ;  ped.  2-3-flowered.    Sandy  woods.    6—8'.    Jn.,Jl. 

28.  MONESES,  Salisb.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  5-parted,  rotate.  Sta. 
10,  regular,  2-spurred  at  base,  opening  by  2  tubular  pores  at  apex.  Style 
straight.  Stig.  5-lobed.  Caps.  5-vaIved,  5-celled,  oo-seeded.  U  Low,  sim- 
ple, smooth.  Lvs.  at  top  of  the  stem,  roundish,  serrulate,  petiolate,  veiny. 
Peduncle  terminal,  longer  than  the  stem. 

M.  g:randifl6ra  Salisb. — Mossy  woods,  N.  Eng.,  K.  Y. :  rare  (com.  in  Oreg.)  3'.  Scape 
with  a  bract  in  the  midst,  and  a  single,  terminal  nodding  white  flower,  6"  broad.   Jn. 

29.  SHORTIA,  Gray.  (This  genus  was  founded  upon  an  imperfect 
specimen  in  the  Herbarium  of  Michaux,  labelled,  "  High  mountains  of 
Carolina."     It  has  never  been  seen  in  this  country,  but  grows  in  Japan.) 

30  ?  GALAX,  L.  Beetle-weed.  Cal.  of  5  distinct,  persistent  sepals. 
Cor.  of  5  oblong-obovate,  distinct  petals.  Fil.  10,  united  into  a  tube  with 
as  many  teeth,  those  opposite  the  petals  sterile.  Anth.  5,  1-celled,  open- 
ing across  the  top.  Caps.  3-celled.  Seeds  oo,  enclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular 
testa.  li  Roots  tufted,  creeping,  deep  red,  sending  up  roundish-cordate, 
long-stalked,  glabrous  leaves  and  a  scape  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of  white 
flowers.    (The  order  of  Galax  is  yet  undetermined.) 

C.  apliylla  L.— Damp  woods,  Md.  to  Tenn.,  and  S.  Lvs.  2—3'.  Scape  1— 2f.  JL,  Aug. 
31.  MONOTROPA,  L.  Indian  Pipe.  Pine  Sap.  Sep.  1—5,  bract- 
like. Pet.  4—5,  connivent  in  a  bell-shaped  corolla,  gibbous  at  base.  Sta. 
8 — 10,  anthers  opening  transversely  at  apex.  Stig.  5-rayed.  Caps.  4-5- 
celled,  4-5-valved.  Seeds  oo,  minute. — Low,  parasitic  herbs,  destitute  ot 
green  lierbage,  furnished  with  scale-like  bracts  instead  of  leaves. 

§  Sepals  (or  bracts)  1—3.    Flowers  solitary,  scentless.    Style  very  short No.  1 

§  Sepals  4  or  5.    Flowers  in  a  secund  raceme,  fragrant.    Style  long No.  3 

1  M.  usiiflora  L.     Indian  Pipe.    BircTs-nest.     St.  short;  scales  approximate;  fl. 

nodding;  fr.  erect.    Common  in  woods.    6— S'.    Plant  whitish.    June— Sept. 

2  WI.  Hj'popitys  L.    Pine  Sap.    Bird's-Jiest.    More  or  less  downy  ;  pedicels  as  long- 

as  the  flower;  caps,  subglobous.    Woods:  com.    6—10'.    Plant  tawny.    June- Aug. 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  207 

32.  SCHWEINITZIA,  Ell.  Carolina  Beech-drops.  Calj^x  persist- 
ent, of  5  erect,  ovate-acuminate  sepals.  Corolla  persistent,  campanulate, 
limb  5-lobed.  Sta.  10,  anthers  awnless,  opening  by  pores  at  apex.  Style 
thick,  stig.  large,  5-angled,  caps.  5-cellecl,  5-valvecl.  Seeds  numerous,  mi- 
nute. Plant  leatiess,  brownish.  Flowers  subsessile,  capitate,  reddish- 
white,  with  the  odor  of  the  violet. 

S.  odorata  Ell.— Wood?,  Md.  to  Car.    3—5'.    Habit  of  Monotropa.    February,  March. 

33.  PTEROSPORA,  Nutt.  Albany  BEEcn-DROPS.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Cor.  urceolate,  roundish-ovoid,  the  limb  5-toothed  and  reflexed.  Sta.  10, 
anthers  peltate,  2-celled,  2-awned,  opening  lengthwise.  Caps.  5-celled,  5- 
yalved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  Avinged  at  the  apex.  1^  Leafless, 
brownish-red,  simple,  viscid-woolly.    Fls.  racemed,  white. 

P.  Androinedoa  Nutt.— Near  Albany,  N.  Y.  (A.  Stores),  N.  and  W. :  rare.    12—30'. 
Rac.  erect,  loose,  with  40  or  more  drooping  fls.  resembling  those  of  Andromeda.    Jl. 

Order  LXXIY.    AQUIFOLIACE.E.    Hollyworts. 

Shrubs  or  ti-ees,  with  simple,  coriaceous,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  axillary,  sometimes  dioecious.  Sepals  4 — 6,  imbricate  in  bud,  very 
minute.  Corolla  regular,  4-6-cleft  or  parted,  hypogynous,  imbricate  in 
cestivation.  Stanuns  inserted  into  the  very  short  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  segments.  Antliers  adnate.  Ovaries  free  from  the  calyx, 
2-G-celled,  Avith  a  solitary,  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, with  2 — 6  stones  or  nucules.    Albumen  large,  fleshy. 

§  Habitually  tetranierous.    Drupe  with  4,  bony,  sulcate  nutlets Ilex.  1 

§  Habitually  tetramerous.     Drupe  with  4,  horny,  smooth  nutlets Nemopa>jthks.  2 

§  Habitually  hexameroas.     Berry  with  6  (7,  8)  smooth,  cartilaginous  seeds Prinos.  3 

1.  ILEX,  L.  Holly.  Fls.  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted,  mostly  perfect,  but  many 
abortive.  Calyx  4-toothed,  persistent.  Pet.  4,  distinct  or  scarcely  united 
at  base.  Sta.  4.  Stig.  4,  or  united  into  one.  Drupe  red,  w^ith  4  bony  nut- 
lets, ribbed  and  furrowed  on  the  convex  back.  5  5  t>  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  small,  white,  lateral,  single  or  clustered. 

*  Trees  evergreen.    Leaves  armed  with  spinous  teeth No.  1 

*  Shrubs  evergreen.    Leaves  unarmed,  serrate  or  entire  Nos.  2 — 4 

*  Shrubs  deciduous.    Lvs.  thin.— a  Pedicels  short  as  the  petioles Nos.  5,  6 

—a  Fed.  (the  sterile)  longer  than  petioles No.  7 

1  I.  opaca  Ait.    Lvs.  thick,  smooth,  oval,  spinescent  at  apex,  and  with  remote,  re- 

pand,  spinescent  teeth  ;  drupe  ovoid,  nutlets  5-ribbed  on  the  back.    Woods,  Masa 
to  Ga.  and  La.    15— 30f.    A  beautiful  evergreen.    June. 

/3.  tnteg^ra,    Lvs.  entire,  only  a  few  of  them  1-3-toothed.     Tree,  S. 

2  I.  Dalioon  Walt.    Downy,  more  or  less  ;  lvs.  2—3',  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  thick, 

shining  above,  pale  beneath,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  sterile  ped.  Qo-flowered,  fertile 
few-flowered ;  nutlets  3-ribbed.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    5— 12f.    May. 

p.  lisr'istrina  has  narrow,  wedge-lanceolate,  acute,  subserrate  leaves.    South. 

3  I.  inyrtifolia  Walt.    Nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  very  small  (5—9"),  oblong-linear,  thick, 

serrulate  when  5'oung,  subsessile ;  pedicels  1-9-flowered.    Pine-barren  ponds,  Md.  to 
Fla.    12— 20f.    Stems  straggling,  light  gray.    Very  unlike  No.  2.    May. 


208  Order  76.— STYRACACE^. 

4  I.  Casseiia  Walt.     Cassena  Tea.    Smooth ;  Ivs.  small  (10— IS"),  elliptical,  obtuse, 

crenatc^thick,  shining;  ped.  about  C-flo\vered.    Coastward,  S. :  common.    C — 15f, 
bushy.    March,  April.    Was  used  as  a  tea  by  the  Creek  Indians. 

5  I.  decidua  Walt.    Nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  thin,  1—2',  lance-oval,  pointed,  blunt-ser- 

rate ;  ped.  short  as  the  petioles,  the  i  clustered ;  seeds  obtusely  ribbed.    S.    6— 9f. 
/3.  nrb'ana,     Lvs.  2—3',  oval,  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base.    111.,  and  S.     May. 

6  I.  Amelancliier  Curt.    Leaves  (variable)  ovate,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  or 

pointed,  serrulate,  thin,  downy  beneath ;  ped.  short  as  the  petioles,  4  clustered,  * 
solitary;  drupe  red.    Hills  and  mts..  N.  Y.  to  8.  Car.    (Priuos  amblgnus  Ph.) 

/3.  tnonticola.    Lvs.  large  (3 — 5'),  glabrous,  the  short  ped.  and  cal.  some  downy. 

7  I.  ambigua  Chapm.    Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acute  (scarcely  pointed),  serrulate  or 

nearly  entire,  smoothish  ;   3  ped.  much  longer  than  the  pet.,  clustered,  ?  short,  soli- 
tary.   Wet  grounds,  S.    4— Sf.    March,  April.    (Prinos  ambiguus  Mx.) 

2.  NEMOPANTHES,  Raf.    Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  or  5's.     Calyx 
very  small.    Petals  linear-oblong,  shorter  than  the  stamens.     Stig.  sessile 
Drupe  globular,  red,  with  4,  rarely  5,  smooth,  homy  nutlets  (seeds).     +) 
Lvs.  entire,  smooth,  thin.    Fls.  white,  small,  on  slender  pedicels,  ^  ?  $  . 
N.  Cauadensis  DC— N.  Eng.  to  Mich.    Shrub  4— Of.    Lvs.  2'.    Ped.  9—12'.    May,  Jn. 

3.  PRINOS,  L.  Winter-berry.  Fls.  small,  habitually  6-parted  and 
perfect,  but  often  fruitless.  Calyx  6-cleft.  Cor.  monopetalous,  subrotate, 
6-parted.  Sta.  6  (in  the  steinle  flowers  i-arely  fewer,  in  the  fertile  rarely 
more).  Berry  6-seeded,  seeds  with  a  smooth,  cartilaginous  testa.  J)  +> 
With  alternate  lvs.,  small  white  fls.,  and  red  or  black  berries. 

§  Leaves  deciduous,  thin.    Berries  red.    (No.  3a,  p.  333,  and) Nos.  1— 3 

§  Leaves  evergreen,  thick,  shining.    Berries  black Nos.  4,  5 

1  P.  vcrticlllatus  L.    Black  Alder.    Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  mu- 

cronate-serrate,  small ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  berries  scarlet,  in  close 
bunches  as  if  verticillate,  all  Winter.    Low  woods.    8f.    Leaves  1—1  i'.    July. 

2  I*,  laiiceolatus  Ph.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  sharp-serrate,  glab.,  1—3' ; 

fls.  subscssile,  the  sterile  3-androus  ;  berries  large,  red.    Swamps,  S.    (Dr.  J.  Hale.) 

3  P.  laevigatas  Ph.    Leaves  lanceolate,  appressed-serrulate,  glabrous,  shining  above, 

short-acuminate;  ped.  longer  than  the  pet.,  in  2"s  or  3's.  Swamps,  Can.  to  Va.  7f.  Jn. 

4  p.  glaber  L.    Ink  Berry.    Lvs.  coriaceous,  cuneato-lanceolate,  glabrous,  serrate  at 

the  end  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  pet.,  1-3-flowered.    Swamps,  Ms.  to  La.  3— 4f.  Jn.,Jl. 

5  P.  eoriaceus  Ph.    Lvs.  thick,  obovate,  serrate  at  the  end,  glabrous,  shining ;  fls. 

all  solitary,  on  very  short  peduncles,  6-8-parted.    Woods,  S.    4— 6f.     Lvs.  2'.    May. 

Order  LXXVI.    STYRACACE^E. 

Trees  or  slirubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  destitute  of  stipules.  Flow- 
ers or  racemes  solitary,  axillary,  bracteate.  Calyx  5-,  rarely  4-lobed.  VoroUa 
5-,  rarely  4-  or  6-lobed,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  definite  or  co,  unequal 
in  length,  usually  cohering.  Anthers  innate,  2-celled.  Ovaries  adherent, 
2-5-celled,  the  partitions  sometimes  hardly  I'caching  the  centre.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  generally  with  but  one  fertile  cell.     Seeds  5 — 1. 

Tribe  I.  SYMPLOCINE^E.     Calyx  5-cIeft.    Anth.  00,  innate,  globular.    Fls.  yellow. . .     Symplocos.  1 
Tribe  II.  STVRAOE^.     Calyx  mostly  truncate.    Anthers  8—12,  linear-oblong,  adnate. 

Flowers  white,— a  5-parted.    Fruit  wingless,  1-seeded Sttrax.         2 

—a  4-parted.    Fruit  winged,  2-  or  3-seeded Halesia.       3 


Ordeu  77.— EBENACE^.  209 

1.  SYMPLOOOS,  Jacq.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  5-parted,  spreading.  Sta. 
CO  ,  in  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Fil.  slender.  Antli. 
globular.  Ovary  3-celled,  half-adherent.  Drupe  dry,  with  a  3-celled,  mostly 
1 -seeded  nut.     5  J)  With  clusters  or  racemes  of  small  yellow  flowers. 

S.  tinotoria  L'Her.  Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  thick;  fls.  ses- 
sile, in  axillary,  dense  clusters  of  6— 12  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  Va.,  and  S.  10— 20f. 
Brupe  ovoid,  6".    The  dried  leaves  dye  yellow.    March,  April. 

2.  STYRAX,  Tourn.  Cor.  deeply  5-parted,  much  longer  than  the  cain- 
panulate  calyx.  Sta.  10,  joined  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  fil.  united  into 
a  short  tube  at  base.  Auth.  linear,  erect.  Ov.  adherent  at  base.  Fr.  cori- 
aceous, 1-celled,  mostly  1-seeded.  +)  With  alternate  leaves  and  axillary 
racemes  of  white,  drooping,  showy  flowers.     March — May. 

1  S.  pulverulenta  Mx.    Pulverulent-downy;  lvs.  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  glandular- 

serrulate  ;  fls.  axillary  and  terminal.    Va.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    Petals  0". 

2  S.  Aiuerlcana  Lam.    Plant  glabrous  ;  lvs.  oblong  or  elliptical,  acute  afeach  end; 

rac.  leafy,  ."ew-flowered,  cor.  often  downy.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    4— 8f. 

3  S.  grandlfolla  Ait.    Lvs.  ample,  broadly  obovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  hoary- 

tfomentous  beneath ;  racemes  leafless,  longer  than  the  leaves.    Va.  to  Fla.    6— 12f. 

3.  HAIiSSIA,  Ellis.  Snowdrop  Tree.  Cal.  obconic,  briefly  4-lobed. 
Cor.  inserted  into  the  calyx,  campanulate  with  a  narrow  base,  4-parted. 
Sta.  8 — 12,  connate  into  a  tube  below.  Sty.  filiform.  Fr.  drj',  2-4-winged. 
Sds.  1 — 3.  J)  ^  Lvs.  alternate,  abruptly  acuminate,  finely  denticulate  or 
entire.  Flowers  in  advance  of  the  leaves,  pendulous,  in  lateral  clusters 
of  3 — 5,  white,  showy. 

1  H.  teti-aptera  L.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate;  fls.  6"  long ;  pet.  half-united  ;  stam.  12;  fr. 

equally  4-winged.    Woods,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    Shrub  10— 20f.    April. 

2  H.  diptcra  L.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate  ;  fls.  1'  long  ;  pet.  slightly  united  ;  stam.  8  ;  fruit 

2-winged.    Woods,  S.    Tree  15— 30f,  often  50f.    Lvs.  6'.    Pods  near  2'.    April,  May. 

Order  LXXVII.    EBENACE.E.    Ebonads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  without  milky  juice  and  Avith  a  heavy  wood.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, exstipulate,  coriaceous,  entire.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Floicers  by 
aliorlion  dioecious,  seldom  perfect.  Calyx  free,  3-6-cleft,  divisions  nearly 
equal,  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  3-6-cleft,  often  pubescent,  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Stamens  twice  or  4  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Fruit  a  fleshj^,  oval,  or  globous  berry.    Seeds  large,  suspended,  albuminous. 

DIOSPYROS,  Dalesch.  PERsnmox.  Fls.  i  $  .  Cor.  tubular  or  cam- 
panulate, convolute  in  bud.  s  Sta.  mostly  16.  Fil.  shorter  than  the 
anthers.  Style  0.  s  Sta.  mostly  8,  without  anthers.  Style  2-4-cleft. 
Beriy  ovoid  or  globous,  4-12-,  mostly  8-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  5  5  A 
large  genus,  mostly  tropical. 

I>.  Virginiana  L.    Lvs.  elliptic,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire ;  racemes  axillar}',  3-1- 
flowered,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  8.    Woods,  lat, 
42°,  and  S.    10— .SOf.    Berry  large  as  a  plum,  sweet  after  frost. 
14 


210  Order  81.— PRIMULACE^. 


Order  LXXVIII.    SAPOTACE^.     Soapworts. 

Trees  ox  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  and  simple,  entire  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  mostly  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  free,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  bypogynous,  short,  stamens  usually  as  many  as  its  lobes 
and  opposite  to  them,  inserted  into  its  tube  along  with  one  or  more  rows 
or  appendages.  Anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  4-12-celled,  with  a  single  ana- 
tropous  ovule  in  each  cell.     Seeds  large.    (Included  Theopiirastaceae.) 

»  Corolla  6-8-cIeft,  with  a  pair  of  appendages  at  each  sinus.     S.  Fla MlMCSOPS  Sieberi  DC. 

»  Corolla  5-cleft,— a  with  a  single  appendage  at  each  sinus.     S.  Fla Sideroxyloi^ paUidiim  Jq. 

—a  with  a  pair  of,  &c. — b  Sterile  stamens  fringed.    S.  Fla..  .Dipholis  saliri/oHa  A.  DC. 
—h  sterile  stamens  entire Bumelia.   1 

BUMELIA,  Swartz.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  ap- 
pendages between  the  lobes.  Sta.  5,  opposite  the  lobes,  alternate  with  5 
petaloid,  sterile  stamens.  Ov.  5-celled.  Sty.  filiform.  Drupe  ellipsoid,  1- 
seeded,  exalbuminous.  5  5  Wood  hard  and  firm.  Lvs.  entire,  of  a  firm 
texture.  Fls.  aggregated,  white  or  greenish.  Our  species  are  all  more  or 
less  spiny,  and  with  very  tough  twigs. 

*  Leaves  hairy  beueath Nos.  1,  2.  **  Leaves  glabrous  1)0111  sides Nos.  3,  4 

1  13.  tenaxWilld.    Silky-ferrnginous  ;  lvs.  wedge-oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  ;  clusters 

20-.35-flwd.,  with  slender  pedicels;  drupe  oval,  corrugated.   Sands,  S.  20— 30f.   Jn.,Jl. 

2  B.  lanuginosa  Pers.    Woolly-ferruginous  ;  lvs.  oval,  acutish,  thin;  fascicles  6-12- 

flwd.,  with  short  pedicels  ;  drupe  globular.    Damp.    S.  111.,  and  S.    8— 12f.    June,  Jl. 

3  B,  lycioides  Giert.    Lvs.  wedge-elliptical,  rather  acute  ;  clusters  densely  20-30-flwd., 

ped.  shorter  than  petioles  (2-.3").   Damp,  Ky.,  and  S.    15-25f.   Branches  virgate.   May. 

4  B.  recUnata  Vent.  Lvs.  obovate,  obtuse,  small  (9—12") ;  clusters  15-20-flwd. ;  ped. 

slender,  half  as  long  as  the  leaf.  River  banks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  A  straggling  shrub.  Jn.,Jl. 

Order  LXXXI.    PRIMULACE.E.    Primworts. 

Herbs  low,  with  the  leaves  mostly  radical  or  mostly  opposite.  Flowers 
5-  (rarely  4-6-)  parted,  regular  and  monopetalous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  corolla  tube  and  opposite  to  its  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free  cen- 
tral placenta.  Style  1.  Stigma  1.  Capsule  1-celled,  GO-seeded.  Seeds  with 
fleshy  albumen.    Figs.  22, 133,  249. 

§  Ovary  half-inferior.     Capsule  opening  by  valves.    Leaves  undivided.     (Tribe  IV.) 
§  Ovary  superior.—*  Capsule  opening  by  valves.     Leaves  pectinate.     (Tribe  I.) 
— *  Capsule  opening  by  valves.    Leaves  undivided.     (Tribe  II.) 
— *  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  'Leaves  undivided.     (Tribe  III.) 
L  HOTTONIE^.     Corolla  salver-form.     Plants  floating.    Leaves  verticillate....IIOTTOXiA.  1 

II.  PRIMULE^.— a  Acaulescent.— 6  Corolla  limb  spreading,  tube  cylindrical.  ...Phimula.  2 

— 6  Corolla  limb  spreading,  tube  ovoid Androsace.  3 

— 6  Corolla  lobes  reflexed.— c  Stam.  exserted. ..Dodec.4THEON.  i 

— c  St.im.  included. .  .CvcLAiMEN.  5 

— a  Caulescent.— (Z  Corolla  wanting.    Leaves  opposite Glaux.  6 

-cZ  Corolla  7-parted.    Leaves  in  one  whorl Trientalis.  7 

— d  Cor.  5-  or  6-parted.    Lvs.  opp.  or  whorled Lysimachia.  8 

III.  ANAGALLIDEiE.—e  Flowers  5-parted,  scarlet.    Leaves  opposite Anagallis.  9 

— e  Flowers  4-parted,  white  f    Leaves  scattered Centunculus.    10 

rv.  SAMOLE jE.    Flowers  5-parted.    Leaves  alternate Samolus.  11 


Order  81.— PRIMULACE^.  211 

1.  HOTTONIA,  L.  Water-feather.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  salver- 
form,  with  a  short  tube,  and  a  flat,  5-lobed  limb.  Sta.  inserted  in  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  included.  Stig.  globous.  Caps,  globous-acumiuate.  :cc  U 
Fleshy,  with  pectinate-pinnatitid,  submersed,  radical  leaves. 

H.  infiata  Ell.  St.  immersed,  with  a  wliorl  of  Ivs.  (1-20  at  or  near  tiie  surface ;  scapes 
clustered,  jointed,  liollow, .?— 10',  bearing  several  whorls  of  small  white  fls.  Pools, 
N.  and  S.    April— June.    Curious. 

2.  PRIMULA,  L.  Primrose.  Auricula.  Cal.  angular,  5-cleft,  Cor. 
salver-shaped  or  often  rather  funnel-shaped,  v.'ith  5  entire  or  notched  or 
bifid  lobes.  Sta.  included,  fil.  very  short.  Caps,  ovoid,  5-valved,  valves 
often  bifid,  opening  at  the  top,  co-seeded. — Herbs  with  the  leaves  all  radi- 
cal and  flowers  in  an  involucrate  umbel,  often  showy. 

*  Native,  wild  species.    Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  abruptly  spreading. .  .Nos.  1,  2 

*  Exotic— a  Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  abruptly  spreading Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Corolla  funuel-form.— 6  Leaves  rugous,  hairy,  toothed Nos.  5,  6 

—b  Leaves  plain,  smooth,  often  entire Nos.  7,  8 

1  P.  Mist::issintca.  Mx.    Lvs.  spatulate,  dent-crcnate,  green  both  sides ;  invol.  1-S- 

flwd.,  i  as  long  as  pedicels ;  cor.  lobes  obcordate,  tube  much  exserted.    Lake  shores, 
Vt.  (Willoughby)  N.  Y.  (Seneca),  and  N.    3—7'.    Fls.  5''  broad,  white.    Jn.    Delicate. 

2  P.  farinosa  L.    Bird's-eye  P.    Lvs.  lance-elliptic,  obtuse,  dentic.  at  apex,  wliitish- 

mealy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  .3-20  fiwd.  invol. ;  cor.  pale-purple,  with  a  yellow  centre, 
its  lobes  bifid.    Lalie  shores,  Mich.,  Me.  (A.  H.  Smith),  and  N.    G— 12'.    June,  July. 

3  1*.  GRANDIFLORA.  Common  P.  Lvs.  obovate-oblong ;  umb.  radical ;  cor.  limb  flat,  yel- 

low, varying  to  all  shades  of  orange,  and  red,  to  white,  single  or  double.    Europe. 

4  P.  PURpfjEEA.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  yellowish-mealy  beneath ;  scape  longer  than 

the  leaves  ;  invol.  00-flwd.,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  lobes  entire,  dark-purple.  NepaL 

5  P.  OFFICINALIS.     Coivslip  P.    Lvs.  oblong,  hairy  beneath  ;  fls.  all  nodding  ;  cal.  angu- 

lar;  cor.  concave.    Endless  varieties  are  raised  from  the  seed.    Europe.    (P.  veris.) 

6  P.  ELATioR.  Ox-lip  P.  Lvs.  hairy  both  sides;  outer  fls.  nodding;  cor.  flat.  Eur.  If.  Yel. 

7  P.  Auricula.    Lvs.  obovate,  fleshy  ;  scape  oo-ilowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  bracts 

short ;  calyx  powdery.    Alps.    The  varieties  are  innumerable  and  beautiful. 

8  P.  caltcina.    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  edged  with  white  ;  invol.  3-5-flwd.,  as 

long  as  the  pedicels;  cal.  tube  inflated  ;  corolla  lobes  emarginate.    Austria.    Purple. 

3.  ANDROSACE,  Tourn.  Cal.  o-cleft  or  toothed.  Cor.  funnel-form 
or  salver-form,  the  5  lobes  entire,  lube  constricted  at  the  throat,  ovate, 
shorter  than  tlie  calyx.  Fil.  and  stjde  very  short.  Caps,  globous.  Minute 
ctespitous  herbs,  with  radical,  rosulate  leaves. 

A.  occideiitalis  Ph.  Lvs.  oblong-spatulate  and  ovate,  entire,  glabrous;  scape  GO- 
flowered  ;  bracts  oval,  pedicels  slender  ;  calyx  angular,  segments  longer  than  the 
small  white  corolla,    (i)  Gravelly  shores,  111.,  and  W.     1—3'. 

4.  DODECATHEON,  L.  American  Cowslip.  Pride  op  Ohio. 
Cal.  5-parted,  reflexed.  Cor.  tube  very  short,  limb  o-parted,  segm.  reflexed. 
Sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  tlir(jat  of  the  corolhi.  Fil.  very  short.  Anth.  large, 
acute,  connivent  at  apex.  Style  exserted.  Caps,  oblong-ovoid,  5-valved, 
CO  -seeded.  2/  Hoot  fibrous,  with  radical,  oblong  leaves,  an  erect,  simple 
scape,  and  a  tei-minal  umbel  of  nodding  white  flowers  and  erect  fruit. 

D.  Jneadia  L.— Ohio,  Penn.  to  Cal. !  common  in  prairies.  Whole  plant  glabrous,  l—3f; 
scape  9-20-flowered,  usually  about  12  flowered.      Singularly  elegant.    May,  June. 


212  Orber  81.— PRTMULACE^. 

5.  CYCLAMEN,  L.  Cal.  bell-sliaped,  5-partecl.  Corolla  tube  ovate, 
short,  limb  5-parted,  reflexed.  Anth.  5,  included,  sessile.  Caps,  globous, 
5-valved. — Oriental  herbs.  Root  a  large  tuber.  Leaves  all  radical,  ovate  or 
roundish,  cordate.  Scapes  naked,  erect,  with  one  nodding  flower,  but  in 
fruit  coiling  up  and  hiding  the  capsule  in  the  ground. 

1  C.  EcROPiEUM.    Lvs.  crenate ;  petals  lance-ovate,  fragrant,  roseate.    Europe. 

2  C.  CoTJM.    Lvs.  entire  ;  petals  round-ovate,  inodorous,  purple.    Asia  Minor. 

6.  GLAUX,  L.  Black  SAiyTWORX.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  col- 
ored. Corolla  none.  Sta.  5.  Caps,  roundish,  surrounded  by  the  calyx,  5- 
valved,  5-seeded.  U  Maritime,  branching,  glabrous,  with  opposite  leaves 
and  small,  axillarj^  solitary  flowers. 

G,  maritlnia  L.— Salt  marshes,  Can.  to  N.J.   Plant  fleshy,  branching,  leafy,  4—6' ;  Ivs. 
round-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  darkly  glaucous ;  calyx  reddish-white.    July. 

7.  TRIENTALIS,  L.  CiitCKWEED-WiNTERGREEN.  Cal.  and  cor.  7- 
(6-8-)  parted,  spreading.  Sta.  7  (6 — 8).  Fruit  capsular,  somewhat  fleshy, 
00 -seeded,  y  St.  low,  simple.  Lvs.  subverticillate.  Pedicels  1 -flowered. 
T.  Americana  Ph.    St.  erect,  simple,  leafless  at  base;  lvs.  glomerate  at  top  of  the 

stem,  few,  narrow-lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate ;  sepals  linear,  acuminate.    Rocky 
woods  :  com.    3— C'.    Pedicels  1—4,  filiform  ;  corolla  white,  starlike,  6".    May,  June. 

8.  LYSIMACHIA,  L.  Loose-stripe.  Fls.  5-(rarely  6-  or  7-)  parted. 
Cor.  wheel-shaped,  the  petals  nearly  or  quite  distinct.  Sta.  5,  on  the  base 
of  the  corolla.  Fil.  often  somewhat  connate  or  with  intervening,  sterile 
ones.  Capsules  globous,  5-10-valved,  opening  at  the  apex.  Seeds  few  or 
man)^     71  With  opposite  or  verticillate  entire  leaves.     (Flowers  yellow.) 

§  Petals  5—7,  distinct,  dotted,  with  5—7  intervening  teeth.    (Naumbergia) No.  1 

§  Petals  5,  united  at  base,  that  is,  monopetalous. . .  (a) 

a  Sterile  filaments  0,  the  perfect  stamens  monadelphous . . .  (c) 

a  Sterile  filaments  5  short  teeth  alternate  with  the  perfect  stamens ...  (<Z) 

c  Flowers  whorled,  in  a  long,  terminal,  bracted  raceme Nos.  2,  3 

c  Flowers  not  racemed— axillary  or  paniculate Nos.  4—6 

d  Leaves  acute  at  base,  tapering  to  the  short  petiole Nos.  7,  8 

cl  Leaves  rounded  or  abrupt  at  base,  long-petioled Nos.  9, 10 

1  L.  f  liyrsiflora  L.    St.  simple  :  lvs.  dotted,  linear-elliptical,  pointed,  sessile  ;  thyr- 

soid  racemes  from  the  middle  axils  pedunculate,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  pet.  linear, 
brown-dotted.    Meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  O.,  and  N.    2f.    June.    (Naumbergia  C-B.) 

2  I^.  stricta  Ait.    Lvs.  opposite,  rarely  in  3's,  lanceolate  to  lance-linear,  acute,  sessile, 

dotted  ;  axils  producing  bulblets  after  flowering  ;  fls.  whorled,  in  a  long,  open,  termi- 
nal raceme,  yellow,  with  purple  streaks.    Low  grounds.    1 — 2f.    July. 

j3.  ang^uKtifolia  (Chapni.)    Lvs.  very  narrow,  obtuse ;  petals  acute.    South. 

3  Li.  Herbemoiiti  Ell.    St.  simple:  lvs.  whorled  in  4's  or  5's,  ovate  to  lance-ovate, 

pointed,  sessile,  revolute  at  edge,  dotted  ;  fls.  racemed,  dotted.    Carolina  :  rare.    2f 

4  1<.  FrAseri  Duby.    Glandular-downy  at  top;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-cordate, 

pointed,  petiolate,  dotted ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  sep.  fringed.    S.  Car.  (Fraser). 

5  li.  quadrifolla  L.    Erect,  simple  ;  lvs.  in  whorls  of  4's  (rarely  5"s  or  3's),  lanceo- 

late, pointed,  sessile,  dotted;  ped.  slender,  solitary  in  each  axil;  pet.  oval,  obtuse. 
Damp  shades.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.    IS'.    Corolla  yellow,  with  purple  lines.    June. 

6  L..  nummula.i*ia  L.    Moneywort.    Trailing,  weak;  lvs.  roundish,  subcordate,  on 
.    short  petioles,  opposite,  dotless ;  fls.  solitary,  large,  showy.    Fields  and  gardens.    § 


Okdek  83.— PLANTAGINACEiE.  213 

T  li.  lou$>'irolla  Ph.    St.  slender,  flexuous,  4-angleci  ;  Iv?.  liuear,  shining,  revolute  at 
edge  ;  llr.  large,  in  pairs  or  4's,  terminal  on  the  stem  or  short  branches  ;  petals  broad- 
ovate,  erot^e-dentate  ;  anthers  large.    Low  prairies.    W.  and  S.    If— 30'.    July. 
p.  feittig.    Leaves  lance-linear,  flat,  edges  not  revolute.    Miss,  and  La. 

8  L.  liybrida  Mx.    St.  strict,  angular  above  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 

subscssile,  veiny,  ciliate  at  base;  ped.  solitary,  axillary.    Meadows.    12—18'.    July. 
^.  heterophylla.    Lower  Ivs.  oval  or  oblong,  petiolate  ;  flowers  at  the  summit. 

9  li.  clliata  L.    St.  erect,  4-angled ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  rounded  at 

base,  petioles  distinct,  ciliate  ;  flowers  nodding,  mostly  opposite,  in  the  upper  axils, 

large  (1') ;  stamens  distinct.    Thickets,  along  streams.    2— 3f.    Often  branched.    Jl. 

p.  tonga.    Pet.  entire,  destitute  of  cilire  ;  Ivs.  and  fls.  smaller.   Mts.,  Ky.,  Tenn. 

1 0  li.  radicans  Hook.  St,  square,  long,  trailing,  rooting  at  the  joints  ;  br.  slender  ; 
Ivs.  lance-ovatii,  acute,  on  long  pet. ;  fls.  small  (4").    Swamp.*,  Va.,  and  S.    2— 4f.    Jl. 

9.  ANAGALLIS,  L.  Scarlet  Pimpernel.  Calyx  5-partecl.  Cor. 
rotate,  deeply  5-parted,  tube  0.  Sta.  5,  hairy,  untb.  introrse.  Caps,  globu- 
lar, thin,  opening  all  ai'ound  (pyxis). — Herbs  with  square  stems  and  oppo- 
site or  whoiied  entire  leaves.     Pedicels  axillary,  solitary.     Fig.  249. 

A .  arveusis  L.  Procumbent ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  sessile,  shorter  (6 — 10")  than  the  curved 
ped. ;  sepals  lance-lineai*,  as  long  as  the  roundish  crenate-glandular,  red  petals.  (T) 
Fields,  waysides.  The  flowers  (sometimes  blue,  Dr.  Buel)  close  at  2  p.  m.,  or  on  the 
approach  of  foul  weather  ;  hence  called  the  Poor  Man's  Weather-(/lass. 

10.  CENTUNCULUS,  L.     False  Pimpernel.     Cal.  4-parted.     Cor. 
urceolate-rotate,  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx.     Sta.  4,  beardless,  united 
at  base.     Capsules  globous,  circuniscissile.     Seeds  very  minute,     (i)  Very 
diminutive,  with  alternate  Ivs.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subscssile,  white  ? 
C.  minimus  L.    St.  ascending,  branched;  leaves  subscssile,  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  the 

lower  opposite  ;  sep.  linear-subulate.    Wet,  111.,  and  S.    1—0'.    April— July. 

11.  SAMOIiUS,  L.  Water  Pimpernel.  Calyx  partly  adherent,  5- 
cleft.  Corolla  salvex--form,  5-cleft.  Sta.  5,  alternating  v,  ith  5  scales  (sterile 
filaments).  Caps,  dehiscent  at  top  by  5  valves,  many-seeded. — Herbs  with 
alternate  Ivs.   Flowers  corymbous  or  racemous.   May — Aug.  Figs.  33,  133. 

1  S.  Valeraiidi  L.    (S.  floribundus  K.)    St.  simple  or  branched  ;  Ivs.  obtuse,  wedge- 

oval,  the  lower  petiolate  ;  fls.  in  a  raceme  or  panicle  of  racemes,  pedicels  with  a  mi- 
nute bract  near  the  middle  ;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals.    Wet  gravels.    6—12'. 

2  S.  ebracteAtus  Kunth.    Erect,  leafy  below  ;  Ivs.  obovate-spatulate  ;  fls.  racemed, 

ped.  bractlcss  ;  cor.  white,  3  times  longer  than  t!ic  calyx  (3").   Marshes.  Fla.,  and  W. 

Order  LXXXII.    PLANTAGINACE^.    Ribworts. 

Herbs  rarely  shrubby,  with  radical  leaves  and  the  flowers  in  spikes  on 
scapes.  Floicers  regular,  tetramerous.  Stamens  4 — 3,  alternate  with  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Anthers  versatile,  Jilamefits 
usually  slender  and  exserted.  Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  with  1,  3,  or 
many  albuminous  seeds. 

PLANTAGO,  L.  Plantain.  Ribwort.  Sep.  4,  membranous,  per- 
sistent. Cor.  limb  4-toothed,  spreading,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Stamens 
4  (rarely  2),  the  long,  slender  filaments  exserted,  or  in  some  of  the  fls.  in- 


214  OHDF.n  8:}.— PLUMBAGINACE.*:. 

eluded.    Ovary  2-(4-)  celled.    Pyxis  membranous,  opening  below  the  middle 
by  a  lid,  when  the  loose  dissepiment  falls  out  with  the  seeds. — Herbs  acau- 
lesceut.    Fls.  small,  whitish,  in  a  slender  spike  raised  on  a  scape. 
§  Flowers  uniform  ;  stamens  csserted  in  all  of  them. . . (a) 
§  Flowers  dimorphoui?,  the  authors  included  in  most  of  them. .  .(b) 

a  Seeds  7—16.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  7-veincd.    Spike  dense No.  1 

a  Seeds  4  only.    Leaves  oblong  or  cordate,  3-7- veined Nos.  2,  .3 

a  Seeds  2  only.    Leaves  lanceolate.    Scape  tall.    May— October Nos.  4,  5 

a  Seeds  2  or  4.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy No.  6 

b  Corolla  lobes  permanently  spreading.    Seeds  2,  concave Nos.  7,  8 

b  Corolla  lobes  closing,  and  erect  on  the  fruit.    Summer Nos.  9—11 

1  P.  major  L.     Common  P.    Leaves  ovate,  some  toothed,  smoothish,  palmatcly  7- 

veined,  ample;   spikes  1 — 2f  high.    %  Door-yards:   common.    Long  white  elastic 
fibres  are  drawn  from  the  veins  when  the  leaf  is  plucked. 

2  P.  Kainptscliatlca  Cham.    Leaves  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  3-5-veined ;  spikes 

loojc-flowered  ;  bracts  acute,  shorter  than  the  sepals.    Ala.    (P.  Rugelii  C-B.) 

3  P.  cordata  Lam.    Lvs.  ovate,  cordate  or  veiy  abrupt  at  base,  obscurely  toothed, 

subpinnately  5-7-veined  ;  fls.  loosely  spicatc,  larger  than  in  No.  1 ;  the  bracts  ovate, 
obtuse.    21  Along  streams.  Can.  Wis.,  and  S.    As  large  as  P.  m.^jo^.    June,  July. 

4  P.  lanceolata  L.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed  at  each  end  ;  scape  angular,  longer  than 

the  leaves  ;  spike  dense,  ovate  or  cylindric,  brown.     ii  Meadows.    1 — 2f. 

5  P.  sparslflora  Mx.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed  each  way  :  scape  terete, 

longer  than  the  leaves ;  spike  long,  loose,  interrupted.    S.  and  S-W.    6— IS'. 

6  P.  maritiina  L.    p.  Juncoitlen,    Liaves  linear,  glabrous,  fleshy,  nearly  as  long  as 

the  slender  scape;  spike  loose,  bracts  rv)-.indish.    Coast,  N.  J.,  and  N.    4—12'. 

I  P.  aristata  Mx.    Lvs.  linear,  woolly  at  base,  smoothish  above  ;  scape  longer ;  spike 

dense  ;  bracts  long,  rigid,  awn-like  (.i") ;  petals  round-cordate,  spreading,  conspicuous  ; 
seeds  2,  boat-shaped.    Prairies,  111.    6—10'.    June,  July.    (P.  Patagonica,  /3.  (Gray.)) 

8  P.  giiaplialoides  L.    White-woolly;  lvs.  oblong  to  linear;  spike  dense,  exceed- 

ing the  lvs.  ;  bracts  deltoid,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.    Wis.  to  Tex.    3—6'.    June,  Jl. 

9  p.  Vlrgiiilca  L.    Hoary  pubescent ;  lvs.  elliptical,  3-5-veined;  scapes  and  spikes 

elongated,  dense-flowered  ;  cor.  closed  on  the  pod,  erect ;  seeds  rarely  more  than  2  ; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  cal.  (D  Dry  hills  and  rocks.  Conn.,  W.  and  S.  5—10'.  May— Sept. 

10  P.  lieteropliylla  N.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  or  some  of  them  with  a  few  slender 
teeth  ;  ped.  many,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  spikes  loose  ;  pod  conoid,  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx,  crowned  with  the  closed  cor.,  10-24-seeded.    @  Wet,  Penn.,  and  S.    4—8'. 

II  P.  pusilla  N.  Thinly  pubescent;  lvs.  flliform-linear,  shorter  than  the  capillary, 
few-flowered  scapes ;  pod  crested,  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-8eeded.  (T)  Conn.  (Mr. 
Bowles),  W.  and  S.    1—3'.    Seeds  oblong.    May— July. 

Order  LXXXIII.    PLUMBAGINACE^.    Leadworts. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  clustered  at  the 
root.  Flowers  regular.  C'ali/x  tubular,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla hypocrateriform,  of  5  petals  united  at  base,  or  sometimes  almost  dis- 
tinct. Stamens  5,  hypogynous  and  opposite  the  petals,  or  inserted  on  their 
claws.  Ovary  1-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Styles  5  (seldom  3  or  4).  Fruit 
a  utricle,  or  dehiscent  by  valves,  containing  1  anatropous  seed. 

I.  ST.iTIOE.E.     Styles  distinct,  at  least  above.   Utricle  not  valvate.   Leaves  radical ...  (a) 

II.  PLUMB.A.GINE>E.     Style  1,  with  5  stigmas.    Pod subvalvate.    Leaves  cauline...(i).  Plumb.\co.  3 

a  Stigmas  filiform.     Styles  glabrous.     Scape  brancbing Statice.       1 

a  Stigmas  filiform.     Styles  pUimons.     Sc:ipe  capitate Armeria.    2 


Order  84.— LENTIBULACE^.  215 

1.  STATICE,  L.  Marsh  Eosemary.  Calyx  funnel-form,  limb  sca- 
rious,  5-nervt'd,  5-parted.  Pet.  scarcely  united  at  base.  Fil.  5,  adnate  to 
the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovarj-  crowned  with  the  5  glabrous,  filiform 
styles,  utricle  opening  crosswise,  if  Herbs  with  the  scape  branching,  the 
flowers  3-bracted,  sessile  on  the  3-bracted  branchlet. 

S.  Liimoiiluin  L.  Very  smooth.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblancelate,  acute,  tipped  with  a 
bristle,  long-stalked  ;  scapes  terete,  corymbous-paniculate  ;  fls.  separate  or  in  pairs, 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  branchlets,  blue-purple.    Marshes.    6 — 12'.    July — October. 

2.  ARMIjRIA,  Willd.  Thrift.  Flowers  collected  in  a  dense  head. 
Invol.  3-  to  many-leaved.  Cal.  tubular-campanulate,  5-angled,  with  5  shal- 
low lobes,  scarious  and  plaited.  Pet.,  sta.,  etc.,  as  in  Statice.  U  Lvs.  radi- 
cal, mostly  linear.     Scape  simple,  appcndaged  above  with  a  sheath. 

1  A.  VULGARIS.    Scape  terete,  smooth ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse  ;  enter  bracts  of  the  in- 

vol. ovate-acute  ;  fls.  rose-colored.    Sea-coast,  Oreg.,  &c.    If.    Juue— August. 

2  A.  LATIFOLIA.    Scape  solitary,  tall;  lvs.  broad-oblong,  5-7-veined ;  flowers  rose-red; 

bracts  cnsp-pointed,  scarious.    Portugal.    1— if.    June— August. 

3.  PLUMBAGO,  Tourn.  Leadwort.  Cal.  5-lobed.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  tube  longer  than  calyx,  limb  twisted  in  ajstivatiou.  Anth.  5,  linear. 
Stig.  5,  filiform.  Utricle  membranous,  mucronate  with  the  persistent  stjde. 
+)  U  Flowers  cyanic,  numerous  through  the  season. 

1  P.  Capensis.    Shrubby  ;  lvs.  oblong,  entire,  white-scaly  beneath  ;  fls.  in  short  termi- 

nal spikes,  pale  blue,  the  tube  1'  or  more  in  length.    S.  Africa.    2 — If.    Hardy  S. 

2  I*.  ctEUULEA.    Herbaceous  :  lvs.  acuminate  ;  fls.  in  loose  spikes,  blue.    6".  2i  S.  Am. 

3  I*.  cocciNEA.    Herb  tall ;  lvs.  oblong,  large  ;  spikes  long,  loose  ;  fls.  scar.   1—2'.  India. 

Order  LXXXIV.    LENTIBULACE.^.    Bdtterworts. 

Herbs  small,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  showy,  bilabiate  fls. 
on  scapes.  Ccdi/x  inferior,  of  2  or  3  sepals.  Corolla  irregular,  bilabiate, 
personate,  spurred.  Stmnens  2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted  on 
its  upper  lip.  Anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  pla- 
centa. Style  1.  Stigma  cleft.  Fruit,  capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute. 
Embryo  straight,  with  no  albumen.    Fig.  399. 

§  In  wet,  rocky  places.    Leaves  bi-oad,  entire.     Corolla  throat  open Pinguicula.-    1 

§  In  water,  floating.    Leaves  dissected.     Corolla  throat  closed Utkiculakia.  2 

1.  PINGUICULA,  L.  BuTTERWORT.  Cal.  5-parted,  somewhat  bila- 
biate. Cor.  bilabiate,  riugcnt,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  sijurred  at  base 
beneath.  Sta.  2,  very  short.  Stig.  sessile,  2-lobed.  Caps,  erect.  Sds.  oo. 
U  Lvs.  radical,  rosulate,  entire,  greasy  to  the  touch.  Scapes  1-flowered, 
nodding.     IMarch — May. 

*  Corollas  blue,  purple,  or  white,  lobes  very  unequal Xos.  1 — 3 

*  Corollas  yellow,  the  lobes  nearly  equal No.  4 

1  P.  vulgaris  L.    Scape  and  calyx  a  little  downy ;  cor.  lips  very  nnequal,  lobes  ob- 

tuse, entire  ;  spur  cylindrical,  straightish.    N.  Y.  (rare),  and  N.    6—8'.    Cor.  1' long. 

2  P.  elatior  Ms.    Lvs.  ovate  to  spatulate  ;  scapes  villous  near  the  base  ;  cal.  glandu- 


216  Order  84.-LENTlBULACE^. 

lar ;  corolla  lobes  obtuse,  2-lobulate  ;  spur  half  as  Ions;  as  the  tube,  blunt.  S.  Car.  to 
Fla.    Scape  very  slender,  8—13'  high.    Lvs.  1'  or  less.    Fls.  1'.     (P.  australis  N.) 

3  P.  pumlla  Mx.    Lvs.  glabrous,  roundish-ovate  ;  corolla  tube  oblong,  lobes  emargi- 

uate  ;  spur  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  tube.    Ga.,  Fla.    2—4'.    Fls.  4— 5"  long. 

4  P.  lutea  Walt.    Lvs.  elliptic  to  obovate ;  cor.  bell-shaped,  nearly  regular,  the  lobes 

sinuate-dentate ;  spur  slender,  i  as  long  as  corolla.    S.    5—8'.    Fls.  9"  broad. 

2.  UTRICULARIA,  L.  Bladderwort.  Cal.  3-partecl,  lips  subequul. 
Cor.  irregularly  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred.  Stamens  3.  Stig.  bilabiate. 
Caps,  globular,  l-celled.  ^xc  Loosely  floating,  or  fixed  in  the  mud.  Lvs. 
radical,  multifid  or  linear  and  entire,  mostly  furnished  with  little  inflated 
ittrides  (whence  the  name)  as  buoys.     Scape  erect.    June — Sept.    Fig.  399. 

§  Floating.    Scape  involucrate  with  a  whorl  of  large  inflated  petioles No.  1 

§  Floating.    Scape  naked,  branches  bearing  bulblets  and  bladders. .  .(a) 
§  Stems  creeping  and  rooting  in  mud,  with  few  or  no  air-bladders ...  (&) 

a  Flowers  purple.    Branches  whorled,  submersed No.  2 

a  Flowers  yellow.— c  Bladders  borne  on  the  capillaceous  leaves.,  .(c?) 

— c  Bladders  and  leaves  borne  on  separate  branches Nos.  3,  4 

d  Spur  acute  or  retuse,  about  as  long  as  the  lips Nos.  5—7 

d  Spur  obtuse,  short.— e  Fls.  of  2  kinds,  the  Hpless  down  on  the  stems No.  8 

— e  Fls.  of  1  kind  only,  all  on  the  scapes  Nos.  9—11 

b  Spur  appressed  to  and  scarcely  equalling  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla Nos.  12,  13 

b  Spur  remote  from  the  corolla,  slender,  acute Nos.  14,  15 

1  U.  luflata  Walt.    Upper  lvs.  in  a  whorl  of  5  or  6  at  the  surface  of  the  water  ;  pet. 

and  midvein  inflated,  lower  lvs.  capillaceous,  dissected,  submerged;  scape  4-5-flwd. 
n  In  ponds  and  ditches.  Rhizome  or  stem  long.  Scape  8'.  Fls.  8"  broad,  yellow, 
upper  lip  rounded,  entire,  lower  lip  3-lobed.    August. 

2  U.  purpurea  Walt.    Leaves  all  submersed,  fibrinous,  whorled  on  the  long  stem; 

scape  assurgent,  2-3-flowered ;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  bisaccate,  longer  than  the  conical 
spur  beneath  it.    (i)  Ponds.    Scape  3—5'.    Flowers  6"  broad,  violet-purple. 

3  U.  iiiteriuedla  Hayne.    Lvs.  2-ranked,  crowded,  4—5  times  forked,  divisions  lin- 

ear-subulate, ciliate-denticulate,  rigid,  2—3"  long  ;  bladders  all  on  leafless  branches  ; 
scape  2-.3-flowered  ;  spur  conical,  acute  ;  corolla  ti— 8".    (1)  Pools,  Pa.,  and  N.    6—8'. 

4  U.  Robbinsii  Wood.  Leaves  alternate,  3—4  times  forked,  divisions  flaccid,  linear- 

capillary,  entire,  S— 13"  long ;  bladders  all  on  leafless  branches  ;  scape  tall  (8—13'), 
4-7-flowered;  spur  fusiform  ;  corolla  4— 5".    ©Mass.    (Dr.  Robbins.) 

5  U.  ««triata  Lc  Conte.    Lvs.  3-4-furcate,  divisions  capillary  ;  scape  2-6-flowered,  8— 

12' ;  fls.  0",  on  slender  pedicels,  lips  subequal,  3-lobed,  the  upper  striate  with  red, 
concave,  the  lower  as  long  as  the  obtuse,  notched  spur.    ©  L.  I.  to  Fla. 

6  V.  longlrostrls  Ell.    Lvs.  2-3-furcate,  with  setaceous  segments ;  scape  1-3-flow- 

cred  (3 — 4') ;  lower  lip  entire,  shorter  than  the  subulate  spur.    South. 

7  U.  billora  Lam.    Lvs.  capillary,  root-like,  bearing  numerous  bladders  ;  scape  2— 5', 

2-flo\vercd  ;  spur  obtuse,  notched,  equalling  the  lower  lips.    W.  and  S. 

8  U.  clandestina  N.    Lvs.  capillaceous-multifid,  scattered,  bladder-bearing;  scape 

slender,  3—4',  2-3-flwd.,  seldom  seen  ;  cor.  5",  spur  shorter  than  the  6-lobed  lower  lip ; 
ped.  down  on  the  stems  1',  with  1  apetalous  flower,    n  Ponds,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa. 

9  U.  glbba  L.    Minute,  with  hair-like  leaves  and  few  utricles  ;  scape  1-2-flwd.,  naked 

(2—3') ;  corolla  spur  blunt  {gibbous)  and  short,  lips  many-lobed.     %  R.  I.  to  Car. 

10  U.  vulgaris  L.    Lvs.  capillaceous-multifid,  fibrinous  ;  sc.  scaly,  5-12-flwd.,  6—12' ; 
spur  conical,  shorter  than  the  closed  lips  (3—4"),  divergent ;  fr.  nodding,    n  Ponds. 

11  U.  minor  L.    Lvs.  short,  several  limes  forked;  sc.  3-(i-flwd.,  4—7' ;  cor.  ringent, 
spur  blunt,  detlexed,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate,  flat  lower  lip  ;  fr.  nodding,     y . 

12  U.  bipartita  Ell.    Lvs.  fibrillous-multifid  ;  sc.  1-3-flwd.,  2—3' ;  cal.  lower  lip  2- 
parted  ;  spur  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  entire  lower  lip.    Soft  mud.  South. 


Order  85.— OROBANCHACE^.  217 

13  U.  subtilata  L.  Minute,  creeping;  Ivs.  few,  linear,  entire,  obtuse  ;  sc.  few,  1-5- 
flwd.,  3',  with  ovate  bracts ;  spnr  acute,  apprest<ed  to  the  lower  3-lobed  lip.    Springs. 

14:  U.  resupiuata  Green.  Rooting;  Ivs.  linear-capillaceous,  erect,  undivided  (1'); 
scapes  GO,  simple,  1-flwd.,  1-bi'acted  (3—60  ;  spur  ascending,  remote  from  and  shorter 
than  the  erect  lips  of  the  Ught-imrple  corolla  (which  is  4").    Muddy  shores,  N.  Eng. 

1 5  U.  cornuta  Mx.  Scape  rooting,  tall  (9—13'),  scaly,  2-5-flwd. ;  Ivs.  fugacious  or  0; 
flowers  subsessile,  palate  very  prominent ;  spur  subulate,  decurved  away  from  the 
erect  tube  and  limb.    Mud  or  shallow  pools.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 


Order  LXXXV.    OROBANCHACE.E.    Broom-rapes. 

Herbs  fleshy,  leafless,  growing  parasitically  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants. 
Calyx  4-5-toothecl,  inferior,  persistent.  Corolla  irregular,  persistent,  imbri- 
cate in  aestivation.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Anthers  2-celIed,  cells  dis- 
tinct, parallel,  often  bearded,  at  base.  Ovary  1-celled,  free  from  the  calyx, 
with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae.  CapsuU  enclosed  within  the  withered  co- 
rolla, 1-celled,  2-valved.    Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  with  albumen. 

*  Flowers  polygamous,  on  spicate  brunches,  sterile  above,  fertile  below Efiphegus.     1 

*  Flowers  perfect, — a  in  one  dense  spike.     Calyx  split  in  front Co.vopholis.  2 

— a  in  one  dense  spike.     Calyx  5-tootlied PnsLip.BA.      3 

—a  solitary  on  long  peduncles  or  scapes Apuvllon.      4 

1.  EPIPHEGUS,  Nutt.  Beechdrops.  3  5  9  Upper  fls.  complete, 
but  sterile,  with  a  tu))idar,  curved,  2-lipped  cor.  barclj'  including  the  sta- 
mens. Lower  fls.  $  ,  with  a  short,  4-toothed  cor.  and  imperfect  stamens. 
Caps.  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — A  smooth,  dull-red,  leaf- 
less, branching  plant,  with  sessile  flowers  all  along  the  branches. 

E.  Vlrginlana  Bart.— In  beech-woods  :  common.  If.  Fls.  bro\^•lllsh,  5".   Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS,  Wallroth.  Squaw-root.  Fls.  g ,  crowded  in  a 
thick,  scaly  spike.  Cal,  with  2  bractlets  at  base,  4-toothed,  split  down  in 
front.  Cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  arched,  notched,  lower  3-lobed.  Sta.  ex- 
serted.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — Stem 
simple,  thick,  short,  covered  with  scales,  the  flowers  in  the  upper  axils. 

C  Americana  Wal.— In  old  woods :  com.  4-7'  high,  and  V  thick,  pale-yellowish.  Jl. 

3.  PHELIP.ff3A,  Tourn.  Broom-rape.  Fls.  5? ,  spiked  or  racemed. 
Cal.  2-bracted  at  base,  4-5-cleft.  Cor.  2-lipped,  including  the  stam.  Caps. 
1-celled,  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — Stem  thick,  scaly. 

P.  liUdoviciaua  Don.    Glandular-pubescent;  stem  thick,  short;  spike  dense  ;  cal. 
5-cIeft;  cor.  funnel-form,  lips  subequal ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse.    Alluvion,  111. 

4.  APHYLLON,  IMitchell.  Naked  Broom-rape.  Fls.  5  ,  solitary,  on 
long,  bractless  ped.  or  scapes.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  tube  elongated,  curved, 
limb  spreading,  subequally  5-lobed.  Anthers  included.  Capsule  with  4 
placentae. — Plants  glandular-pubescent.     Stem  nearly  subterraneous. 

1  A.  uniflora  T.  &  G.    Ped.  iiiiJO-i?-^-,  simple,  naked,  each  1-flwd.    Woods  and  tliick- 

ets.    Ped.  4—5',  scape-like,  purplish-yellow,  like  the  nodding  flowers.    June. 

2  A.  fasclculata  T.  &  G.    Stem  2— 3' high,  bearing  »ia«y  peduncles  from  near  the 

summit,  each  with  few  scales  and  1  purple  flower.    Mich.,  and  W.    4 — 6'.    May. 


218  Okder  86.— BIGNONIACE^. 


Order  LXXXVI.    BIGJSTONIACEyE.    Trumpet-flowers. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  lierbs,  often  climbing,  with  opposite,  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  large,  showy,  monopctalous,  irregular,  S-pailed  flowers.  Stamens  2 
or  4,  often  with  1  or  3  sterile  rudiments.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-car- 
pelled.  Style  1.  Stigma  divided.  Capsule  wood}',  2-valved,  with  few  or 
many  large  seeds.     Figs.  30,  31,  95,  199,  445. 

§  Plants  woody,  with  tlie  leaves  mostly  opposite,  and  tlie  flat  seeds  winged. .  .(I.) 
§  Plants  herbaceous,  leaves  all  simple,  some  alternate.     Seeds  wingless. .  .(II.) 

I.  BIGNONIADS.— Trees,  with  simple  leaves,  and  long,  cjlindric  pods C.vt.>i.f.\.       1 

— Shrubs  climbing.    Leaves  compound  (binate).     Calyx  truncate. ..Bigxoxia.    2 

— Shrubs  climbing.     Leaves  pinnate.     Calyx  5-toothed Tecoma.        3 

—Half-shrubby  climbers  (exotic).     Lvs.  corapd.  (bipinnate)...EcCBEM0CARPU3.  4 

II.  SESAMEjE.— Coarse,  clammy  herbs,  the  fleshy  pods  2-homed Martvsia.   5 

— Sraootbish,  erect.     Pods  dry,  4-celled,  not  beaked SESAiMOM.     6 

1.  OATALPA,  Scop.  Catalpa.  Cal.  3-parted.  Cor.  campanulate,  4- 
or  5-cleft,  the  tube  inflated.  Sta.  2  fertile,  2  or  3  sterile.  Stig.  2-lipped. 
Caps.  2-celled,  long,  cylindric.  ^  Lvs.  opposite  or  in  3's,  simple,  petiolate. 
Flowers  in  large,  showy,  terminal  panicles,  Maj' — July.     Figs.  30-1,  445. 

1  C  bignouloides  Walt.    Lvs.  ample,  thin,  corcJate-ovate,  lustrons  above,  downy 

beneath,  long-petioled  ;  fls.  in  erect,  pyramidal  panicles,  large,  irregularly  bell-shaped, 
white,  with  yellow  and  violet  spots.    A  beautiful  tree  30— 50f.    Native  and  cultivated. 

2  C.  Kempferi.    Lvs.  smaller,  entire  or  lobed,  glabrous  both  sides  ;  fls.  smaller.   Japan. 

2.  BIGNONIA,  Tourn.  Cal.  margin  nearly  entire.  Cor.  somewhat  bi- 
labiate, 5-cleft,  bell-funnel-.shaped.  Sta.  didynamons,  4  fertile,  1  a  sterile 
filament.  Caps,  long  and  narrow,  valves  flat  or  scarcely  convex,  parallel 
with  the  partition.     J)  b  ^   Often  with  tendrils. 

1  B.  capreolata  L.    Climbing,  smooth  ;  leaves  binate,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  ever- 

green, cordate-lanceolate  leaflets  and  a  branching  tendril  between  them  ;  fls.  axillary, 
near  2',  red-yellow  ;  pod  (5—7'  long.    Woods,  S.    50f.    Very  slender.    March— May. 

2  B.  TwEEDiANA.    With  yellow  fls.  2',  in  panicles  ;  cal.  bilabiate.    From  Buenos  Ayres. 

3.  TECOMA,  Juss.  Trtjjipet-flower.  Cal.  campanulate,  5-tootlied. 
Cor.  tube  short,  throat  dilated,  limb  5-lobed,  subequal.  Sta.  4,  didynamous, 
with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth,  anther-cells  2,  diverging.  Caps.  2-celled,  2- 
valved,  the  valves  contrary  to  the  partition.  Seeds  winged.  5  5^  Lvs. 
opposite,  odd-pinnate  in  the  following. 

1  T.  radlcans  Juss.    Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils  ;  Ifts.  4  or  5  pairs,  ovate,  den- 

tate-serrate, pointed  ;  corolla  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  stam.  included.    Wood«, 
thickets,  Penn.,  S.  and  W.    20— 80f.    Fls.  red,  2' long.    June— Aug.    Very  showy. 

2  T.  Capensis.    Climbing;  Ifts.  broad-ovate,  crenate-serrate  ;  cor. long,  trumpet-shaped, 

incnn-ed,  stam.  and  style  exsertcd.    S.  Afr.    Flowers  corj-mbed,  2'  long,  orange. 

3  T.  GRANDiFLOKA.    Climbing;  Ifts.  lancc-ovate,  pointed,  dent-serrate;  cor.  scarcely 

longer  than  the  5-toothed  calyx  (3';,  scarlet.    China  and  Japan. 

4  T.  JASJiiNOiDES.    Climbing:  Ifts.  ovate,  shining,  entire;  pan.  terminal;  cor.  tram- 

pet-shaped,  white,  roseate  in  the  throat.    Australia.    Common  in  Kreeuhouscs. 

4.  ECCREMOCARPUS,  E.  &  P.  Calyx  acutely  5-cleft,  broader  and 
much  shorter  than  the  tubular  corolla,  whose  lobes  are  5,  rounded,  refle.xed. 


Ordeu  87.— GESNERIACExE.  219 

Bta.  4,  included.    Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved,  valves  placentiferous  iu  the  mid- 
dle.    Half-shrubby  climbers,  from  S.  Am.     Tender.    (Calampelis,  Don.) 

1  E.  scABER.    Lvs.  l)!pliinate  ;  cor.  tube  inflated  above  the  calj-x,  scarlet,  drooping,  1', 

2  E.  LoNQiFLoKA.    Lvs,  tripinuate  ;  cor.  tube  cylindric,  curved,  yellow,  3',  drooping. 

5.  MARTYNIA,  L.  Unicorn  Plant.  Cal.  5-clcft,  bracteolate  at  base. 
Cor.  campanulate,  tube  gibbous  at  base,  limb  SJobed,  unequal.  Sta.  5,  one 
rudimentary  and  sterile,  four  didynamous.  Caps,  coriaceous,  ligneous,  4- 
celled,  2-valved,  each  valve  ternunating  in  a  long,  hooked  beak.  ®  Chiefly 
southern,  branching,  viscid-hairy,  strong-scented.    Flowers  large. 

1  in.  proboscidea  Glox.    Branches  mostly  decumbent ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire,  round- 

ish, villous,  upper  ones  alternate  ;  A».  on  long,  axillary  peduncles  ;  beaks  2  (when  the 
valves  separate),  hooked  ;  corolla  dull  yellowish.    Fields,  thickets,  S.  and  W.   2f.   Jn. 

2  M.  FRAGRANS.    Lvs.  roundish-3-lobed,  sinuate-dentate  ;  raceme  few-flowered  ;  corolla 

purple,  yellow  inside,  fragrant ;  beaks  shorter  than  the  pod.    Mexico. 

3  M.  I.UTBA,  with  large  yellow  funnel-form  corollas,  is  from  Brazil. 

6.  SESAMUM,  L.  Oil-seed.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  campanulate,  3- 
cleft,  the  lower  lobes  the  longest.  Sta.  4,  didynamous.  Stig.  lanceolate. 
Caps.  2-celled,  the  cells  divided  by  the  inflexed  edges  of  the  valves.  ® 
E.  India.     Leaves  jjetiolate,  the  lower  opposite,  upper  alternate. 

S.  Indlcuni  DC.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  lower  ones  3-lobed,  upper  ones  undivided,  serrate ; 
flowers  axillary,  sessile,  pale  purple.    Fields  and  gardens.    Seeds  rich  in  oil.    § 

Order  LXXXVII.    GESNERIACE^.    Gesnerworts. 

Tropical  plants,  somewhat  fleshy,  with  opposite  or  radical  leaves,  no  stip- 
ules, and  showy,  somewhat  irregular  flowers.  Calyx  half  adherent  to  the 
ovary  (in  the  following  genera),  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  5-lobed,  imbri- 
cated in  bud.  Stamens  2  or  4,  didynamous,  wdth  a  rudiment.  Style  1. 
Fruit  a  capsule  nearly  free,  1-celled,  with  2  double,  many-seeded  placentae. 

Corolla  tube  bell-form,  equally  tumid  nt  base,  limb  oblique Gesneria.       1 

Corolla  bell-funuel-forni,  gibbous  at  base,  limb  short Gloxinia.       2 

Corolla  salver-form,  subequal,  limb  flat-spreadiug Achimenes.   3 

1.  GESNERIA,  L.  U  With  tuberous  roots  and  toothed  leaves.  Sta. 
4,  with  a  rudiment,  anthers  cohering  at  first.    Brazil. 

1  G.  LiNDLETi.    Lvs.  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  rugous;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme; 

corolla  18",  scarlet  or  red,  the  limb  very  short.    Brazil. 

2  G.  DouGLASii.    Leaves  whorled,  ovate,   pubescent,  with  the  numerous  red-yellow 

flowers  in  their  axils.— The  species  are  many  and  much  mixed. 

2.  GLOXINIA,  L'Her.  Has  often  radical  leaves  (or  with  very  short 
stems),  crenate,  and  large  axillary  or  radical  flowers.  Stamens  4,  with  a 
fifth  rudiment,  anthers  cohering.    Brazil. 

G.   sPECiosA.    Leaves  oval-oblong,    on  long  radical  petioles;  ped.  subradical,   1-flow- 
ered  ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  IJ',  violet,  varying  to  white. 

3.  ACHIMENES,  Br.  Erect,  downy  herbs,  with  scaly  buds.  Anth. 
4,  separate,  the  rudiment  on  the  base  of  the  corolla. 


220  Ordek  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

1  A.  LONGiFLoRA.    Leaves  oblong,  pointed  at  both  end?,  serrate  ;  corolla  violet-purple, 

15"  ;  calyx  4—5",  pedicel  still  shorter,  l-flowered,  axillary.    Mexico. 

2  A.  cocciNEA.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  ;    corolla  scarlet,  10'',  calyx  5",  the  pedicel 

longer,  axillary,  erect,  with  the  flower  nodding.    Jamaica. 

Order  LXXXVIII.    SCROPHULARIACE^.    Figworts. 

Herbs  chiefly,  without  fragrance,  the  leaves  and  inflorescence  various. 
Floicers  irregular,  5-parted,  didynamous  or  diandrous  (rarely  pentandrous). 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous,  imbricated 
in  bud.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  1  or  3  of  them  usually 
rudimentary.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  with  1  style,  a  2-lobcd  stigma,  and  be- 
coming in  fruit  a  2-celled,  oo-seeded  capsule,  witli  axile  placentae  and  al- 
buminous seeds.    Figs.  70,  108,  134,  167,  434,  502. 

1  Leaves  alternate  for  opposite,  and  the  corolla  spurred  or  saccate  behind). .  .(2) 
1  Leaves  opposite,  and  the  corolla  lower  lip  an  inflated  sac.     (Tribe  2.) 
1  Leaves  opposite,  and  the  corolla  not  spurred  nor  saccate. .  .(5) 

2  Inflorescence  compound,  centrifugal  or  terminal.     Exotics.     Tribe  1. .  .(.v) 
2  Inflorescence  simple,  centripetal  or  axillary. . .  (3) 

3  Stamens  5.     Corolla  large,  rotate,  more  or  less  irregular.     Tribe  3. . .  (k) 
3  Stamens  4  or  2.     Corolla  minute,  4- or  5-lobed.     Little  herbs.     Tribe  7. ..(/.) 
3  Stamens  4.     Corolla  large,  upper  lip  exterior  in  the  bud.     Tribe  4. .  .(W 
3  Stamens  4  or  2.     Corolla  lower  lip  exterior  in  the  bud. .  .(4) 

4  Corolla  bell-  or  thimble-shaped,  oblique,  lobes  spreading.     Tribe  8. .  .{m) 
4  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted  and  arched.     Tribe  12.  ..{p) 

5  Stamens  2,  exscrted.     Corolla  rotate  or  salver-form.     (Tribe  9.) 

6  Stamens  2  (rarely  3),  included.     Corolla  tubular,  labiate,  rotate,  Ac.     Tribe  6. .  .(e) 
5  Stamens  4,  perfect,—*  the  5th  a  large,  conspicuous  rudiment.    Tribe  5.  ..(c) 

— *  the  5th  a  minute  i-udiment,  or  none. .  .(8) 
8  Inflorescence  compound,  in  cymes  or  panicles.    Tribe  5. . .  (cf) 

8  Inflorescence  simple.— t  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  largest  lobe  upward.     Tribe  3. .  .(a) 
— t  Corolla  salver-form,  lobes  about  equal.     (Tribe  10.) 
— t  Corolla  bell-shaped,  not  helraeted.     Tribe  11.  ..(h) 
— t  Corolla  bilabiate  and  hclmeted.     Tribe  12. .  .(<7) 

I.  SALPIGLOSSIDE/E.     (Corolla  in  bud  plicate  at  the  clefts.     InScrescence  cyraous.) 

Tribe  1.    Salpiglossie.e.—x  Stamens  2.    Corolla  deeply  many-cleft Schizanthus.  1 

— X  Stamens  4. — ?/  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form Salpiglossis.  2 

—?/ Cor.  salver-form.     Anth.  unlike Browallia.  3 

— y  Cor.  salver-forni.    Anth.  all  alike.  .Brunfelsia.  4 

II.  ANTIRRIIINIDE/E.     (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  the  upper  lip  covering  the  lower.) 

Tribe  2.     Calceolarie.!:.    Flowers  in  cymes,  very  showj',  cultivated Calceolaria.  5 

Tribe  .3.    VERBASCE.i;. — a  St.iraens  5,  corolla  not  inverted,  subregular Verbascum.  (5 

— a  Stamens  4.     Cor.  inverted  on  the  twisted  pedicels Alonsoa.  7 

Tribe  4.     Antirrhine.b. — 5  Corolla  spurred.     Pod  opens  by  valves Nemesia.  8 

—i  Corolla  spurred.     Pod  opens  by  pores Linari.i.  9 

—h  Corolla  saccate  at  base,  throat  closed Antirrhinu.m.  10 

— 6  Corolla  throat  open,  naked  inside.    Climbers Madhandia.  11 

—h  Corolla  throat  open,  with  2  hairy  lines.     Climbers.  .Lophospermum.  12 

Tribe  5.     Chelo.ne.e.—c  Sterile  filament  a  scale.     Flowers  small,  lurid Scrophularia.  13 

— c  Sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  rest.     Seeds  winged. .  .Chklone.  14 

— c  Sterile  filament  equalling  the  rest.     Seeds  wingless Pentstkmon.  15 

— (i  Herbs.     Corolla  labiate,  blue  and  white Collinsia.  16 

—d  Shrubs  slender.     Corolla  tube  straight Russellia.  17 

—d  Shrubs  erect.     Corolla  tube  incurved Piiygelius.  18 

—d  Trees.     Corolla  blue,  tubular-bell-form  Fawlonia.  39 

Tribe  6.    GKATiOLE.E.—e  Calyx  5-angled.    Corolla  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  l.-\rge Mimulus.  2C 

— e  Calyx  5"-angled.     Corolla  oblique,  41obed,  large Torenia.  21 


Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACEjE.  221 

— e  Calyx  5-parted,  equal.     Leaves  man.v-cleft Conobea.  23 

— e  Calyx  5-parted,  unequal.     Leaves  entire IIerpestis.  23 

— /  Calyx  5-parted.     Sterile  filament  short,  or  0. Gratiola.  24 

—/Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  filament  exserted Ilysantiik.'!.  25 

—/ Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  2.    Flowers  minute Micranthkmitm.  26 

—/ Calyx  4-lobed.     Stamens  3.     Flowers  small.    S. .  .Hydranthelium.27 
III.  RHINANTHIDEiE.    (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  the  lower  or  lateral  lobes  exterior.) 

Tribe  7.     Sibthorpe^.— 7.;  Stamens  2.     Corolla  l-cleft Amphianthcs.  28 

— i:Stamcns4.    Corolla  5-cleft Limosella.  29 

Tkide  8.     DiGiTALE.B.—m  Stamens  2.    Calyx  4-parted.     Flowers  small Synthiris.  30 

—m  Stamens  4.     Calyx  5-parted.     Flowers  large Digiatlis.  31 

Tribe  9.    Veronice.e.— Stamens  divergent.    Upper  leaves  often  alternate Veronica.  32 

Tribe  10.    Buchnere.e. — Stamens  approximate  by  pairs.    Upper  Ivs.  altern Buchxeka.  33 

Tribe  U.     Gerardie/E.— n  Stamens  long-exscrted.     Corolla  tubular Macranthera.  34 

—n  Stamens  short.— <;  Cor.  yellow,  tube  short  as  limb, .  .Seymekia.  35 

— o  Corolla  yellow,  tube  elongated Dasystoma.  36 

— o  Cor.  purple.    Lvs.  very  slender. .  .Gerardia.  37 

Tribe  12.     Eupurasie-E.—j)  Anther-cells  unequal,  separated..     CASTiLLE.rA.  38 

—p  Anther-cells  equal.— r  Calyx  10-ribbed Schwalbka.  39 

— r  Calyx  not  ribbed Pedicularis.  40 

—q  Calyx  inflated.    Seeds  many,  winged Rhinanthus.  41 

— 5  Calyx  not  inflated.— s  Seeds  many,  wingless. .  .Euphrasia.  42 

— «  Seeds  1 — t,  oblong Melampyrom.  43 

1.  SCHIZANTHUS,  R.  &  P.  Cut-flower.  Cor.  irregular,  the  upper 
lip  5-cleft,  external  in  festivation,  lower  much  smaller,  3-partecl.  Fil.  4,  3 
of  them  sterile.  Capsules  2-celIed.  ®  Chili.  Leaves  piunatifid,  alternate. 
Cjaiies  supra-axillary. 

S.  PiNNATUS.  Lvs.  once  or  twice  piiiuatisectecl ;  cor.  segm.  longer  than  tube,  the  middle 
f?egm.  of  the  posterior  lip  2-lobed  and  hood-like ;  stam.  exserted.  1 — 2f.  Fls.  delicate 
and  handsome,  1'  broad,  purple  and  yellow,  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  midst.  Aug. — Oct. 

2.  SALPIGIiOSSIS,  R.  &  P.  Trumpet-tongue.  Corolla  obliquely 
tubular-funuel-form,  Avith  an  ample  throat,  lobes  all  emargiuate.  Sta.  4, 
fertile,  with  a  short  rudiment.  Style  trumpet-shaped  at  apex  and  incurved. 
Capsules  oblong,  valves  bifid,     if  Chili.     Resembles  Petunia. 

S.  siNUATA.  Annual  in  our  gardens,  1— 2f,  weak,  viscid-downy.  Leaves  elliptic-oblong, 
sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid.    Fls.  li'  long,  very  showy,   dark-purple,    striped,  &c. 

3.  BROWALLIA,  L.  Cor.  salver-form,  with  a  long  tube,  and  oblique, 
5-lobed  limb.  Anth.  of  the  two  posterior  stamens  halved,  sub-1-celled. 
Lobes  of  the  stigma  broad,  divaricate.  Caps,  membranous,  valves  bifid. — 
8.  American  herbs,  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  cyanic  flowers. 

1  B.  BE3IISSA  (also  elata).  Leaves  petiolate,  ovate  ;  lower  fls.  axillary,  upper  racemed  ; 
calyx  hairy ;  cor.  tube  6",  limb  1',  blue  or  violet,  varying  to  wh.    (Xi  1— 2f.    Summer. 

4.  BRUNFELSIA,  Sw.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a  long  tulje,  and  a 
broad  5-lobed  limb.  Sta.  4,  all  equal.  Style  incurved  at  apex,  stig.  of  2 
broad  lobes.  Caps,  coriaceous,  valves  entire. — S.  American  shrubs,  with 
alternate,  entire  leaves  and  large  blue  flowers.     (Fraucisea,  Pohl.) 

1  B.  Hope.Ina.    Lvs.  obovate  to  ovate  ;  fls.  solitary  ;  cor.  tube  little  exceeding  the  cal., 

lobes  rounded,  subequal,  violet,  blue,  or  white,  1'  broad.    3f.    Much  branched. 

2  B.  LATiroLiA.    Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong;  fls.  in  loose  cymes  ;  cor.  tube  thrice  longer 

than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  limb  (10.    Leaves  3—5'  long,  shining  above. 


222  Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

5.  CALCEOLARIA,  L.  Slipper-flower.  Calyx  4-parted,  valvate 
in  bud.  Cor.  tube  very  short,  limb  3-lobed,  lobes  entire,  concave  or  spur- 
like, the  lower  inflated.  Sta.  2,  lateral,  with  no  rudiments.  Caps,  ovoid- 
conical,  valves  bifid. — S.  American  and  New-Zealand  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  very  curious  flowers,  of  all  colors, 
endlessl}'  varied  in  cultivation. 

§  Leaves  pinnatiscct.    Anther  cells  separated,  one  empty.    Annual No.  1 

§  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate.    Fls.  coo'mbous.    Anth.  cells  contiguous Nos.  2 — 4 

1  C.  piNNATA.    Rongh-downy,  v-eak,  If,  the  lower  lip  orbicular,  pale-yellow. 

2  C.  CORTMBOSA.    Erect ;  lower  lip  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  open  beyond  the  middle,  ylw. 

3  C  CRENATiFLORA.   ViUous ;  lower  lip  hanging,  large,  obovate,  3-fun-owed,  spotted,  ylw. 

4  C.  INTEGRIFOLIA.    Viscid ;  lower  lip  orbicular,  little  longer  than  the  upper,  scai-cely 

contracted  at  the  base ;  upper  lip  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    Shrub.    2— 3f. 

6.  VERBASCUM,  L.  Mullein.  Cor.  rotate,  5-lobed,  unequal.  Sta. 
5,  declinate,  all  perfect.  Caps,  ovoid-globous,  2-valved.  (T)  Rarely  U  or 
sulfruticous.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 
June — August.    Fig.  434. 

§  Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem.    Flowers  in  a  long,  thick  spike,  yellow No.  1 

§  Leaves  not  decurrent.— «  Flowere  in  racemes,  white,  yellow  or  purple Nos.  2,  3 

—a  Flowers  paniculate,  white  or  yellow Nos.  4,  5 

1  V.  Tliapsus  L.  Common  Mullein.  Leaves  decurrent,  densely  tomentons  on  both 
sides  ;  rac.  spiked,  dense  ;  3  of  the  sta.  downy,  2  of  them  smooth.  @  Fields,  way- 
sides.   3 — of.    Almost  never  branched,  woolly  all  over.    Flowers  numerous.    § 

Z  V.  Blattaria  L.  Moth  Mullein.  Lvs.  clasping,  oblong,  smooth,  serrate;  ped.  1- 
flwd.,  solitary,  racemous  ;  filaments  all  bearing  violet  wool,  (i)  Waste  grounds,  way- 
sides.   3f.    Flowers  1',  white  or  yellow.    Stem  often  branched. 

3  V,  Phceniceum.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  ovate  to  oblong,  petiolate,  smooth  above, 

downy  beneath ;  racemes  rarely  branched  ;  flowers  violet  to  red.    @  Eur.    3f. 

4  V.  Lyclinitis  L.     Wiite  Mullein.    Whitish  tomentons ;  st.  angular ;  leaves  green 

above,  the  lower  petiolate  ;  fls.  in  loose  fascicles,  forming  a  pyramidal  panicle ;  fll.  all 
white-woolly.    ®  Sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. :  rare.    Flowers  pale  yellow.    §  Eur. 

5  v.  PULVERULENTUM.    Clothed  in  cottony,  deciduous  tomentum  ;  lvs.  tomentous  both 

sides,  ovate-oblong  ;  fls.  numerous,  yellow,  in  a  large  panicle.    ®  Eur. 

7.  ALONSOA,  R.  &  P.  Cor.  resupinate  by  the  twisted  pedicel,  rotate, 
5-cleft,  lobes  very  obtuse,  unequal.  Sta.  4,  short,  decimate.  Caps,  obtuse, 
flattened,  septicidal. — S.  American,  very  branching  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves,  square  branches,  and  terminal  racemes  of  scarlet  flowers. 

1  A.  iNcis^FOLiA.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  incisely  serrate,  petiolate  ;  cor.  V  or  less  wide, 
3-^  times  longer  than  the  calyx.    (T)  All  Summer.    From  Chili. 

8.  NEMESIA,  Vent.  Caly.x  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  saccate  or 
spurred  behind,  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire.  Sta.  4,  lower  pair  circum- 
flexed  at  base.  Caps,  compressed,  with  3  keeled  valves,  and  winged  seeds. 
(T)  S.  Africa.     Lvs.  opposite.    Fls.  solitary  and  axillary,  or  racemed. 

1  N.  TERSicoLOB.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  entire  or  toothed  ;  cor.  lobes  ob- 

long, all  subequal  (1—5"),  spur  4",  incurved,  acute.    3f.    Blue-white. 

2  N.  FLORiBUNDA,  has  ovate  leaves,  an  obtuse  spur,  and  white-yellow  flowers. 

9.  LINARIA,  Juss.     ToAD-FL.vx.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  personate, 


Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE.E.  223 

upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  3-cleft,  throat  closed  by  the  proiiiiuent  pal- 
<ate,  tube  inflated,  with  a  spur  behind.  Caps.  2-celled,  bursting  below  the 
summit. — Herbs.  Lower  leaves  generally  opposite,  upper  alternate.  Fls. 
solitary,  axillary,  often  forming  terminal,  leafy  racemes.     Fig.  70. 

*  stems  prostrate,  creeping.    Leaves  broad,  renifonn  or  hastate.    Eur Nos.  1,  2 

*  Steins  erect,  with  narrow  leaves,  mostly  scattered Nos.  3—5 

*  Stems  erect,  with  broad  lanceolate  leaves,  all  vcrticillate No.  6 

1  1j.  Cj'iiibalaria,    Lvs.  palmate-veined,  reuiform,  5-7-lobed,  mostly  alternate  ;  fls. 

axillary,  small,  yellow,  spur  shorter  than  lube.     21  Smooth,  delicate. 

2  li.  Elatine  L.    Hairy;  Ivs.  feather-veined,  hastate,  entire,  alternate;  pcd.  solitary, 

long  ;  cor.  yellow  and  purple.    (T)  Fields.    1— 2f.    Very  slender.    §  Eur.    July. 

3  li.  Canadensis  Dumont.    Lvs.  scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse;  fls.  racemed;  St. 

simple  ;  scions  procumbent ;  fls.  blue.    ®  Fields,  waysides.    6 — 12'.    Very  slender. 
Flowers  small,  in  a  loose  raceme.    Spur  filiform,  long,  sliort,  or  0.    June— Sept. 

4  Li.  vulgaris  Mill.     Common  Toad-flax.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  crowded  ;  spikes 

terminal ;  fls.  dense,  imbricate ;  cal.  snvooth,  shorter  than  the  spur.  2i  Meadows,  way- 
sides.   1— 2f.    Very  leafy,  with  showy  rac.  of  yellow  and  orange  fls.    Jl.,  Aug.    §  Eur. 
^.  PeVoHa,    Corolla  with  3—5  spurs,  and  a  regular  border  of  3  -5  lobes,  with  5 
stamens.    Penn.  (Dr.  Darlington).    Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  (Mr.  W.  R.  Gerard). 

5  li.  BiPARTiTA.    Erect;  lvs.  linear,  alternate;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  lance-linear, 

scarious-edged  sepals  ;  cor.  S — 10'',  violet,  the  palate  orange. 

6  L.  TRiOENiTHOPHORUM.     Three  B'lrds.    Smooth,  glaucous;  leaves  in3"sand4"s;  fls. 

whorled,  each  resembling  3  little  birds.     2f  Eur.    2— 3f.    Curious. 

10.  ANTIRRHINUM,  L.  Sxap-dr.\gox.  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Corolla 
gibbous  (not  spurred)  at  base  of  tube,  thi'oat  closed  (j^ersonate)  by  the 
prominent  palate,  upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  trifid.  Sta.  4.  Capsules 
opening  by  2  or  3  pores,  as  in  Linaria. — Herbs,  European,  &c.,  with  the 
lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  axillary,  large,  ra- 
cemed above.     Fig.  502. 

1  A.  MAjus.    Erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  fls.  evidently  racemed  ;  sep.  hairy,  shorter  than 

the  cor.  tube  ;  cor.  pink,  purple,  or  scarlet,  mouth  yellow,    n  18'.    Fls.  1'.    Summer. 

2  A.  Orontium.    Low,  spreading;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate;  fls.  smaller  than  in  A.  majug 

(6"),  the  sepals  equalling  the  cor.,  which  is  rose  or  white,  with  purp.  spots,    (i)  Sum. 

11.  MAURANDIA,  Ort.  Calj'x  5-parted.  Cor.  bilabiate,  tube  scarcely 
gibbous  at  base,  throat  open,  with  2  prominent  glabrous  folds,  upper  lip  of 
2  rounded  lobes,  lower  of  3.  Sta.  4.  Caps,  oblique,  opening  by  chinks 
below  the  apex.  U  jMexican,  climbing  and  twining,  with  large  purple 
flowers  all  Summer. 

1  M.  ANTiRKHiNiFLORA.    Lcavcs  mostly  triangular-hastate  ;  fls.  glabrous,  1',  tube  some 

gibbous  at  base,  throat  partly  closed  by  the  prominent  hairy  palate.    lOf. 

2  M.  SEMPERFLORENS.    Lvs.  cordatc-hastatc,  angular ;  calyx  glabrous  ;  cor.  be!l-form, 

not  gibbous  (throat  open),  1}'  long,  pale  violet  or  rose-colored.    lOf. 

3  OT,  Barclatana.    Leaves  broadly  triangular-cordate  or  hastate  ;  calyx  clothed  with 

long  glandular  hairs  ;  cor.  near  2'  long,  very  oblique,  purple,  throat  open.    lOf. 

12.  LOPHOSPERMUM,  Don.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  limb  5- 
lobed,  subregular,  throat  open,  between  two  hairy  lines.  Caps,  globular. 
Seeds  winged.     Otherwise  as  in  Maurandia.     Fig.  100. 


224:  Ordeu  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

1  li.  ERUBEscENS.    Lvs.  triangular-cordate,  dentate-lobed,  pubesceut ;  cal.  eegm.  ovate, 

hirsute  ;  cor.  downy,  2i—'S'  long,  i-f  d,  with  an  ample  border.    10— 20f. 

2  li.  scANDENs.    Lvs.  cordate-ovatc,  pointed,  coarse-toothed,  smoothish ;  calyx  segm. 

lance-ovate;  cor.  glabrous,  2',  scarlet,  limb  erect- spreading.    lOf. 

13.  SCROPHUIiARIA,  L.  Figwort.  Calyx  in  5  acute  segments. 
Cor.  subglobous,  limb  contracted,  sub-bilabiate,  lip  with  an  internal,  inter- 
mediate scale  (sterile  filament).  Capsules  2-celled.  Valves  with  3  inflated 
margin^. — Herbs  or  suffruticous,  often  foetid.  Leaves  opposite.  Cymes  in 
simple  or  compound,  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicles.    Fig.  1G7. 

S.  nodosa  L.  Glabrous,  tall,  branching;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate;  fls.  in 
loose  pedunculate  cymes,  combined  into  an  oblong  panicle  ;  sterile  anther  a  roundish 
green  scale  on  the  dull,  olive-colored  corolla,    n  Thickets.    4— (If.    July— Oct. 

14.  CHEJLONE,  L.  Tcrtle-head.  Snake-head.  Calyx  decjjly  5- 
parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base.  Cor.  inflated,  bilabiate.  Sta.  4,  w^oolly,  the 
sterile  filalnent  shorter  than  the  rest.  Caps,  valves  entire.  Seeds  broadly 
-winged.     If  With  opposite  leaves  and  sessile  flowers  in  the  upper  axils. 

1  C  glabra  L.    Smooth;  lvs.  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  acute 
at  base  ;  flowere  densely  spiked.    By  brooks  and  in  wet  places.    2f.    Stems  simple,  in 
clumps.    Flowers  1'  long,  white  or  roseate,  with  short  gaping  lips.    Aug.,  Sept. 
/3.  purpurea.    Lvs.  distinctly  petiolate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  rose-purple.    West. 

2,  C.  Lyonl  Ph.  Smooth;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrate,  the  lower  cordate ; 
lis.  in  a  dense  spike.    Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.    1— 2f.    Corolla  purple,  li'.    July— Sept. 

15.  PENTSTEMON,  L.  Beard-tongue.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Cor. 
elongated,  often  ventricous,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  spreading.  The  fifth  filament 
(tongue)  sterile,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest  or  about  as  long ;  anth.  smooth. 
Seeds  go,  angular,  not  margined,  y  N.  American,  branching,  paniculate. 
Leaves  opposite,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile  or  claispiug.  Flowers 
showy,  red,  violet,  blue,  or  white,  in  Summer. 

*  Native  E.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  sometimes  cultivated. . .(«) 

«  Loaves  dissected.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  lobes  rounded,  subcqual No.  1 

a  Leaves  undivided,  serrulate.    Sterile  filament  (tongue)  bearded Nos.  2,  3 

a  Leaves  entire.    Tongue  puberulcnt,  widened  and  incurved  at  the  apes — No.  4 

*  Native  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  cultivated  for  ornament..  .0) 

b  Leaves  incisely  pinnatifid.    Corolla  lobes  subequal.    Tongue  smoothish. .  .No.  5 
b  Leaves  serrate,  with  pale  purple  or  blue  flowers.    Tongue  bearded  —  Nos.  6—8 

b  Leaves  entire— c  Cor.  strongly  bilabiate,  scarlet.    Tongue  bearded No.  9 

—c  Cor.  scarcely  bilabiate,— fZ  scarlet  or  crimson Nos.  10—12 

— d  blue  or  violet Nos.  13 — 15 

1  p.  dissectus  Ell.    Lvs.  pinnately  divided  into  linear  segm. ;  fls.  in  a  loose  panicle  ; 

cor.  with  a  curved  tube,  9—10",  purple  ;  tongue  bearded  at  apex.  Dry.  Ga.  2f.  Jn.,  Jl. 

2  P.  pubescens  Sol.    Pubescent  or  glabrous  ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate ;  fls.  in  a 

loose  panicle  ;  cor.  tube  7—9",  gradually  enlarged  upward,  pale  purple,  lower  lip  with 
two  bearded  folds  inside,  some  longer  than  the  upper.    Hills  and  blufi's.    1— 2f    t 

3  p.  Digitalis  N.    Glabrous;  lvs.  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  clasping;  fls.  many, 

large,  corolla  tube  abruptly  enlarged  to  bell-form,  pale  blue  or  purplish,  12—15"  long, 
throat  widely  open,  beardless.    Rich  soils,  Pa.,  W.  and  8.    3f.    Leaves  .3—6'. 

4  P.  grandiflorus  Eras.    Glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  lvs.  oblong-obovate  to  roundish- 

ovate,  upper  clasping,  all  entire  ;  panicle  long,  slender  ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  15",  limb 
nearly  regular,  bluish  purple.    111.,  Wis.,  and  W.    3f.    Handsome,    t 


'M^ 


OiJDEK  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^.  225    . 

5  P.  RicHARDsoNi.    Smoothlsh,  branching ;  fls.  1',  violet,  in  leafy  panicles.    Oreg.    2f. 
1    (>  F.  ovATUs.    Puberulent;  Ivs.  cordate-clasping;  fls.  9",  numerous,  light  bine.  Oreg.  2f. 
i— 7  P.  CoB.EA.    Puber.,  tall;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  clasping ;  fls.  2',  broad-campanulate.    Tex.   '''  ">V 
/    8  P.  CAMPANULATUS.    Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear  to  lance-ovate,  long-pointed  ;  panicle 
long,  loose,  1-sidcd  ;  corolla  tube  inflated,  large,  bell-shaped.    Mexico. 

9  P.  BAEBATus.    Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  oblong  to  lance-llncar ;  cor.  tubc  loug  (13")i 

scarcely  dilated  upward,  lower  lip  and  tongue  densely  bearded.    Mexico.    2— 4f. 

10  P.  MuRRAYANUS.    Glaucous  ;  Ivs.  connate-clasping,  upper  roundish  ;  cor.  18",  bright 
red,  dilated  upward,  in  a  long  virgate  panicle  ;  tongue  smooth.    Texas.    3f. 

11  P.  Hartwegi.  Upper  Ivs.  clasping  ;  cor.  tubular,  2',  crimson  ;  tongue  glab.  Mex.  3f. 

12  P.  glaber.    Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  sts.  in  bunches,  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
entire  ;  flowers  18",  in  slender  panicles,  blue-crimson.    Nebraska,  and  W.    2f. 

1  3  P.  srEciosus.    Tall ;  st.  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  cor.  blue,  18''.  mouth  ample,  tongue 

filiform,  the  panicle  long,  virgate,  secund,  each  cyme  with  5 — 9  fls.,  very  showy.  Oreg. 
_^^14  P.  GENTIANOIDES.  Tall ;  St.  Ivs.  broad-clasping  ;  cor.  16'',  violct,  mouth  ample,  tongue 
>  glabrous,  dilated  and  retuse  at  apex,  the  panicle  long,  some  leafy.    Mexico.    3 — 4f. 

15  P.  cceruleus.    Low,  leafy;  Ivs.  lance.,  sessile ;  cor.  blue,  S";  tongue  bearded.  Neb. 

16.  COLLINSIA,  Nutt.  Innocence.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  bilabiate, 
orifice  closed,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  with  the  middle  segment  cari- 
nately  saccate  and  closed  over  the  declinate  style  and  stamens.    Caps,  with 

2  bifid  valves.    Seeds  large,  concavo-convex.    (T)  Witli  verticillate  or  oppo- 
site leaves,  axillary  and  terminal  flowers,  very  pretty. 

1  C.  verna  N.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  cauline  cordatc-cla,■^plng,  dentate  ;  verti- 

cils 4-6-flwd.  ;  cor.  blue  and  white,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  2  or  3  times  shorter 
than  the  pedicel.    Banks  of  streams,  N.  Y.,  and  W.    8—18',  branching.    May,  June. 

2  C  parviflora  Doug.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate ;  verticils  2-6-flwd ;  cor.  blue,  little 

longer  than  the  calyx  and  little  shorter  than  the  pedicels.   L.  Sup.,  and  W.    6-10'.  Jn. 

3  C.  bicolor.    Stem  lvs.  ovate,  crenate,  sessile  ;  verticils  6-10-flwd. :  calyx  hairy,  longer 

than  the  ped. ;  cor.  9",  rose-violet  and  white.    California.    2f.    Hardy  and  handsome. 

4  C  GRANDiFLoKA  has  Ivs.  thickish  and  all  entire,  with  00  large  blue-purple  fls.    Oreg. 

17.  RUSSELLIA,  Jacq.     Cal.  5-parted.     Cor.  tubular,  limb  sub-bilabi- 
ate, of  5  short  rounded  lobes,  the  2  upper  twin.     Sta.  4,  the  fifth  a  small 
rudiment.     Caps,  subglobous,  septicidal,  valves  bifid.     Sds.  go,  mixed  with 
hairs.    J)  Mexican.    Lvs.  opposite  or  whorled,  often  minute  or  scale-like. 
R.  JUNCEA.    Very  smooth,  with  long,  drooping,  rush-like  branches ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to 

linear,  or  scale-like  on  the  branches.  Flowers  scarlet,  1',  remote  in  drooping  racemes. 

18.  PHYGELIUS,  Mey.    Cal.  5-parted.   Cor.  tube  long,  enlarged  above, 
limb  oblique,  lobes  rounded.    Fifth  stamen  a  minute  rudiment.    Caps,  very 
oblique,  with  unequal  cells.     5  Caffraria.     Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  in 
a  loose  panicle  of  cymes. 
P.  Capensis. — Shrub  2f,  smooth  and  beautiful.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  crenate,  petiolate. 

Flowers  pendulous,  IJ',  crimson,  yellow  within. 

19.  PAULOWNIA,  Siebold.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  fleshy.  Cor.  tube 
long,  declinate,  enlarged  above,  limb  oblique,  with  rounded  segments.  Sta. 
4,  arched  downward,  with  no  rudiment.  Caps,  acuminate,  valves  septifer- 
ous  in  the  middle.  Seeds  go,  winged.  ^  From  Japan,  with  very  large 
cordate,  ovate  leaves  and  lai'ge  blue-purple  fragrant  panicles. 


226  Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

p.  iMPERiALis.— In  parks,  40f  high.  Flower-buds  formed  in  Antumn,  opening  in  the 
following  Spring.    Corolla  near  2'.    Tree  of  rapid  growth  and  kingly  port. 

20.  MIMULUS,  L.  Monkey-fi.ower.  Calyx  tubular,  5-anglecl,  5- 
toothcd.  Corolla  riugent,  the  upper  lip  reflected  at  the  sides,  palate  of  the 
lower  lip  prominent.  Stig.  thick,  bifid.  Caps.  CO-seeded. — 'Herbs  prostrate 
or  erect,  with  square  stems  and  opposite  Ivs.  Fed.  axillary,  solitary,  1-flwd, 

§  Leaves  pinnate-veined.    Flowers  blue  (wild)  or  yellow  (cultivated) Nos.  1,  2,  6 

§  Leaves  palmate-veined.    Flowers  yellow  or  scarlet Nos.  3,  4,  5 

1  M.  ringeiis  L.    Lvs.  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  ped.  axillary,  longer 

than  the  flowers.    21  A  common  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils.    2f.    Flowers 
large.  (!'),  pale  blue,  yellow-mouthed,  appearing  in  July  and  August. 

2  ITI.  aliitUH  Ait.    Leaves  petiolate,  smooth,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  ped.  shorter  than  the 

fls.  ;  St.  winged  at  the  4  comers,    y.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.,  In  muddy  places.    2f    Aug. 

3  M.  Jaiuesli  Torr.    Stems  difl'use,  rooting ;  leaves  eubentire,  round-reniform,  5-7- 

veined,  the  upper  as  long  as  the  peduncles  of  the  small  yellow  fls.    L.  Sup.,  and  W. 

4  M.  LUTEUs.    Lvs.  round-ovate,  the  caulinc  sessile  or  clasping,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 

cles ;  calyx  ovoid,  half  as  long  as  the  broad,  large,  yellow,  spotted  flowers.    Cal. 

5  M.  cardin.Ilis.    Branching,  villous-clammy ;  leaves  ovate,  narrowed  to  the  clasping 

base,  shorter  than  the  long  ped.  ;  cal.  large,  inflated  ;  cor.  ample,  rose-orange.    Cal. 

6  M.  MoscHATus.    Mtisk  Plant.    Decumbent,  hairy-viscid  ;  leaves  ovate,  dentate  ;  cor, 

tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  yellow.    Oregon.    Smells  strongly  of  musk. 

21.  TORENIA,  L.    Calyx  tubular,  "with  prominent  angles,   oblique. 
Cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  notched,  lower  larger,  trifid.     Sta.  4,  arched  beneath 
the  upper  lip,  the  longer  pair  appendaged  at  base.     Stigma  double.     Cap- 
sules included. — Herbs  tropical,  diffuse,  with  opp.  leaves  and  racemed  fls. 
T.  Asi.ixicA.    Lvs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  crenate-dentatc ;  calyx  acute  at  base,  J' ;  cor, 

twice  longer,  ample,  pale  purple  tipped  with  violet.    2f->-,  trailing. 

22.  CONOBEA,  Aublet.  Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the 
coi-oUa  2-lobed,  lower  lip  3-parted.  Fertile  sta.  4,  anth.  approximating  by 
pairs,  cells  parallel.  Caps,  round-ovoid,  co-seeded. — Herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves.     Peduncles  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  1-flowered. 

C  multiflda  Benth.  Low,  ditfusely-branched,  puberulent ;  leaves  petiolate,  pinnately 
dissected ;  segments  linear  or  cuneate,  lobed  or  entire,  obtuse  ;  cor.  greenish,  scarcely 
exserted  (2"),  lobes  entire,    (i)  Sandy  banks  of  rivers,  O.  to  La.    6—13'.    July. 

23.  HERPESTIS,  Ga3rt.  Calyx  unequally  5-parted.  Corolla  subbila- 
biate,  upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed.  Sta.  4,  fertile.  Caps, 
2-furrowed,  valves  parallel  with  the  dissepiment.  Seeds  go,  small.  U 
Obscure  weeds  with  opposite  leaves.  Peduncles  1-flowered,  axillary,  or 
subracemous,  often  with  two  bractlets  near  the  calyx. 

§  Leaves  feather-veined,  or  obscurely  1-3-veined.    Cor.  yellow,  or  bluish Nos.  1, 2 

§  Leaves  palmately  many-(5-9-) veined,  subentire.    Corolla  blue Nos.  3,  4 

1  H.   iiBgre.scens  Benth.    Erect ;  st.  square,  branched  ;  leaves  oblanceolatc,  crenate- 

serrate  above ;  ped.  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  corolla  yellowish,  upper  lip 
rounded,  entire.  Wet  pi.,  S.  1 — 2f.  Cor.  rather  longer  (5")  than  cal.  Blackens  in  drying, 

2  H.  Monniera  Ilumb.    Prostrate,  lleshy ;  lvs.  wedge-obovate,  subentire  ;  ped.  aa 

long  (9")  as  the  lvs. ;  fls.  few,  bluish  ;  cor.  4"  wide,  nearly  regular.  Wet  banks,  Pa.,  &  S. 

3  H.  ainplexicaulls  Ph.    Stem  submersed,  woolly;  leaves  ovate,  cordate-clasping, 


Order  88.— SCKOPHULARIACE^.  227 

obscurely  crenate,  obtuse ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  calyx,  cor.  i  longer,  the  upper  lip 
emarginate  ;  rlUk  10-toothed.    Swamps,  N.  J.,  and  S.    6—12'.    August. 
4  H.  rotimdifolia  Ph.    Creeping,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  round-obovate,  entire  ;  ped.  2  or  3 
times  longer  than  cal.  ;  cor.  upper  lip  notched.    Pools,  111.  to  La.    If.    Fls.  5".    Aug. 

24.  GRATIOLA.  Hedge  Hyssop.  Calyx  5-partecl,  subequal.  Cor. 
upper  lip  entire  or  slightly  bifid,  lower  trifid,  the  palate  not  prominent. 
Sta.  2,  fertile,  mostly  with  3  sterile  filaments.  Capsules  3-celled,  4-valved, 
valves  inflexed  at  margin,  y  Low,  witli  opposite  leaves.  Peduncles  ax- 
illar}^,  1-flowcred,  usually  bibractcolate  near  the  calyx. 

§  Flowers  sessile.    Cells  of  anthers  vertical.    Plants  rigid,  bristly-hairy Nos.  7,  8 

§  Flowers  pedunculate.    Anther  cells  transverse.    Plants  smooth  or  viscid. .  .(a) 

a  Sterile  filaments  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed Nos.  1—3 

a  Sterile  filaments  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head Nos.  4—6 

1  G.  Vlrgliiiana  L.    St.  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  ; 

pod.  as  long  or  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  cor.  twice  longer  than  the  cal. ;  sterile  fll.  none. 
7i  Common.    4— S'.    St.  terete,  branching,  with  white  or  pale-yellow  flowers.    July. 

2  a.  Floridaiia  Nutt.    St.  erect,  branched  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed  ;  ped.  longer 

than  the  leaves ;  cor.  4  times  longer  than  the  calj-s  (7"),  yellow.    (§)  Fields,  S.    0—9'. 

3  G.  spUsprocikrpa.  Ell.    Ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  attenuate  to  the 

base,  sparingly  toothed  ;  pod.  scarcely  longer  than  the  cal.    Damp.    3 — 7'.    W.  and  S. 

4  G.  aurea  Muhl.    Smootli ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subentire,  clasping ;  ped.  as  long 

as  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  cor.  golden  yellow.    Muddy  soils.    G — 8'.    August. 

5  G.  viscosa  Schw.    Viscid-downy;  leaves  lance-ovate,  sharp-serrate,  clasping;  ped. 

longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  white,  twice  longer  than  calj'x,  which  is  2  or  3  times 
longer  than  the  capsule.    Wet  places,  Ky.  to  N.  Car.,  and  S.  9—12'.  (G.  Drummondii.) 

6  G.  raiiiosa  Walt.    St.  terete,  creeping  at  base  :  leaves  linear,  acute,  with  few  teeth 

near  the  apex  ;  bractlets  nearly  0 ;  sep.  linear  ;  cor.  white.  Muddy  shores,  S.  May-Jl. 

7  G.  pllosa  Ms.    Erect,  hispid ;  Ivs.  ovate,  few-toothed,  clasping,  rugous  ;  cor.  tube 

scarcelylonger  than  the  calyx,  white.    Wet,  Md.,  and  S.    9—12'.    July— September. 

8  G.  subulata  Baldw.    Erect,  hispid ;  Ivs.  linear  or  lance-lincar,  margins  revolute, 

entire  ;  cov.  tube  slender,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.    Wet  sands,  Ga.,  Fla.    Sept. 

25.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect, 
bifid,  lower  lip  larger,  spreading,  trifid.  Sta.  2,  fertile ;  3  sterile  fil.  forked, 
one  of  the  divisions  tipped  with  an  obtuse  gland,  the  other  acute,  or  rarely 
with  half  an  anther.  Caps,  ovate  or  oblong,  about  equalling  the  calyx. 
@  "Witli  opp.  Ivs.  and  axillary,  1-flwd.  ped.,  resembling  Gi'atiola  in  habit. 

1  I.  gratioloides  Benth.    Branching,  ascending  3—8' ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  subses- 

sile,  obscurely  dentate  ;  cor.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  bluish-white,  4".    A  small 
weed-like  herb,  in  wet  places  :  common.    Peduncles  3—6".    July,  August. 

2  I.  graiidiflora  Benth.    Diffusely  creeping;  Ivs.  thick,  roundish,  entire,  subclasp- 

ing;  ped.  hirsute,  1',  corolla  6"  long,  violet-blue.    Sandy  swamps,  Ga.    (Nuttall.) 

3  I.  refraota  Benth.    Erect,  slender  ;  Ivs.  clustered  below,  obovate  to  oblong,  entire, 

the  cauline  remote,  bract-like,  linear-subulate  ;  ped.  filiform,  refracted  in  fruit ;  cor. 
light-blue,  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  (.5").    Damp  pine  woods,  S.    6 — 10'.    June. 

4  I.  saxioola  (Curtis).    Stems  leafy,  clustered  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile  ; 

ped.  ."3— 4  times  longer  than  the  leaves  (7— 9"),  refracted  in  fr.;  cor.  blue,  4".    S.   Aug. 

26.  MICRANTHEMUM,  Rich.  Cal.  4-toothed  or  cleft.  Cor.  upper 
lip  shorter,  entire,  lower  trifid.  Sta.  3,  fertile,  a  glandular  scale  at  the  base 
of  each,  sterile  filament  none.  Style  short,  apex  clavate  or  spatulate.  Caps. 
3-valved.     :c^  (i)  Slender,  glabrous,  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  minute  fls. 


228  Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

M.  orbiculatum  Mx.  Sts.  creeping  and  rooting,  branches  ascending  1—2' ;  Ivs.  or- 
bicular to  obovate,  3-veined,  entire,  snbsessile  ;  fls.  i"  long,  lower  lip  of  cor.  longer 
than  the  calyx.    Brackish  mud,  Del.,  and  S.    (M.  micranthum,  &c.) 

27.  HYDRANTHELIUM,  H.  B.  K.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Cor.  3-cleft,  the 
upper  lobe  broader,  emargiaate.  Sta.  3,  on  the  corolla,  anth.  cells  parallel, 
distinct.  Style  with  two  short  lobes.  Caps.  GO-se(!ded.  ^^v^  Tropical,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  minute,  axillary  flowers.    Habit  of  Callitriche. 

H.  crenatum  Wood.  Submersed  stems  flaccid,  bearing  the  Ivs.  above;  Ivs.  round- 
ish, glabrous,  crenate,  abrupt  at  base,  7-9-veined,  on  flat,  veiny  petioles  ;  pedicels  -3", 
reflexed  ;  corolla  little  exsertcd,  white.    Pools,  Miss.,  La.  (Dr.  Hale). 

28.  AMPHIANTHUS,  ToiT.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  small,  funnel- 
form,  limb  4-lobed,  lower  lobe  larger.  Sta.  3,  included,  style  lightly  bifid, 
lobes  acute.  Capsule  obcordate,  compressed,  oo-seeded.  (i)  Minute,  with 
flowers  both  axillary,  and  on  terminal,  2-bracted  peduncles  1'  long. 

A.  pnsilliija  Torr.— On  wet  rocks,  Newton  Co.,  Ga.  Leaves  nearly  radical,  linear,  ob- 
tuse ;  1 — 2"  long ;  flowers  minute,  white.    March,  April. 

29.  lilMOSELLA,  L.  Mudwort.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  shortly  cam- 
panulate,  o-cleft,  equal.  Sta.  approximating  in  pairs.  Capsule  partly  3- 
celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,     x'w  (T)  Minute.     Scape  1-flowered. 

\j,  teniiirolia  Xutt.  Lvs.  linear,  scarcely  distinct  from  the  petiole  :  scape  as  long  as 
the  leaves;  cor.  segments  oval-oblong,  shorter  than  the  cal.    Mud,  Penn.,  and  N.   1'. 

30.  SYNTHYRIS,  Benth.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  subcampanulate, 
segments  4,  erect-spreading  or  0.  Sta.  3  (rarely  4),  on  the  cor.,  exserted, 
anth.  cells  parallel,  distinct.  Caps,  compressed,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  U 
N.  American,  with  a  thick  root.  Radical  leaves  petiolate,  cauline  bract- 
like, on  the  scape-like  stem,  alternate.     Fls.  racemed  or  spicate.    May. 

S.  Houglitoiiiuiia  Benth.  Hairy;  lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  crenulate,  obtuse;  stem 
or  scape  deuse-flwd.  above  ;  cor.  greenish,  as  long  as  the  cal.   Hills,  Mich.,  and  W.   if. 

31.  DIGITALIS,  L.  Fox-glove.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  campanulate, 
ventricous,  upper  lip  reflexed,  spreading,  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip 
broadest.  Caps,  ovate,  3-celled,  2-valved,  with  a  double  dissepiment.  If 
Europe,  Asia.  Lower  leaves  crowded,  petiolate,  upper  alternate.  Flowers 
in  showj"^  racemes.     Poisonous  and  medicinal.     July,  August. 

§  Corolla  light-yellow,  tube  twice  longer  than  the  lower  lip Nos.  1,  3 

.     §  Corolla  purple,  white,  brown,  often  spotted,  tube  inflated  and  short Nos.  3—5 

1  I>.  GRASDiFLORA  (or  ochrolcuca).     Great  Yellow  F.    Leaves  ovate,  veiny,  serrulate, 

clasping ;  racemes  downy,  loose  ;  corolla  1^'  long,  segments  very  broad.    4i. 

2  T>.  LUTEA.    Plant  very  smooth,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  ;  raceme  smooth,  with  many 

flowers,  all  on  one  side  ;  corolla  8—10"  long,  tube  not  inflated.    2f. 

3  D.  PURPUREA.    Purple  F.    Lvs.  oblong,  rugous,  petiolate,  crenate,  large  ;  flowers  in 

a  long,  1-sided  raceme,  thimble-shaped,  purple  or  white,  spotted.    2 — 3f. 

4  D.  FERRUcfNEA.    Lcaves  very  smooth,  lance-oblong ;  corolla  rustj'-brown,  the  lower 

lip  densely  bearded,  its  middle  segment  ovate.    4f. 

5  I>.  LANATA.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  often  woolly ;  flowers  downy  or  woolly,  white  or 

brown ;  lower  segment  of  the  corolla  obovate.    2f. 


Okder  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^.  229 

32.  VERONICA,  L.  Speed^vell.  Calyx  4-parted.  Cor.  subrotate, 
deeply  4-ck'ft,  lower  segments  mostly  narrow.  Sta.  3,  inserted  into  the 
tube,  exserted.  Caps,  tiatteued,  often  obcordate,  2-celled,  few-seeded. — Our 
species  are  herbs.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  solitar\^,  axillary  or  in  ra- 
cemes, blue,  flesh-colored,  or  white. 

§  Tender  shrubs  (Australian)  with  axillary  racemes  of  blue  flowers Nos.  16,  17 

§  Herbs  tali  (European)  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  terminal  rac.  of  blue  fls Nos.  14,  15 

§  Herbs  tall,  with  whorled  leaves,  terminal  racemes,  and  tubular  flowers Nos.  1,  2 

§  Herbs  low,  weak  (3—12')-    Leaves  opposite  (at  base).    Corolla  rotate. . . (a) 

a  Racemes  opposite,  axillary.    Capsule  roundish,  emargiuatc Nos.  3,  4 

a  Racemes  alternate,  axillary.    Capsule  not  rounded,  very  flat Nos.  5,  6 

a  Racemes  terminal,  or  the  flowers  axillary  and  not  racemcd. .  .(6) 

b  Floral  Ivs.  like  the  rest,  not  longer  than  the  recurved  peduncles. .  .Nos.  T— 9 
b  Floral  leaves  bract-like,  longer  than  the  erect  peduncles. .  .(c) 

c  Perennial.    Peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx Nos.  10 — 11 

c  Annual.    Peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  none Nos.  12 — 13 

1  V.  Virginlca  L.    Culver's  Physic.    Erect,  tall,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  verticillate  in  4's,  5's, 

or  6's,  lance-ovate  to  lance-linear ;  spikes  mostly  several,  paniculate.    %  In  thickets, 
Vt.,  W.  and  S.    2— 5f.    Corolla  white,  with  exserted  style  and  stamens.    July. 

2  V.  SiBiRiCA.    Hardly  different  from  No.  1,  but  it  has  blue  flowers.    Siberia.    3f. 

3  V.  Anagallls  L.   Glabrous,  erect ;  Ivs.  sessile,  clasping  and  subcordate,  lanceolate, 

acutish,  entire  or  serrulate  ;  rac.  in  opposite  axils  ;  caps,  orbicular,  slightly  notched. 
n  Brooks  and  pools.    Plant  fleshy.  If.    Flowers  small,  blue-purple.    June,  July. 

4  V.  Americana  Schw.    Brooklime.    Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  erect  above ; 

Ivs.  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  serrate,  petiolate,  abrupt  at  base  ;  rac.  loose  ;  caps,  round- 
ish, turgid,  emargiuate.    n  In  clear  streams.    12—18',  fleshy.    Fls.  blue.    June,  July. 

5  V.  scutellata    L.    Glabrous,  ascending,  weak  ;  Ivs.  linear  or  lance-linear,  sessile, 

acute,  remotely  denticulate  ;  rac.  very  loose  ;  capsule  flat,  broader  than  long,  cordate 
at  both  ends,    n  Swamps,  N.  and  W.    If.    Fls.  flesh-color,  rather  large.    June— Aug. 

6  V.  officinalis  L.    Roughish-downy,  prostrate,  branching ;  Ivs.  wedge-oblong,  ob- 

tuse, serrate,  short-petioled  ;  racemes  dense,  with  pale-blue  flowers  ;  capsule  downy, 
triangular-obcordate.    li  Dry  fields.    6—12'.    May— July.    §  Europe. 

7  V.  Buxbaumll  Tenore.    Prostrate,  hairy;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  coarsely  crenate- 

serrate,  the  floral  similar,  all  on  short  petioles  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  caps,  trian- 
gular-obcordate, broader  than  long.  @Wastegrounds,E. :  rare.  7-12'.  Cor.  blue.  §Eu. 

8  V.  agrestls  L.    Keckicfcd.    Hairy,  procumbent,  difi"use ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  deeply 

crenate-serrate,  floral  similar,  all  petiolate  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  caps,  roundish, 
acutely  notched,  GO-seeded.  @  Fields,  E. :  rare.  2—8'.  Light  blue.  May— Sept.    §  Eu. 

9  V.  hedertefolla  L.    Prostrate,  pilous ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate,  roundish,  coarsely 

3-.5-toothed  or  lobed,  shorter  than  the  ped. ;  sep.  triangular,  subcordate,  acute,  closed 
in  fruit ;  caps,  turgid,  4-seeded.    (i)  Hard  soils,  E. :  rare.   Cor.  blue.    Mar.— May.   §  Eu. 

10  V.  alpina  L.  Branched  at  base,  ascending  1—5' ;  Ivs.  roundish-oval  to  elliptical, 
very  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  subsessile  ;  racemes  hairy,  densely  few-flwd. ;  capsule 
obovate,  notched,    n  Summits  of  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and  R.  Mts.    Fls.  small,  blue. 

11  v.  serpyllifolia  L.  Branched  below,  ascending  ;j— 12';  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse,  subcre- 
nate,  the  lower  rounded  and  petiolate,  upper  bract-like,  oblong,  entire ;  rac.  smoothish, 
loose  ;  caps,  obcordate,  broader  than  long,  n  Pastures :  com.  Cor.  blue-wh.  May-Aug.  § 

12  V,  peregrina  L.  Smoothish,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong,  few-toothed,  ob- 
tuse, upper  obl.-lin.,  entire;  fls.  subsessile,  whitish  ;  caps,  roundish,  slightly  notched, 
00  -seeded,    (i)  Clay  soils,  fields  :  com.    4—10'.    Plant  rather  fleshy.    Maj',  June. 

13  v.  arvensis  L.  Corn  S.  Hair}',  branched;  Ivs.  below  round-ovate,  subcordate, 
petiolate,  crenate,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  corolla  pale  blue,  pencilled,  shorter  than  the 
calyx  (as  in  No.  12) ;  caps,  obcordate.    (i)  Dry  fields  :  com.    2— C.  May,  June.   §  Eur. 


230  Ordkr  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

14  V.  gpiCATA.  Erect,  l—2f;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  petiolate,  eerrale;  racemes 
mostly  solitary  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  corollas  blue,  showy,    y.  Europe. 

15  V.  PANicuLATA.  Erect,  bushy,  1 — 3f;  Ivs.  opposite  and  in  3"s,  lanceolate,  acute  at 
base,  petiolate  ;  rac.  panicled  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  calyx,  v  Many  garden  varieties, 
hybrids  between  this  and  No.  14,  all  with  handsome  blue  racemes.    Europe. 

16  V.  sPECiosA.  Very  smooth,  shrubby,  with  oblong-obovate  entire  Ivs.,  dense  short 
(2')  racemes  in  the  upper  axils,  and  violet-blue  flowers,  very  beautiful.    1 — .3f. 

17  V.  SALiciFoLiA.  Smooth  (tree-like  at  home),  with  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  leave.", 
dense  glandular-downy  racemes  (3'),  and  innumerable  blue  flowers.    2 — 5f. 

33.  BUCHNERA,  L.  Blue-hearts.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Cor.  salver- 
form,  with  a  slender  tube,  and  flat  limb  in  5  subcqual  lobes.  Stam.  4,  in- 
cluded, with  halved  (1-celled)  anthers.  Caps.  2-valved.  If  Turns  blackish 
in  drying.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.  June — Aug. 
St.  Aiuerica.na  L.  Rough-hispid,  slender ;  leaves  oblong  to  linear,  few-toothed,  ob- 
tuse, 3-veiued  ;  spike  long-stalked,  C-12-flowered  ;  cor.  tube  6 — 7"  long,  limb  half  as 
long,  deep  blue.    Woods,  N.  Y.,  and  S.    2— 3f,  nearly  leafless  above. 

34.  MACRANTHERA,  Torr.  Calyx  lobes  5,  long  and  narrow.  Cor. 
tubular,  with  an  oblique  limb,  short  entire  segments,  and  4  long  cxserted 
subequal  stamens.  Style  long,  filiform.  Caps,  ovate,  acuminate,  if  Tall, 
with  opposite  pinnatifid  leaver  and  yellow  fls.  on  long  decurved  peduncles. 
nil.  fiicUsioides  Torr.— Pine-barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  W.    2— 3f.    Lvs.  lanceolate  in 

outline,  with  lanceolate  segments.    Rac.  long,  loose,  1-sided.    Cal.  seg.  denticulate, 
shorter  than  the  corolla  (oi-  entire  and  still  shorter  in  p.  Lecontii).    Sept.,  Oct. 

35.  SEYMERIA,  Ph.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Cor.  tube  short,  dilated, 
lobes  5,  ovate  or  oblong,  entire.  Stam.  4,  subequal,  valves  of  the  capsule 
loculicidal,  entire.  Seeds  go. — Herbs  erect,  branching.  Cauliue  leaves 
mostly  opposite  and  incised.    Flowers  yellow. 

§  Tube  of  the  corolla  woolly  w-ithin,  incurved,  as  long  as  the  limb No.  1 

§  Tube  of  the  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  subrotate  limb.    Leaves  small . .  Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  macropliylla  N.    Tall,  smoothish  ;  lvs.  large,  pinnatifid,  with  lance-oblong  in- 

cised segments,  upper  serrate  or  entire.     i[?  Woods,  W.    4 — 6f.    Cor.  G".    July. 

2  S.  pcctlnata  Ph.    Viscid-downy,  profusely  branched  ;  lvs.  small  (1'  and  less),  pin- 

natifid, seg.  few,  narrow  and  entire  ;  caps,  acute  at  base.    Dry,  S.    3f.    Aug.— Oct. 

3  S.  teuuifolia  Ph.    Smoothish,  much  branched  ;  lvs.  bipinnatifid,  6"  long,  segments 

and  rachis  filiform  ;  capsule  obtuse  at  base.    Wet,  S.    2— 3f.    Cor.  4".    Aug.,  Sept. 

36.  DASYSTOMA,  Raf  Wool-mouth.  Wild  Foxglove.  Cal.  cam- 
panulate,  o-cleft.  Cor.  tube  dilated,  longer  than  the  5  entire  lobes,  Avoolly 
Avithin.  Stam.  didynamous,  scarcely  included,  woolly,  anthers  all  equal, 
awned  at  base.  Caps,  ovate,  acute,  2  valves  bearing  a  septum  in  the  mid- 
dle. Seeds  oo.  U  Tall,  erect.  Lower  leaves  opposite.  Corolla  large, 
yellow.    July— Sept.    All  blacken  in  drying.    (Gerardia,  L.) 

*  Calyx  segments  entire.- a  Plants  pubescent Nos.  1,  2 

— a  Plants  glabrous Nos.  3,  4 

*  Calyx  segments  toothed  or  pinnatifid.    Plants  downy Nos.  5,  6 

1  D.  flava.  Wood.    Plant  pubescent,  subsimple :  lvs.  lance-oblong,  entire,  or  toothed, 

the  lower  pinnatifid  or  incised  ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  ped. 
very  short.    Woods.    2— If.    A  showy  herb.    Corollas  18".    (G.  flava  L.) 


Okdeh  88.— SCnOPIIULARIACE.E.  231 

2  D.  grandiflora.  Wood.    Minutclj- pubescent,  branched;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate, 

pinuatitid.  tooihcd.  or  entire  ;  pt-d.  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  cal.  tube  as  long  as  the  lobes 
d').  corolla  -y  long.    Wis.,  111.  (J.  Wolf),  and  S.    (G.  grandiflora  Benth.) 

3  D.  qiicrc'ilolia  Benth.    Glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  the  lower 

bipinnatifid,  upper  lance-oblong  ;  cal.  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  both  as  long  as  the 
pedicels ;  corolla  2'.    Thickets.    3— 5f.   Common. 

4  D.  integi-ifolia  Wood.     Glabrous,  subsimple ;    Ivs.   lanceolate,  acute,   entire  or 

nearly  so  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx.    Woods,  Pa.,  and  W.    1 — 2f.    August. 

5  D,  pedicularia  Benth.    Smoothish  or  downy  ;   Ivs.  lance-ovate,  pinnatilid  with 

toothed  segments  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  hairy  calyx,  whose  toothed  segments  are 
about  as  long  as  its  top-shaped  tube.    Dry  woods.    2— 3f.    Corolla  15". 

6  D.  pectleta.ta  (Torr.)  Very  hairy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pectinate-pinnatifid,  seg.  toothed  ; 

calyx  longer  than  the  pedicels,  segm.  longer  than  tube.   Woods,  S.    3f.    Corolla  IS". 

37.  GERARDIA,  L.  Cal.  5-toothed  or  cleft.  Cor.  tubular,  venti-icous 
or  subcampauulate,  tube  longer  than  the  5  broad,  entire,  une(iual  lobes. 
Sta.  didj'uamous,  in  pairs,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Caps,  obtuse  or  i)ointed, 
cx>  -seeded. — American  herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Leaves  opposite  (except 
No.  4).    Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  purple  or  rose-colo]-.    July — Sept. 

§  Otophylla.    Calyx  segments  longer  than  its  tube.    Two  anthers  smaller No.  1 

§  GEnxviviA  ])roper.    Calyx  segments  short,  equal.    Antlies  all  equal.. .(«) 

a  Cor.  2-lipped,  upper  lip  very  short,  straight.    Peduncles  slender.    S. .  .Nos.  2,  3 
a  Corolla  lobes  subequal,  all  spreading,  throat  often  hairy. .  .(b) 

b  Leaves  all  alternate,  filiform.    Flowers  large,  on  long  peduncles.  S.. .  .No.  4 
b  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  the  upper  alternate  and  bract-like.,  .{c) 

c  Peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  small  (j-iuch)  flowers Nos.  5 — 7 

c  Peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  flowers. — d  Lvs.  setaceous  or  none Nos.  8,  9 

—d  Lvs.  linear,  1—2'  long. .  .Nos.  10—13 

1  G.  auriculata  Mx.    Erect,  subsimple.  rough-liaii^ ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  the  upper  au- 

riculate  at  base;  fls.  nearly  sessile, '"  long.    ®  Low  grounds,  Pa.  to  Car.,  and  W.    2f. 

2  G.  Mettaiseri  Wood.   Smooth,  slender,  difl'usely  branched  ;  lvs.  linear-filiform  ;  ped. 

filiform,  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  cor.  S'',  upper  lip  vaulted,  notched,  lower 
of  3  rounded  lobes,  tube  with  spots  and  2  yellow  stripes  within.  (I)  Wet  sandy  places. 
Mid.  Fla.  (Dr.  Mettauer,  18.5.5).    1— 2f.    Lvs.  1'-  1".    (G.  divaricata  Chapm.) 
^.  ?  clatisa.   Cor.  tube  flattened  on  the  back,  throat  closed  by  the  inflected  lip.   Fla. 

3  Ci.  iiuda  Wood.    Smooth,  filiform,  branched;  lvs.  (except  a  few  at  the  base)  all  re- 

duced to  minute  bracts  scarcely  1"  long ;  fls.  all  terminal,  small  (5")  ;  caps,  globons, 
exceeding  the  calyx.    Middle  Fla.  (Dr.  Mettauer,  1855).    (G.  filicaulis  Chapm.) 

4  C  flliiolla  N.    St.  terete,  much  branched  ;  leaves  filiform,  alternate  and  fascicled  ; 

ped.  1',  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  cor.  smooth,  9".    (D  Barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.    2 — 3f. 

5  G.  llulfolia  N.    n  Stems  virgate,  clustered  at  root,  smooth ;  lvs.  opposite,  erect. 

linear,  .3—1'  ;  ped.  8—12",  cal.  2",  truncate ;  cor.  1',  spotted.    Wet  barrens,  S.    2— 3f. 

6  G.  tcnuitolia  Vahl.    Smooth,  paniculately  branched ;  leaves  linear  to  filiform,  1', 

often  coiled  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves,  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  are  9"  long ; 
calyx  teeth  very  short,  acute  ;  capsule  globular.    Fields  and  woods.    If. 

7  G.  Skinueriana  Wood  (1843).    Roughish  ;  st.  virgate,  angular,  few-branched  ;  lvs. 

linear,  rather  obtuse,  V  ;  ped.  axillary,  very  long  (1—2') ;  cal.  1",  teeth  obtuse  ;  cor. 
small  (5"),  rose-color,  not  fringed.  Low  grounds,  W.  and  S.  1— 2f.  Unlike  all  the 
rest,  this  species  does  not  blacken  in  drying.    (G.  parvifolia,  Cham.) 

8  G.  seticea  Walt,  (not  Benth.)    Glabrous,  widely  branched  ;  lvs.  bristle-form,  1' and 

less ;  fls.  mostly  terminal  on  the  filiform,  braeted  branchlets,  large  ;  ped.  2 — 4"  ;  cal. 
1",  teeth  very  acute,  short ;  cor.  10",  densely  fringed,    (i) Barrens,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    2f. 

9  G.  apliylla  N.    Slender,  angular,  branched  above  ;  lvs.  minute,  setaceous,  1",  or  0 ; 

ped.  lateral  and  term.,  1—3"  ;  calyx  1",  teeth  obtuse  ;  corolla  8".    (i)  Wet.  S.    2— 3f. 


232  Okdku  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

10  G.  maritiina  Raf.  St.  angular,  with  short  branches  ;  Ivp.  linear,  fleshy,  6—8"; 
cor.  7",  some  of  the  lobes  fringed  ;  ped.  very  short ;  cal.  trunc.  (i)  Salt  marshes.  4— lU'. 

11  G.  purpurea  L.  St.  angular,  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough-edged,  1—2' ; 
ped.  shorter  than  ihe  calyx,  tube  truncate  with  setaceously  acute  teeth  ;  corolla  large 
(10,  smooth  or  downy.    fT)  Low  grounds.    1—3 — 4f.    Variable. 

12  G.  aspera  Doug.  St.  roughish,  branched  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  rough-hispid,  1',; 
ped.  1—2  times  as  long  as  the  cal.  (.3—6"),  teeth  lance-acute  ;  cor.  1'.    (i)  W.    1— 2f. 

38.  CASTILIiEJA,  L.  Painted  Cup.  Calyx  tubular,  2-4-cleft.  Cor. 
upper  lip  linear,  very  long,  arched  and  keeled,  enfolding  the  didynamous 
stamens,  auth.  oblong-linear,  with  unequal  lobes,  the  exterior  fixed  by  the 
middle,  interior  pendulous,  if  5  Leaves  alternate,  the  floral  often  colored 
at  the  apex.    Flowers  subsessile,  in  terminal,  leafy  bracts. 

1  C  coccinea  Spreng.    Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifld  with  linear  segments;  bracts  about 

.3-cleft,  scarlet  (sometimes  yellow),  exceeding  the  corolla  ;  cal.  2-cleft,  nearly  equalling 
the  cor.,  segments  notched,    n  Wet  meadows,  E.  (rare)  and  W.    8—12'.    May,  June. 

2  V.  scssiliflora  Ph.    Hairy-downy;  lvs.  sessile,  clasping,  oblong-linear,  mostly  tri- 

fid,  not  colored  ;  calyx  sessile,  elongated  ;  spikes  dense  ;  corolla  long,  exserted,  arched, 
segments  of  the  lower  lip  acuminate.     2f  Prairies,  N-W.    If.    May. 

3  C.  pallida  Kunth.    Lvs.  linear,  undivided,  3  veined,  the  upper  lanceolate,  the  floral 

subovate,  subdentate  at  the  end,  whitigh  ;  calyx  with  acute  teeth,  shorter  than  the 
corolla,     n  ?  White  Mountains,  Green  Mountains,  and  N-W.    If.    August. 

39.  SCHWALBEA,  L.  Chaff-seed.  Calyx  tube  10-iibbed,  inflated, 
obliquely  4-cleft,  upper  division  small,  lower  large,  emarginate  or  3-toothed. 
Cor.  riugent,  upper  lip  entire,  arched,  lower  3-lobed.     Caps,  oblong.     Sds. 

00  ,  chalfy.     %  With  alternate  leaves  and  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

S.  Americana  L.— Sandy  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  1— 2f,  stout,  simple,  downy.  Lvs. 
lancc-ovate,  3-veined,  diminishing  upward ;  corolla  brown,  1 — ly  long.    June. 

40.  PEDIOULARIS,  L.  Lotjsewort.  Calyx  inflated,  2-5-cleft,  the 
segments  leafy,  or  sometimes  obliquely  truncate.  Cor.  vaulted,  upper  lip 
compressed,  emarginate,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled, 
oblique,  mucronate.  Seeds  angular. — Herbs.  Leaves  often  pinnatifld. 
Flowers  spicate,  yellowish. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.    TIairy,  simple  ;  lvs.  alternate,  petiolate,  lance-oblong,  pinua- 

tifid  with  toothed  segments  ;  spike  short,  dense,  leafy  ;  cor.  abruptly  incurved,  with 
2  setaceous  teeth  ;  capsule  ensiform-beaked.     ii  Pastures,  copses.    If.    May— July. 

2  P.  lanceolata  Mx.    Smoothish,  branching ;  lvs.  subopposite,  lance-oblong,  doubly 

cut-creuate  ;  spike  elongated,  loose  at  base ;  corolla  upper  lip  larger  and  covering  the 
lower ;  capsule  short,  ovoid.     ii  Shady  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  Wis.    1— 2f.    Sept. 

41.  RHINANTHUS,  L.  Yellow  Rattle.  Calyx  4-toothed,  ventri- 
cous.  Cor.  tube  cj^lindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  limb  ringent,  galea  ap- 
pendaged,  compressed,  lip  broader,  deeply  divided  into  3  obtuse  segments. 
Caps.  2-valved,  compressed,  obtuse.    ®  Erect,  with  opposite  leaves. 

R.  Crista-gaJli  L.  Mostly  glabrous;  lvs.  oblong  or  lanceolate;  cor.  J  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  appendages  of  the  galea  (upper  lip)  transversely  ovate,  broader  than  long  ; 
seeds  winged,  rattling  when  ripe.    Plymouth,  Mass.,  Lake  Superior,  and  N.    If. 

42.  EUPHRASIA,  L.     Eyebright.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lip  of  the 


Order  89.— ACANTHACE^.  233 

cor.  f;;aleate,  concave,  apex  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading,  lower 
lip  spreading,  trifid,  palate  not  folded.  Sta.  unequal,  ascending  beneath 
the  galea.  Capsule  oblong,  compressed,  GO-seeded. — Herbs  with  opposite 
leaves  and  the  flowers  in  spikes. 

E.  officinalis  L.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  the  cauline  obtuse,  crenate,  bracts  acute,  cut- 
serrate  with  cuspidate  teeth;  calyx  lobes  subequal;  corolla  light-blue,  lower  lobes 
deeply  notched,    d)  White  Mountains,  Lake  Superior.    2—6'.    Leaves  1—3''. 

43.  MELAMPYRUM,  L.  Cow  Wheat.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Upper  lip 
of  the  corolla  compressed,  the  margin  folded  back,  lower  lip  grooved,  tri- 
fid. Caps.  2-celled,  oblique,  opening  laterallj'.  Seeds  1 — 4,  cylindric-ob- 
long,  smooth. — Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.  Fls.  solitary  in  the  upper  axils. 
M.  pratense,  p.  JImertcfinum  (Benth.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  petiolate,  glabrous, 
the  upper  broader  and  toothed  at  base  ;  fls.  axillary,  distinct ;  cal.  teeth  slender,  half 
as  long  as  the  yellowish  corolla.    (T)  Woods  :  common.    6—10',  branched.    Jn.— Sept. 

Order  LXXXIX.    ACANTHACE.E.    Acanthads. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves  and  regular,  bracted  flowers. 
Cali/x  5-parted,  equal  or  unequal,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-merous, 
tubular  below,  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate,  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens 
didynamous  or  diandrous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Fruit  a 
2-celled,  4-12-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  supported  by  hooks  or  cup-shaped 
processes  of  the  placentae,  exalbuminous. 

§  Seeds  destitute  oflioohed  supports. .  .(a) 

a  Corolla  regular.     Seeds  few,  resting  on  little  cups.     Vines TiitxBKnGiA.  I 

a  Corolla  bilabiate.     Seeds  many,  witli  no  supports Elytraria.     2 

§  Seeds  resting  on  hooks  proceeding  from  tl>e  placentae.  ...('<) 

b  Corolla  fiinnel-furm,  subregular.     Stamens  4,  unequal RnELLi.4.  .S 

h  Corolla  bilabiate,  ringent.     Stamens  i.     Pod  terete Hygrophila.  4 

h  Corolla  labiate,  the  upper  lip  wanting.     Stamens  4.     t  Rare Acanthus  mo(He. 

h  Corolla  bilabiate.     Stamens  2.— c  Corolla  inverted,  upper  lip  3-toothed Dici.iptera.     5 

— c  Corolla  straight,  lower  lip  3-lobed Dianthera.     6 

—c  Corolla  straight,  lower  lip  3-parted Cyrtandka.    7 

1.  THUNBERGIA,  L.  Calyx  short,  toothed  or  truncate,  with  2  large 
bractlets  at  base.  Cor.  funnel-bell-form,  limb  5-lobed,  nearly  regular.  Sta. 
4,  unequal,  included.  Caps,  beaked,  3-4-seeded.  ^  ^  Fls.  showy,  axillar}^ 
T.  ALATA.    A  climbing  vine,  silky-hairy,  with  cordate-sagittate  Ivs.  on  winged  pet. ; 

fls.  H'  deep  and  broad,  purple,  with  a  yellow,  buff,  orange  or  wnite  border.   E.  Africa. 

2.  ELYTRARIA,  Vahl.  Calyx  with  4  or  5  unequal  segments.  Cor. 
bilabiate,  lower  lip  of  3  bifid  segments.  Sta.  2  fertile,  2  sterile,  included. 
Caps.  8-seeded. — Herbs  acaulescent,  with  (oblong)  leaves  at  base  and  clasp- 
ing bracts  on  the  scapes,  and  the  small  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

E.  virgata  Mx.  Scapes  several,  glabrous,  covered  with  the  bracts,  which  are  ovate, 
cuspidate,  ciliate,  the  upper  subtending  the  white  flowers  ;  calyx  with  2  linear  bract 
lets  at  base,  ciliate.    n  Wet  plains,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    If.    August. 

3.  RUELLIA,  L.  Calyx  5-parted  into  slender  segments.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  limb  spreading,  subequally  5-lobed.     Sta.  4,  included,  didynamous 


234  Order  89.— ACANTHACE.E. 

Caps.  naiTow.   Seeds  4 — 16,  resting  on  hooks.     Zf  Low,  with  tumid  joints, 
opposite  leaves,  and  showy  axillary  blue  or  purple  flowers. 

§  DiPTERACANTHUs.    Autliers  pointless.    Style  bifid.    Seeds  8—12 Nos.  1—3 

§  Calophanes.  Anthers  pointed  at  base.  Style  simple.  Seeds  4.  South... (a) 

a  Stems  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  with  obtuse  leaves Nos.  4,  5 

a  Stems  creeping,  dift'use,  with  the  leaves  entire Nos.  6,  7 

1  K.  strepens  L.    Erect,  smooihish,  with  obovate  to  oblong-petiolate  Ivs. ;  ped.  very 

short,  1-4-flowered ;  braitlets  as  long  as  the  narrow  sepals,  little  shorter  than  the 
slender  corolla  tube.    Dry  soils,  W.  and  S.    0— IG'.    Leaves  2— 5'.    June,  July. 

2  K.  ciliosa  Ph.    Erect,  white-hairy,  with  Ivs.  obovate  to  oblong,  abrupt  at  base  and 

sub.<essilc ;  bractlcts  and  sepals  not  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.    Rich 
soils,  W.  and  S.    If  or  more.    Leaves  1 — 2'.    Flowers  2 — 2^'.    June — September. 
/3.  hfibridug.    Low,  decumbent,  and  very  hairy.    Georgia  (Dr.  Feay). 

3  R.  tubiflora  Le  Conte.    Downy  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  fls.  solitai-y ; 

Sep.  lance-l'uuar,  |  as  long  as  the  long  tube  of  the  white  cor.    Ga.,  Fla.    June — Aug. 

4  R.  oblongifolla  Mx.    Very  downy;  Ivs.  obovate  to  oval,  subsessile  ;  fls.  1—3  to- 

gether, bractlets  and  sepals  as  long  as  tube  of  the  spotted  corolla.    Dry,  Ga.,  Fla. 

5  R.  riparia  (Chapm.)    Smoothish,  simple  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  petiolate  ;  flowers  clustered, 

small  (6"),  white,  bractlets,  sepals,  and  corolla  tube  equal.    Mid.  Fla.    12—18'. 

6  R.  liuniistrata  Mx.    Smooth;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  petiolate  ;  flowers  1—3  together, 

bractlets  shorter  than  the  setaceous  sepals.    Kich  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
1  R.  linearis  T.  &  G.    Small,  rough-downy;  leaves  linear-oblong,  imbricated,  the 
bractlets  similar  ;  capsule  4-angled,  with  2—4  seeds.    S.  Fla. 

4.  HYGROPHILA,  R.  Br.  Calyx  half-5-cleft,  with  narrow  segments. 
Cor.  ringent,  lower  lip  trifid.  S'ia.  4,  unequal,  cells  of  the  anth.  divergent- 
sagittate,  violet,  Stig.  subulate.  Caps,  terete,  oo-seeded.  U  .icc  Stolonif- 
erous,  4-angled.     Flowers  clustered  in  the  axils. 

H.  laciistris  Nees.    Erect,  simple,  smooth ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  sessile  (3—4');  fls. 
sessile,  appearing  whorled,  white.    Borders  of  lakes.    New  Orleans.    1 — 2f. 

5.  DICLIPTERA,  Juss.  Fls.  in  bractcd  heads.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor. 
bilabiate,  inverted,  upper  lip  3-toothed,  sta.  2,  anth.  cells  equal,  one  placed 
above  the  other.     Caps.  4-seeded,  the  partitions  and  valves  separating.     U 

1  D.  bracliiata  Spr.     Smooth ;  st.  C-angled,  brachiately  branched ;  leaves  lanceo- 

late, long-petiolate,  acuminate  ;  heads  few-flowered,  the  upper  approximate,  sessile, 
lower  often  pedunculate  ;  flowers  purple,  5 — 6".    River  banks,  S.    1 — 3f.    June — Aug. 

2  D.  Halei  Riddell.    St.  downy,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  petiolate  ;  bract- 

lets and  sepals  fringed  with  long  hairs  ;  corolla  5"  long.  Fla.  to  La.   1— 2f.  Jn.— Aug. 

3  I>.  assurg-eiis  Juss.,  -with  scarlet  (1')  corollas  in  1-sided  spikes,  grows  in  S.  Fla. 

6.  DIANTHERA,  Gron.  (Rhytiglossa,  Nees,  and  C-B.)  Cal.  5-parted. 
Cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  notched,  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  3,  anth.  cells  un- 
equal, one  placed  above  the  other.  Capsule  flattened,  4-seeded  above  the 
middle.     U  ^  Lvs.  smooth,  entire.    Flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  heads. 

1  D.  Americana  L.     Erect,  angular,  tall ;   leaves  long-lanceolate,  wavy,  as  long 

(3_4')  as  the  peduncles;  bracts  and  sepals  lanceolate,  3",  the  ringent  corolla  6", 
violet-purple.    Banks,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.    June,  July. 

2  D.  ensiformis  Wood.    Erect  from  a  creeping  base,  slender  ;  leaves  linear,  oblique 

or  ensiform,  thick,  shorter  (3—4')  than  the  peduncles  ;  flowers  spicate  ;  calyx  6"  ;  co- 
rolla purple.  1'.    Fla.    April.    (D.  crassifolia  Chapm.) 


Ordeu  90.— VERBENACE^.  235 

3  J),  OTata  Walt.    St.  square,  ascending,  4—8' ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  longer  than 

the  -3-4-110 , •.•creel  pecliincles;  corolla  pale-puii)le,  3 — i''.    S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

4  D.  liiciuilis  Wood.    Erect,  square,  1— IJf;  leaves  lance-elliptical,  shorter  than  the 

c/D  -flowered,  1-sided  spikes  ;  corolla  5",  purple.    Fla.  to  La.    (Justicia  Mx.) 

7.  CYRTANTHERA,  Nces.     Corolla  riugent,  upper  lip  falcate,  lower 
in  3  narrow  segments.     Sta.  2,  anth.  nodding.     Caps.  4-seeded  ?     U  Brazil. 
C  CAUNEA.    Stem  tall,  stout,  with  ample  ovate  to  oblong  leaves,  and  large,  showy,  ter- 
minal spikes  of  luap.y  flesh-colored  flowers.    In  the  greenhouse. 


OiiDER  XC.    VERBENACE.E.    Veuvains. 

Herbs  (or  gcucralh'  shrubs  and  trees)  with  opposite,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Floicers  with  a  bilabiate  or  more  or  less  irregular  monopetalous  corolla. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  rarely  equal,  sometimes  only  2.  Style  1.  Fruit 
dry  or  drupaceous,  2-4-celled  (1-celled  in  Pliryma),  forming  as  many  1- 
seeded  nutlets.     Seeds  erect  or  pendulous,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

§  Herbs.     Fruit  dry,  consisting  of— 

n  4  one-seeded  nutlets.     Stamens  4.     Coroll.i  5-lobe.l Verbena.  1 

(I  2  two-seeded  nutlets.     Stamens  4.     Corolla  5-cleft,  minute,  spicate.     S.  Fla Priva  ecAinWa. 

a  2  one-seeded  nutlets.     Stamens  2.     Flowers  .spicule,  Imbedded.     S.  Fla Stachytarpha. 

a  2  one-seeded  nutlets.     Stamens  4.     Corolla  4-parted Lippia.  2 

a  I  one-seeded  nutlet,  reflexed.     Stamens  4.     Corolla  bilabiate Phktma.  .H 

§  Shrubs.     Fruit  fleshy,  berry-like  (or  a  2-celled  capsule  in  No.  7). ..('') 

6  Leaves  coiiipound,  digitate.     Flowers  5-parted.     Seed  1 Vites.  C 

b  Leaves  simple,  toothed. — c  Cymes  axillary.     Drupes  4-seeded Callicarpa.      4 

— c  Heads  axillary.     Drupes  2-seeded Lantana.  5 

6  Leaves  simple,  entire.— (Z  Drupe  2-seeded.    Spikes  terminal (Aloysia.)         2 

— d  Drupe  4-seeded.     S.  Fla Citharexylu.m  villdsvm. 

— d  Drupe  8-seeded.     S.  Fla Duranta  Plumieri. 

—d  Capsule  4-seeded.     Flowers  in  heads ,.Avicennia  tomentdsa. 

1.  VERBENA,  L.  Vervain.  Calj'x  5-toothed,  with  one  of  the  teeth 
often  shorter.  Cor.  funnel-form,  limb  somewhat  unequallj^  5-lobed,  lobes 
eraarginate.  Sta.  4,  included,  the  upper  pair  sometimes  abortive.  Drupe 
splitting  into  4,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  carpels. — Herbs  or  undershrubs. 
Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  sessile,  mostly  in  spikes  or  heads. 

§  Corymbed  ;  the  open  corollas  of  the  spike  forming  a  corymb.    Stems  weak. .  .(a) 

a  Leaves  3-cleft  or  pinuatifld,  the  lobes  cut-serrate  or  toothed Nos.  1 — 3 

a  Leaves  merely  serrate  or  toothed,  somewhat  incised Nos.  4 — 7 

§  Spicate  ;  the  open  corollas  lateral,  in  slender  spikes. .  .(6) 

b  Stem  simple  (mostly),  bearing  a  single  spike.    Leaves  oblong Nos.  8,  9 

b  Stem  branched,  with  many  spikes.— c  Leaves  mostly  simple Nos.  10—12 

— c  Leaves  much  divided Nos.  13—15 

1  V.  Aubletia  L.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  3-parted,  cut,  acute  and  petiolate  at 

base  ;  spikes  pedunculate  ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  cylindrical  calyx.    Dry  soils,  Va. 
to  HI.,  and  S.    If.    Flowers  lilac,  varying  in  the  gardens  to  purple.    April,  May. 

2  V.  iNcisA.    Leaves  oblong  to  deltoid,  rugous,  cut-lobed  and  serrate,  abrupt  at  base, 

petiolate  ;  bracts  ovate,  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  glandular  calyx  ;  corolla  rose-purple. 
n  Brazil.    Stems  some  shrubby,  ascending. 

3  V.  MULTiFiDA.    Small,  creeping,  branched ;  leaves  multifld  into  narrow,  acute  seg- 

ments ;  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  calyx.    (D  Brazil.    Red  to  white. 


236  OuDEK  90.— VERBENACE.^. 

4  V.  VENosA.    Nearly  simple,  with  rigid,  oblong-sessile,  cut-serrate  leaves  ;  bracts  sub 

ulate,  longer  than  the  calyx,  both  colored  :  corolla  lilac  to  blue.    7i  Brazil. 

5  V.  CUAM.EDRIPOLIA.    Loavcs  obloiig-ovatc,  short-petiolate  ;  bracts  subulate,  not  half 

the  length  of  tlic  long  calyx  ;  corollas  scarlet  to  crimson,     i:  Buenos  Ayres. 

6  v.  PHi.oGiFLORA.    With  many  erect  branches,  and  long-petioled,  lance-deltoid  leaves ; 

bracts  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Flowers  large,  red  to  blue. 

7  V.  TEUcraoiDES  has  very  hairy,  wrinkled,  ovate-triangular,  crenate  leaves  on  short 

stalks,  with  large  white  to  roseate  sweet-scented  flowers.     2f  Brazil. 

8  V.  angustifolia  Mx.    Leaves  oblong-linear,  tapering  to  base,  serrate,  with  fur- 

rowed veins:  spikes  1  or  few,  slender  ;  corolla  deep-blue,  bracts  a?  long  as  the  calyx 
(1").    n  Rocks  and  hills,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  W.    If.    Leaves  2— .3'.    July. 

9  V.  Caroliaiana  L.    Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  crenate-toothed,  sessile ; 

spike  loose  ;  corolla  large,  roseate,  bracts  minute,     n  Drj'  soils,  S.    1— 2f.    June. 

1 0  v.  Iiastata  L.  Common  Veii-ain.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  cut-serrate,  petio- 
late,  the  lower  lobed  or  hastate  ;  spikes  panicled,  dense,  slender,  erect  and  parallel ; 
flowers  blue.  U  Waysides :  common.  3— 6f.  §  Europe.  July— September.  Hy- 
brids occur,  with  cleft  leaves  and  loose-flowered  spikes. 

11  v.  urticaefolla  L.  Leaves  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  serrate,  acute,  petiolate  ;  spikes 
axillary  and  terminal,  filiform,  lax ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx,  n  A  homely  weed, 
in  waste  grounds.    3f.    Flowers  minute,  white.    §  Europe.    July,  August. 

12  V.  strlcta  Vent.  Mullein  V.  Hairy  and  hoary,  rigidly  erect ;  leaves  oval  to  obo- 
vate,  unequally  dentate,  sessile,  rugous ;  spikes  dense.  2f  Dry  fields,  W.  1— 3f. 
Very  leafy,  rather  handsome.    Corolla  blue,  4"  broad.    July. 

1 3  V.  bracteosa  Mx.  Hairy,  divaricately  branched,  leaves  laciniate ;  bracts  lance- 
linear,  squarrous  on  the  peduncle  and  spikes,  longer  than  the  small  blue  flowers,  y. 
Dry  fields,  roadsides,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    8 — 16'.    June — September.    (V.  canescens.) 

1 4  V.  officinalis  L.  Smoothish,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  pinnately  lobed 
or  toothed,  subsessile  :  spikes  slender,  panicled  ;  bracts  not  longer  than  the  calyx  ; 
flowers  purple,  small.    2f  Waysides,  Conn,  to  Ga.    2— 3f.    (V.  spuria  L.) 

15  V.  strigbsa  Hook.  Hoary,  rough-downy,  rigid  ;  leaves  oblong,  -3-parted,  incised, 
sessile  ;  spikes  strict,  lax-flowered  bracts  long  as  calyx  ;  corolla  large.  N.  Orl.  2— 3f. 

2.  IjIPPIA,  L.  Fog!-fruit.  Cal.  3-partecl.  Cor.  fnnnel-shapecl,  limb 
sublabiate,  upper  limb  entire  or  cmar<,nuate,  lower  3-lobecl.  Sta.  didyna- 
mous,  included.  Drupe  dry,  thin,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-seeded.  J)  U 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled.    Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  heads  or  spikes. 

1  Ij.  nodiflora  Mx.    St.  4-angled,  geniculate,  simple,  creeping;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  ob- 

lanccolate,  cuneate  at  base,  petiolate,  shorter  than  the  ped.    Banks,  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S. 

2  Ij.  (Aloy.~ia)  ciTRionoRA.    Lc?noii  Verbena.    Shrub  smooth;  leaves  in  3' s,  lance-lin- 

ear, punctate  l)cneath,  straight-veined,  delightfully  fragrant.    3f. 

3.  PHRYMA,  L.  Lor-SEED.  Cal.  cylindric,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  longer, 
^-cleft,  lower  lip  2-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  much 
smaller  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one.  Stamens  included.  Fruit  drj^  oblong, 
striate,  1-cclled,  1-sccded.  if  "With  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  opposite, 
spicate,  deflexed  in  fruit. 

P.  leptostaclij'a  L.— Kocky  woods.  2— 3f.  Leaves  large  (3—6'),  thin,  coarselj-- 
toothed  ;  flowers  small,  light-purple,  in  very  slender  spikes.    July. 

4.  CALLIOARPA,  L.  Frej^ch  Mulberry.  Calyx  4-toothed,  bell- 
shaped.  Corolla  short-bell-shaped,  limb  of  4  obtuse  segments.  Sta.  4,  un- 
equal, exserted.  Stig.  capitate,  2-lobed.  Drupe  juicy,  enclosing  4  nutlets. 
J)  With  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  cj'mes. 


Order  91.— LABIAT.E.  237 

C  Americana  L.  Pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  crenate-dentate, 
smooth  above  ;  chisters  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  fruit  forming  dense  verticils.  Light 
soils,  S.    IJhruh  much  branched,  3— 6f,  with  purple  flowers  and  fruit. 

5.  LANTANA,  L.  Cal.  minute,  obsoletely  4-tootlied.  Corolla  funucl- 
form,  the  tube  long-exserted,  limb  oblique,  upper  lip  bifid  or  entire,  lower 
trifid.  Sta.  4,  didynamous,  included.  Drupe  fleshy,  double,  the  parts  sep- 
arable, 1-seeded.  J)  3— Of.  Tropical,  with  square  stems,  opposite  petio- 
late  leaves,  and  capitate,  handsome  flowers,  often  fragrant. 

*  Corollas  white  or  lilac,  not  becoming  yellow  or  scarlet Nos.  1—3 

*  Corollas  white  or  yellow,  changing  to  saffron,  scarlet,  crimson,  &c Nos.  4,  5 

1  I..  NivEA.    Branches  with  reversed  pricldes  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  elliptic,  crenate-serrate,  as 

long  as  the  peduncles  ;  no  involucre  ;  flowers  white,  turning  to  blue.    Brazil. 

2  li.  Seli.owi.Ina.    Branches  strigous;  Ivs.  rhombic  to  oblong,  coarse-serrate,  shorter 

than  the  peduncles  ;  heads  some  involucrate  ;  flowers  reddish  lilac.    Brazil. 

3  Ii.  involucrata  L.    Whitish-downy  ;  Ivs.  obovate  to  roundish,  crenulate,  as  long 

as  the  peduncles  ;  heads  involucrate  with  the  outer  ovate  bracts,  lilac.    S.  Fla. 

4  Ii.  MIXTA.    Prickles  reversed  or  0 ;  Ivs.  ovate,  crenate,  abrupt  at  base,  shorter  than 

the  peduncles  ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  corollas,  which  are  white  at  first,  then  changing 
to  yellow,  then  orange,  and  lastly  red.    Brazil. 

5  Li.  Caniara  L.    Often  prickly  ;  Ivs.  as  in  No.  J,  but  equalling  the  peduncles  ;  bracts 

half  as  long  as  the  corollas,  which  are  successively  yellow,  orange,  red.    Ga.,  Fla. 

6.  VITEX,  L.  Chaste-tree.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Cor.  cup-sliaped,  5- 
lobed,  somewhat  3-lipped.  Stamens  4,  unequal,  exserted.  Drupe  entire,  4- 
cclled,  4-seeded.     +)  With  opposite,  digitate  leaves  and  paniculate  cymes. 

1  V.  Agnus-c.\stus.    Leaflets  5  or  T.  lanceolate,  entire,  pointed  both  ways  ;  panicles 

white-tomentous,  terminal,  interrupted  ;  corolla  purplish.    Hardy.    S. 

2  V.  Negundo.    Leaflets  3  or  5,  oblong,  serrate,  acuminate.    Mauritius. 

3  V,  ixcisA.    Leaflets  5  or  7,  incisely  pinnatifid,  acuminate.    China. 

Order  XCI.    LABIAT^E.    Labiate  Plants. 

Herbs  with  square  stems,  and  opposite,  aromatic,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Fiouers  axillaiy,  in  verticillasters,  sometimes  as  if  spiked  or  in  heads.  Co- 
rolla labiate  (rarely  regular),  upper  lip  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  or  only  3.  Omry  free,  deeply  4-lobcd,  the  single  stj^le  arising 
from  between  the  lobes.  Fruit  composed  of  4  (or  by  abortion  fewer)  sep- 
arable 1-seeded  nuts  or  achenia.    Figs.  23,  69,  96,  381,  393,  318,  384. 

§  Stamens  2,  perfect,— p  ascending  beneath  the  galea  ;  ant  .'lers  l-celled.    (Tribe  IV.) 
—p  ascending  through  a  cleft  in  the  galea  ;  anthers  2-ceIled. .  .(b) 
—p  exserted,  distant  ;  anthers  2-celled.  ..(tf) 
g  Stamens  4,  perfect, — q  all  declined  toward  the  lower  lip.     (Tribe  I.) 
— q  ei-ect,  or  ascending  toward  the  upper  lip. .  .(2) 
2  Stamens  of  equal  length,  corolla  almost  regular,  4-5-lobed...(*c) 

2  Stamens,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower  (outer),  andcaljx  13-15- veined.    (Tribe  V.) 
Stamens,  the  lower  pair  longer  than  the  upper  (interior)  pair. .  .(3) 
3  Stamens  divergent,  apart,  mostly  straight  and  exserted. .  ,(e) 
3  Stamens  p.irallel,  ascending  and  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side. ..(J) 
3  Stamens  parallel,  ascendmg  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip. .  .(i) 
4  Calyx  13-veined,  5-toothed,  and  somewhat  2-Iipped...(/) 
i  Calyx  5-10- veined,  or  irregularly  netted. .  .(5^ 


238  Ordeu  91.— labiate. 

5  Calyx  strongly  2-lippe(l,  upper  lip  truncate,  dosed  in  fruit. .  .(W 

5  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  3  or  4-lobed,  open  in  fruit.  ..(k) 

5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  not  spinescent. .  .(m) 

5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  spinescent... (n) 

5  Calyx  unequally  8-10-toothed. .  .(o) 

I.  OCIMOIDE.^.— r  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire,  flatti.sh Ocimum  1 

—r  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  saccate,  deflexed H yptis.  2 

— r  Corolla  upper  lip  3-4-fid,  lower  boat-form,  involving  the  sta.  .ColE0s.  3 

—r  Corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed Lavandula.  4 

II.  A.lUGOIDEyE.— 5  Stamens  2,  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube Amethystea.  5 

—b  Stamens  4,  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube TeuCRIUM.  6 

—b  Stamens  very  long,  involute,  arching  the  corolla Trichostemma.  7 

— »c  Corolla  limb  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  short IsANTHns.  8 

III.  SATUREJEyE.— (Stamens  diverging  or  ascending,  2-celled.     Corolla  lobes  flattish,  spreading.) 

— *c  Corolla  limb  obliquely  5-Iobed.     Leaves  purple Perilla.  9 

—*c  Corolla  limb  4-lobed,  upper  lobe  broadest Mentha.  10 

rf  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-lobed.     Calyx  naked  in  the  throat Ltcopus.  11 

d  Corolla  bilabiate,—*  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stamens  straight CuNiLA.  12 

— «  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stamens  ascending Hedeoma.  13 

— s  yellow,  throat  with  a  hairy  ring  inside Collinsonia.  14 

e  Calyx  15-veined.     Stamens  exserted,  divergent Hyssopus.  15 

e  Calyx  10- veined,  the  veins  obscured  by  hairs.     Corolla  yellow,  fringed Collinsonia.  14 

^  e  Calyx  10-13-veined,—(  throat  naked.— «  Stamens  straight,  divergent Fycnanthemom.  16 

—u  Sta.  ascending,  anth.  spurless Satureja.  17 

—It  Sta.  a.sccnding,  anth.  spurred Dicerandra.  18 

—(  throat  hairy.— t'  Bracts  roundish,  large Origanum.  19 

—1!  Bracts  narrow,  minute Thymus.  20 

/  Tube  of  the  corolla  straight.    Leaves  small,  subcrenate  or  entire Calamintha.  21 

/Tube  of  the  corolla  curved  upward.    Leaves  large,  coarse-crenate Melissa.  22 

IV.  MONARDE^E.— Connectile  long,  transverse,  distancing  the  anther  cells Salvia.  23 

— Connectile  continuous  with  fil.  toothed  at  the  juncture B  OSM arincs.  24 

—Oonnectile  inconspicuous.— ic  Calyx  subequally  toothed Monarda.  25 

—10  Calyx  bilabiate,  aristate Blephyllia.  26 

V.  NEPETE-E.— Stamens  distant,  exserted.     Flowers  in  terminal  spikes Lophantuus.  27 

—Stamens  all  ascending.— x  Anther  cells  divergent,  much Nepeta.  28 

—X  Anther  cells  divergent,  little Dracocephalum.  29 

—X  Anther  cells  parallel.    Fls.  large Cedronella.  30 

VI.  ST.\CHYDEiE.— (Stamens  parallel,  ascending.     Cor.  upper  lip  galeate.     Cal.  5-10-veined.) 

h  Calyx  lips  toothed,  upper  3  teeth  minute,  lower  2  large Brunella.  31 

}i  Calyx  lips  entire,  upper  with  an  appendage  on  the  back Scutellaria.  32 

7.-  Calyx  3-lobed.     Anthers  all  distinct.     Flowers  purple  streaked Macbridea.  33 

k  Calyx  4-lobed.     Anthers,  the  highest  pair  connate Synandra.  34 

m  Corolla  tube  inflated  in  the  midst,  whitish.    Lips  small ...Physostegi.i.  35 

m  Corolla  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  purple.    Lower  lip  long Lamium.  36 

m  Corolla  inflated  in  the  broad,  concave  upper  lip,  purple  or  yellow Phlomis.  37 

m  Corolla  not  inflated,  short.— i/  Calyx  salver-form,  10-ribbed Ballota.  38 

—7/  Calyx  broad-bell-form,  netted Mollucella.  39 

n  Anthers  opening  transversely,  ciliate-frlnged.     Leaves  notched Galeopsis.  40 

n  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. — j  Achenia  rounded  at  the  top.    Native... Stachys.  41 

—z  Achenia  rounded  at  the  top.  Cultivated.  .Betonica.  42 

—z  Achenia  truncate,  3-angled  at  top Leonurus.  43 

o  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  flattish.     Style  equally  bifid ...Marrubiujii.  44 

o  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  concave.    Style  unequally  bifid.   South.. Leucas. 

o  Corolla  scarlet,  exserted.     Calyx  upper  tooth  longest Leonotis.  45 

1.  OCIMUM,  L.  Sweet  Basil.  Upper  lip  of  calyx  orbicular,  lower 
4-fid.  Cor.  resupinate,  one  lip  4-cleft,  the  other  uadivided.  Stam.  4,  de- 
clined, the  lower  pair  longer,  the  upper  often  with  a  process  at  their  base. 
Verticils  G-llowered,  in  terminal,  interrupted  racemes. 

O.  basilicum  L.    Lvs.  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  suMentate,  petiolate ;  cal.  ciliate.  (i) 
Plant  t>— 1-2'.  in  the  kitchen-^arclen?.    Very  fragrant. 


OUDEH  91.— LABIAT.^.  239 

2.  OOLEUS,  Lour.  Cal.  dcflexed  ia  fruit,  unequally  o-toothed.  Cor. 
decurvcd,  upper  lip  obtusely  3-4cleft,  lower  longer,  entire,  concave,  in- 
volving the  4  stamens.    ®  Verticils  G-  co-flowered.    Asia. 

C  Blumei.  Leaves  large,  ovate,  bluntly  serrate ;  verticillasters  distinct,  00-flowered. 
2f.  Tender,  cultivated  for  its  splendid  leaves,  which  are  marked  with  crimson,  green, 
and  bronze.    Flowers  inconspicuous. 

3.  HYPTIS,  L.  Calyx  5-tootbed,  teeth  acute  or  subulate.  Cor.  tube 
cylindric,  limb  5-lobed,  the  lower  abruptly  deflexed,  contracted  at  its  base, 
the  4  others  flat,  erect  or  spreading.  Stam.  4,  declinate.  Ach.  ovoid  or  ob- 
long.— In  our  species  the  flowers  are  in  involucrate  heads.     Summer. 

H.  radlata  Willd.  Erect,  glabrous ;  leaves  lance-ovate  to  lance-linear,  unequally  and 
bluntly  serrate,  tapering  to  the  petiole ;  heads  opposite,  pedunculate,  at  length 
globular,  bracts  seeming  radiate.    7i  Damp,  S.    2— 3f. 

4.  LAVANDULA,  L.  Layender.  Cal.  ovoid-cyliudric,  with  5  short 
teeth,  the  upper  one  often  largest.  Cor.  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed, 
lobes  all  nearly  equal,  tube  exserted,  stamens  included.     5 

li.  spicA.  Leaves  hoary,  linear-oblanceolate  to  linear-lanceol:ite,  rolled  at  edge,  sessile, 
in  the  interrupted  spike  bract-like  ;  flowers  small,  lilac.  Very  fragrant,  and  yielding 
the  well-known  Oil-of- Lavender.    12—18'.    July. 

5.  AMETHYSTEA,  L.  Flowers  as  in  Teucrium,  but,  the  stamens  are 
only  3.     ®  From  Silicria. 

A.  coEnuLKA.— A  branching,  smooth  herb,  If  high,  with  the  leaves  .^-parted  and  incised, 
and  blue  (to  white)  corollas  little  exceeding  the  calyx.    July— Oct. 

6.  TEUCRIUM,  L.  Germander.  Cal.  subcampanulate  and  subregu 
lar,  in  5  acute  segments.  Cor.  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  the 
lowest  largest,  roundish.  Stam.  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  in  the 
upper  side  of  the  tube. 

T.  Canadense  L.  Plant  erect,  hoary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate, 
petiolate ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  spike  long,  of  many 
crowded  verticils  of  odd-looking  purplish  flowers,    n  Damp  grounds.    2f.    July. 

7.  TRICHOSTEMA,  Lin,  Blue  Curls.  Calyx  veiy  oblique,  veiny, 
lower  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  upper  twice  as  long,  of  3,  all  acute.  Cor.  tube 
slender,  limb  obliquely  5-lobed.  Filam.  4,  very  long,  exserted  and  curved. 
(i)  Cj-mes  loose,  panicled.     Corolla  blue. 

1  T.  dicliotoma  L.    Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  entire  pubes- 

cent, as  well  as  the  stem  and  branches.    Dry  soils,  Mass.,  and  S.    If.    August. 

2  T.  llneare  N.    Leaves  linear,  nearly  smooth ;  stem  and  branches  puberulent.    Dry 

soils,  N.  Y.  (at  Salem),  and  S.    If.    Flowers  as  in  the  other,  4".    July,  Aug. 

8.  ISANTHUS,  Mx.    False  Pennyroyal.     Calyx  equally  5-toothed, 
throat  naked.     Cor.  5-parted,  tube  straight  and  narrow,  segm.  ovate  and 
equal.     Stam.  subequal,  incurved,  ascending,  longer  than  the  corolla.     11 
Viscid,  pubescent,  with  entire  leaves  acute  at  each  end.    Flowers  axillary. 
I.  cocruleus  Mx.— Dry  fields,  N.  and  W.    1— Hf.    Branching  and  leafy,  resembling 

Pennyroyal.    Leaves  lance-elliptic,  3-veined.    Flowers  1—2  in  each  axil,  blue.    July. 


240  Ordek  91.— labiate. 

9.  PERILLA,  L.  Calyx  subequally  5-toothecl,  iu  fruit  becoming  gib- 
bous and  2-lipped.  Cor.  bell-form,  5-cleft,  upper  lobe  a  little  longer.  Sta, 
4,  erect,  distant,  included. — Asia. 

P.  ociMOiDES,  /S.  Nankinensis,  IS  the  Purple  Perilla,  a  fine  leaf-plant,  2f  high,  with 
large  bronze-purple,  ovate,  cut-fringed  leaves.    (,3.  crispa  Benth.)    (T) 

10.  MENTHA,  L.  Mint.  Cal.  equally  5-toothcd.  Cor.  nearly  regu- 
lar, tube  scarcely  e.xserted,  border  4-cleft,  the  broadest  segment  emarginale. 
Stam.  4,  straight,  distant,  anth.  cells  parallel,  fil.  naked.  U  Strong-scented 
herbs.    Flowers  in  dense  verticils,  pale  purple.     Summer. 

*  Leaves  sessile.    Verticils  in  a  slender,  terminal  spike Nos.  1—3 

*  Leaves  petiolate. — x  Verticils  in  dense  oblong  spikes Nos.  4,  5 

—X  Verticils  axillary,  not  in  spikes Nos.  C— 8 

1  M.  viridiss  L.    Spearmint.    Smoothish ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  acute,  cut-serrate  ;  spikes 

interrupted,  attenuate  above.    Damp  soils.    1 — 2f.    §  Europe. 

2  31.  rotinidilolla  L.    Whitish-downy;  Ivs.  roundish  to  broad-ovate,  sharp-serrate  ; 

spikes  cyliiulric,  nearly  continuous.    N.  J.,  Pa.  (at  Easton,  Prof.  Porter).    Ascending 
2— Sr.    Spikes  2—3'.    §  Europe. 

3  Ifl.  sj'lvestris  L.    Wooll3'-tomentous  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  canescent,  finely  serrate; 

spikes  conic-cylindric.    Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  (A.  II.  Smith). 

4  M.  piperita  L.    Peppermint.    Smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate ;  spikes 

1',  oblong  to  cylindric  ;  calyx  smooth.    Wet.    2f.    §  Europe. 

5  M.  aquallca  L.    Stem  reflex-hairy;   leaves  ovate,  serrate,  hairy  or  smoothish; 

spike  globular  or  oblong,  calyx  villous.    Muddy.    § 

6  M.  sativa  L.    Stem  reflex-hairy,  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  canescent  beneath ; 

calyx  teeth  subulate-awned.    Lancaster,  Pa.  (Porter).    §  Europe. 

7  M.  arvensls  L.    Smoothish,  ascending;   leaves  ovate,  serrate  above,  entire  and 

acute  at  base;  calyx  teelh  acute.    Fields,  M.  and  W. :  rare.    § 

8  M.  Canaden^iis  L.    Ilorsemint.    Upright,  hoary-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  ; 

leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute  both  ways  ;  cymes  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  stamens 
exserted.    Damp.    Can.  to  Pa.  and  Ky. 
/3.  borehlis.    Plant  nearly  smooth,  with  narrower  loaves. 

11.  LYCOPUS,  L.  Water  Hoarhound.  Cal.  tubular,  4-5-cleft.  Cor. 
subregular,  4-cleft,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  broadest, 
emarginate.  Stam.  2,  distant,  diverging,  simple.  U  Bog  herbs,  with  the 
very  small  tlowers  in  axillary,  dense  clusters. 

i  li.  Virginicus  L.    Bugle  Weed.    Lvs.  broad  lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and  entire 
at  both  ends  ;  calyx  teeth  4,  obtuse,  spineless,  shorter  than  the  acheuia.    Common. 
1— HI".    Plant  often  purple,  and  often  with  long  slender  runners.    July,  August. 
2  L.  Eiiropaeus  L.  Lvs.  lance-ovate  to  lance-oblong,  petiolate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed 
or  lobcd,  the  lower  Incised;  calyx  teelh  5,  acuminate-spinescent,  longer  than  the 
smooth  achenia.    Common,  and  very  variable.    1 — 2f.    August. 
/3.  rubillus^  with  creeping  stolons,  and  downy  toothed  lvs.    (L.  rubellus  Moench.) 
y.  sfiiufTtus^  with  smooth  sinuate-dentate  leaves — no  runners.    (L.  sinuatus  Ell.) 
5.  eacaltdttia.    Tall,  with  smooth  leaves  cut  into  linear  teeth.    (L.  exaltatus  Ell.) 
£.  ang-ustif'oliiiit.    Leaves  narrow,  slightly  toothed  or  subentire.    (L.  angust.  N.) 
^.  sessilifoUufi.  Lvs.  oblong,  sessile  or  clasping,  remotely  toothed.   N.  J.  (Porter). 

12.  CUNILA,  L.  Dittany.  Cal.  10-ribbed,  equally  5-toothed,  throat 
densely  villous  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  flat,  emargiuate.  Stam.  3,  erect,  ex- 
serted, distant. — Flowers  numerous,  pale  red. 


Order  91.— LABIATE.  241 

C.  niarl^na  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  subseRsile,  1';  cymes  pedunculate,  corymbous, 
axillary  and  terminal,    n  Kocky  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.    1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

13.  HEDEOMA,  Pers.  American  Pennyroyal.  Calyx  13-striate, 
gibbous  at  base,  bilabiate,  tliroat  hairy,  upper  lip  3-toothecl,  lower  2-cleft. 
Cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emargiuate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed. 
Stam.  2,  fertile,  asceudiuu-. — Low,  fragrant  herbs. 

1  n.  pulegioides  Pers.  Lvs.  oblong-,  few-toothed,  petiolate,  narrowed  to  each  end; 

verticils  axillar}',  6-fiowered  ;  corolla  equalling  the  calyx.    (T)  Dry  pastures.    6 — 12'. 
June — Aug.    A  small  herb  of  pungent  fragrance  and  taste,  common  and  much  used. 

2  H,  Iiispida  Ph.    Hairy,  branching,  with  sessile,  linear,  obtuse  leaves  and  verticils 

G-flowered  ;  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calj'x.    (T)  Banks,  W.    2—5'.    July. 

14.  GOLIilNSONIA,  L.  Horse  Balii.  Cal.  ovoid,  10-striate,  upper 
lip  truncate,  3-toothed,  lower  3-cleft.  Cor.  exserted,  bell-ringent,  upper  lip 
in  4  subeqaal  lobes,  lower  longer,  declined,  fringed.  Stam.  2  or  4,  nauch 
exserted,  divergent.  U  Coarse,  strong  scented,  with  large,  ovate,  serrate, 
petiolate  Ivs.  and  yellowish  fis.,  in  a  terminal,  leafless  panicle  or  raceme. 

*  Stamens  4,  perfect,  long  exserted.    Leaves  very  large.    South Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stamens  2,  perfect,— «  the  upper  pair  of  filaments  mere  points : .  .Nos.  3,  4 

—a  the  upper  pair  of  filaments  capitate.    South No.  5 

1  C,  verticillata  Baldw.    Viscid-downy  above ;  Ivs.  broad-oval,  6—8',  acute,  peti- 

oles 1—2' ;  racemes  long,  naked  ;  flowers  in  whorls,  9"  ;  lower  lip  strongly  fringed. 
Lookout  Mt.,  Tenn.,  and  Middle  Ga.    1— 2f.    Eaceme  If.    May,  June. 

2  C.  anisata  Ph.    Viscid-downy;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  crcnate,  5— 7',  petiole  1'; 

panicle  3— (>',  bracts  ovate,  flowers  5— G".    Ga.,  Fla.,  Ala.    1— 2f.    July— Sept. 

3  C.  Canadensis  L.    Sparsely  downy  ;  leaves  mucronate-serrate,  acuminate,  abrupt 

at  base,  4— T' ;  lower  petioles  slender ;  panicle  5—8',  loose,  bracts  ovate ;  flowers 
5—6".    Damp  shades,  Can.  to  La.  (Hale).    3— 4f.    Summer. 

4  C.  scabritLseula  Ait.    Leaves  scabrous  above,  small  (IJ— 2'),  acuminate,  acute  at 

base,  petioles  slender,  1' ;  panicle  leafy,  fls.  4—5",  calyx  1".    Woods,  S.    2f.    Sept. 

5  C.  punctata  Ell.    Pubescent ;  Ivs.  4—7',  lance-ovate,  pointed,  acute  at  base,  resin- 

ous-punctate beneath  ;  panicle  leafy  below,  flowers  5".    Woods,  S.    2 — 6f.    Sept.  -t- 

15.  HYSSOPUS,   L.     Hyssop.    Calyx  tubular,   lo-striate,   equally  5- 
toothed.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower  3-parted, 
the  middle  segment  largest,  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Stamens  4. 
H.  officinalis  L.— Native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its  medici- 
nal properties.    A  bushy  herb,  2f,  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  bright  blue 
fls.  in  1-sided  verticils  approximate  in  a  terminal  spike.    St.  exserted,  diverging.    § 

16.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Mx.  Basil.  Calyx  tubular,  10-13  striate, 
o-toothed,  teeth  equal  or  subbilabiate,  throat  naked  within.  Upper  lip  of 
corolla  nearly  entire,  lower  trifid,  middle  lobe  longest,  all  ovate,  obtuse, 
stam.  4,  distant,  subequal,  anth.  with  parallel  cells.  U  Erect,  rigid  branch- 
ing herbs,  all  N.  American.    Verticils  dense,  manj^-flowered.    Aug.,  Sept. 

§  Calyx  2-lipped,  in  flat  or  loose  cymes.    Leaves  petiolate,  subserrate. . .  (a) 
§  Calyx  subregular,  in  roundish  dense  heads . . .  (i) 

a  Teeth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  awnless No.  1 

a  Teeth  of  the  calyx  tipped  with  bearded  awns  Nos.  2 — i 

b  Calyx  teeth  and  bracts  with  naked  awns  as  long  as  the  corolla Nos.  5,  6 

b  Calyx  teeth  awnless,  shorter  than  the  corolla. .  .(c) 


242  Order  91.— LABIATE. 

6-  Heads  panicled.    Leaves  subpetiolate,  subentire Nos.  7-  9 

c  Heads  corymbed.    Leaves  sessile,  entire Nos.  10—12 

c  Heads  solitaiy,  involucratc.    Leaves  serrate No.  13 

1  P.  albe.scciis  T.  &  G.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  whitened  beneath,   the  upper 

Mhitencd  both  sides  ;  flowers  in  little  secund  racemes.    Ala.  to  La.    2— 3f. 

2  P.  Tullia  Benth.    Yillous-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ; 

the  floral  whitened  ;  inflorescence  as  in  No.  1.    Mountains,  S. 

3  P.  incanum  Ms.     fTUd  SctxU.    Whitish,  with  a  soft  down  ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded 

at  base,  slightly  acuminate  ;  the  floral  whitened  both  sides ;  cymes  1'  and  less  broad, 
not  racemed  ;  corolla  pale  red,  dotted.    Rocky  woods,  N.  and  W.    2 — 4f. 

4  P.  cllnopodoides     T.  &  G.     Yillous-canescent ;   leaves  lanceolate,  acute  both 

ways  ;  cjmes  small,  dense,  terminal  and  subterminal.    Dry  soils,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and 
W.    2— .3f.    Plant  not  whitened.    Heads  6"  diameter. 

5  P.  aristatum  Mx.    Smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  snbserrate,  rounded 

at  base,  petiolate  ;  bracts  rigid  ;  heads  few,  6—9"  diam.    Ban-ens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    1— 2f. 

6  P.  liyssoi>ifoliain  Benth.    Smoothish;  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  ses- 

sile and  entire  ;  heads  few,  large,  1'  diameter.    Barrens,  Ya.  to  Fla.    1 — 2f. 

7  P.  Torreyi  Benth.    Slightly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  acute,  subentire  :  bracts 

and  subulate  calyx  teeth  white-puliescent.    Dry  hills,  New  York  Island,  N.  J. :  rare. 
S  P.  pllosiiin  N.    Hoary  with  soft,  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  subentire,  subsessile ;  calyx  teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  and  with  the  bracts  white- 
tomentous.    Prairies,  W.  States,  to  Ga.    2f.    Cymes  dense,  6—9". 

9  P.  muticiim  Pers.    Minutely  white-downy  at  top;  leaves  ovate  to  lance-ovate, 

acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  calyx  teeth  short,  merely  acute.   In  dry  woods. 
2-3f.    Heads  roundish,  dense,  4—6". 

10  P.  laiiceolatuin  Ph.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  rigid,  abrupt  at 
base,  sessile  ;  calyx  teeth  short,  hairy ;  heads  small  (3—5").  Dry  woods,  Mass.  to 
Car.,  and  W.    1— 2f.    Handsome,  fragrant,  nearly  smooth. 

IIP.  liiiifoliuni  Ph.    Glabrous;  leaves  linear,  attenuated  both  ways ;  heads  com- 

p.".ct.  corymbed  ;  calyx  teeth  pungently  awn-pointed.    Dry  soils.    1 — 2f. 
12  P.  nudum  N.    Glabrous,  pale,  subsimple  ;  leaves  few  and  small,  ovate-oblong, 

obtuse,  entire,  sessile  ;  calyx  teeth  acute,  pubescent.    Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.    1— 2f. 
1  3  P.  nioutanum  Mx.    Glabrous  except  the  villous-ciliate  ovate  and  linear  bracts  ; 

leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  ;  heads  involucrate.    Mountains,  Ya.  and  Car.    1— 2f. 

Resembles  a  Monarda.    Fragi-ant. 

17.  SATUREJA,  L.  Summer  Sayorv.  Calj-x  tubular,  10-ribbed, 
throat  not  haiiy.  Segments  of  the  bihxbiate  corolla  not  equal.  Stamens 
diverging,  scarcely  exserted. — Herbs  with  small  leaves  and  purplish  fls. 

S.  horteasis  L.  St.  branching ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  entire,  acute  at  the  end  ;  ped.  ax- 
illary, cymous.    ii;Itiver  banks,  W.,  escaped  from  gardens:  rare.    § 

18.  DICERANDRA,  Benth.  Cal3-x  13-striate,  tubular,  upper  lip  sub- 
entire,  lower  bitid,  throat  hairy.  Cor.  tabe  exserted,  straight,  strongly  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  erect,  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading.  Sta.  4,  exserted, 
distant,  anther  cells  divaricate,  each  -with  a  little  horn,  (i)  Branching, 
smooth,  with  loose  cymes. 

1  D.  linearifolia  B.    Stem  and  branches  strict;  Ivs.  linear,  or  linear-oblong;  cymes 

stalked,  of  1—5  showy  pink  flowers,  forming  slender  panicles.    Dry  woods.  Prince 
Edward  County,  Ya.  (Dr.  Mettauer),  to  Fla.  (Miss  Keen).    If.    October. 

2  D.  den.siflora  B.    Leaves  lance-oblong  ;  cymes  sessile,  5-10-flowered.    E.  Fla. 

19.  ORIGANUMj  L.    Marjoram.    Calyx  tube  IQ-striate,  5-toothed, 


Order  91.— LABIATE.  243 

haiiy  in  throat.  Corolla  tube  scarcely  exserted,  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emar- 
giuate,  lower  -with  3  nearly  equal  segments.  Stamens  4,  ascending,  distant. 
If  liCaves  subentire.    Fls.  in  dense  oblong  spikes,  with  imbricated  bracts. 

1  O.  vulgare  L.     TTl^d  M.    Leaves  ovate,  petiolate,  hairy  ;  gpikes  corymbed  ;  bracts 

ovate,  purplish  ;  calyx  teeth  equal.    Fields  :  rare.    If.    June,  July. 

2  O.  Marjorana.    Sweet  AT.    Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  petiolate,  hoary-pubes- 

ceut ;  bracts  roundish ;  calyx  tube  split  below.    If.    A  kitchen  vegetable. 

20.  THYMUS,  L.  Thyme.  Cal.  2-lipped,  ovoid,  13-veined,  upper  lip 
of  3,  the  lower  of  3  subulate  teeth,  throat  hairy.  Cor.  moderately  2-lipped. 
Sta.  straight,  exserted,  distant.  5  Leaves  small,  entire,  strongly  veined. 
Bracts  minute.     Flowers  purple.    European  culinary  herbs. 

1  T.  Serpyllum  L.     IVild  T.    Stems  creeping  and  ascc-nding,  leafy,  each  terminated 

with  a  small,  dense,  oblong  head  of  flowers  grateful  to  bees.    +  §.    June. 

2  T.  VULGARIS.    Stems  erect  from  the  decumbent  base  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate, 

the  sides  revolute;  fls.  iu  term.,  leafy  spikes.    Much  branched.    6— 10' high.   Ju.,Jl. 

21.  CALAMINTHA,  Mo^nch.  CALAiimTH.  Cal.  tubular,  13-nerved, 
throat  mostly  hairy,  upper  lip  8-cleft,  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  tube  straight, 
exserted,  throat  inflated,  limb  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emargi- 
nate,  lower  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  the  lower  pair 
longer,  usually  ascending,     li 

§  Herbs  hairy.    Cymes  dense,  capitate,  bracted.    Calyx  tube  curved,  2-lipped.. No.  1 

§  Herbs  hairy.    Cymes  loose,  pedunculate.    Calyx  tube  straight,  2-lipped No.  2 

§  Herbs  smooth.    Cy.  loose,  sessile,  bracted.    Cal.  straight,  teeth  subregular...No.  3 
§  Shrubs  low,  slender,  nearly  smooth.    Cymes  few-flowered.    Fls.  large Nos.  4—7 

1  C.  Cllnopodiunt  Benth.     WUd  Basil.    Plant  clothed  with  whitish  hairs  ;  leaves 

ovate,  Bubserrate  ;   fls.  purplish,  in  dense  verticils  or  heads,  with  many  subulate 
bracts.    Low  woods,  N.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Heads  near  1'  wide.    June— August. 

2  f.  IVepeta  Link.    Branched  below,  soft-villous  ;  leaves  small,  broad-ovate,  obtuse  ; 

cymes  few-flowered,  becoming  some  racemed  ;  corolla  white,  3 — i"  ;  calyx  V.    Va., 
Tenn.,  to  Ga.    Roadsides,  &c.    2f.    Strongly  aromatic.    July,  August.    §  Europe. 

3  C  glabella  B.    Smooth,  decumbent  at  base,  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  narrowly 

oblong,  tapering  to  base  ;  verticils  6-10-flowered.    Rocks,  O.  to  Ark.    18'.   Cor.  4 — 5", 
pale  violet.    Fragrant  like  Pennyroj'al.    Often  produces  runners,  and  runs  into 
j3.  diveraifblia.    Flowering  stems  nearly  erect,  the  barren  prostrate  like  runners, 
bearing  small  ovate  leaves  (.3 — t").    Rocks,  Niagara,  and  N-W.    10'. 

4  C.  Caroliiiiana  Sw.    Smooth,  simple  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate  ;  bracts 

similar  ;  cy.  fcw-flwd.,  on  short  stalks  ;  cor.  rose-purp.,  7 — 9''.  Dry  woods,  S.  15'.  Jl. 

5  C.  coccinea  B.    Shrub  with  virgatc  branches  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  ovate-oblong  ;  verti- 

cils of  2—0  ample  scar.  fls.  ;  cor.  15—18",  gland.-pubescent.    Sandy  shores,  Fla.    2f. 

6  C  canesceiis  T.  &  G.    Low  shrub,  minutely  canescent-downy  ;  leaves  linear,  with 

rolled  edges,  obtuse,  crowded  ;  fls.  sol.,  opp.,  8",  rose-red.   Sandy  shores,  Fla.  8—12'. 

7  C.  dcntata  Chapm.    Tomcntous;  Ivs.  wedge-obovate,  2-4-toothed  at  apex.  Fla.  2f. 

22.  MELISSA,  Tourn.  Balm.  Calyx  13-ribbed,  the  upper  lip  3- 
toothed,  flattened  and  dilated,  lower  bifid.  Cor.  tube  recurved-ascending, 
upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  mostly 
broadest.     Stamens  ascending. 

VK.  officinalis  L.    Pubescent ;  st.  erect,  branching ;  fls.  in  loose,  axillary  cymes ; 


244  Oeder  91.— labiate. 

leaves  ovate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate ;  bracts  similar;  corolla  7",  yellowish.    Gar- 
ilens,  whence  it  has  escaped  into  the  fields  and  woods.    1— 3f.    July,  August. 

23.  SALVIA,  L.  Sage.  Cal.  striate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed  or 
entire,  lower  bifid,  tliroat  naked.  Corolla  ringent,  tube  equal,  upper  lip 
straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed.  Stamens  2,  con- 
nectile  transverse  on  the  filament,  supporting  at  each  end  a  cell  of  the 
halved  anther.     }j  U  Figs.  96,  281. 

*  Native  species.— §  Calyx  limb  .3-lobcd.    Lower  anther  cell  wanting Nos.  1— b 

— §  Calyx  deeply  2-lipped,  5-toothcd.    Both  cells  present. .Nos.  4—6 

*  Species  cultivated  (No.  7  spontaneous).— a  Flowers  blue Nos.  7—9 

—a  Flowers  white Nos.  10,  11 

—a  Flowers  yellow No.  12 

—a  Flowers  red.— 6  Herbaceous.  .Nos.  13, 14 
—b  Shrubby Nos.  15,  Iti 

1  S.  azurea  Lam.     Smoothish,  branching ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong  and  linear,  subentire, 

acutish  ;  racemes  slender ;  verticils  2-6-flowered  ;  corolla  iiubescent,  tube  barely  ex 
serted  ;  limb  azure  blue.    7i  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    1— 3f.    Summer. 

2  S.  longifolia  N.  ?    Tall,  branched,  pubcrulent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate; 

racemes  slender  ;  corolla  8—9",  tube  twice  longer  than  calyx.     2f  Ga.  to  Ark.    3-6f. 

3  S,  urticifolla  L.    Thinly  pubescent ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  decurrent 

on  the  petiole ;  verticils  4-10-flowered,  distant  in  the  raceme ;  corolla  smooth,  tube 
little  longer  than  the  calyx.    7i  Hilly  woods,  Va.,  and  S.    18'.    May. 

4  S.  lyrAta  L.    Lvs.  radical,  lyrate,  erose-dentate,  many,  stem  Ivs.  about  1  pair,  linear- 

spatulate,  bract-like  ;  fls.  in  whorls,  racemed  at  top  of  the  square  scape.    U  In  woods. 
6— l.i'.    Flowers  1',  violet-purple.    April— June. 

5  S.  obovitta  Ell.    Lvs.  broad-obovate,  entire,  the  floral  ovate;  verticils  remote  in 

the  raceme  ;  corolla  blue,  8",  calyx  3".     if  Ga.  to  La.    1— 2f.    June,  July. 

6  S.  Claytoni  Ell.    Lvs.  cordate-  to  lance-ovate,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  and  toothed,  ra- 

gous,  bracts  ovate,  pointed.    Ti  Sandy  fields,  S.  Car. 

7  S.  Sclarea  L.    Lvs.  ample,  rugous,  broad-cordate,  doubly  crenate ;  bracts  colored  ; 

corolla  pale  purple,  upper  lip  high-arched.    12)  Gardens,  §  in  Penn. 

8  S.  orriciNAi.is.     Garden  Sage.    Shrubby ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  cremilate,  rugous  ;  co- 

rolla upper  lip  vaulted,  equalling  the  lower.    From  S.  Europe.    If.    July. 

9  S.  p.\TENS.    Hispid  and  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-deltoid  or  ovate-hastate,  crenate  ;  flowers 

very  large  ;  calyx  bell-form,  7" ;  corolla  blue,  2'  long ;  stamen  exserted.    Mexico.    3f. 

1 0  S.  AKGENTEA.    Leaves  white  with  wool,  large,  ovate,  sinuate-lobed,  the  floral  con- 
cave ;  flowers  IS'',  racemed,  the  upper  lip  long-falcate.    S.  Europe. 

lis.  cuioNANTHA,  with  large  white-woolly,  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  very  large  (20 
white  flowers  with  arched  galea,  is  from  Asia  Minor. 

12  S.  AUUEA.    Shrubs — 4f,  with  roundish  ovate  whitened  leaves,  the  splendid  yellow 
flowers  2}',  calyx  1',  in  dense  racemes.    From  Africa. 

13  S.  cocciNEA.  Stem  and  ovate-cordate  leaves  beneath  hoary-downy  ;  verticils  of  G—IC 
red  smooth  flowers  (8")  in  a  raceme  ;  cal.  2-colored,  4".    n  Cuba,  §  in  Ga.,  &c.    1— 2f. 

1-4  S.  psEUDO-cocciNEA,  3f  high,  is  hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs,  has  ovate  leaves 

rounded  at  base.    Otherwise  like  No.  14.     n 
1  5  S.  FULOENS.    Plant  branching,  weak-stemmed,  pubescent,  with  lance-ovate,  snbcor- 

date  leaves,  the  corollas  2',  bright  red,  opposite,  in  terminal  racemes.    Mexico. 
16  S.  SPLENDENS.  Plant  erect,  smooth,  with  ovate  lvs.  and  opposite  pubescent  flowers  ; 

calyx  1',  scarlet  as  well  as  the  2'  corollas.    The  commonest  species.    Mexico.    3f. 

24.  ROSMARINUS,  L.  Rosemary.  Calyx  upper  lip  entire,  lower 
bifid.     Cor.  upper  lip  2-parted,  lower  lip  reflexed,  in  3  divisions,  of  which 


Order  91.— LABIAT.E.  245 

the  mifklle  is  the  largest.    FU.  2,  fertile,  elongated,  ascending  toward  the 
upper  lip,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side.     ^  S.  Europe. 

R.  oiScinalis.    Shrub  evergreen  with  opposite,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  shining  leaves. 
Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  bright  blue,  fragrant  of  camphor.    4S. 

25.  MONARDA,  L.  Mountain  Mint.  Calyx  elongated,  cylindric, 
striate,  subequally  5-toothed.  Cor.  ringent,  tubular,  upper  lip  linear,  lower 
lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrowest.  Sta.  2,  fertile,  ascending 
beneath  the  upper  lip,  and  mostly  exserted,  anth.  cells  divaricate  at  base, 
connate  at  apex,     if  Verticils  few,  dense,  many-flwd.,  bracted.    Jl. — Sept. 

*  Calyx  densely  hairj'  in  the  throat.    Corolla  purple  or  whitish Nos.  1,  2 

*  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat.    Corolla  scarlet  or  yellow Nos.  3,  4 

1  M.  fistulosa  L.    IlorseJtiint.    Wild  Bergamot .    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  pointed, 

serrate  or  snbentire,  petiolate  ;  flowers  in  large  terminal  heads  ;  corollas  1',  exserted, 
greeni-h  white,  pale  lilac,  or  bUie.    Thickets,  W.  Yt.,  W.  and  S.    2 — 4f.    Variable. 

2  M.  Bradburiaua  N.   Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  at  base,  subsessile; 

cal.  curved,  teeth  spinescent  (as  in  No.  1) ;  bracts  and  corolla  purple.    Prairies,  W.  3f.  ■ 

3  M.  punctata  L.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  the  petiole  ;  bracts  leafy,  colored, 

longer  than  the  pale  yellow,  brown-spotted  corollas.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  S.  and  W.   2— 3f. 

4  M.  didyiiia  L.    St.  branching,  acutely  4-angled ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  pointed,  short- 

pe'.iolate  ;  heads  terminal  and  subterminal,  with  large  (15")  showy  crimson  corollas, 
and  bracts  stained  with  the  same  hue.    Swamps  :  rare.    Often  cultivated.    2f. 

26.  BLEPHILIA,  Raf  Calyx  13-veined,  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower 
lip  shorter,  2-toothed,  the  teeth  setaceous.  Cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  lower  lip  of  3  unequal,  spreading  lobes,  the  lateral 
ones  orbicular.  Stara.  2,  fertile,  ascending,  exserted.  If  Verticils  dense, 
approximate  in  a  spike. 

1  IS.  Iiirsuta  Benth.    Hirsute  all  over,  wide-branched ;  lvs.  ov.-lanceolate,  pointed, 

serrate,  petiolate  ;  bracts  oblong,  acuminate,  colored,  shorter  than  the  pale,  purple- 
spotted  flowers  ;  cor.  5".    Damp  woods,  N.  Eng.,  W.  Pa.,  and  W.    1— 2f.    June,  July. 

2  B.  ciliata  Raf.    Thinly  hirsute,  simple  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  distant,  subsessile ;  ver- 

ticils 3—5,  the  ovate  bracts  long  as  the  calyx.  Barrens,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    2-4f.  Jl.-Sept. 

27.  LOPHANTHUS,  Benth.  Hedge  Hyssop.  Cal.  15-ribbed,  oblique, 
5-cleft,  upper  segments  longer.  Cor.  upper  lip  bifidly  emarginate,  lower 
lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broader  and  crenate.  Stam.  diverging.  2f 
Tall,  erect.     Verticils  spicate. 

1  I.,  nepetotdes  B.    Stem  smooth,  stout,  angles  sharp  ;  lvs.  ovate,  pointed,  serrate; 

calyx  teeth  ovate,  obtusish,  green,  in  spikes  2—3'  long;    corollas  inconspicuous, 
greenish  white.    Fence-rows,  &c.,  M.  and  W.    3— 6f.    July,  Aug. 

2  Li.  scrophularlfoliiis  B.    Stem  pubescent,  angles  obtuse  ;  leaves  ovate,  crenate- 

serrate;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  colored  ;  corolla  pale  purple.  Borders  of  fields, 
M.  and  W.    .3— 4f.    July,  Aug.    Closely  resembles  Xo.  1. 

3  L..  aiiisatus  B.    Smooth ;  loaves  ovate,  &c.,  whitened  beneath  ;  calyx  teeth  as  in 

Ko.  2  ;  corolla  azure-blue,  fragrant  of  anise.    Wis.  to  Dak.    (Dr.  Matthews.) 

28.  NEPETA,  L.  Catmint.  Ground  Ivy.  Cal.  tubular,  S-toothed ; 
Cor.  tube  slender  below,  dilated  and  naked  in  the  throat,  upper  lip  emar- 
ginate, lower  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  crenate,  margin  of  the 
orifice  reflected.     Sta.  ascending,  anther  cells  divergent.    Figs.  318,  384. 


246  Okder  91.— L.4BIAT^. 

§  Tall.    Verticils  in  a  terminal  raceme.    Calyx  ncarlj-  regular No.  1 

§  Glechoma.    Low,  diffuse.    Flowers  axillarj-.    Calyx  curved,  oblique  No.  2 

1  N.  cataria.  L.     Catnip.    Erect,  hoary-tomentous;  Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate,  deltoid- 

ovate,  coarsely  crcnate-sorratc  ;  flowers  spiked,  the  whorls  slightly  peduncled.    2f 
About  old  buildings,  &c.    2— 3f.    July.    §.    The  delight  of  cats. 

2  N.  Gleclioma  B.    Gillover-ffie-Gwund.    Leaves  reniform,  crenate  ;  corolla  3  times 

longer  than  the  calyx  (10"),  blnish  purple,  anthers  forming  2  little  crosses,    li  Creep- 
ing in  grass,  about  walls,  &c.    3'— If.    May.    §  Europe. 

29.  DRACOCEPHALUM,  L.  Dragon-head.  Calyx  subequal,  o1>- 
liquo,  5-ck-l'r,  upper  segment  larger.  Cor.  bilabiate,  upi>er  lip  vaulted,  emar- 
ginate,  throat  intiatcd,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  middle  lobe  much  larger, 
rounded  or  subdivided.  Sta.  4,  distinct,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longer.  (2) 
I>.  parvifloi'iiin  N.    Plant  some  downy,  slender  :  leaves  petiolate,  lanceolate,  deeply 

serrate  ;  flowers  small,  blnish,  spicate.    N.  New  York,  and  W. :  rare.    18'.    July. 

30.  CEDRONELIiA,  Manch.  Cal.  subcampanulate,  5-toothed.  Cor. 
tube  exscrted,  throat  dilated,  upper  lip  straight,  flattish,  emai-ginate  or  cleft, 
lower  3-tid,  middle  lobe  largest.  Stam.  4,  ascending,  the  upper  longer,  an- 
ther-cells parallel.     Flowers  spicate,  bracted.     Summer. 

1  C.  cordata  N.    Pubescent,  producing  runners ;  leaves  cordate,  petiolate,  bluntly 

crenate  ;  spikes  unilateral,  corolla  pale  blue,  1'.    2i  Eocks,  O.,  Va. :  rare.    If.    June. 

2  C.  Mexicana.    Erect,  with  cordate-lanceolate,  dentate  leaves  ;  flowers  in  a  spike  of 

close  whorls,  purple,  large.    Mexico.    2— 3f.    (Gardoquia  (Lind.)) 

31.  BRUNELLA,  Tourn.  Self-heal.  Blue-ctjrls.  Cal.  about  10- 
ribbed,  upper  lip  dilated,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  lower  lip  Avith  2  lan- 
ceolate teeth.  Filam.  forked,  one  point  of  the  fork  bearing  the  anther,  y 
B.  vulgaris  L.    Stem  simple  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate  ;  flowers  blue, 

in  a  large  oblong-ovoid  spike  of  dense  verticils  with  reniform  bracts.    Low  grounds, 
very  common,  vaning  from  8'  to  2f.    All  Summer. 

32.  SCUTELLARIA,  L.  Skull-cap.  Cal.  campanulate,  lips  entire, 
upper  one  appendaged  on  the  back  and  closed  after  flowering.  Cor.  upper 
lip  vaulted,  lower  dilated,  convex,  tube  much  cxserted,  ascending,  throat 
dilated.  Stam.  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  in 
pairs,  achenia  tubercular.     U 

§  Flowers  large  (7  to  13"  long),  racemed  at  top  of  the  stem,  with  bracts. . .(«) 

a  Bracts  ovate,  abrupt  at  base.    Lips  of  corolla  short.    Petioles  long. .  .Nos.  1, 2, 3 
a  Bracts  lance-oblong,  acute  at  bas3.    Leaves  notched,  petiolate..  .(b) 

b  Galea  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lower  lip Nos.  4.  5 

b  Galea  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lip Nos.  (!.  7 

a  Bracts  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  calyx.    Leaves  entire,  subsessile  . .  Nos.  8 — 10 

§  Flowers  large  or  small,  opposite,  solitarj-,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves Nos.  11 — 13 

§  Flowers  small  (3"  lo'.igi,  in  slender,  axillary,  one-sided  racemes No.  14 

1  S.  versicolor  N.    Glandular-hairy,  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  cordate, 

crenate,  veiny  ;  racemes  long,  many-flowered ;  bracts  ovate,  entire,  subsessile ;   co- 
rolla 6—7",  lips  blue,  subequal,  lateral  lobes  distinct.    Pa.,  and  W.  States.    l}^f. 

2  S.  rugosa  Wood.    Hairs  and  leaves  as  in  No.  1,  but  the  stem  is  weak,  ascending, 

bracts  petiolate.  and  the  lower  lip  of  the  (8")  corolla  pendent  and  twice  longer  than 
the  upper.    Kocky  shores.  Harper's  Ferry,  Ya.,  and  S-W.    18'. 


Okdeii  91.— LABIAT.E.  247 

3  S.  saxatills  Rid.    Smoothish  and  not  glandular,  weak,  ascending  ;  loaves  as  in  Nos. 

1,  2  ;  bracts  as  in  No.  2 ;  corolla  8",  lips  equal,  upper  3-lobed.    Del.,  Va.,  and  W.    2f. 

4  S.  cane.^eens  K.    Erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  lower  cordate ;  rac. 

terminal  and  axillary ;  bracts  lance-linear ;  corolla  8",  canescen/,  upper  lip  arched, 
remote  from  the  lower.    Dry  soils,  M.  and  W. :  common.    1— .3f.    (S.  arguta  Bkly.) 

5  S.  \'ill6sa  Ell.  ?     Slender,  erect,  stem  finely  tomentous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 

both  ways,  serrate  ;  flowers  paniculate,  bracts  lance-linear  ;  corolla  9",  tube  slender, 
galea  strongly  arched,  5  times  longer  than  lip.    Ga.  (Dr.  Feay).    2— 3f. 

6  S.  serrata  Andr.    Erect,  subsimple,  green,  smoothish  ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed  both 

ways,  serrate ;  rac.  few-flwd. ;  cor.  13",  lips  subequal.  Woods,  E.  Pa.,  111.,  and  S.  2— 3f. 

7  S.  pllosa  Mx.    Erect,  subsimple,  pubescent ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  re- 

mote, crenate-serr. ;  racemes  terminal ;  corolla  9—15",  lips  distant.    Pa.  to  Ga.    2f. 
-  8  S.  iutegrlfolia  L.    Erect,  subsimple,  tomentous  or  downy  ;  leaves  ovate  to  lance- 
linear,  obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  crenate  ;  flowers  9",  much  enlarged  above,  the 
lips  subequal,  in  a  terminal  raceme.    Dry  soils,  M.  and  S.    9'— 2f. 

9  S.  Floi-tdaua  Chapm.    Slender,  branching;  leaves  all  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  with 

rolled  edges,  lowest  minute  ;  corolla  1',  enlarged  above,  lips  subequal.    W.  Fla.    If. 

10  S.  JiACRANTHA  (or  Japonica).  In  gardens.  If,  smooth  (except  the  hairj-  calyx) ;  Ivs. 
clasping,  lance-linear ;  flowers  1',  blue,  with  subequal  lips,  handsome.    China. 

11  S.  nervosa  Ph.  Slender,  erect,  producing  runners  ;  leaves  sessile,  broad-cordate, 
crenate-serr.,  3-5-veined;  fls.  few,  4",  with  small  floral  Ivs.   Rocks,  M.  and  W.   8—15'. 

12  S.  parvuia  Mx.  Root  a  string  of  tubers,  stem  erect,  3—9' ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong, 
obtuse,  small  (0"),  sessile,  entire ;  fls.  3",  exceeding  the  Ivs.,  blue.    Fields,  M.  and  W. 

13  S.  galericulita  L.  Commons.  Erect,  branched,  smoothish  or  downy;  leaves 
nearly  sessile,  cordate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obscurely  crenate,  acute  ;  flowers  few, 
large  (9—12"),  sessile,  axillary.    Low  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.    12—18'. 

14  S.  lateriflora  L.  Mad-doj  S.  Smoothish,  subsimple;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lanceolate, 
serrate  ;  fls.  4"  ;  rac.  axillary,  secund,  equalling  the  Ivs.    Ditches,  N.,  W.,  M.    1 — 2f. 

33.  MACBRIDEA,  Ell.  Calyx  3-lobed,  upper  lobe  oblong,  nan-ow, 
lower  rounded.  Cor.  tube  long-exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper  lip  erect, 
concave,  lower  short,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  broadest.  Sta. 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  by  paire.  U  Erect, 
subsimple,  with  large  purple-white  flowers  in  heads. 

1  ]?I.  pialclira  Ell.    Lvs.  wedge-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  the  floral  ovate;  corolla 

18",  streaked  with  purple  and  white.    Wet  pine-barrens,  S.    12—18'.    Aug.,  Sept. 

2  M.  alba  Chapm.    Lvs.  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  dentate ;  the  floral  roundish  ;  corolla 

white  ;  lower  lobes  of  the  calyx  notched.    Pine-barrens,  W.  Fla.    12—18'.    July,  Aug. 

34.  SYNANDRA,  N.  Cal.  4-cleft,  segm.  unequal,  subulate,  converg- 
ing to  one  side.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  entire,  vaulted,  the  lower  obtusely 
and  unequally  3-lobed,  throat  inflated.  Sta.  ascending  beneath  the  galea, 
upper  pair  of  anth.  cohering,  having  the  contiguous  cells  empty.  @  Flow- 
ers solitary,  axillary,  somewhat  spicate  above.    Figs.  69,  293. 

S.  grandlflora  N.— Woods,  O.  to  Tenn.  6—18'.  Stem  simple.  Lvs.  cordate-ovate, 
acuminate,  petiolate.    Cor.  white,  1',  with  large  lobes,  purple-striate.    June. 

35.  PHYSOSTEGIA,  Benth.  Lion-heart.  Cal.  bell-form,  5-toothecl. 
Cor.  much  exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper  lip  concave,  entire,  lower  of  3 
broad-spreading  lobes.  Sta.  4,  separate,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip. 
y  Smooth,  with  lane,  serrate  lvs.  and  term,  spikes  of  showy  rose-white  fls. 
P.  Virginiana  B.    Stems  mostly  simple ;  lvs.  oblong  to  narrow-lanceolate,  sessilC; 


248  Order  91.— LABIATE. 

thick  ;  spikes  4-rowed,  OO-flowered  ;  corolla  8—15",  spotted  inside.    Wet  banks,  M., 
W.,  and  S.    Often  cultivated.    1— 4f.    August,  September.— Variable. 

36.  LAMIUM,  L.  Henbit.  Cal.  5-veined,  witli  5  subequal,  subula.te 
teeth.  Cor.  dilated  at  throat,  upper  lip  vaulted,  galeate,  lower  lip  broad, 
emargiuate,  lateral  lobes  truncate,  oftea  toothed  on  each  side  near  the 
margin  of  the  dilated  tliroat.     Stamens  4,  ascending.     May — November. 

*  Weeds  in  waste  grounds,  witli  roundish  leaves  and  small  purple  flowers..  .Nos.  1.  3 

*  Lvs.  cordate,  ovate.    Fls.  larger  (1'),  hairj'  in  throat,  side-lobes  toothed..  .Nos.  3,  4 

1  Ij.  ainplexlcaule  L.    Leaves  cut-crenate,  petiolate,  the  floral  sessile-clasping; 

corolla  slender  (fi"),  galea  entire,  side-lobes  not  toothed,  throat  spotted,    (i)  6— IJ'. 

2  Li.  pnrpureuni  L.    Lvs.  roundish  to  ovate,  crenate,  all  petiolate  ;  corolla  slender, 

0",  hairy  within,  side-lobes  with  a  subulate  tooth,  galea  entire.    (I)  Pcnn.,  &c. :  rare. 

3  li.  alba  L.    Lvs.  hairy,  petiolate  ;  cor.  white,  curved,  a  hairy  ring  within,  and  the 

side-lobes  with  a  tooth.    Waysides :  rare.    Flowers  in  whorls.    Cultivated. 

4  1m.  MACtTL.lxuji  (or  rugosum).    Leaves  hairy,  rugous,  petiolate,  marked  with  a  white 

oblong  spot  along  the  midvein.    Flowers  as  in  No.  3,  but  purplish.    Cultivated. 

37.  PHLOMIS,  L.  .Tercs.\lem  Sage.  Calyx  truncately  5-toothed. 
Cor.  galea  broad,  keeled,  lovt'er  lip  spreading,  3-fid.  Stamens  ascending  be- 
neath the  galea,  the  upper  pair  appendaged  at  base.  Leaves  rugous. 
A^erticils  sliowy,  axillary. 

P.  tiiberosa.    Tall,  sraoothish,  with  large  ovate-cordate,  crjuate  leaves  ;  fls.  30—49  in 
a  whorl,  purple,  hairy  inside.    Scarce  in  gardens  and  waste  grounds. 

38.  BALLOTA,  L.  Black  Hoakhouxd.  Cal.  funnel-form,  10-veined, 
o-toothed.  Coi'.  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  lip  concave, 
crenate,  lower  lip  3-cleft,  middle  segment  largest,  emarginate.  Sta.  4,  as- 
cending, exserted.     Achenia  ovoid-triangular.     U 

B.  nigra  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  serrate  ;  bracts  linear-subulate ;  cal.  throat  di- 
lated, teeth  spreading,  acuminate.     Waste  places,  N.  Eng. :  rare.    July.    §  Europe. 

39.  MOLUCCELLA,  L.  Molucca  Balm.  Shell  Flower.  Calyx 
campanulate,  very  large,  the  margin  expanding,  often  repand-spinous. 
Corolla  tube  included,  limb  bilabiate.     Stamens  4,  ascending.     (T) 

M.  L.EVis.    A  curious  plant,  noted  for  its  ample  calyx,  much  larger  than  its  small,  yel- 
lowish corolla.    Stem  smooth,  2f ;  leaves  round-ovate,  cut-crenate.    Syria. 

40.  GALEOPSIS,  L.  Heup  Nettle.  Cal.  5-cleft,  spinescent.  Up- 
per lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  subcrenate,  lower  lip  with  3  unequal  lobes, 
having  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side,  middle  lobe  largest,  cleft  and  crenate. 
Sta.  exserted,  anth.  cells  transverse,     (i)  Vert,  distant,  manj^-flwd.     §  Eur. 

1  G.Tetraliit  L.    St.  hispid,  the  internodes  thickened  upward  ;  leaves  ovate,  hispid, 

serrate  ;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  lip  nearly  straight,  concave  ;  corolla 
white-purple.   A  common  weed  in  fields  and  waste  grounds,  N.  States.  1 — 3f.  Jn.,Jl. 

2  G.Iiadanuiu  L.    Internodes  equal ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subserrate,  pubescent ;  upper 

lip  of  the  corolla  slightly  crenate;  corolla  roseate.    Waste  soils  :  rare.    If.    August. 

41.  STACHYS,  L.  Hedge  Nettle.  Cal.  tube  angular,  bell-form,  5- 
or  10-ribbed,  with  5  acute  or  pungent  teeth.  Cor.  upper  lip  erect-spreading 
or  some  vaulted,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  mid-lobe  largest    Stamens  as- 


Order  91.— LABIATE.  249 

cending,  lower  pair  longer,  anthers  approximating  1)y  pairs.     Verticils  2- 
lO-flowered,  approximating  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

Our  epecies  are  much  alike,  yet  easily  distingnished.  They  have  stems  mostly  hispid, 
leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  uarrowed  to  an  abrupt  base,  and  corolla  pale- 
purple  with  deeper  spots.    Summer. 

*  Plants  n,  leaves  smooth.    Calyx  teeth  divaricately  spreading Nos.  1,  2 

*  Plants  hispid  or  hairy.— a  2f  Calyx  teeth  spinescent.    Lvs.  subsessile Nos.  .3,  4 

—  a  Calyx  teeth  acute.    Leaves  petiolate Nos.  5,  li 

1  S.  liyssopifolla  Mx.    Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  small  (1—2') ; 

calyx  teeth  half  as  long  as  the  7"  corolla.    Mass.  to  Mo.,  and  S.    6—12'. 

2  §.  glabra  Rid.    Leaves  all  petiolate,  serrate ;  calyx  teelh  much  spreading,  as  long 

as  the  corolla  tube.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  S.    15'— 3f.    Racemes  3—1'. 

3  S.  paliistrls  L.    Stout,  hirsute  ;  leaves  some  pointed,  large,  hoary  beneath  ;  corolla 

twice  longer  (7— 8'0  than  the  calyx  teeth.    Moist  shades.  Can.  to  Car.    1 — If. 

4  S.  aspcra  Mx.     Slender,  hispid;   leaves  pointed,  sharp-serrate;   calyx  glabrous, 

teeth  liispid,  equalling  the  corolla  tube.    Damp  soils  :  common.    2f.    Not  leafy. 

5  S.  cord-vta  Rid.    Stout,  with  large,  pointed  leaves,  crenate-dentate ;   calyx  teeth 

triangular,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.     U  Shady  banks,  W.    2 — 5f. 

6  S.  arvensls  L.    Weak,  difluse  ;  lvs.  ovate-cordate,  obtuse;  bracts  very  short ;  cal. 

teeth  lanceolate  ;  corolla  tube  included,  lips  short.    (T)  Waste  grounds,  N. :  rare.    § 

42.  BETONICA,  Tonrn.  Betont.  Calyx  tubular-bell-form,  with  5 
awn-like  teeth.  Cor.  as  in  Stachys,  but  beardless  inside.  Stam.  ascending 
parallel  beneath  the  galea.  Style  bifid.  Lower  leaves  long  petioled,  cor- 
date, all  crenate.    Verticils  large,  dense,  in  a  terminal  spike. 

1  IS.  officinalis  L.     Wood  B.    Spike  interrupted  at  base  ;  flowers  purple,  cor.  twice 

longer  than  calyx  (7"),  galea  entire.    Gardens,  and  escaped.    If.    Rare.    §  Europe. 

2  B.  Gn.\NDiFLORA.    Villous  ;  floral  leaves  clasping;  verticils  separate  ;  corolla  violet, 

large  (15"),  handsome,  galea  obcordate,  glabrous.    Gardens.    2f.    Siberian. 

43.  LEONURUS,  L.  Motiieii-wort.  Calyx  5-10-striate,  5-toothed, 
teeth  subspinescent.  Upper  iip  of  the  corolla  entire,  hairy,  concave,  erect, 
lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate.  Stam.  4,  ascending  beneath 
the  upper  lip.    Mostly  y.  Verticils  axillary.  Flowers  purplish.    Summer. 

1  li.  Cardiaca  L.    Lvs.  palmate-lobed,  3-fld,  to  lanceolate;  corolla  longer  than  the 

calyx,  a  hairy  ring  within.    About  dwellings.    3— 5f.    §  Asia. 

2  li.  luarrubiastruiii  L.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  cut-serraie;  cor.  shorter 

than  the  calyx  teeth,  naked  within.    Waste  grounds.    2 — If.    §  Europe. 

44.  MARRUBIUM,  L.  Hoarhound.  Cal.  tubular,  5-10-striatc,  with 
o  or  10  subequal  teeth.  Cor.  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  or  concave,  entire  or 
bifid,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  broadest,  emarginate,  tube 
included.  Stam.  included  in  the  tube.  U  Fls.  in  dense  verticils,  white. 
M.  viilgare  L.  Iloary-pubescent ;  lvs.  roundish,  ovate,  crenate-dentate.  downy  canes- 
cent  beneath  ;  cal.  of  10  setaceous,  hooked  teeth.    Fields,  &c.   1— 2f.    Jn.,  JI.    §  Eur. 

45.  LEONOTIS,  Br.  Lion's-ears.  Calyx  10-veined,  apex  incurved, 
throat  oblique,  sub-10-toothed,  upper  tooth  largest.  Cor.  tube  exserted,  up- 
per lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  lower  short,  spreading,  trifid.  Sta.  4,  under 
the  galea,  anth.  in  pairs.— Vert,  dense,  with  numerous  lin.-subulate  bracts, 
li.  iiepettefoiia  Br.    Erect,  stout ;  lvs.  thin,  ovate,  crenate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  cal. 

teeth  S.  spinescent ;  whorls  very  large  ;  cor.  scarlet,  10".    (I)  Fields,  S.    4— 7f.    §  Afr. 


250  Order  92.— BORRAGINACE^. 

Order  XCII.    BORRAGINACEiE.    Borrageworts. 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees),  with  round  stems  and  branches,  not  aromatic. 
Leaves  alternate,  generally  rough,  with  stiff  hairs.  Stipules  none.  Flowers 
seldom  yellow,  generally  in  a  coiled  (scorpoid)  inflorescence.  Sepals  5. 
Petals  0,  united  below,  regular,  A^eiy  rarelj^  irregular.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
in  the  tube.  Orrtrjr  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  separate,  1-seeded 
achenia  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.    Figs,  141,  455. 

I.  EHRETIE-E.     Ovary  entire,  style  terminal.     Fruit  4-seeded,  fleshy.     Shrubs... ((j) 

a  Ciilyx  4-5-toothed,  in  beads.     Corolla  funnel-form,  white.    Fla.  and  t Coudia  hallata. 

a  Calyx  4^5-toothed,  in  corymbs.    Corolla  funnel-form,  white.     Fla Euretia.  Beurreria, 

a  Calyx  5-p,irted,  in  secund  spikes.     Corolla  salver-form,  pale TonBNEFOBTiA.     1 

II.  IIELIOTKOFE/E.     Ov.  entire,  style  terminal.    Fr.  dry,  separating  into  parts. .  .(i) 

b  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  throat  open.     Fruit  separating  into  4  parts Heliothofium.    3 

b  Corolla  tube  conical,  throat  constricted.     Fruit  separating  into  2  parts Heliophvtc.m.      3 

III.  BORRAGE.E.     Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  style  basilar.     Fruit  4  achenia... (c) 

c  Corolla  irregular,  blue,— <!  having  the  border  obliquely  lobed Echic.m.  4 

—(Z  having  the  slender  tube  bent Lycopsis.  5 

c  Corolla  regular  in  both  tube  and  border.  ..(e) 

e  Achenia  armed  with  barbed  prickles.—/  Corolla  salver-form Echinospeemum.  6 

— /  Corolla  funnel-form Cynoglossum.  7 

e  Achenia  unarmed.    Corolla  throat  closed  by  scales. ..((/) 

g  Corolla  wheel-form,  no  tube.    Anthers  e.xserted Boerago.  8 

.9  Corolla  wheel-fiirm,  a  very  short  tube.    Anthers  included Omphalodes.  9 

<;  Corolla  tubular-bell-form,  white.     Style  exserted SYMPHYTiJ.ir.  10 

fl  Corolla  funnel-form,  blue.     Stamens  included AscHUSA.  11 

«  Achenia  unarmed.    Corolla  throat  not  closed  with  scales. .  .{h) 

h  Corolla  tubular,  with  erect,  acute  lobes,  white Onosmodium.  12 

A  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  convolute  in  the  bad Myosotis.  13 

ft  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  imbricate  in  bud,— 7.-  white  or  yellow Lithospeemvv.  14 

— /.-  purple-blue Meetlxsia.  15 

1.  TOURNEFORTIA,  L.  SujniER  Heliotrope.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor. 
sah^er-form,  throat  naked.  Sta.  5,  included.  Sty.  short.  Fr.  2-carpelled, 
4-celled  and  4-seeded.     5  ^  With  entire  leaves  and  secund  spikes. 

1  T.  HELiOTROPOiDES  Hook.    Shrubby  at  base,  erect,  hairy,  with  oval  obtuse  wavj--edo;ed 

leaves  ;  ped.  terminal,  2  or  .3  times  forked,  with  nnmerous  small  inodorous,  pale-lDac, 
pretty  flowers.    Buenos  Ayres. 

2  T.  gnaplialoides,  all  white-silky,  and  T.  voliibilis,  climbing;  iu  S.  Fla. 

2.  HEIiIOTROPIUM,  Tournef.  Heliotrope.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor. 
salver-fonn,  throat  open,  folded  between  the  lobes.  Anth.  sessile.  Stj'.  short, 
stigma  conical,  the  achenia  cohering  at  base,  at  length  separable.  U  5  Fls. 
white  or  purple,  in  1-sided,  scorpoid  spikes.     Summer. 

§  Flowers  white,  in  forked  terminal  spikes,  or  single  lateral  ones Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  white-purple,  in  a  cluster  of  terminal  spikes.    Cultivated Kos.  3,  4 

1  H.  Europieum  L.    Erect,  pubescent;  Ivs.  oval,  veiny,  obtuse,  petiolate ;  calyx 

spreading  in  fruit,  hairy,    (i)  Kocky  banks,  moist  fields,  Va.,  and  N. :  rare.    8—12'.    § 

2  H.  Curassavicuin  L.    Glabrous,  ascending;   leaves  linear-oblong  to  spatulate, 

obtuse,  tapering  to  base,  veiuless  and  glaucous.    T)  Shores,  W.  and  S.    If. 

3  H.  Peruviaxum.    Shrubby,  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  rugous,  lance-ovate,  short-petio 

late  ;  corolla  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  peculiarly  fragrant.    Peru. 

4  H.  coRTMBosuM.    Pubcscent,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  tapering  both  ways  ;  flowers 

deep  purple,  less  fragrant,  but  larger  than  in  Xo.  3. 


OiiDEii  92.— BORKAGINACE^.  251 

3.  HELIOPHYTUM,  DC  Calj'x  5-paited.  Cor.  salver-form,  throat 
constricted,  5-rayed.  Anth.  included.  Sty.  very  short.  Nuts  2,  each  2-celled 
(sometimes  with  2  additional  empty  cells). — Herbs  with  habit  of  Heliotrope. 
H.  Indlcum  DC.    Erect,  branching,  hairy;  Ivs.  ovate,  erose-sermlate,  acute,  veiny, 

rngons,  abrupt  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  spike  terminal,  single  (rarely  forked) ;  corolla 
much  exserted  ;  fruit  with  four  empty  cells.    iT)  Fields,  W.  and  S.    1— 2r.    § 

4.  ECHIUM,  Tourn.  Vipek's  Bugloss.  Calyx  5-parted,  segm.  subu- 
late, erect.  Cor.  campanulate,  obliquely  and  unequally  lobed,  Avith  a  short 
tube  and  naked  throat.  Stigma  cleft.  Achenia  tuberculate,  base  fiat. 
Flowers  irregular,  in  spicatc,  panicled  racemes.     Summer. 

E.  vnlgare  L.    Plant  rough  with  bristles  and  tubercles;  Ivs.  lanceolate ;  fls.  large, 
handsome,  violet-blue,  many  and  crowded.    (T)  Fields,  Pa.  to  Va.    IJf. 

5.  liYCOPSIS,  L.  Wild  Bugloss.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  funnel-form, 
tube  incurved,  throat  closed  with  ovate,  converging  scales.  Ach.  perforated 
at  base,  ovoid,  angular.  ®  Distinguished  mainly  by  the  curved  cor.  tube. 
li.  arvensis  L.    Plant  hispid,  erect,  branched  above,  with  lanceolate,  repand-denticu- 

late  leaves ;  flowers  small,  sky-blue  with  white  scales,  the  bent  tube  longer  than  the 
calyx,  in  leafy  racemes.    Fields  and  waysides.    If.    §  S.  Europe. 

6.  ECHINOSPERMUM,  Swartz.  Bukr-seed.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor. 
hypocrateriform,  throat  closed  with  concave  scales.  Ach.  erect,  bearing 
1—3  rows  of  echinatc  prickles,  smooth  between,  compressed  or  angular, 
fixed  to  a  central  column. — Herbs  with  bracted  racemes  and  small  blue  fls. 
E.  lidppula  Lehm.    Branched  above ;  Ivs.  hairy,  lanceolate  to  linear  ;  corolla  longer 

than  calyx,  border  concave  ;  ach.  with  prickles  in  two  rows.    (T)  Dry  soils.    If.    July. 

7.  CYNOGLOSSUM,  Tourn.  Hound's  Tongue.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor. 
short,  funnel-form,  concave,  throat  closed  by  5  converging,  convex  scales. 
Ach.  covered  with  echinate  prickles,  depressed,  forming  a  broad  pyramidal 
fruit,  each  fixed  laterally  to  the  style.  Lvs.  large.  Cor.  blue,  purple  or  white. 

§  Kacemes  without  bracts,  or  nearly  so Nos.  1,  2 

§  Racemes  bracted  at  base,  but  the  pedicel?  always  extra-axillary No.  3 

1  C.  officinalis  L.     Common  H.    Silkj'-pubcscent,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  oblong- 

lanceolate,  the  upper  sessile  ;  naked  racemes  panicled  ;  corolla  dull  purple,     n  Pas- 
tures, &c.    1— 2f.    Plant  dull  green,  ill-scented.    July.    §  Europe. 

2  C.  Virgsiiiciim  L.    Plant  hairy,  leafless  above,  with  oblong-oval  lvs.  below,  and  a 

terminal  cluster  of  short  spikes  of  pale-purple  flowers,    u  Woods,  Ya.,  N.  and  W. 

3  C.  OTorri.sonl  DC.    Beggar-ticks.    Rough-pubescent,  widely-branched  ;  leaves  acu- 

minate ;    racemes  forked ;    flowers  very  small,  white ;    fruit  with  doubly  barbed 
prickles  adhering  to  all  that  pass.    (J)  Rocky  places.    2— 3f.    July. 

8.  BORRAGO,  Tourn.  Borrage.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate,  with 
acute  segments,  a  scale  at  base  of  each.  Sta.  converging.  Ach.  ovoid,  muri- 
cate,  excavated  at  base,  inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated  recep. — Eur. 
B.  OFFICINALIS.    Rough-haired,  branching ;  leaves  ovate ;  flowers  sky-blue,  showy,  in 

terminal,  loose  racemes.    @  In  old  gardens,  sowing  itself.    1 — 2f.    All  Summer. 

9.  OMPHALODES,  Tourn.     Navelwort.     Calyx  deeply  5-parted. 


252  Order  92.— BORRAGINACE^. 

Cor.  rotate,  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube,  throat  closed.     Sta.  included. 
Achenia  cup-form,  toothed  at  the  edges. — Oriental  herbs. 

1  O.  LiNiroLiA.    Erect,  smooth,  glaucous ;   leaves  obovate  to  linear-lauceolate  ;  corolla 

white,  twice  longer  than  calyx.    (T)  Spain.    If.    June — August. 

2  O.  VERNA.    Runners  creeping ;  leaves  cordate  to  ovate,  puberulent;  racemes  in  pairs, 

few-flowered  ;  flowers  bright  blue,     li  S.  Europe.    6'.    April,  May. 

10.  SYMPHYTUM,  Touru.  Comfrey.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  tubular- 
campauulate,  orifice  closed  with  5,  subulate  scales,  converging  into  a  cone. 
Ach.  smooth,  ovoid,  fixed  by  an  excavated  base,     if  Oriental  herbs. 

S.  officinale  L.    Stem  hairy,  winged  with  the  decurrent,  lance-ovate  leaves  ;  fls.  whito 
or  pink,  in  revolute  racemes.    Gardens  and  fields.    2 — If.    Summer. 

11.  ANCHUSA,  L.    BuGLoss.    Cal.  5-parted.    Cor.  funnel-form,  throat 
closed  with  5  scales.    Sta.  included.    Achenia  excavated  at  base. — Europe. 
A.  Italica.    Plant  bristly-hispid,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  panicled  racemes  of  numer- 
ous bright-blue,  small  mellifluous  flowers.    A  hardy  biennial.    Summer. 

12.  ONOSMODIUM,  Mx.  Cal.  deeply  5-parted,  with  linear  segments. 
Cor.  cylindrical,  having  a  ventricous,  half  5-cleft  limb,  with  the  segments 
converging  and  the  throat  open.  Anth.  sessile,  included.  Style  much  ex- 
serted.  Achenia  whitish,  shining.  71  North  American.  Racemes  ter- 
minal, subspicate,  one-sided.     Flowers  white.     Summer. 

1  O.  Virginia  mi  Ml  A.  DC.    Very  rough  with  appressed,  stifl"  bristles;  Ivs.  oblong, 

sessile,  5-veinod  ;  cor.  hispid,  i  longer  than  the  lance-linear  sepals,  the  scgm.  lance- 
subulate  ;  anthers  arrow-shaped.    Dry  soils.    15—30'.    Corolla  4 — 5". 

2  O.  Carolinianum  DC.    Shaggy  with  long,  spreading,  rusty-white  bristles  ;  leaves 

lance-oblong,  T-veined  ;  flowers  shaggy-bristly  ;  corolla  near  twice  longer  than  sepals, 
the  segments  ovate,  obtuse.    By  streams,  M.,  W.,  S.    2 — -If. 

3  O.  molle  Mx.    Iloary  with  soft  appressed  hairs  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  ;  corolla  hirsute, 

lobes  triangular,  pointed.     Dry  soils,  \V.     2— 3f. 

13.  MYOSOTISj  Dill.  Forget-me-not.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  salver-  or 
funnel-form,  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx,  the  5  lobes  convolute  in  bud, 
throat  closed  with  short,  concave  scales.  Ach.  ovate,  smooth,  with  a  small 
cavity  at  base. — Herbs  slightly  villous.  Racemes  bractless,  or  with  a  few 
small  leaves  at  the  base.    Flowers  never  axillary.    May — Aug.    Fig.  455. 

§  Racemes  one-sided.    Calyx  clothed  with  minute,  appressed  hairs,  if  any Ifo.  1 

§  Rac.  two-sided.    Calyx  beset  with  spreading,  minutely-hooked  bristles Nos.  2,'4 

1  M.  palicstris  Roth.    Roughish-downy,  or  nearly  smooth,  brandling  ;  leaves  lance- 

oblong,  obtuse  ;  ped.  spreading,  longer  (2—3")  than  the  equal  cal. ;  cor.  2— 3"  broad, 
blue,  with  a  yellow  centre!      n  Gardens ;  from  Europe,  also  escaped  in  fields,  &c. 
)3.  lax-a,  taller  (If),  very  slender  ;  Ivs.  lin.-obl. ;  ped.  4—6"  long.    Swamps,  ditches. 

2  M.  arvensis  L.    Rough  with  tubercled  hairs,  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 

acute  ;  rac.  loose,  naked  ;  ped.  twice  as  long  as  the  open,  equal  cal.  @  Fields.    6 — 15'. 

3  M.  vcrna  N.  (stricta  Link.)    Rough-bristly,  with  spatulate  to  lin.-oblong  Ivs. ;  ped. 

ascending,  as  long  as  the  closed,  bilabiate  calyx  ;  racemes  leafy  at  base.    (?)  Dry  hills. 

4  M.  versicolor  Pers.    Stem  very  slender,  hispid-villous  ;  leaves  oblong;  racemes 

leafless ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  deeply  and  equally  5-cIeft  calyx  ;  flowers  yellow, 
varying  to  blue.    Del.  (Canby,  Porter).    §  Europe.    The  true  Forget-me-not. 

14.  LITHOSPERMUM,  L.     Gromwei.l.    Puccoon.     Cor.  funnel-  or 


OuDEU  93.— HYDROPHYLLACE.E.  2o3 

salver-form,  limb  o-lobed,  orifice  open,  with  or  without  appendages,  anth. 
inchided.  Stig.  obtuse,  bifid.  Ach.  bony,  rugous  or  smooth,  flat  at  base. 
— Herbaceous  or  suffruticous,  generally  with  a  thick,  reddish  root.  Flow- 
ers spiked  or  racemed,  bracted,  white  or  yellow. 

§  Achenia  rugous-tubercled.    Corolla  throat  open,  not  appeudaged,  white No.  1 

§  Achenia  smooth  and  white.    Corolla  throat  appendaged.— a  Fls.  white. .  .Nos.  2—4 

—a  Fls.  yellow.. Nog.  5—7 

1  li.  arvense  L.     Wheat-thief.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  hairy  ;  calyx  nearly 

equal  to  the  corolla,  with  spreading  segments,    ij)  A  rough  weed  in  fields.    If— IS'. 
Root  reddish.    Fls.  small,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils.    May,  June.    §  Europe. 

2  li.  officinale  L.    Erect,  very  branching  above  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  veiny  ;  calyx 

nearly  equal  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla,     li  Dry  soils,  N.  and  M.    1— 9f.    Flowers 
small,  pedicellate,  in  recurved,  leafy  racemes.    July.    §  Europe. 

3  li.  latil'olium  Mx.    Eough,  erect,  subsimple  ;  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  pointed  both 

ways  ;  racemes  leafy,  sepals  lance-linear.     U  Thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  W.    2f. 

4  li.  aiigu!!>tifoliuiu  Mx.    Ascending,  much  branched;  leaves  linear,  rigid;  flowers 

scattered  ;  corolla  hardly  exserted.    U  Sandy  banks,  W.    C— 15'.    Leaves  1'. 

5  li.  canesceiis  Lehm.    Puccoon.    Erect,  subsimple,  soft-villous ;  leaves  oblong  or 

liiiear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  stem  revolute  at  top,  with  the  showy  orange-yellow  flowers 
axillary,    n  Fields,  prairies,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    8—12'.    June,  July. 

6  Li.  Iiii-tum  Lehm.    Erect,  simple,  rough-haired;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  the  floral  lance- 

ovate  ;  corolla  twice  longer  than  the  linear  sepals,  n  Pa.,  W.  and  S.  8—15'.  May. 
rl  li.  longifloriim  Spr.  Slender,  simple,  cinereous-strigous  ;  leaves  linear ;  corolla 
^      tube  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  (9—12").    Plains,  W.    10—15'.    July. 

15.  MERTENSIA,  Roth.  Smooth  Lungwort.  Calyx  short,  5-cleft. 
Cor.  tube  cylindric,  limb  subcampanulatc,  5-cleft,  throat  open,  often  with  5 
folds  or  ridges  between  the  insertion  of  the  stamens.  Sta.  inserted  at  top 
of  the  tube.  Ach.  smooth  or  reticulated.  U  St.  and  Ivs.  usually  glabrous, 
pellucid-punctate,  the  radical  many-veined,  cauline  sessile.    Rac.  terminal. 

1  M.  Virginica  DC.    Ascending,  very  smooth ;  root  leaves  large,  obovate  to  ovate, 

stem  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  all  entire,  obtuse ;  fls.  somewhat  trumpet-shaped, 
pendent,  10",  blue  to  lilac,  very  handsome.  Rich  soils,  N.  Y.,  S.  &  W.  1— Hf.  May.  t 

2  M.  inaritiina  Don.    Glabrous,  weak  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  fleshy,  glaucous  ;  corolla 

twice  longer  than  calyx,  blue-purple.    Sea-shore,  N.  H.,  and  N. :  rare. 

3  M.  pantculata  Don.    Scabrous,  erect;  Ivs.  acuminate,  cordate-ovate  to  oblong; 

corolla  thrice  longer  than  calyx,  blue  to  white.    Lake  Superior,  and  N.    t 

Order  XCIII.    HYDROPHYLLACE^.    Hydrophylls. 

Herbs  mostly,  with  alternate-lobed  leaves  and  regular  bluish  flowers. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  usually  with  appendages  at  the  clefts,  persistent,  free.  Co- 
rolla 5-lobed,  often  with  10  honey  scales  or  furrows  near  the  base.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  into  the  corolla,  with  a  deeply  bifid  style.  Ouiry  entire,  ovoid, 
free,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal,  several-seeded  placenta3.  Fruit  2-valve(l, 
filled  by  the  placentae.    Seeds  reticulated,  albuminous. 

S  HYDROPIIYLLE.E.     Ovary  and  pod  1-celled.     Style  bifid.     Leaves  cleft. .  .(a) 
§  HYDROLE.E.     Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  CO -seeded.     Styles  2.     Leaves  entire...  («) 

a  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  ,.Ci) 

a  Loben  of  the  corolla  imbricate  (quiucuncial)  in  the  bud...(c) 


254  Order  93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

6  Stamens  exserted.     Flowers  in  forked,  revolate  cymes HvDROPHVLLtTM.  1 

6  Stamens  included.     Flowers  solitary,  opposite  tbe  leaves Xemopbila  2 

c  Flowers  solitary.     Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit Ellisia.  3 

c  Flowers  racemed. — d  Lobes  of  the  corolla  fringe-toothed Cosjianthus.  4 

—d  Lobes  of  the  wheel-bell-forra  corolla  entire Phacklia.  5 

— d  Lobes  of  the  tube-bell-form  corolla  entire Whitlavia.  6 

e  Corolla  wheel-bell-form.     Leaves  ordinary,  with  soft  hairs II ydkolea.  7 

e  Corolla  funnel-form.     Leaves  large,  with  stinging  hairs Wigandia.  8 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM,  Tourn.  "Water-leaf.  Burr-flower.  Se- 
pals slightly  united  at  base.  Corolla  bell-form,  convolute  in  bud,  -with  5 
double  folds  (nectaries)  inside.  Sta.  exserted.  Caps,  globous,  1-celled,  2- 
valved,  4-seeded,  3  of  the  seeds  mostly  abortive.  Placentae  3,  fleshy,  free 
except  at  the  base  and  apex.  U  Leaves  large,  long-stalked,  pinnately  or 
palmatcly  veined,  cauline  alternate.     Cymes  scorpoid,  bractless. 

§  Calyx  appendaged  between  the  sepals  at  base.    Stamens  as  long  as  the  cor. .  .No.  1 
§  Calyx  not  appendaged.    Filaments  much  exserted Nos.  2 — 4 

1  H.  appendiculatnm  Mx.    Hairy;  Ivs.  palmately  5-lobed,  the  lower  pinnately 

divided,  lobes  pointed  and  toothed  ;  sta.  often  included  ;  appendages  deflexed,  much 
shorter  (1")  than  sep.  (4— .5") ;  cor.  blue.  Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  &  Va.  1— Iff.   May. 

2  H.  "Virgjiiicum  L.    Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oval-lanceolate, 

pointed,  incised,  the  upper  3  confluent;  petioles  long;  ped.  still  longer,  bearing  a  ' 
roundish  tuft  of  pale  flowers  with  hirsute  calyxes.    Moist  woods.    If.    June. 

3  H.  Caiiadeiise  L.    Lvs.  smoothish,  palmate,  roundish,  with  5 — 7  shallow  lobes, 

unequally  dentate,  teeth  obtuse-mucronate ;  fls.  in  crowded  fascicles  ;  ped.  shorter 
than  the  forked  petioles  :  cor.  white  or  purplish.    Alpine  woods.    1 — Iff.    June,  Jl. 

4  H.  macropliylluni  N.    Whitish,  with  reversed  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong-oval  in  out- 

line, pinnatifid,  and  cut  into  blunt-mucronate  teeth  ;  cymes  dense,  globous,  on  long 
peduncles  ;  corolla  white,  G"  ;  stamens  10".    Rocky  woods,  W.  and  S.    If.    June. 

2.  NEMOPHILA,  N.  Cal.  5-parted,  the  sinuses  witli  reflexed  ap- 
pendages. Cor.  wheel-bell-form,  lobes  rounded,  convolute  in  bud,  tube 
Avith  5  pairs  of  folds  within.  Sta.  included.  Ov.  and  caps,  as  in  Hydro- 
phyllum,  the  placentae  each  2-12-ovuled.  ®  Tender  and  fragile,  with  pin- 
nately-parted  leaves  and  solitary,  showy  flowers. 

*  Leaves  all  or  the  lower  alternate.    Flowers  not  spotted Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  all  opposite.    Flowers  spotted  with  blue  or  brown Nos.  3,  4 

1  N.  mlcrocalyx  F.  &  M.    Smooth  ;  leaves  triangular,  5-3-cleft,  with  rounded,  mu- 

cronate  teeth ;  ped.  and  petioles  slender ;  corolla  1—2",  white,  calyx  still  smaller ; 
seeds  1  or  2.    Damp  woods,  S.    3—12',  very  weak.    April. 

2  N.  iNsioNrs.    Lvs.  oblong,  with  7—9  ovate,  acute  lobes,  shorter  than  peduncles ;  fl«. 

1'  or  more  broad,  the  border  pure  blue  with  a  white  centre.    California. 

3  N.  MACULATA.    Lcavcs  3-7-lobed,  tapering  and  entire  at  base  ;  flowers  on  long  ped., 

If  broad,  white,  with  a  violet  spot  on  the  apex  of  each  lobe.    Califoraia. 

4  N.  ATOMAUiA.    Leaves  and  peduncles  nearly  as  in  the  last ;  flowers  white,  10—12", 

sprinkled  all  over  with  small  brown  spots.    Sierra  Mountains. 

3.  ELLISIA,  L.  Cal.  5-parted,  equalling  the  tubular-])ell-fonn  corolla, 
enlarged  in  fruit.  Cor.  tube  minutely  appendaged  within.  Sta.  included. 
Caps.  2-valved,  4-2-seeded.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  flowers  white.  May— July. 
E.  Nyctelsea  L.   Weak,  slender;  lvs.  petiolate,  the  upper  alternate,  lobes  0-11,  lin.- 

oblong ;  ped.  1-flowered,  with  calyx  larger  than  corolla.    Woods,  Pa.,  W.  and  S.    If. 


Order  93.— HYDROPHYLLACE-E.  '255 

4.  COSMANTHUS,  Xolte.  [Miami  Mist.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  wlieel- 
bell-form,  tube  not  appcndas-ed,  lobes  delicately  fringe-toothed,  as  long  as 
the  stamens.  Ovary  hairy.  Capsule  3- valved,  4-seeded.  (i)  Delicate,  Avith 
alternate  leaves  and  small  pale  tiowers  in  long,  bractless  racemes. 

1  C  Piirsbii  Wood.    Nearlj- smooth,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  the  upper  sessile,  lobes 

5_7^  oblong,  acute  ;  rac.  9-15-fl()wered  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  lance-linear,  ciliate 
sepals  ;  fls.  light  blue,  5—6".    Eiver  bottoms.  111.,  Ky.,  to  Ga.    8—12'.    May,  June. 

2  C.  linibriatus  Mx.    Pubescent ;  stems  clustered,  assurgent;  leaves  pinnate,  with 

5—7  roundish  or  oblong-obtuse  lobes  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  oblong-spatulate,  ob- 
tuse sepals  ;  corolla  white,  4—5".    Mountains,  Tenn.,  Va.,  to  Ga.    May. 

5.  PHACELIA,  L.  Cal.  not  appendaged.  Corolla  tubular-bell-form, 
lobes  entire,  imbricate  in  bud,  tube  appendaged  within.  Sta.  o,  generally 
exserted.  Ov.  and  caps,  hispid,  ovoid,  4- oo-seeded. — Herbs  hispid,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  1-sidcd  racemes.    May,  June. 

§  Capsule  4-seeded.    Corolla  tube  evidently  appendaged  within Xos.  1 — 3 

§  EuTocA.    Caps,  (or  ovary)  8-  GC-seeded.    Cor.  obscurely  appendaged.  ..(a) 

a  Seeds  or  ovules  6 — 8.    Racemes  simple.    Native  South Nos.  4— 6 

a  Seeds  or  ovules  20  or  more.    Rac.  forked  or  coryrabed.    Gardens.   (i)..Nos.  7— 9 

1  P.  bipluiiatif  ida  Mx.    Stem  hain,',  subercct,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  cut-pinnatifld, 

long-petioled,  segm.  again  incised  ;  rac.  forked  or  simple,  loose  ;  corolla  twice  longer 
than  calyx,  6",  blue.    (2)  Hilly  woods.  111.  to  N.  C.  and  Ala.    1— 2f. 

2  P.  TANACETiFOLiA.    Hippid  Or  hairy,  tall,  with  pinnatisect  leaves,  long,  dense  ra- 

cemes, corollas  blue,  and  long,  exserted  stamens.    California.    1— Sf. 

3  P.  coxGESTA.    Hoary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnate  with  very  unequal  alternate-cut  Ifts. ; 

racemes  loose,  spicate  ;  flowers  small,  blue;  stamens  little  exserted.    California.    If. 

4  P.  parviflora  Ph.    Stems  smoothish,  weak ;  Ivs.  all  petiolate,  pinnatifid  or  3-fld, 

lobes  distant,  small ;  fls.  4",  pale  ;  sep.  smoothi.^h.    @  Shady  banks,  Pa.,  and  S.    9'. 

5  P.  niaculata  Wood.    Erect,  branched,  sparingly  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  5-7-lobed. 

lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile  :  lis.  7",  violet-blue,  10-spotted  around  the  yellow  throat ; 
sepals  bristly-ciliate,  linear-oblong.    @  Stone  Mountain,  Ga.,  and  W.    6—12'. 

6  P.  pusilla  Buckley.    Pubescent ;  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  lobes  abruptly  pointed ; 

fls.  pale-blue  or  white  ;  sepals  linear-oblong ;  stamens  exserted.    Prairies,  Ala. 

7  p.  Franklinil  Gray.    Soft-hairy,  erect ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid  with  crowded  lobes;  ra- 

cemes short,  dense,  crowded,  with  blue  fls.    Isl.  Eoyal  (Porter)  to  Oreg.  !   Cultivated. 

8  P.  visciDA.    Viscid  with  glandular  hairs,  ovate,  coarsely-toothed  leaves,  and  long, 

revolute  racemes,  uncoiling  as  the  large  (9")  purple-blue  flowers  expand.    Cal.    If. 

9  P.  Menziesh.    Lvs.  linear,  entire,  or  the  lower  with  few  linear-oblong  lobes  ;  flow- 

ers sessile,  light-blue,  in  short  spikes.    Oregon. 

6.  WHITLAVIA,  HaiTey.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  tubular-campanulate, 
the  5  lobes  abruptly  spreading,  throat  slightly  contracted.  Sta.  exserted. 
Capsule  cx-seeded.    @  From  Texas  and  California. 

W.  GRASDiFLORA.    Some  viscid,  with  broad,  ovate,  petiolate,  coarsely-toothed  leaves, 
loose  racemes  of  large  (10  deep-blue  (or  white)  bell-shaped  flowers.    June— October. 

7.  HYDROLBA,  L.  Sep.  5.  Cor.  rotate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  bear- 
ing the  5  stamens.  Stj-les  3,  distinct.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-Talv(id,  the  pla- 
centae large,  with  GO  minute  seeds. — Herbs  with  entire  leaves  and  cymes 
of  blue  flowers.    July — September. 

1  H.  corymbosa  Macbride.    Not  spiny,  some  hairy  above  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  sessile  ; 
branchlets  corymbed,  each  with  a  terminal,  showy,  azure  flower.    Ponds,  S.    1— 2f. 


250  Ordek  94.— POLEMONIACE.^. 

2  H.  quadrtvalvls  Walt.    Spiny,  hispid ;  leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate  ;  cymes  4-  ft- 
flowered  ;  co.-.  azure-blue,  5—6"  broad ;  sep.  ovate.    Slow  waters,  S.  C,  and  W.    2f. 

8.  WIGANDIA,  H.  B.  K.    Cor.  funnel-form.— Herbs  with  large  leaves. 
W.CaracasIna.    Half-shrubby,  with  ovate-cordate,  doubly-crenate,  variegated,  ample 
leaves,  stinging  hairs,  and  revolute  spikes  of  small  flowers.    S.  Am.    Greenhouse. 

Order  XCIV.    POLEMONIACE.E.    PnLoxwoRTS. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  5-parted,  regular,  showy 
flowers.  Corolla  monopetalous,  the  lobes  convolute,  rarely  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Stamens  5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes.  Ovary  3-celled.  Stigma  3-cleft.  Capsule  S-celled,  3-valved,  loculi- 
cidal.  Seeds  few  or  many,  albuminous,  attached  to  a  permanent  colu- 
mella.   Fig.  46. 

I.  POLKMOXIE^.    Sepals  united  at  base.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  bad. .  .(a) 

II.  DIAPEN.SIE^.     Sepals  distinct,  oval.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  bud. ..  .Di.iPEXSU.  7 

a  stamens  unequal,  included  in  the  tube  of  the  salver-form  eoiolla Phlox.  1 

a  Stamens  unequal,  in  the  tube  of  the  funnel-form  (scarlet)  corolla Collomia.  2 

a  Stamens  equal  and  protruded  from  the  corolla  tube.     Seeds  CO  . .  .{?<) 

h  Leaves  undivided,  opposite.     Corolla  wheel-funnel-form,  dentate Fe.vzlia.  3 

ft  Leaves  variously  divided.     Ovary  and  pod  CO -seeded. .  .(c) 

c  Stamens  equal  and  straight.     Corolla  of  various  forms Gilia.  4 

c  Stamens  declined  in  the  bell-form  C(irolla.—fZ  Low  herbs Polemoxium.  5 

—d  Climbing  shrubs Cob.ea.  G 

1.  PHLOX,  L.  Phlox.  Lychnidea.  Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5-cleft. 
Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  more  or  less  curved.  Sta.  very  unequally  in- 
serted, and  included  in  the  tube.  Caps.  3-celled,  cells  each  1-seeded.— A 
highly  ornamental  North  American  genus.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite,  sessile, 
simple,  entire.    Fls.  in  terminal  cymes,  corymbed  or  panic-led.    Fig.  46. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end. .  .(1) 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  oblong  or  pyramidal,  many-flowered No?.  1,  2 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  corymbed,  level-topped,  flowers  fewer...  (2) 

2  Plants  glabrous.    Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  its  tube Nos.  3,  4 

2  Plants  hairy.    Calyx  teeth  attenuated,  longer  than  the  tube. .  .(3) 

3  Leaves  narrow,  linear,  or  nearly  so Nos.  5,  G 

3  Leaves  broad,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  &c Nos.  7,  8  /3,  9 

*  Lobes  of  corolla  notched  or  bifld  at  the  end.-^  Leaves  distant Nos.  8,  10 

— 4  Leaves  imbricated No.  11 

1  P.  paniculata  L.    Smooth,  erect;  leaves  oblong- or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at 

each  end  ;  fls.  numerous,  in  a  terminal  panicle,  piiik-puri)k>,  varying  to  white  ;  calyx 
toetli  setaceous-pointed.  2f  Shady  banks,  Penn.,  W.  and  S.  2— .3f.  July— Sept.  t 
-  -jS.  acuminata.    Lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  downy  beneath  ;  stem  hairy.     T^/,-.'-- 

2  P.  inaculata  L.    Stem  roughish,  purple-spotted,  upright ;  leaves  thickish,  lanceo- 

late, the  upper  ovate-cordate ;  fls.  many,  purple,  in  an  oblong  panicle;  calyx  teeth 
lanceolate,  acute.    7i  Moist  fields,  Penn.  to  Car.,  and  W.    2— 3f.    June— August. 

/3.  g-racilior.    Tall,  slender,  rough  ;  leaves  lance-linear  and  linear.    Ga.  (Feay). 

V.  auaieolens.    Smooth;  flowers  white,  sweet-scented.    Gardens. 

3  P.  Carolina  L.    Ascending,  often  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  at  base, 

pointed  ;  fls.  rose-purple,  in  small,  dense  cymes,  n  Prairies,  woods,  Pa.,  W.  and  S. 
9'— 2f.    May— July.— /3.  or'ata  has  roughish  stems  and  ovate  leaves. 


Order  94— POLEMONIACE.E.  257 

4  P.  glaberrima  L.    Slender,  erect;  leaves  obloug-  to  lance-Iincar,  taper-pointed, 

thick,  with  rolled  margins;  calyx  teeth  eharp-pointed ;  corollas  pale-pink,  few.  7t 
Prairie?  and  barrens,  Wis.  to  Ga.    1— 3f.    June.  July. 

5  P.  pilosa  L.    Ascending,  slender,  glandular-hairy  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  linear, 
.  yy  attenuate  to  an  acute  apex  ;  corymbs  loose  ;  calyx  teeth  bristle-pointed,  nnich  longer 

than  the  tube  ;  corolla  small,     n  Wis.  to  N.  J.,  and  S.    May,  June. 
/3.  F'loritUiint.    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  calyx  teeth  lance-setaceous.    Fla. 

6  P.  Involucrata  Wood.    Hoary-pubescent,  branched  and  ascending  at  base  ;  Ivs. 

linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  clasping,  flat,  the  floral  similar  and  closely  subtending 
the  dense  corymbs  as  if  involucrate ;  calyx  teeth  linear  or  subulate-spatiilate  ;  flowers 
purple  to  carmine,    n  Dry  soils,  S.    C— 12'.    ^May,  June. 

7  P.  reptaus  j\Ix.    Assurgent,  with  creeping  stolons  ;  Ivs.  obovate  to  ovate,  obtuse  ; 

fls.  few  ;  sep.  linear-subulate  ;  cor.  blue-purple,    ii  Hills,  Ind.  to  Pa.,  and  S.    !)'.    Jn. 

8  P.  divaricata  L.    Lo\v,  diffuse,  downy  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-oblong,  acute  ;  flowers 

grayish-blue,  lobes  notched  ;  sep.  lin. -subulate.    2{  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  and  S.  If.  Apr.,  May. 

-!.~^^  p_  jjttplitnuii.    Leaves  ovate  ;  corolla  lobes  obtuse,  entire.    Wis.  (Lapham). 

^a.    ^  P.  Driiinmoiiclli  Hook.    Upright,  forking,  glandular-hairy  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  ob- 
long, mostly  alternate ;  sepals  lance-setaceous,  revolute ;  flowers  in  dense  corymbs, 
all  shades  in  the  gardens,  white  to  purple,  with  a  star.    (T)  Ga. !  to  Texas. 
10  P.  bifida  Beck.    Low,  assurgent,  difluse  ;  Ivs.  lanco-ovate  to  lance-linear;  fls.  few, 

sepals  linear,  petals  deeply  bifld,  purple,     y.  111.  to  Mo. :  rare.    6'.    April. 
IIP.  subulata  L.    Moss  Pink.    Procumbent,  much  branched  and  very  leafy,  in 
tufts  ;  leaves  rigid,  linear  to  subulate,  fascicled  ;  flowers  pink  to  white,  covering  the 
tufts  in  May.    5—8'.    Penn.,  S.  and  W.,  and  in  gardens. 

2.  COLLOMIA  cocciNEA.  ®  From  Chili,  has  bri^lit  carmine-red  fls. 
in  heads  subtended  by  broad  bracts.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  often  3-cleft  at  apex,  alter- 
nate.   Pods  3-seeded.    10—15'.    June,  July. 

3.  FENZLIA  DiANTHOiDES.  Q)  California.  A  small  pink-like  herb, 
3— (/,  with  exquisitely  beautiful  flowers,  1',  solitary,  pink  with  5  purple  dots  around  a 
yellow  eye,  and  the  5  lobes  evenly  notched  at  the  end.    Leaves  linear,  opposite. 

4.  GILIA,  R.  &  P.  Cal.  teeth  acute.  Cor.  fannel-form,  the  tube  short 
or  long,  bearing  the  equal  sta.  more  or  less  exserted  and  not  declined.  Pet. 
entire.     Pod  oo-seeded. — Herbs  with  elegant,  showy  flowers. 

§  Iposiopsis.    Corolla  tube  long  exserted,  in  thyrse-like  racemes.    Tall No.  1 

§  Leptosiphon.    Corolla  tube  long,  slender,  in  involucrate  heads.    Low No.  2 

§  EuofLiA.    Corolla  tube  included  in  the  calyx,  scattered  or  capitate Nos.  3,  4 

1  Cr.  coronopilolia  Pers.    Standing  Cypress.    A  splendid  herb  2— 4f,  plume-like  in 

form,  closely  beset  with  delicate  pinnatifid  Ivs.  and  bearing  at  top  a  long  (If)  thyrse 
of  bright  red  flowers  (15").    ®  Sandy  banks,  S.  C.  to  Fla.,  and  W.    July— Sept.    t 

2  G.  ANDROSACEA.    Strict,  simple,  downy  ;  Ivs.  opp.,  digitately  5-9-cleft  into  very  nar- 

row segments  ;  cor.  1'  or  more  long,  lilac,  purple  or  white.    (I)  Cal.    6—12'.    May,  Jn. 

3  G.  TRICOLOR.    Diflusely  branched ;  Ivs.  2-3-pinnatifid  ;  flowers  many,  3-colored,  limb 

lilac,  throat  purple,  tube  yellow.    A  great  favorite,  from  California. 

4  G.  CAPITATA,  with  the  blue  b"  flowers  at  length  in  round  dense  heads.    Cal.  and  Oreg. 

5.  POLEMONIUM,  L.  Greek  Valerian.  Calyx  and  corolla  bell- 
form,  with  suberect  segments.  Stamens  equally  inserted,  declined,  hairy  at 
base.  Capsules  3-valved,  3-celled. — Herbs  weak,  with  alternate  pinnately- 
divided  leaves  and  terminal  cymes,  blue  to  white. 

1  P.  reptans  L.    Dilfusely  branched  ;  leaves  T-ll-foliate,  leaflets  acute  ;  fls.  nodding; 
pod  cells  2- or  3-eeeded.    if  Damp  uplands,  N.Y.  to  Wis.,  and  S.    1— ]Jf.    May. 


258  Order  95.— CONVOLVULACE.E. 

2  P.  coeruleum.    Tall,  with  erect  branches  ;  leaflets  11—17,  pointed ;  fls.  erect ;  seeds 
CO  .    Swamps,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  (Dr.  Howe,  Prof.  Porter).    2— 3f.    Often  cultivated. 

6.  COB.ffiA  scAKDENS.  Calyx  large  and  leaf-like.  Cor.  large,  throal 
ample,  limb  spreading,  dull  purple.  Leaves  pinnatisect,  ending  in  a  tendril.  Coarse 
climbers,  from  Mexico.    The  lower  leaf-segments  resemble  stipules. 

7.  DIAPENSIA,  L.  Cal.  of  5  oval  sepals,  closel}^  subtended  by  bracts. 
Corolla  bcll-fonn,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fil.  flat,  arising  from  the  sinuses 
of  the  corolla,  antli.  cells  diverging  at  base  and  the  dehiscence  transverse. 
Caps.  3-cclled,  oo-seeded.  |^.  Prostrate,  with  densely  imbricated,  entire 
leaves  and  solitary  terminal  flowers. 

§  DiAPENsiA  jyi'oper.    Anthers  without  awns.    Flowers  pedicellate No.  1 

§  Pyxidantheea.    Anthers  with  the  lower  valve  awned.    Flowers  sessile No.  2 

1  D.  liapponiea  L.    A  little  tufted  shniblet,  with  fleshy,  evergreen,  obtuse  leaves, 

and  the  tiny  white  fls.  raised  on  pedicels  1'  long.    White  Mountains.    2 — .3'.    July. 

2  D.  barbiilita  Ell.    Prostrate,  creeping,  forming  dense  beds,  with  short  branches  ; 

flowers  terminal,  sessile  ;  anth.  short-awned  at  base.   Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.   .3-0'.   Jn. 

Order  XCV.    CONVOLVULACExE.    Bindweeds. 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  sometimes  parasitic,  sometimes  shrubby. 
Leaves  (or  scales  when  leafless)  alternate.  Floicers  regular,  pentamerous 
and  5-androus.  Sepals  imbricated.  Corolla  monopetalous,  5-plaited  or 
lobed,  convolute  in  bud.  Ovary  free,  2-(rarely  3-)celled  or  falsely  4-celled, 
or  of  2  distinct,  1-ovuled  pistils.  Capsule  2-G-seeded.  Embryo  large,  coiled 
in  mucilaginous  albumen.    Figs.  48,  65,  81,  82,  209-10,  263. 

III.  CrSCUTIXE.E.    Leafless,  twining-,  orange-yellow  parasites Ccscuta.  11 

II.  DICHOXDRE^.     Leafy.    2  distinct  ovaries  with  2  distinct  styles Dicho.ndra.     10 

I.  CONTOLVULE.E.     Leafy.     Ovary  1.     Capsule  dehiscent.     Seed-lobes  leafy.,  .(a) 
a  Styles  united  into  one...(W 
a  Styles  2  or  3,  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Stamens  included. . .(;) 

h  Ovary  and  pod  4-celled. — c  Stamens  e.xserted.     Flower-i  small Quamoclit.        1 

— e  Stamens  included.     Flowers  lar;;e Batatas.  2 

6  Ovary  and  pod  3-ceIled.    Stigma  capitate,  granulate !..Pharbitis.         3 

b  Ovary  and  pod  2-celled. . .  (d) 

d  Stigma  1,  capitate. — e  Stamens  included Ipom(EA.  4 

— e  Stamens  exserted Caloxvction.    5 

d  Stigmas  2,— x  ovate,  flattened.    S.  Fla Jacql'kmontia  liulacea. 

— X  linear-terete.    Calyx  not  bracted Convolvulus.  6 

—X  oblong-terete.     Calyx  in  2  large  bracts CALVSirGiA.      7 

z  Styles  each  bifid.     Peduncle  very  short F.vCLVUl.ns.       8 

s  Stjles  each  simple.    Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves SxYUSliA-  9 

1.  QUAMOCIjIT,  Tourn.  Cypress-vine.  Sep.  5,  mosty  niVicroniito. 
Cor.  tubular-cylindric,  with  a  salver-form  border.  Sta.  exserted.  Style  1, 
stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.   Ov.  4-celled,  cells  1-seeded.    ^  From  Tropical  Am. 

1  Q.  vulgaris  Choisy.     Cypress-tine.    Lvs.  pinnatifid  to  -the  midvein,  scgm.  linear, 

parallel,  acute ;  ped.  1-flwd. ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  cor.  scarlet.    (T)  An  exceedingly 
delicate  vine,  in  gardens,  and  often  escaped  S.    July,  Aug.    § 

2  Q,,  coccinea  Mcench.    Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angular  at  base  :  ped, 

elongated,  about  5-flowered ;  calyx  awned;  flowers  light  scarlet,  lijnb  nearly  entire 
9"  broad,    (i)  Along  rivers,  S.  and  W.    June— Aug.    §  t 


Order  95.— CONVOLVULACE^.  259 

2.  BATATAS,  Rumpli.  Swekt  Potato.  Cal.  of  5  sepals.  Cor.  cani- 
pauulate,  ■v^-itll  a  spreading  limb.  Stam.  5,  included.  Stj'le  simple,  stigma 
capitate,  2-lobed.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved,  with  4  erect  seeds.  ^  Herbs, 
or  shrubby,  with  milky  juice. 

1  B.  Httoralls  Chois.    Creeping,  sending  out  runners ;  Ivs.  smooth,  thick,  sinuate 

with  3—5  rounded  lobes  and  cordate  at  base  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaf;  sep. 
abrupt-pointed  ;  seeds  tomentous  ;  corolla  white,    v  Coast  sands,  S.    Aug.— Oct. 

2  B.  macrorliiza  Wood.    Creeping  or  twining ;  Ivs.  cordate,  lobed  or  entire,  soft- 

downy  beneath ;  ped.  1-5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  cor.  pui-ple ;  seeds  vil- 
lous.   U  Sauds,  S.  C.  to  Fla.    Root  very  large.    (Ipomoea  Michauxii  Swt.) 

3  B.  edulls.    Street  Potato.    Lvs.  3-51obed  or  angled,  lobes  acute ;  ped.  3-.5-flowered, 

as  long  as  the  petioles.    2;  W.  Indies.    Extensively  cult,  for  its  sweet  tubers.    Purple. 

3.  PHARBITIS,  Chois.  Morning  Glory.  Calyx  S-sepalled.  Cor.  bell- 
funnel-form.  Stj\  single,  stig.  capitate,  granulate.  Ov.  3-(rarely  4-)celled, 
cells  3-seeded.     ^  Beautiful,  cultivated  and  spontaneous. 

1  P.  purpurea  Wood.    Twining  stem  clothed  with  reversed  hairs;  Ivs.  cordate,  en- 

tire ;  ped.  2-5-flowered :  corolla  large,  dark  purple,  varying  to  blue,  flesh-color,  &c., 
appearing  in  long  succession,  in  fields  and  gardens.    June,  July.    § 

2  P.  IVil  Chois.      Some  hairy;    leaves  cordate,  3-lobcd  ;    ped.  1-3-flowered,  shorter 

than  the  petioles  ;  sepals  ovate,  long-pointed,  corolla  tube  white,  border  indigo  {nil) 
blue.    Gardens,  and  in  fields.    July,  Aug.    § 

3  P.  HEDEE.lcE.\,  from  S.  Am.,  differs  from  P.  Nil  in  the  middle  lobe  of  its  Ivs.,  which  is 

ovate,  and  contracted  at  base  ;  ped.  1-flwd. ;  cor.  2'  or  more  broad,  varying  in  purple 
and  blue,  blue  and  white,  pink  and  white,  &c.— The  hybrid  P.  limbata  has  a  purple 
star  with  a  white  border  and  leaves  scarcely  lobed.     T) 

4  P.  LeIrii,  from  Mexico,  has  ped.  longer  than  ihe  cordate,  velvet-silky  leaves,  each 

bearing  a  cluster  of  magenta-blue-red  flowers.    Greenhouse,    if .    10— 15f. 

4.  IPOMCEA,  L.  Cal.  5-sepalled.  Cor.  bell-funnel-form.  Sta.  included. 
Style  1,  stigma  capitate.  Ov.  and  capsule  2-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — Herbs, 
shrubs,  or  trees.     Our  species  are  herbs  creeping  or  climbing. 

*  Flowers  capitate,  involucrate,  small,  blue.    Sspals  hairy No.  1 

*  Flowers  separate.- a  Sepals  bristly  ciliate,  capsules  somewhat  hairy Nos.  2,  3 

— «  Sepals  glabrous.— 6  Flowers  purple.    Maritime Nos.  4,  5 

— *  Flowers  white,  rarely  yellow... Nos.  6— 8 

1  1.  tainuilolia  L.    Hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  large,  equalling  the 

peduncles  ;  fls.  crowded,  9",  with  linear  bracts  and  sepals.    (1)  Ga.  to  La.    Jl.— Sept. 

2  I.  coinmutata  R.  &  S.    Smoothish ;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed  ;  ped.  as  long 

as  the  petioles  ;  flowers  2—5,  purple  to  pink,  IS"  ;  sep.  5".    ®  Fields,  S.    July— Oct. 

3  I.  lacunosa  L.    Puberulcnt ;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire  or  angular-lobed  ;  ped.  J  as  long 

as  the  petioles  ;  flowers  1—3,  white,  with  a  purplish  rim,  1',  sepals  i  as  long.  (1)  Dry 
fields  and  hills,  Penn.  to  Dl.,  and  S.    2— 6f.    August,  September. 

4  I.  Pes-Caprae  Sw.    Roughish  ;  leaves  roundish,  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  thick  ;  ped. 

as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  fls.  1 — 5,  purple,  3' long.    Coasts  of  Ga.  and  Fla.    June-f-. 

5  I.  saglttilolia  (Mx.)    Glabrous;  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  petiole, 

much  shorter  than  the  one  large  (3')  purple  flower.    2:  Marshes,  S.    June-f. 

6  I.  sliiuita  Ort.    Lvs.  palmately  7-cleft,  varying  to  sinuate-lobed ;  segments  pinna- 

tifid  ;  ped.  1-  or  2-flowered  ;  corolla  white,  1'.    n  Ga.,  Fla.    SOf.    July— October. 

7  I.  ciliolita  Pers.    Leaves  cordate,  entire,  acuminate  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  2-bracted 

above  ;  corolla  large,  yellow ;  sepals  S''  long.     21  N.  Car.  and  Tenn. 

8  I.  paiidnrata  Meyer.     Wild  Potato.    Leaves  broad-cordate  to  panduriform  ;  ped. 


2C0  OuDKK  9.>.— C^ONVOLVULACE.^. 

l-5-flowered,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  J  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  corollc  3', 
white  with  a  purple  centre,    n  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    July,  August. 

5.  OALONYCTION  sPECidsuM  (or  Ipomoea  Bona-nox),  Good-night, 

is  a  tall  climber  of  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  Fla.,  often  cultivated  in  the  greenhouse.   Flow- 
ers 4—7  on  each  long  peduncle,  very  large,  funnel-form,  white. 

6.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.    Bindweed.     Sep.  5.     Cor.  bell-form.     Style 

1.  Stigmas  2,  threacl-tbrm,  often  revolute.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-cellecl,  4- 
seeded. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  twining  or  erect. 

1  C.  arvensis  L.    Prostrate  or  climbing ;  leaves  arrow-shaped  to  ear-shaped ;  ped. 

bearing  1  small  rose-white  flower  and  2  bracts.     2i  Fields  :  rare.    June.    § 

2  C.  TRICOLOR.    Stem  weak,  1 — 3f  high  ;  leaves  lance-obovate,  sessile,  shorter  than  the 

1-flowercd  ped. ;  corolla  yellow  in  centre,  white  next,  border  blue.    (T)  Europe. 

7.  CALYSTEGIA,  Br.  Calyx  5-parted,  included  in  2  leaf-like  bracts. 
Cor.  bell-form,  5-plicate.  Style  1.  Stigmas  2,  obtuse.  Capsule  1-celled,  4- 
seeded. — Herbs,  Avith  the  flowers  solitary. 

1  C.  spitliamsea  Br.    Erect  or  assurgent,  6—8'  (a  sjian)  high ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  as 

long  as  the  peduncles  ;  flowers  white.    7t  Can.  to  Penn.,  and  W.    June. 

2  C.  Seplum  Br.    liutland  Beauty.    Glabrous,  twining;  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate,  lobes 

tnincate  ;  bracts  cordate  ;  flowers  manj',  large,  white  with  a  reddish  tinge.  2f  Hedges, 
thickets.  Can.  to  Fla.    6— lOf.    May— July. 

/3.  Cateshei'ana.    Pubescent,  with  small  leaves  and  short  peduncles.    S. 

y.  ?  paradojca,    Tomentous  ;  bracts  linear,  remote  from  the  flowers.    (Pursh.) 

8.  EVOLVULUS,  L.     Sep.  5.     Cor.  bell-,  funnel-,  or  wheel-form.   Sty. 

2,  each  bifid.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-cclled,  4-seeded. — Herbs  diffuse. 

E.  sericeus  Swtz.  Stem  dividing  at  base  into  simple,  filiform,  procumbent  branches ; 
leaves  lance-linear,  sessile,  3-veined,  silky  beneath,  9"  ;  ped.  1 — 2",  1-flowered  ;  co- 
rolla wheel-form,  5",  white,    n  Prairies,  G.i.,  Fla.,  to  La.    If. 

9.  STYLISMA,  Eaf  Sepals  5,  equal.  Corolla  bell-form.  Stamens 
included.     Styles  2,  rarely  3.     Stig.  capitate.     11  Slender  creepers. 

1  S.  Iiuiuistrata  (and  aquatica)  Walt.    Hairy  or  smoothish  ;  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or 

linear,  obtuse  or  retuse  both  ways,  on  short  petioles  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves,  3- 
(1— 5-)flowered ;  bracts  minute ;  styles  less  than  \  united ;  corolla  6—9",  white. 
Sandy  soils,  Va.  to  O.,  and  S.  2— 5f.  Lvs.  12—18".    (S.  evolvuloides  Choisy.)  Jn.-Sept. 

2  S.  Pickeringil  (Torr.)    Leaves  linear,  narrowed  to  subsessile  base  ;  bracts  leafy, 

equalling  the  flower  ;  stylos  more  than  }  united,  otherwise  as  No.  1.    N.  J.  to  N.  C. 

10.  DICHONDRA,  Foist.     Sep.  5,  obtuse.     Corolla  bell-form,  5-cleft. 

Pistils  2,  distinct.     Capsules  2,  utricular,  1-seeded.     if  Prostrate. 

D.  repens  Forst.    Lvs.  round-cordate  or  reniform,  the  petiole  longer  than  the  blade 

or  the  1-flowered  peduncles  ;  calyx  villous,  larger  (3")  than  the  whitish  corolla  (2"). 

Wet  grounds,  S.    3—12'.    March— May. 

11.  CUSOUTA,  Tourn.  Dodder.  Fls.  5-(rarely  4-)parted.  Corolla 
globular-bell-form.  Sta.  appendaged  with  scales  or  fringes  at  base.  Styles 
2.  Caps.  2-celled,  4-seeded.  ®  Stems  yellow  to  orange,  thread-form,  with 
minute  scales  for  leaves,  twining  against  the  sun  and  living  on  other  plants. 

§  Stigmas  filiform  as  well  as  the  styles.    Capsule  regularly  circumscissile No.  1 

§  Stigmas  capitate.    Capsule  indehiscent  or  bui-sting  irregularly. . .  (*) 


Order  96.— SOLANACE^.  2G1 

•  Sepals  distinct,  with  imbricated  bracts  added.    Flowers  sessile Nos.  2.  3 

•  Sepals  united,  bracts  few  and  scattered.    Flowers  pedicellate ...  (a) 

a  Corolla  cj'liudrical,  withering  on  the  top  of  the  capsule. Nos.  4—6 

a  Corolla  bell-shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule. .  .(b) 

b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute  or  acuminate Nos.  7,  8 

b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  obtuse Nos.  9— 11 

1  CEplliniim  Weih.    Flax  D.    Fls.  sessile  iu  small,  dense,  remote  heads  ;  calyx  5- 

parted,  scarce!}' shorter  than  the  globular  corolla  or  capsule.    Flax  fields.   Jn.   §  Eur. 

2  C.  g-lomerata  Choisy.    Fls.  in  compact  masses  surrounding  the  foster  stem  while 

its  own  filiform  stems  decay  ;  sepals  1",  with  many  squarrous  bracts  ;  corolla  white, 
2",  tube-bell-form,  5-lobed.    On  the  Compositte,  &c.,  W.  and  S. 

3  C.  conipacta  Juss.    Fls.  in  large  (1—2')  masses,  with  thick  stems  ;  sep.  and  .3—5 

bracts  minute  (J") ;  cor.  slender,  with  5  oblong  lobes.    N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.,  on  shrubs. 

4  C  tenuiflora  Eng.    Pale,  much  branched,  on  high  plants;  fls.  short-pedicelled ; 

cor.  tube  slender,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  or  its  own  short  obtuse  lobes ;  capsule 
often  but  1-  or  2-seeded.    AVet  grounds,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  to  111.,  and  W. 

5  C  inflexa  Eng,    Fls.  pedicelled,  mostly  4-parted  ;  cor.  fleshy,  its  lobes  erect  and 

Inflexed,  margins  crenulate  ;  capsule  brown,  capped  with  the  dead  corolla.    Prairiea 
and  open  woods,  111.  to  Va.  and  Ga.    On  Hazel,  Rhus,  &c. 

6  C.  decora  Chois.    Fls.  pedicellate,  5-parted,  large  (H"),  fleshy,  white ;  cor.  broad- 

bell-form,  lobes  acute  ;  capsule  enveloped  by  the  dead  corolLi.    Wet,  111.  to  Fla. 

7  C.  clilorocarpa  Eng.    Low,  branching,  orange;   fls.  4-parted,   short-pedicelled, 

1",  bell-form,  the  lobes  of  cal.  and  cor.  acute  ;  caps,  large,  greenish.  Wis.  to  Del.,  &  S. 

8  C.  arvensis  Beyr.    On  low  plants  ;  flowers  small  (fj,  .5-parted,  pedicellate  ;  corolla 

tube  shorter  than  its  pointed  lobes,  or  the  rounded  sepals.  N.  Y.  to  III.,  and  S.  Jn.,  JI. 

9  C.  obtuslflora  II.  B.  K.    Low,  bright  orange  ;  fls.  pedicell..  dotted  with  red  glands 

(/3.  glandulosa) ;  sep.  round-obtuse  ;  caps.  li".   Mostly  on  Polygonum.    Ga.,  S.  and  W. 

10  C.  Oronovil  Willd.  Stems  thick,  often  high-chrabing ;  fls.  mostly  5-parted,  at 
length  densely  panicled  ;  corolla  tube  bell-form,  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  lobes  ob- 
tuse, entire,  spreading.    Common  in  all  the  country.    Flowers  IJ". 

lie.  rostrata  Shutt.  Fls.  large  (2— .3"),  in  loose  cymes  ;  corolla  deeply  bell-form, 
lobes  obtuse  ;  capsule  2—3",  with  a  2-pointed  beak.    Mountains,  Md.  to  S.  Car. 

Order  XCVI.     SOLANACEiE.    Nightshades. 

Plants  h(!rbaceous,  rarely  shrubby,  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate 
leaves  often  in  pairs.  Floicers  mostly  regular,  often  extra-axillary,  5-parted, 
on  bractless  pedicels.  Corolla  valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud,  and  often  con- 
volute. Ca'yx  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fruit  a  2 -(rarely  3-  or  more)celled 
capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  go,  with  a  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Figs.  G6,  113,  168,  360,  483-4. 

§  N0L.\NE.E.     Ovaries  few  or  CO,  distinct,  simple.     Corolla  funnel-bell-rorru. Nolana.  1 

§  SOLANE^.     Ovary  1,  compound,  2-(or  more)celled...(*) 

•  Corolla  wheel-form,  the  tube  very  short.     Anthers  convergent. .  .('j) 

•  Corolla  bell-form,  the  broad  tube  including  the  erect  anthers. .  .(c) 

•  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long  and— a  the  limb  somewhat  unequal . .  .(tf) 

— a  the  limb  quite  regular. .  .(e) 

h  Stamens  connate,  opening  by  slits  inside.     Berry  torous Lycopersicum.     2 

h  Stamens  conuivent,  opening  by  terminal  pores.     Berry  round Solancm.  3 

I  Stamens  connivent,  opening  by  slits.     Berry  dryish,  angular Capsicum.  4 

c  Corolla  bluish.     Berry  dry,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx Nica.vdra.  5 

c  Corolla  yellowish.     Berry  juicy,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx Physalis.  6 

c  Corolla  purplish.     Berry  blackish,  sitting  on  the. open  calyx Atropa.  7 


262  Order  96.— SOLANACE^. 

d  Stamens  exserted,  decimate.    Ciipsule  opening  by  a  lid HroscYAMUS.  8 

d  Stamens  included,  unequal.     Capsule  opening  by  valves Petunia.  9 

e  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  tlie  summit  of  the  tube Neihe mbkrgia.  10 

«  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube Lycium.  11 

e  Stamens  included.— a;  Flowers  3'— 12'  long.    Calyx  prismatic Datura.  12 

—X  Flowers  l'— 4/  long.     Calyx  terete Nicotiana.  Vi 

— X  Flowers  C— 10"  long.     Calyx  terete,  short Cestrum.  14 

— X  Flowers  S"  long.    Leaves  very  small Fabiana.  IS 

1.  NOLANA,  L.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  sliowy,  fnnnel-bell-form.  Ova- 
ries 3 — 40,  distinct,  1-6-celled,  becoming  as  many  drupes  around  tlie  base 
of  the  style.     ^  }j  From  S.  America,  with  blue  flowers. 

1  N.  ATRiPLiciFoLiA.    Stcms  procumheiit ;  leaves  thick,  entire,  ovate  to  spatulate,  ob- 

tuse ;  flowers  solitary,  supra-axillary,  with  a  yellow  tube,  azure-blue  border,  and 
white  zone,  numerous  all  Summer. 

2  N.  PROSTRATA.    Leaves  ovate-oblong,  tapering  both  ways ;  calyx  segments  triangu- 

lar-arrow-shaped ;  corolla  blue  with  dark-purple  streaks.    Otherwise  as  No.  1. 

2.  LYCOPERSICUM,  Tourn.  Tomato.  Calyx  5-6-00  -  parted.  Cor. 
rotate,  with  a  short  tube  and  a  plicate-valvate  limb.  Stamens  5-6-00,  ex- 
serted, anth.  connate  at  apex,  longitudinally  dehiscent  on  the  inner  face. 
Berry  fleshy,  2-3-co  -  celled.    Fed.  extra-axillary,  co-flowered. 

li.  KSCTJLENTU3I  Mill.  Hairy  ;  St.  herbaceous,  weak  ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnatifid,  segments 
cut :  corolla  many-lobed ;  fruit  torulous,  furrowed,  smooth,  (i)  A  coarse,  strong- 
scented  herb  with  yellowish  flowers  and  splendid  fruit. 

3.  SOLANUM,  L.  Fotato.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Cor.  rotate, 
subcampanuUite,  tube  very  short,  limb  plicate,  5-cleft,  lobed  or  angular. 
Anth.  erect,  connivent,  distinct,  opening  at  the  top  by  2  pores.  Berry  2- 
celled,  subglobous  or  depressed.  Seeds  go. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Feduncles 
terminal,  becoming  lateral  by  the  extension  of  the  axis.    Figs.  260,  483-4. 

§  Prickles  none.    Anthers  obtuse. . .  (frt 

a  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  and  fruit  in  clusters Nos.  1,  2 

a  Shrubby  climbers,  with  clustered  flowers  and  fruit Nos.  3,  4 

a  Shrubs  erect,  with  orange  or  scarlet  berries Nos.  5,  6 

§  Plants  armed  with  prickles.    Anthers  linear-oblong,  pointed..  .(d») 

b  Flowers  5-parted.    Calyx  open  in  fruit.    Anthers  equal Nos.  7 — 9 

b  Flowers  5-parted.    Calyx  closed  on  the  fruit.    Anthers  unequal Nos.  10,  11 

b  Flowers  (i-O-parted.    Calyx  open  with  the  large  fruit Nos.  12,  13 

1  S.  tut»erosuni  L.    Conmion  Fotato.    Subterranean  branches  bearing  tubers  ;  leaves 

pinnatifid  unequally  and  interruptedly :  corolla  5-angled,  ped.  jointed.    S.  America. 
Cultivated  since  the  17th  century.    Many  varieties. 

2  S.  nigrum  L.    NightsJiade.    Smoothish ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed,  wavy,  or  entire ; 

umbels  lateral,  drooping,  flowers  small  (2—3"),  whitish ;  berries  black,  as  large  as  a 
peppercorn.    Weed  in  old  flelds.    2—3!'.    Summer.    §  Europe. 

3  S.  Dulcamara  L.    Bittersweet.    Stcms  shrubby,  slender,  climbing  ;  leaves  cordate, 

entire  or  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  lobes  at  base  ;  clusters  terminal  and  lateral,  corolla  pur- 
ple, with  5  green  spots  ;  fruit  red.    July.    §  Europe. 

4  S.  JASMiNoiDES.    Climbing  high,  smooth,  Ivs.  ovate,  entire  ;  clusters  blue-wh.  Brazil. 

5  S.  PsEUDo-C.\rsicuM.    Jerusalem  Cherry.    Erect,  like  a  dwarf  tree ;  leaves  oblong- 

lanceolate,  smooth,  shining;  flowers  solitary,  white,  berries  scarlet,  as  large  as  cher- 
ries.   Mauritius.    2 — If.    Handsome. 

6  S.  LACiNiATUM.    Shrub  crcct,  smooth  :  Ivs.  pinnatifid  ;  fls.  blue  ;  fr.  orange.   Australia. 


Okdeu  96.— SOLANACILE.  263 

7  S.  Caroliueuse  L.    Uoi'se  Xettk.    Prickles  large,  yellow,  scattered  on  the  stem, 

petioles,  and  veins ;  leaves  augular-lobed,  acute  ;  flowers  white,  10—15",  racemed ; 
berries  yellow.    Roadsides,  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.    1— 2f.    June. 

8  S.  Vlrginiaiiuni  L.    Hairy  and  prickly ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  angular- 

eiuuate  lobes  ;  flowers  pale-violet,  15",  in  leafy  racemes.    Va.,  and  S.    July. 

9  S.  iiiaiiiiuosiini  L.    Aj'ple-of-Sodom.    Villous  and  with  scattered  spines  ;  leaves 

roundish-ovate,  subcordate,  lobed  ;  berries  inversely  pear-shaped.    @  Waste  grounds, 
Ga.,  FJa.,  and  W.    E'lowers  violet,  15".    Fruit  yellow. 

10  S.  rostr.Itum.  Hoary-tomentous  and  very  prickly;  leaves  doubly  sinuate-lobcd ; 
flowers  yellow,  12 — 15"  ;  fruit  closed  in  the  burr-like  calj-x.    (T)  Kansas. 

US.  HETERODoxuii.  Very  hairy  and  prickly ;  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  lobes  runci- 
nate  ;  flowers  violet-blue.    (T)  From  Texas.    Fruit  black. 

12  S.  Melongena  (or  esculenta).  Egg  Plant.  Prickly;  Ivs.  ovate,  wavy  or  sinuate; 
flowers  violet ;  fruit  very  large,  glossy-purple,  prized  as  a  great  delicacy.  E.  India.— 
A  variety  has  white  fruit  exactly  imitating  a  goose-egg. 

1 3  S.  Tex-Ikum.    With  scarlet  fruit  depressed-globous  and  lobed.    From  Tex.    Mex. 

4.  CAPSICUM,  Toura.  Pepper.  Calyx  erect,  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate, 
tube  very  short,  limb  plaited,  5-lobecl.  Anth.  connivent.  ¥y.  capsular,  cliy, 
inflated,  2-3-celled.  Seeds  fiat,  very  acrid. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  hot  and 
acrid  taste.    Leaves  often  in  pairs.    Ped.  axillary,  solitary. 

C.  ANNUUJi.  Fed  or  Cayenne  P.  Herb  with  angular,  branching  stem,  smooth  ovate 
entire  leaves  and  large  roundish  or  lance-form  red  fruit.    'J)  Many  varieties. 

5.  NICANDRA,  Adans.  Apple  op  Peru.  Cal.  5-cleft,  5-angled,  the 
angles  compressed,  sepals  sagittate.  Cor.  campauulate.  Sta.  5,  incurved. 
Berry  enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx.    ®  Peruvian.     Summer. 

N.  pliysaloides  Adans.  Herb  smooth,  with  ample  ovate-oblong,  sinuate-angled  Ivs. ; 
flowers  solitarv,  axillary,  white,  with  blue  spots.    Gardens  and  fields.    2— 5f.    § 

6.  PHYSALIS.  L.  Ground  Cherry.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  at 
length  inflated.  Cor.  bell-rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  obscurely  5-lobed. 
Sta.  5,  connivent.  Berry  globous,  enclosed  within  the  5-angled  calyx. — 
Herbs  (rarely  shrubs)  with  angular  branches.  Leaves  alternate  or  un- 
equally twin.     Flowers  solitary,  nodding,  extra-axillary,  all  Summer. 

§  Anthers  yellow.    Ped.  elongated.    Fruit  edible,  not  filling  the  calyx. . .  (a) 

a  Corolla  yellow  with  brown-purple  in  the  centre Nos.  1—3 

a  Corolla  yellow  in  centre  as  well  as  border Nos.  4,  5 

§  Anthers  blue  or  violet.    Ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles. . .  (6) 

b  Peduncles  near  V  long.    Berry  not  filling  the  closed  calyx Nos.  6—8 

b  Peduncles  2—3"  long.    Berry  filling  the  open  calyx No.  9 

1  V,  viscosa  L.    Viscid-pubescent,  diff^iise  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  abrupt  at 

base  and  bluntly  toothed  ;  corolia  8— 10";  fruitiug-calyx  H'.     n  Dry  soils.    If. 

2  P.  Pennsylvaiiica  L.    Puberulent,  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  re- 

pand-toothed  or  entire,  base  obtuse  or  acute  ;  corolla  slightly  spotted,  6— S";  fruit- 
calyx  rounded,  1'.    if  Dry  soils,  Penn.,  S.  and  W.    6—15'. 
p.  lanceolata.    Pubescent ;  leaves  tapering  and  acute  both  ways.    S. 

3  P.  aiig-ustifolia  N.    Glabrous  ;   leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  thickish ;  fruit-calyx 

wing-angled,  1';  corolla  10— 12".    if  Wet  sands,  Fla.    6-12'. 

4  P.  nyctajgsiiea   Dun.      Pubescent;    leaves  small,   elliptic-ovate,  biunt-toothed ; 

calyx  hairy  ;  corolla  small  (5—0"),  wholly  yellow.    South.    6 — 12'. 
6  P.  Alkekengl  L.    StraubeiTy  Tomato.    Pubescent,  erect;   leaves  deltoid-ovate, 
acuminate,  repand  ;  calyx  reddening  in  fruit.    il  Gardens  and  fields.    1— 2f. 


264  Ordeu  96.— SOLANACE^. 

6  P.  piib^seens  L.   Viscid-tomentous,  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate,  base  tin- 

equal,  repand  ;  corolla  spotted,  6"  ;  fruit-calyx  5-angled.   OODamp.   S.  andW.   9—18'. 

7  P.  angiilata  L.    Smooth,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong,  acutely  toothed;  cor.  small 

(.3—0") ;  fruit-calyx  ovoid-conic,  longer  than  its  stalk.    (I)  Dry  fields. 

8  P.  Liiiiklana  Nees.    Smooth,  diffuse,  2f  or  more ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  attenuate 

both  ways,  si(bvlate-ioo{\ieA  ;  corolla  (5"  ;  fruit-calyx  IJ'.    @  S.  C,  Ga.  (Dr.  Feay). 

9  P.  Pliiladelplsica  Lam.    Smoothish,  erect ;  Ivs.  obliquely  ovate,  pointed,  angu- 

lar-repand  ;  corolla  9",  spotted  and  striped  ;  berry  large,  red.    (T)  M.  and  W.    t 

7.  ATROPA,  L.  Deadly  NionTsnADE.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  cam- 
panulatc,  limb  5-ck'rt,  valvate-plicate  ia  bud.  Staui.  5,  distant,  included. 
Berry  globous,  2-celied,  silting  on  the  enlarged  calyx.  U  Herbs  of  lurid 
colors.    Leaves  often  twin. 

A.  Belladonna. — Europe.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  large.  Berries  dark-purple,  handsome 
but  poisonous,  like  the  whole  plant.    Medicinal. 

8.  HYOSCYAMUS,  Touru.  Henbane.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Cor. 
funnel-form,  one  of  the  5  obtuse  lobes  larger.  Sta.  5,  declinate.  Stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-celled,  opening  with  a  lid  near  the  summit. — 
Coarse  herbs,  native  in  Eastern  countries. 

H.  nlger  L.  Branched,  very  leafy,  viscid-hairy  and  foetid ;  leaves  sinuate-lobed,  clasp- 
ing ;  corolla  straw-color,  netted  with  purple,  in  one-sided  spikes.  @  In  old  fields, 
and  rubbish.    2f.    Poisonous— medicinal.    July. 

9.  PETUNIA,  Juss.  Cal.  segments  oblong-spatulate.  Cor.  funnel-  or 
salver-form,  tube  cylindric,  limb  spreading,  slightly  unequal.  Sta.  5,  in- 
serted in  the  middle  of  the  tube,  unequal,  included.  Caps.  2-celled.  Seeds 
minute.  South  American  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  the  floral  twin. 
Flowers  solitary,  large,  all  Sumiuer.    Fig.  66. 

1  P.  NTCTAGiNiFLoRA.     Erect,  diffusely  branched,  viscid-hairy ;    flowers  white,    tube 

slender,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  spreading  IJ — 3'.    2f 

2  P.  VI0LA.CEA.    Prostrate  at  base,  then  erect,  viscid-hairy :  flowers  violet-purple,  tube 

inflated,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    By  admixture  numerous  varieties,  single, 
double,  striped,  &c.,  are  raised. 

10.  NIEREMBERGIA,  Kuiz  &  Pav.  Cal.  curved,  5-cleft.  Cor.  fun- 
nel-form, tube  long  and  slender,  limb  ample,  spreading,  plicate,  slightly 
unequal.  Sta.  5,  inserted  in  the  throat,  unequal,  connivent,  anth.  hid  be- 
neath the  stigma.  Capsule  2-celled,  co-seeded. — South  American,  chiefly 
herbs,  creeping,  with  elegant,  solitary,  extra-axillary  flowers. 

N.  Gu.iciLis.  Stems  very  slender  and  much  branched ;  Ivs.  linear  to  spatulate  ;  flow- 
ers 1'  or  more,  white,  lilac,  purple,  with  a  yellow  eye. 

11.  LYCIUM,  L.  Matrimony  Vine.  Cal.  2-5-cleft.  Cor.  tubular, 
bell-  or  funnel-form,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Sta.  4  or  5,  exserted.  Berry  2-celled, 
seeds  several.  "^  5  Often  spiny.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  often  clustered. 
Flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  pairs. 

li.  Barbarum  L.  Branches  spiny,  slender,  pendulous  or  climbing ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  corolla  greenish-purple,  5-parted  ;  calyx  3-  or  4-toothed  ;  berries  small,  orange- 
red.    From  Barbary.    Planted  for  arbors,  walls,  &c. 


Order  96.— SOLANACE^.  265 

2  I/.  Carolinian uni  Ms.    Branches  rigid,  spiny,  upright ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  club-shaped, 
clustered  ;  flowers  small,  4-parted,  purple.    Salt  marshes,  S.    3f. 

12.  DATURA,  L.  Thorn  Apple.  Calyx  large,  tubular,  inflated,  de- 
ciduous, or  spathe-form.  Cor.  funnel-form,  limb  plicate  in  bud,  with  5  or 
10  cuspidate  angles.  Sta.  5.  Caps.  3-celled,  4-valved,  cells  2-parted.  ®Tj 
Coarse,  foetid,  poisonous,  with  large,  often  handsome  flowers.    Fig.  168. 

§  Calyx  deciduous,  its  base  persis.tent.    Flowers  suberect.    (T). .  .(a) 

a  Limb  of  the  corolla  5-toothed.    Pods  erect Nos.  1— .3 

a  Limb  of  the  corolla  10-toothcd.    Pods  drooping Nos.  4,  5 

§  Calyx  persistent,  splitting  and  spathaceous.    Flowers  erect,    (i) No.  G 

§  Calyx  persistent,  often  splitting.    Flowers  pendulous.    Tree-like  Nos.  7—9 

1  D.  iStrainoniuin  L.    Jimson  Weed.    Stem  forked  ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate,  with  unequal 

sides  and  angular  teeth  ;  corolla  cream-white,  2'  long.    Waste  grounds.    3f.    § 
)3.  Tdttila.    Stem  purple  ;  flowers  bluish-white  ;  stem  S— 4f.    S.  and  W.    § 

2  D.  quEuciFoLiA.    Leaves  sinuate-pinnatifld  ;  flowers  white,  5'  broad.    Mexico.    2f. 

3  D.  FASTUOSA.    Stem  dark  purple,  with  whitish,  shining  dots  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  ;  cor. 

violet  without,  white  within,  single  or  double,  V  long.    (T)  Egypt.    Splendid. 

4  I>.  Metei-.    Villous-pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate  ;  flowers  white,  4' broad.    Mexico.    3— 4f. 

5  D.  METELoiDEs.     Smoothish,  slender ;   leaves  ovate-obloug ;  flowers  pure  white  or 

tinged  with  blue,  5'  broad.    Very  fine.    From  Mexico. 

6  I>.  CERATOCAULA.     Stem  terete,  thick,  purple  ;   leaves  lance-ovate ;    con.Ua  thrice 

longer  (.5 — 7')  than  the  calyx,  tube  incurved,  limb  10-toothed.    Cuba. 

7  J>.  ARBOKEA.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  downy ;  calyx  spathaceous,  entire  ;  corolla  8 — 10' 

long,  white,  green-veined;  anthers  distinct.    Peru.    Flowers  often  double. 

8  I>.  suAVEOLENS.    Lcavcs  ovate-oblong,  entire ;  calyx  5-toothcd  ;  corolla  9 — 12'  loi;g, 

sweet-scented,  white  ;  anthers  cohering.    Mexico. 

9  D.  SANGUINEA,  lias  flowcre  8'  long,  limb  red,  tube  yellow,  with  purple  veins.    Peru. 

13.  NICOTIANA,  Tourn.  Tobacco.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-toothed. 
Cor.  funnel-form,  5-lobed.  Sta.  5.  Caps.  3-celled,  2-4-valved.  (i)  Coarse 
narcotics,  with  large,  entire  leaves  and  terminal  fls.    Jn. — Aug.    Fig.  113. 

1  N.  rustica  L.    Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate  ;  corolla  tube  cylindric,  lobes 

round-obtuse,  greenish-yellow.    Weed  in  N.  Y.,  «&c.    1— IJf.    § 

2  N.  Tabacum.     Virginia  T.    Viscid-pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  and  deeur- 

rent ;  corolla  tube  inflated  in  throat,  lobes  acute,  rose-color.    4— 6f. 

3  N.  LONGiFLORA.    Branchcs  spreading  ;  upper  leaves  sessile,  cordate-lanceolate  ;  flow- 

ers racemed,  white-purple-yellow,  tube  slender,  4'.    Hardy  South. 

14.  OESTRUM,  L.  Calyx  often  colored,  5-cleft.  Cor.  tubular-funnel- 
form,  tube  clavate,  limb  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  plicate  in  bud.  Sta.  5,  included, 
adnate  to  cor.  below.  Style  1.  Berry  few-seeded.  5  S-  American,  with 
entire  leaves  and  brilliant  flowers  in  clusters,  fragrant. 

§  Habrothamnus.    Corolla  clavate,  red  or  purple,  limb  suberect Nos.  1,  2 

§  EucESTRUM.    Corolla  club- funnel-form,  yellow-orange,  limb  spreading...  .Nos.  3,  4 

1  C  ELEGANs.    Lvs.  lance-ovate  ;  corolla  purple,  shining,  9" ;  calyx  purple,  3".    5— 6f. 

2  C.  FAscicuLATUM.    Lvs.  bfoad-ovate  ;  corolla  scarlet,  9" ;  calyx  reddened,  3".    5— 6f. 

3  C.  AURANTiACUM.    Leaves  lance-ovate  ;  corolla  tube  inflated,  orange-colored,  5".    4f. 

4  C.  Paequi.    Leaves  narrow-lanceolate  ;  corolla  dull  j-ellow,  G",  tube  terete. 

15.  FABIANA  imbricata,  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  is  a  fine  little  shrub  resembling 
a  Tamarix,  with  small  (6''  long)  ovate  leaves  covering  the  numerous  branches,  and  small 
violet-white  flowers,    t  Chili. 


266  Order  97.— GENTIANACE^. 


Order  XCYII.    GENTIANACE^.    Gentianworts. 

Herbs  smooth,  with  a  colorless,  bitter  juice,  with  entire,  exstipulate 
leaves.  Flowers  regular,  mostly  centrifugal  in  inflorescence  and  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  withering,  its  lobes  alternate  with 
the  stamens.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  3  more  or  less  projecting  parietal 
placentfE.  Frxut  a  2-valvcd,  septicidal,  co-seeded  capsule,  rarely  baccate. 
Seeds  with  a  minute,  straight  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.    Fig.  140. 

I.  GENTIANE^.     Corolla  convolute  (in  No.  8  imbricate)  in  the  bud.    Leaves  opposite. .  .('<) 

II.  MENYANTHE.^.     Corolla  valvate-induplicate  in  the  bud.     Lea ves  alternate  or  radical. . .(.;) 

o  Petals  beardless  or  nearly  so.    Leaves  simple,  floating Limnakthemum.  10 

a  Petals  bearded  inside.    Leaves  trifoliate,  erect Me.vyanthes.  9 

J  Sepals  only  2.     Corolla  4-parted,  tubular-campanulate Obolaria.  8 

6  Sepals  as  many  as  the  petals,  more  or  less  united. .  .(c) 

c  Corolla  lobes  furni.shed  each  with  a  spur  in  the  middle  of  the  back Haienia.  7 

c  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each  with  a  large  central  gland Fraseka.  6 

e  Corolla  lobes  plain,  without  spurs  or  glands.  ..((7) 

d  Leaves  reduced  to  scales.     Corolla  deeply  4-parted Barton'IA.  5 

d  Leafy.— e  St3lc  none,  stig.  sessile.     Corolla  tubular Gentiana.  4 

—e  style  pre.sent.— x  Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  limb Krtthr.ea.  3 

— X  Corolla  tube  shorter  than  the  limb Eustoma.  2 

—X  Corolla  wheel-form,  tube  none Sabbatia.  1 

1.  SABBATIA,  Adams.  American  Centaury.  Calyx  5-12-parted. 
Cor.  rotate,  5-12-parted.  Sta.  5 — 12,  anth.  soon  recurved.  Style  2-parted. 
Caps.  1-celled.     ®®  Slender,  with  veiy  beautiful  flowers,  in  Summer. 

§  LAPITH.EA.    Corolla  7-12-(mostly  9-)partecl,  rose-red Nos.  1,  2 

§  Sabbatia  proper.    Corolla  5-(rarely  6-)parted. . .  (a) 

a  Flowers  white,  paniculate  or  scattered Nos.  3,  4 

a  Flowers  white,  in  a  level-topped  cyme.    Branches  opposite Nos.  5,  6 

a  Flowers  rose- red. — h  Branches  opposite Nos,  T,  8 

-^  Branches  alternate Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  cliloroides  Ph.    Simple  or  forked ;  flowers  \—D,i)eduncitlate,  20'';  petals  ob- 

lanceolate,  10" ;   sepals   linear-spatnlate,  6" ;    leaves  lanceolate  to  oblontj.     Wet 
grounds,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  R.  I.,  and  S.    1— 2f.    t 

2  S.  gentiaiioides  Ell.    Strict,  snbsimple  ;  leaves  linear,  exceeding  the  internodes  ; 

flowers  sessile,  Sbracted,  solitary,  or  several  together;  petals  obovate,  10":  sepals 
lance-subtilate,  4''.    Wet  barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  W.    1 — 2f. 
^.  Botflsinii  (Gray).    Leaves  lance-oblong,  at  least  the  lower.    Ga. 

3  S.  calycosa  Ph.    Rigid,  divaricatelj'-forked  ;  flowers  few,  distant ;  sepals  oblauceo- 

late  (5— S'O,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  leaves  oblong,  -S-veined.    Va.,  and  S.    If. 

4  S.   panlculata   Ph.      Stem  much  branched,  terete,   with  4  thread-like  ridges ; 

branches  mostly  opposite  ;  leaves  small,  oval,  oblong  to  linear ;  panicle  diffuse  ;  se- 
pals subulate,  3"  ;  petals  G".    Low  grounds,  Va.,  and  S.    1— 2f. 
p.  JElllottii,    Branches  alternate ;  leaves  mostly  linear;  petals  7  or 8". 

5  S.  lanceolata  (Walt.)    Corymbously -branched  and  4-angled  above ;  leaves  ovate 

to  lanceolate,  3-5-veined  ;  flowers  6-parted,  1' broad.    Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2f. 

6  S.  inacropliylla  Hook.    Stem  terete  throughout,  corj'mbed  at  top  ;  leaves  erect, 

thick,  ovate,  acuHiinate,  3-5-veined;  flowers  small  d'  broad).    Fla.,  La. 

7  S.  annularis  Ph.    Stem  with  4  m  inged  angles,  corymbous-panicled  ;  leaves  ovate, 

5-veined,  clasping;   flowers  15 — 18'  broad,  with  a  greenish  star.    M'et  meadows, 
N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    10—18'. 

8  S.  braclilata  Ell.    Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  panicled  ;  leaves  lance-linear  to  linear. 


Okdeu  or.— gentian ace^.  267 

■    lowest  ovate  ;  flowers  15",  the  star  purple,  bordered  with  green  ;  petals  oblong-obo- 
vate,  obtuse.    Prairies,  Ind.  to  Va.,  and  S.    If. 

0  S.  gracilis  Salisb.    Very  slender,  diS'use  ;  leaves  oblong  to  linear-flliform  :  flowers 

distant ;  pet.  elliptic,  obtuse,  5"  ;  sep,  filiform,  4".    Wet,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  and  La.    3f. 
^.  stellarig.    Suberect,  the  flowers  larger  (13"  broad),  the  star  yellow. 
10  S.  CAMPfisTKts.    Low  (6—10'),  erect;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong;  fls.  few,  15"  broad,  the 
star  yellow  ;  calyx  tube  5'Winged  ;  sepals  as  long  as  the  broad  petals.    La. 

2.  EtrSTOMA,  Don.  Calyx  5-  or  G»partecl,  with  subulate  segments. 
Cor.  wheel-funnel-form,  5-6-partecl.  Sta.  shorter  than  the  style. — Herbs 
glaucous,  >yith  few  large  splendid  blue  flowers. 

1  E.  ErssELLiANUM.    stem  1— 2f,  forked ;  Ivs.  ovate,  cuspidate,  subconnate  ;  fls.  long- 

stalked,  expanding  3—4',  petals  oval.    (T)  Ark.  (Mr.  Robertson). 

2  E.  cxaltatuin,  taller,  with  flowers  2'  broad,  grows  in  S.  Fla.  (Chapman). 

3.  ERYTHR.ffi3A,  Rcnealm.  Calyx  5-4-parted,  angular.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  5-4-parted,  tube  slender.  Anth.  5-4,  exserted,  spirally  twisted.  Style 
slender.    Q)  Stem  squarish,  3 — 10'.    Leaves  connate  at  base. 

1  E.  raiuosESsima,  /3.  .Wn/j/«i6^rg-/#  (Griseb.)  Stem  1-3-timcs-forkcd  into  a  loose 
cyme  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  ;  Rowers  jKclicellate,  bright  purple,  4".    L.  Is.  to  Va. :  rare. 

Ji  B.  spicata  Pers.  Stem  forking,  erect ;  leaves  oval  to  lanceolate ;  fls.  sessile,  8", 
spicate  on  the  long  branches,  rose-white.    Nantucket  to  Md.    §  Europe. 

3  E.  Cciitaiiriuiu  Pers.    Erect;  Ivs.  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end;  flowers  subses- 

gile  in  the  loosely  corymbed  cymes,  rose-purple,  G".    Oswego,  N.  Y.    August.    § 

4.  GENTIANA,  Tourn.  Gentian.  Calyx  5-  or  4-parted  or  entire. 
Cor.  tubular,  limb  5-  or  4-cleft,  closed  or  open.  Sta.  5  or  4.  Stig.  3,  style  0 
or  very  short.  Capsule  oblong,  1-celled,  seeds  numerous  and  minute. — 
Herbs  with  showy  flowers  in  August  to  October. 

§  Fls.  4-partcd,  fringed,  sky-blue  ;  no  crown  or  folds.    (Ti Nos.  1,  2 

§  Fls.  5-parted,  blue,  pedicellate,  clustered ;  no  fringe  or  folds,    (i) No.  3 

§  Fls.  5-parted,  corolla  with  folded  appendages  between  the  lobes.    2f  . .  .(a) 

a  Flower  solitary,  terminal,  somewhat  stalked.    Leaves  linear No.  4 

a  Flowers  clustered,  sessile,— 6  ochroleucous  or  whitish Nos.  5.  6 

— b  blue  ;  the  corolla  always  closed No.  7 

~-b  blue  ;  the  corolla  open  or  expanding.  ..Nos.  8—10 

1  G.  crinita  Frcel.    Fringed  G.    Stem  and  branches  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute ; 

petals  obovate,  finely  fringed  at  margin.    (T)  Moist  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.,  and  W.    If.    A 
beautiful  and  interesting  plant. 

2  G,  detonsa  L.    Stem  and  few  branches  strict ;  leaves  lance-linear ;  flowers  solitary, 

long-stalked,  petals  crenate-ciliate.    (i)  N.  Y.  to  Wis.    If. 

3  G.  quiiiqiteflora  L.    St.  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  ;  fls.  7—8",  pedi- 

cellate, clustered  ;  sepals  subulate,  very  short,  or  (in  p.  partiflora)  lance-linear,  4" ; 
corolla  segments  bristle-pointed.    (S)  Fields  and  woods.    If. 

4  G.  angustifblia  Mx.    Slender,  erect;  fl.  18—20"  long;  Ivs.  linear;  sepals  linear, 

7—10"  ;  corolla  blue,  lobes  ovate,  the  cleft  folds  much  shorter.    N.  J.  to  Fla.    If. 
/3.  ttrifimbra.    Flower  nearly  sessile,  15",  greenish  white,  folds  very  short.     S. 

5  G.  och  role  ilea  Frcel.    Lvs.  smoothish,  oval  to  elliptical,  acutish  both  ends  ;  calyx 

segments  lancc-liuear,  nearly  equalling  the  20"  corolla.    Pa.  (Prof.  Porter)  to  Fla.    If. 

6  G.  alba  Mnhl.    Very  smooth,  stout ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  broad  base  clasping ;  fls. 

2'  long,  calyx  segments  ovate,  very  short.    Woods,  prairies,  M.  and  W.    Ij — 2f. 

7  G.  Andrewsii  Griseb.     Closed  Blue  G.    Simple,  smooth ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate ; 


268  Order  97.— GENTIAKACE^. 

cluster  dense,  terminal ;  calyx  segments  ovate-oblong,  3—4" ;  corolla  18",  inflated, 
nevfr  opening,  folds  as  long  as  segments.    Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.    2f. 

8  <J.  Saponarla  L.    Subsimple,  stout,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  lance-oblong, 

3-veined  ;  calyx  segments  linear,  6—8"  ;  corolla  2',  folds  much  shorter  than  the  open 
erect  lobes.    N.  J.,  Pa.,  to  111.,  and  S.    2f.    Leaves  2—3'. 

9  G.  linearis  Wood.    Simple,  slender  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear  to  linear,  l-(rarcly  3-)veined ; 

calyx  segments  subulate,  4—7"  ;  corolla  folds  subentirc,  much  shorter  than  the  erect 
or  spreading  lobes.    N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  Iowa  and  Ky.    1— Hf.    July— Sept. 

10  G.  pnberiila  Mx.  Slender,  rough  or  puberulent ;  leaves  1',  oval  to  ovate,  veiy 
rough-edged,  clasping,  acute ;  calyx  eegm.  lanceolate,  5" ;  corolla  subcampanulate, 
1.5",  lobes  very  acute,  folds  short,  cleft.    Prairies,  W.  and  S.    !)— 18'. 

5.  BARTONIA,  Muhl.  Screav-stem.  Fls.  4-i)arteil,  persistent.  Cor. 
subcampanulate^  pet.  slightly  united.  Stig.  thick,  S(jnie  bilid.  Stls.  very  00 
and  minute.     U  Slender,  erect,  with  scale-like  Ivs.  and  small  wUite  fls. 

1  B.  verna  Muhl.    Low,  simple,  3—5',  clustered  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  petals  3",  oblong, 

obtuse,  sepals  1",  acute.    Bogs  and  barrens,  Ya.  to  Fla.    March. 

2  B.  tcnella,  Muhl.    Branched  above,  very  slender,  5—12' ;  ped.  opposite,  erect,  sub- 

equal,  4'' ;  petals  pointed,  1",  sepals  nearly  as  long.    Wet.    Mass.  to  Fla.    August 
^.  bracliihta.    Pedicels  bent  outward  and  upward,  some  alternate.    S. 

6.  FRASERA,  Walt.     Coltjmbo.     Fls.  mostly  4-parted.     Pet.  united 
at  base,  oval,  spreading,  each  with  1  or  3  bearded  glands  in  the  middle. 
Sty.  1,  stig.  2,  distinct.   Caps,  compressed,  1-celled.    Seeds  few,  large,  ellip- 
tic, margined.     U  Showy  and  tall,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves. 
F.  Carolin^nsis  Walt.    Smooth,  4— Of  high  !  paniculate  above  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile, 

in  4's— G"s  ;  petals  greenish  with  blue  dots,  and  a  large  purple  gland.    Rich  soils, 
N.  Y.,  S.  andW.    A  stately  plant,  and  a  good  tonic.    June,  July. 

7.  HALENIA,  Borkh.  Felwort.  Flowers  4-parted,  broad  bell-fonii. 
Each  petal  prolonged  at  base  into  a  spur,  which  is  glandular  at  the  end. 
Stigmas  2,  sessile. — Flowers  panicled. 

H.  deflexa  Griseb.  Erect,  branched,  lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  upper  lance-ovate, 
3-5-veined ;  spurs  slender,  curved  outward,  half  as  long  as  the  4"  greenish-yellow 
petals.    @  N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  Wis.    18'.    August. 

8.  OBOLARIA,  L.  Pennywort.  Calyx  of  2  wedge-oblong  sepals. 
Corolla  tube-bell-form,  4-cleft.  Sta.  on  the  corolla.  Stigma  sessile,  bifid. 
Seeds  oo,  very  minute,     if  Flowers  sessile,  pale. 

O  Virgiiiica  L.— Woods,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  Stem  4—8',  subsimple.  Leaves  roundish, 
sessile,  thick,  crowded  above,  sepals  similar.    April,  May. 

9.  MENYANTHES,  Tourn.  Buck  Bean.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate 
or  funnel-form,  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  villous  within,  no  glands  at  the 
base.  Stamens  5.  Style  1,  stigma  bifid.  Capsule  1-celled. — Bitter  herbs, 
actively  medicinal.    Leaves  trifoliate,  nearly  radical. 

Itl.  trifoliata  L.— In  muddy  places,  Penn.  to  Cal.,  and  N.  8—12'.  Petioles  long  and 
round.    Scapes  bearing  racemes  of  handsome,  flesh-colored  flowers.    May. 

10.  LIMNANTHEMUM,  Gmel.  Floating  Heart.  Cal.  5-parted. 
Cor.  rotate,  each  scg.  Avith  a  glandular  scale  at  base.     Sty.  short  or  0,  stig. 


Order  99.— APOCYNACE^.  269 

2-lobecl.   Caps,  opening  by  decay.   £C  Stagnant  water.   Pet.  long,  bearing  an 
umbel  of  small  white  fls.  b«low  the  roundish  leaf-l}lade,  also  oblong  tubers. 

1  Ij.  laciiiiosum  Giiseb.     Leaves    small    (1—2'),    smooth,    rouud-reniform ;    seeds 

smooth  and  shining.    N.  Eng.  to  Fla.    (Villarsia  lacunosa  Vent,) 

2  li.  tracliyspermuiii  Gray.    Lvs.  large  (.3—5'),  dotted  and  pitted  l)cncath;  seeds 

muricate  about  the  margins.    Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.    (Menyanthes,  Ms.) 

Order  XCVIII.    LOGANIACE^. 

Ilerba  or  shriibn  with  opposite  leaves,  stipules  between  the  petioles  or  at 
least  a  ridge,  and  with  4-  or  5-parted  regular  gamopetalous  flowers.  Ovary 
superior,  sfiffmas  as  many  as  the  cells.  Fruit  a  2-celled  capsule,  or  a  1-3- 
seeded  drupe.    Seeds  winged  or  peltate,  with  albumen.    Fig.  47. 

*  Delicate,  twining  shrubs,  witli  large  yellow  flowers.    S Gelskmium.      1 

»  Low  herbs. — x  Flowers  scarlet,  tabular,  with  one  style Spigklia.  2 

— X  Flowers  small,  white,  5-parted,  in  l-sided  racemes Mitreola.        3 

—X  Flowers  small,  white,  4-parted,  in  axillary  cymes roLVPUEUUM.  4 

1.  GELSEMIUM.  Juss.  Yellow  Jessamine.  Cor.  bell-funnel-form 
with  5  short  rounded  lobes.  Sta.  5,  now  longer  and  now  shorter  than  the 
style  [dimorphous).  Caps,  flattened,  twin,  cells  each  with  4 — 6  winged  sds. 
■Jp  Veiy  slender,  with  numerous  flowers.     The  stipules  a  mere  ridge. 

G.  sempervlreiis  Ait.— Woods  and  banks,  Va.,  and  S.,  overrunning  bushes  and  low 
trees.    Leaves  thick,  shining,  lanceolate.    Flowers  1'.    March— May. 

2.  SPIGEIjIA,  L.    Pink-root.     Calyx  seg.  linear-subulate.    Cor.  nar- 
rowly funnel-form,  limb  5-clcft.     Anth.  5,  convergent.    Caps,  twin-lobed, 
few-seeded. — Herbs,  with  the  flowers  sessile  in  terminal  spikes.     Fig.  47. 
S.  Marilandica  L.     Stem  square,  erect,  simple;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate; 

spike  scorpoid,  uncoiling  as  the  .3—8  handsome  flowers  expand ;  corolla  IJ — 2'  long. 
71  Thickets,  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S,    June.    Medicinal. 

3.  MITREOLA,  L.  Corolla  tubular,  short,  5-cleft,  hairy  in  the  throat. 
Sta.  5,  included.  Ovary  2-celled,  styles  2,  united  only  at  top  with  1  stigma. 
Capsule  2-horned,  oo -seeded.  ®  Flowers  in  several  scorpoid  spikes  at 
top  of  a  long  terminal  peduncle.    June — August. 

1  BI.  petiolata  T.  &  G.    Branching;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  to 

a  petiole  ;  raceme  loose-flowered.    Va.,  and  S.    1— 2f. 

2  M.  sessilifolia  T.  &  G.    Nearly  simple ;  leaves  oval  to  elliptical,  sessile,  shorter 

than  the  iuternodes  ;  raceme  close-flowered.    S.  C.  to  Fla.    10—18'. 

4.  POLYPREMUM,  L.  Calyx  seg.  4,  subulate.  Corolla  broad  bell- 
form,  lobes  a  little  unequal,  obtuse,  throat  bearded.  Stamens  4,  included. 
Stigma  subsessile.  Capsule  ovoid.  (T)  Smooth,  difl'usely  branched  from 
base,  with  linear-subulate  leaves.     Flowers  sessile. 

P.  prociiinbens  L.— Dry  fields,  Va.,  and  S.    6—12'.    In  dense  patches.    INIay- Sept. 

Order  XCIX.    APOCYNACE.E.    Dog-banes. 
Plant  with  an  acrid,  milky  juice,  entire,  exstipulate,  mostly  opposite  lvs. 


270  OiiDEK  99.— APOCYNACEyE. 

Floirers  5-parted,  regular,  the  calyx  persistent,  the  corolla  twisted  in  aesti- 
vation. Stamens  5,  with  distinct  filaments,  anthers  filled  with  granular  pol- 
len. Ovaries  2,  distinct,  but  their  stigmas  blended  into  a  head-shaped  mass. 
Fruit  1 — 2  follicles,  or  capsular  or  baccate,  with  albuminous  seeds. 

§  Herbs  erect,  native. — a  Corolla  bell-form,  whitish.    Le.ives  opposite Apoctkcm.  1 

—a  Corolla  salver-forra,  blue.    Leaves  alternate Amsonia.  2 

§  Half-shrubby,  cultivated,  trailing  or  erect.     Corolla  wide-spread Vinca.  3 

§  Shrubs  twining.— 6  Native.     Flowers  small,  yellowish Forsteronia.  4 

— 6  Cultivated.     Flowers  large,  white Echites.  5 

§  Shrubs  erect. — c  Leaves  opposite  or  in  4's.     Corolla  yellow Allamanda.  6 

—c  Leaves  opposite  or  in  3's.     Corolla  roseate Neriu.m.  7 

— c  Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  3".    Fruit  a  drupe.     S.  Fla Vallesia. 

1.  APOCYNUM,  Toum.  Dog's-bane.  Cor.  bell-foi-m  with  short  lobes. 
Sta.  included,  alternating  with  5  glandular  teeth  on  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Ovaries  2.  Stigma  connate.  Follicles  slender,  distinct.  Seeds  comous.  % 
Leaves  entire,  mucronate,  opposite.    Flowers  pale,  in  cymes,  June — Aug. 

1  A.  anili*o$ia?iuifolium  L,    Leaves  ovate ;  cymes  terminal  and  lateral ;  cor.  3", 

with  red  stripes,  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  lobes  spreading.    Hedges  and  fields.    3f. 
A  handsome  plant,  smooth  or  downy. 

2  A.  cannabinum  L.    Leaves  oval  to  lance-oblong,  often  downy  beneath ;  cymes 

terminal ;  corolla  1",  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  lobes  erect.    In  shades.    2— 4f. 
Pods  3'  long.    (A.  hypericifolium  Ait.) 

2.  AMSONTA,  Walt.  Calyx  segment  pointed.  Cor.  tube  hispid,  fun- 
nel-form, limb  in  5  linear  segments  twisted  in  bud.  Stj^le  1.  Ovaries  2, 
connate  at  base,  follicles  2,  erect,  slender.  Seeds  not  comous.  2^  Leaves 
alternate,  entire.     Clusters  terminal,  blue. 

1  A.  TabernaBinontaiia  Walt.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acnminate  ;  sepals  lance- 

acuminate  ;  corolla  8",   livid  blue.    Damp  grounds,  W.  and  S.    2f.    May,  June.— 
Varies  with  leaves  lance-elliptic,  and  sepals  acute. 

2  A.  clliata  Walt.    Leaves  more  or  less  crowded,  linear  or  filiform,  the  margins  cili- 

ate ;  cluster  long-stalked,  corymbed,  or  soon  panicled  :  corolla  glabrous  outside. 
Sands,  S. :  common.    1— 2f.    April,  May. 

3.  FORSTERONIA,  Meyer.  Corolla  funnel-form,  deeply  5-cleft,  twisted 
in  bud.  Anthers  adherent  to  the  stigma.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Follicles  3, 
spreading,  seeds  comous.     "^  Leaves  oppo.site. 

F.  dlflTormis  DC.    Climbing;   leaves  round-oval  to  lance-oval,   cnspidate-pointed  ; 
cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  stalked :  calyx  segments  ovate,  long-pointed ;  corolla  • 
3 — 4",  pale  yellow.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    May— August. 

4.  VINOA,  L.  Periwinkle.  Cor.  funnel-  or  salver-form,  convolute, 
with  the  5  lobes  oblique,  orifice  5-angled.  Two  glands  at  base  of  the  ovary. 
Follicles  2,  erect,  slender,    l^  5  ^'^'^-  opposite.    Flowers  solitary,  axillary'. 

1  V,  MINOR.    Procumbent ;   leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  not  ciliate ;   sepal*  lanceolate ; 

flowers  scentless,  violet,  purple,  or  white.    May,  June.    Europe. 

2  v.  MAJOR.    Decumbent ;  leaves  ovate,  ciliate  at  edges  ;  sepals  long,  bristle-pointed. 

In  shades,  forming  loose  masses,  leaves  often  silver-edged.    Europe. 

3  V,  ROSEA.  Erect,  soft-downy;  leaves  oval,  obtuse;  flowers  large,  roseate,  often 
.      white  or  white-edged,  perpetual.    Erom  Madagascar. 


Order  100.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 


271 


5.  ECHITES,  Br.  Cor.  funnel-  or  salver-form,  not  appendaged,  lobes 
convolute,  bearing  the  subsossile  anthers  in  the  throat ;  5  glands  at  base  of 
ovaries.  Foil.  2,  slender.  Sds.  comous.  'b  J)  Lvs.  opp.  (Mandevilla,  Lindl.) 
E.  SUAVEOLENS.    Climbinp; ;  Icfvves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  axillary 

or  terminal  racemes  ;  flowers  fragrant,  2'.    S.  America. 
E.  uuibcllata  Jacq.  and  E.  Andrewsil  Ciiapm.  are  indigenous  in  S.  Fla. 

6.  ALLAMANDA  cathartica.  Shrub  froni  Guyana,  with  slender 
branches,  oblong  thin-pointed  leaves,  and  bright-yellow  flowers  2^— .3'.  Cor.  fnnnel-bell- 
form,  lobes  5,  rounded,  throat  appendaged.    Ova.  1,  becoming  a  prickly,  1-celled  capsule. 

7.  NERIUM,  L.  Oleander.  Corolla  salver-form,  convolute,  throat 
crowned  with  5  cleft  scales.  Anth.  arrow-shaped,  tipped  witli  a  long  hairy 
bristle.    J)  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  both  ways,  thick  and  leatherj^,  in  3's  or  3's. 

1  N.  Oleander.    Leaves  lanceolate  ;  scales  of  the  crown  each  of  3  or  4  pointed  nnequl 

teeth  ;  fls.  clustered,  inodorous,  often  double,  2'.    Palestine.    5— lOi",  very  handsome. 

2  N.  ODORUM.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  scales  of  the  crown  each  l-T-cleft ;  appenda- 

ges of  tlie  anthers  exserted  ;  flowers  fragrant.    India. 

Order  C.    ASCLEPIADACE.E.    Asclepiads. 


Plants  (chiefly  herbs  in  the  United  States)  with   a  milky  juice,  often 
twining.    Leaves  opposite  (rarely  whorled 
^Ja  or    scattered),    without    stipules,    entire. 
Floicers  generally  umbellate,  5-parted,  re- 
ps gular,  the  sepals  and  also  the  petals  united 
at  base,  both  valvate  in  sestivation.    Sta- 
mens united,  adherent  to  and  covering 
the  fleshy  mass  of  the  two  united  stig- 
mas.   Pollen  cohering  in  masses.    Ocaries 
1  2,  forming  follicles  in  fruit. 


Fig.  530.— 1.  Asclepias  corauti.  2.  A  flower,  the 
petals  and  sepals  reflexed,  and  the  corona  erect. 
3.  One  of  the  segments  of  the  corona  with  the 
hom  bent  inwardly.  4.  A  pair  of  pollen  masses 
suspended  from  the  glands.  5.  A  mature  follicle. 
6.  Vertical  section  of  P.  phytolaccoides  showing 
the  two  ovaries.    7.  Lobe  and  horn  of  the  corona. 


§  stems  erect,  leafy,  herliaceous.  ..(a) 
§  Stems  climbing,  often  slirubby...(r) 

§  Stems  low,  leaves  fleshy,  all  radical. .  .StapelijI.  12 

ittle  horn  in  each  hood  of  the  crown.    Petals  reflexed Asclepias.  1 

a  No  horns  in  the  crown.— 6  Pet.als  reflexed  or  spreading Acerates.  2 

— 6  Petals  erect Podostigma.  3 

c  Corolla  salver-form,  white,  the  crown  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube Stephanotis.  10 

c  Corolla  wheel-form,  flattish,  the  lobes  spreading. . .(») 

e  Corolla  segments  erect,  crown  5-leaved,— (i  each  leaflet  2-awned Enslenia.  4 

— d  leaflets  awuless Metastelma.  5 


272  Order  100.— ASCLEPIADACEJi. 

n  Crown  double,  the  outer  a  ring,  the  inner  5-leaved.    S.  FIk Sarcostemma. 

n  Crown  simple,— X  deeply  5-parted.    Leaves  linear Seutkra.  ; 

— I  of  5  awned  scales.     Leaves  ovate Periploca.  9 

—X  a  ring  5-10-lobed,  or  merely  wavy.  ..(^) 

y  Anther  sli  ts  vertical,  poUinia  pendulous.     Leaves  thin  Tincetoxicum.  7 

y  Anther  slits  horizontal,  pnllinia  spreading.    Leaves  cordate Gonolobds.  8 

y  Anther  slits  vertical,  pollinia  erect.    Leaves  thick HoTA.  11 

1.  ASCLEPIAS,  L.  Milk-weed.  Silk- weed.  Calyx  and  cor.  segm. 
soon  reflexed.  Staminal  crown  of  5  distinct  floods  (cucuUate  leaflets),  each 
with  a  little  curved  horn  from  within.  Anth.  consolidated  with  the  sti.^., 
forming  a  5-angled  truncate  mass  (antheridium),  opening  by  5  chinks. 
Pollen  masses  (pollinia)  5  pairs,  hanging  vertically  by  a  pedicel  from  a  cleft 
gland.  Follicles  3,  lance-shaped,  seeds  comous.  U  Erect,  with  the  flow- 
ers in  simple  umbels  which  are  between  the  petioles  or  terminal.  Jn.— Aug. 

*  Flowers  whitish,  greenish,  or  purple  in  various  shades. .  .(a) 

*  Flowers  orange-colored  or  scarlet.    Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate Nos.  15—17 

a  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  petiole,   .(b) 

a  Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  cordate,  sessile  or  clasping Nos.  12—14 

a  Leaves  linear,  very  narrow. . .(»;) 

b  Both  crown  and  corolla  greenish-purple.    Pods  woolly-spiny Nos.  1,  2 

6  Both  crown  and  corolla  pure  purple.    Pods  smooth Nos.  3,  4 

b  Crown  white  ;  corolla  white  tinged  with  pink.    Flowers  small Nos.  5—7 

*  Crown  white  ;  corolla  greenish-white.— c  Umbels  pedunculate Nos.  8,  9 

—c  Umbels  siibsessile.    S Nos.  10,  11 

X  Leaves  all  opposite,  or  rarely  the  highest  alternate Nos.  18,  19 

X  Leaves  mostly  verticillate  or  scattered.    Flowers  greenish Nos.  20,  21 

1  A.  Corn  uti  Dcsn.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  do^vny  beneath,  acutish  at  base  and  short- 

stalked,  longer  than  the  many-flowered  umbels ;  hoods  ovate ;  horns  acute.    Road- 
sides and  hedges.    2-^f.    Leaves  5—8'.    Flowers  6". 

2  A.  Siillivantii  Eng.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  smooth  both  sides,  nearly  sessile; 

hoods  obovate  ;  horns  blunt ;  flowers  9".    Ohio  to  111.    July. 

3  A.  pitrpurascens  L.    Simple;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptical,  acute  mucronate  ;  um- 

bels subsoil  tary,  terminal;  peduncle  1—2';  pedicels  1';  horns  horizontal.    N.  Eng. 
to  N.  Car.,  and  W.    3— 4f.    Flowers  large  (6"),  dark  purple.    Hoods  lance-ovate. 

4  A.  iiicariiata  L.    Branching  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  umbels  many  or  few,  some- 

what panicled  ;  flowers  small  (3") ;  ped.  }— 2'.    Wet  places.    3— 5f :  common. 
p.  piilclira.    Hairy  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or -ovate.    Very  handsome,    t 

5  A.  ovallfolia  Dcsn.    Low,  downy;  Ivs.  ovate,  acutish;  umbels  subsessile,  10-15- 

flwd. ;  pet.  oval ;  hoods  yellowish,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  horns.  W.  (A.  Yaseyi  C-B.) 

6  A.  pereniiis  Walt.    Branched  at  base,  half-shrubby,  smooth ;  leaves  thin,  lanceo- 

late, pointed  both  ways,  long-stalked,  exceeding  the  small  white  umbels ;  hoods 
shorter  than  the  horns.    Low  grounds,  W.  and  S.    2f.    (A.  parviflora  C-B.) 

7  A.  qiiadrlfolia  Ph.    Simple,  smooth;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  some  of  them  in 

whorls  of  4;  umbels  few,  loose-flowered,  long-stalked.    Dry  woods.    2f. 

8  A.  varlegata  L.     Simple,  smoothish ;  leaves  oval  to  lance-oval,  short-pointed, 

acute  at  base  ;  umbels  densely  00-flowered,  small  (1'— 18"  diam.) ;  hoods  orbicular. 
p.  ttieea.    Lvs.  elliptical,  pointed  both  ways  ;  umb.  10-15-flwd.  N.  J.,  W.  &S.  1— .3f. 

9  A.  pliytolaccoides  Ph.    Tall,  simple  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed  both  ways, 

glaucous  ;  umbels  lateral,  with  about  20  drooping  fls. ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  1—3' 
long  ;  hoods  truncate,  with  4  unequal  teeth;  horns  exserted.    Damp  shades.    4— 5f. 

1 0  A.  tomentosa  Ell.    Woolly,  stout ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  wavy,  cuspidate  ;  umbels 
lateral,  with  many  large  flowers ;  hoods  obovate,  truncate.    Barrens,  S. 


Order  100.— ASCLEPIADACE.E.  273 

11  A.  obovata  Ell.  Tomentous;  leaves  obovato,  obtuse,  mucrouatc  ;  umbels  10-14- 
fiowei-ed,  lateral ;  fls.  lari^e,  yellowlsli-sreeii ;  hoods  elongated.    Gravels,  Ga.,  Fla. 

12  A.  rubra  L.  Simple,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  long  and  acutely  pointed,  subsessile  ; 
umbels  panicled  above,  few  ;  flowers  red-purple  ;  hoods  acute,  some  longer  than  the 
slendL-r  exserted  horns.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    2— 3f.    Leaves  3—5'. 

13  A.  obtusilolia  Mx.  Simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  subcordaie, 
obtuse-mucronate ;  umbels  1—3,  terminal,  pedunculate,  15-25-flowered ;  hoods  trun- 
cate, shorter  than  the  sickle-shaped  horn  ;  flowers  0",  red-green.    M.,  W.,  S.    3f. 

l-l  A.  amplexicaitlis  Mx.  Simple,  flexuous,  glaucous;  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate-clasp- 
ing, obtuse,  not  mucronate;  ped.  lateral  and  terminal,  with  GO  dull-purplish  flow- 
ers ;  pedicels  slender  ;  hoods  ovate,  including  the  horns.    Copses,  S.    1— 2f. 

15  A.  tuberosa  L.  BuUerfiy-iveed.  Stem  ascending,  hairy,  umbellate  branched; 
leaves  sessile,  «««;•««/«,  lance-oblong;  umbels  many,  erect ;  flowers  bright  orange- 
red ;  hoods  oblong ;  horns  suberect.    Dry  fields.    Root  tuberous.    Stem  2f.    + 

16  A.  paupercula  Mx.  Smooth  and  virgate  ;  leaves  linear  and  oblong-linear,  4—6' 
long  ;  umbels  with  few  large  yellow-red  flowers  at  the  naked  summit.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

1 1  A.  Cnrassavica  L.  Half-shrubby  and  branching  at  base  ;  branches  terete,  leafy 
to  the  top  ;  leaves  lance-linear  ;  umbels  with  few  large  scarlet  flowers.    S.  Fla.    Cult. 

18  A.  ciiierea  Walt.  Stem  wiry,  simple,  naked  above;  leaves  linear-filiform,  1—3', 
erect;  umbels  terminal,  several,  bracteolate,  3-5-flowered ;  peduncles  4—6";  pedi- 
cels 6—8" ;  corolla  ashy-purple,  3—4".    Damp  barrens,  S.  C.  to  Fla.    2— 3f. 

19  A.  -viridiila  Chapm.  Stem  and  leaves  as  in  No.  18  ;  umbels  6-12-flowered,  yellow- 
i?h  green,  shorter  than  the  leaves.    Fla.    ■ 

20  A.  MicliaiixliDcsn.  Stems  dift'use  ;  leaves  linear,  3—4',  scattered;  umbels  00- 
flowered,  often  panicled,  mostly  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  fls.  Z",  fragrant.  Sands,  S.  If. 

21  A.  verticillata  Ell.  Simple,  slender,  erect;  leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  generally 
verticillatc ;  umbels  small,  many,  lateral,  1'  diameter,  pedunculate.    Swamps.    2f. 

2.  ACERATES,  Ell.  Hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  born.  Other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Asclepias,     U  Flowers  greenish.    June — August. 

§  KcERAT^s  2>roper.    Umb.  lateral ;  pet.  reflexed  ;  crown  adnate  to  anth..  .Nos.  1 — 3 
I  Anantuekix.    Umbels  terminal ;  pet.  spreading;  crown  free  from  anth.. Nos.  4,  5 

1  A.  viridiflora  Ell.    Stout,  whitish-downy ;  leaves  thick,  oval,  obtuse,  petiolate, 

varying  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  or  even  to  orbicular  (Ga.,  Prof.  Pond) ;  umbels  small, 
dense,  subsessile.    Sands.    2f.     Leaves  exceedingly  variable. 

2  A.  lougifolia  Ell.     Kough-puberulent,  simple;   leaves  alternate,  lance-linear  to 

linear ;  umbels  lateral,  pedunculate,  densely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  small,  3",  crown 
stipitate.    Prairies,  W.    2— 3f    Peduncles  1'. 

3  A.  lanuginosa  Dcsn.     Low,  stout,  hairy;    leaves  lanceolate;  umbel  1,  on  the 

naked  summit  of  the  stem,  dense  ;  crown  sessile.    Prairies,  Wis.    If. 

4  A.  counivens  Dcsn.    Strict,  half  shrubby ;  leaves  oval-oblong  ;  umbels  7-12-flwd., 

along  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  ;  pet.  5",  oval,  with  a  short  cusp  ;  hoods  conni- 
tewi;  over  the  anthers.    Barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.    2f.    Leaves  20— 30". 

5  A.  paniculata  Desfn.      St.  angular;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  obtuse;  umbels  clustered 

at  the  leafy  top,  5-9-flowered;  pet.  large,  half-erect,  7" ;  pods  glabrous,  seeds  with 
long  silky  tufts.    Ga.  to  111.  and  Kan.    (Rev.  J.  H.  Carruth.) 

3.  PODOSTIGMA,  Ell.  Cor.  scg.  5,  erect,  oblong.  Crown  stipitate, 
hoods  without  horns.  Follicles  2,  long,  slender,  smooth.  U  Low  and 
simple,  with  opposite  leaves  and  supra-axillary  few-flowered  umbels. 

P.  pnbescens  Ell.— Wet  grounds,  S.  A  curious  plant,  with  linear-oblong  leaves  and 
3—5  umbels  of  yellowish-green  flowers,  in  May,  June.    If. 

4.  ENSLENIA,  Nutt.     Cor.  5-parted,  segments  erect ;  hoods  or  scales 

18 


274  Order  100.-ASCLrPIADACE.E. 

of  the  crown  5,  free,  each  terminated  by  2  filiform,  flexuons  lobes.    Pol> 
linia  oblong,  pendulous.     Stig.  5-angled,  conical.    Follicles  cylindraceous, 
smooth,      ij)  A  twining  herb,  with  opposite,  cordate  leaves,  and  cream- 
Avhite  flowers  in  small  lateral  corymbs. 
E.  albida  N.—W.  and  8. :  common.    6— lOf.    Clnster?  5-8-flwd.,  fragrant.    July,  Aug, 

5.  METASTELMA,  Br.    Cor.  somewhat  bell-fonn,  segments  incurved 
at  apex.     Crown  of  5  distinct  scales.     Stigma  flat.    Pods  smooth,  slender, 
seeds  comous.     "!>  Lvs.  cuspidate,  smooth.    Umb.  of  few  small  flowers. 
mi.  Fraseri  Dcsn.    Leaves  oval ;  umbels  sessile ;  pet.  ovate,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the 

linear  crowu-scalcs.    In  Carolina  (Frascr,  in  DC). 
M.  Sclilcctendalilii  and  other  species  grow  in  S.  Fla.  (Dr,  Chapman.) 

6.  SEUTERA,  Reich.  Sepals  5,  lanceolate.  Cor.  rotate,  segm.  acute. 
Crown  on  the  base  of  the  sessile  anthers,  of  5  retuse  segments.  Pollinia 
ovoid,  pendulous.  Stigma  bifid.  Pods  smooth,  seeds  comous.  ^>  Leaves 
linear,  fleshy.     Umbels  few-flowered. 

S.  mai-ttiiiia  Dcsn.— Salt  marshes,  S.,  twining  on  the  rushes,  &c.    Leaves  opposite, 
1'.    Umbels  7-10-flowered.    Fet.  greenish,  crown  short,  white.    June— October. 

7.  VINCETOXICUM,  ]\roench.  Calyx  and  cor,  5-parted,  wheel-form. 
Crown  a  fleshy,  5-10-lobed  disk.  Anth.  tipped  with  a  membrane.  Pollinia 
and  fruit  as  in  Asclepias.     2|  [?  Flowers  small,  in  dense  clusters. 

1  V.  nig-runi  Mcench.    Herb  somewhat  twining.  Avith  lance-ovate,  nttenuatcly-acute 

leaves  and  small  blackish  clusters  in  tlic  axils.    Gardens  and  fields  :  rare. 

2  V.  scopariiiiu  (N.)  Shrabby  at  base,  mncli  branched  ;  leaves  thin,  linear,  1' ;  clus- 

ters short-stalked,  downy,  with  few  green  flowers  ;  pods  slender,  1'.    Fla. 

8.  GONOLOBUS,  Mx.  Corolla  subrotate,  5-parted,  convolute  in  bud. 
Crown  a  small,  fleshy,  undulate-lobed  ring,  attached  to  the  throat  of  the 
corolla.  Anth.  opening  transversely  beneath  the  stigma,  Pollinia  5  pairs, 
horizontal.  Pods  turgid,  seeds  comous.  h  Leaves  cordate.  Umbels  few- 
flowered,  short,  extra-axillary.    Flowers  brownish. 

*  GoNoLOBUS  proper.    Cor.  rotate,  flat,  lobes  linear  to  oblong,  smoothish..  .Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Chthamalia.    Corolla  bell-form,  small  (woolly),  lobes  ovate,  V  long  No.  4 

1  G.  macropUyllns  (and  tevis)Mx.    Smooth,  or  with  minute  down  and  scattered 

hairs  ;  leaves  short-pointed,  base-lobes  open  ;  umbels  5-flowered,  buds  conic-pointed ; 
pet.  linear-subulate,  4"  ;  pod  smooth,  ribbed.  Shady  banks,  Va,  to  Ky.,  and  S.  3 — 5f. 
%  G.  obliqims  Br.  Hirsute  with  spreading,  unequal  hairs  ;  leaves  acuminate,  base- 
lobes  closed  and  some  oblique  ;  umbels  2-5-flowered,  buds  oblong,  pet.  linear-oblong, 
f\" ;  pod  muricate,  ribless.    Banks,  O.  to  Pa.  and  Ga.    3 — 5f. 

3  G.  lilrsiitus  Ms.    Hirsute ;  leaves  acuminate  ;   umbels  5-8flowcrcd,  buds  ovoid, 

petals  oblong,  3",  yellow,  downy  ;  pod  muricate.    Woods,  South.    4 — Sf. 

4  G.  prostratus  Ell.    Branches  from  base,  prostrate,  6—12' ;  leaves  small  (1'),  reni- 

form-cordate  ;  umbels  sessile,  3-5-flowered  ;  corolla  segments  ovate.  1",  very  woolly 
inside,  dark  purple.    Sands,  Ga.  (Dr.  Feay).    (Chthamalia  pubera  Dcsn.) 

9.  PERIPLOCA,  L.  Cor,  rotate,  flat,  5-parted.  Crown  5-cleft,  tipped 
with  ^^  filiform  awns.  Filaments  distinct,  anthers  cohering.  Pollinia  5, 
each  4-lobed,  single.    Follicles  3,  smooth,  divai'icatc.     Sticds  comous,     "^ 


Order  101.— OLEACE.E.  275 

P.  Graeca  L.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3 — 4';  flowers  paniclecl  on  a  long  peduncle; 
petals  very  haiiy,  linear,  obtuse,  purple.    Gardens,  &c.    10— 15f.    August.    § 

10.  STEPHANOTIS,  Pet.-Th.  Sepals  distinct.  Cor.  salver-form,  limb 
S-lobed,  convolute  in  bud,  tube  including  the  5-leaved  crown  in  its  en- 
larged base.     ^  Leaves  thiclj,  very  smooth. 

S.  FLORIBUNDA.  Leavcs  oval ;  flowers  5—8  on  each  peduncle,  white  and  fragrant,  tube  1', 
limb  I  J'  broad.    Greenhouse  plant,  from  Madagascar. 

11.  HOYA,  Br.  Wax-plant.  Sepals  5.  Corolla  rotate,  flat,  valvate  in 
bud.  Crown  of  5  depressed,  spreading  segm.  Pollinia  fixed  by  the  base, 
connivent.    Pods  smooth,  seeds  comous.     "^  Smooth,  fleshy. 

H.  CARNos.\.    Branchlets  pubcrulent ;  leaves  oval-oblong;  flowers  in  dense  umbels, 
pink-colored,  wax-like.    Greenhouse  plant,  from  E.  India. 

12.  STAPEIjIA,  L.  Carrion-flower.  Calys  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate, 
fleshy,  5-clcft.  Crown  double,  of  2  rings  entire  or  lobcd.  Pollinia  erect. 
Pods  erect,  smooth. — Fleshy,  leafless,  cactus-like  plants,  from  S.  Africa, 
Avith  large,  dark-red /a'/«VZ  flowers,  in  the  greenhouse. 

S.  H'RSCTA,  with  erect,  dull-green  4-sided  branches,  toothed  on  the  angles,  and  flowers 
3—4'  broad,  with  purple,  ciliate,  lance-ovate  petals. 

Order  CI.     OLEACE^.     Oliveworts. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  opposite,  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  regular, 
4-8-parted  diandrous  flowers.  Corolla  rarely  wanting,  its  divisions  more 
in  number  than  the  stamens.  Omry  free,  2-celled,  with  2  (rarely  1  or  oo) 
ovules  in  each  cell.    Fig.  Ifi. 

I.  JASMINES.     Corolla  5-8-parted.     Ovary  cells  each  with  1  erect  ovule Jasminum.  1 

II.  OLEACEJi  proper.   Oorolhi  valvate,  4-parted  or  0.   Ovary  cells  2- or  00-oviiIe<l. .  .(*) 

*  Flowers  perfect,  corolla  present.    Leaves  simple. .  .(a) 

*  Flowers  imperfect,  inconspicuous,  often  apeti\lous...(c) 

a  Flowers  yellow.     Ovary  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell Forsytuia.  2 

a  Flowers  white,  or  lilac.     Ovary  cells  2-ovulecl. .  .(5) 

5  Stamens  exserted.     Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  berry Oleom.  4 

6  stamens  included. — x  Corolla  salver-form,  tube  longer  than  lobes Syringa.  3 

—X  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  shorter  than  lobes Ligustrum.        5 

— X  Corolla  lobes  long,  linear,  drooping Chionanthus.  6 

c  Leaves  simple.     Corolla  0.     Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe Forestiera.      7 

e  Leaves  pinnate.     Corolla  0,  or  present.     Fruit  a  winged  samara Fraxinus.  8 

1.  JASMINUM,  L.  Jessamine.  Calyx  5-8-lobed.  Cor.  salver-form, 
limb  5-8-cleft,  convolute  in  bud.  Sta.  included.  Berry  double,  2-seeded. 
"^  5  Petioles  jointed. 

§  Leaves  opposite,  unifoliate.    Flowers  white,  8-10-parted Kos.  ],  2 

§  Leaves  opposite,  3-9-foliate.    Flowers  white,  5-parted Nos.  3—5 

§  Leaves  alternate,  3-7-foliate.    Flowers  yellow,  5-parted Nos.  6,  7 

1  J.  Sambac.    Scarcely  climbing  ;  leaves  ovate  ;  petals  8,  rounded,  fragrant.    India. 

2  J.  LAURiFOLiUM.    Climbing  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  pet.  9  or  10,  linear,  fragrant.    India. 

3  jr.  Azoricxjm.    Difi"use  ;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  shining  ;  flowers  very  fragrant.    Azores. 

4  J.  OFFICINALE.    Climbing ;  Ifts.  7,  lanceolate  ;  sep.  linear,  equalling  cor.  tube.    Asia. 


•276  Order  101.— OLEACE.E. 

5  J.  GKANDirLoRUM.    Climbing;  leaflets  9,  oval,  some  confluent,  the  odd  one  pointed} 

sepals  thrice  shorter  than  the  corolla  tube  ;  petals  oval.    India. 

6  J.  REVOLUTCM.    Not  climbing ;  Ifts.  ovate,  pointed  ;  pet.  roundish,  recurved.    Asia. 

7  J.  ODORATissiMUM.    Climbing  ;  Ifts.  oval,  obtuse ;  fls.  less  fragrant  than  No.  6.  Azores. 

2.  FORSYTHIA,  Vahl.  Calyx  veiy  short,  deciduous.  Cor.  subcam- 
panulate,  lobes  long,  twisted  in  bud.  Sta.  inserted  in  the  base  of  the  tube, 
included.  Seeds  oo  in  the  2-celled  pod.  J)  Leaves  opposite  or  in  3's,  ap- 
pearing after  the  yellow  flowers. 

^1  F,  VTRrofssiMA.    Branches  erect,  strict,  covered  with  flowers  in  early  Spring,  each  ^j(^ 
flower  separate,  pedicellate,  lateral ;  leaves  lanceolate.    China. 
2  F.  srsPEN'SA.    Branches  weak,  pendulous  ;  leaves  ovate  ;  flowers  scattered.    Japan. 

3.  SYRINGA,  L.  Lilac.  Calyx  small,  persistent,  many  times  shorter 
than  the  tube  of  the  salver-form  corolla.  Sta.  included.  Pod  2-celled, 
valves  bearing  the  septum  in  the  middle,  seeds  4.     +)  Leaves  opposite. 

1  S.  VULGARIS.     Commmi  L.    Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire,  glabrous ;  flowers  lilac  to 

'lilac-purple,  in  a  dense  thyrse,  very  fragrant.    A  beautiful  shrub,  from  Hungary  ;  vary- 
ing with  flowers  bluish,  or  ivhite.    April— June. 

2  S.  Persica.    Persian  L.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  often  pinnately  cleft ; 

thyrse  loose,  smaller,  white,  or  lilac-blue.    Persia. 

3  S.  YiLLosA.     Chinese  L.    Leaves  elliptic,  acute,  hairy  beneath.    N.  China. 

4.  OLEA,  Tourn.  Olive.  Calyx  short.  Corolla  tube  short,  limb  4- 
parted,  spreading.  Stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  base  of  the  tube,  exserted. 
Ovary  with  4  suspended  ovules,  ripening  only  1  or  2  seeds.  Drupe  fleshy, 
oily-     5  5  Ltnives  opposite.    Flowers  white. 

*  Racemes  axillary,  shorter  than  the  coriaceous  leaves Nos.  1— £ 

*  Racemes  in  a  large  terminal  panicle.    (Visiana  paniculata  C-B) No.  4 

1  O.  Americana  L.    Leaves  oblanceolate  to  elliptic,  entire,  smooth,  shining,  at- 

tenuated to  a  petiole ;  raceme  compound,  scarce  longer  than  the  petiole ;  flowers 
dioecious  ;  drupes  globular.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    15— 20f. 

2  O.  Europ.ea.    Leaves  lanceolate,  raucronate ;    racemes  longer  than  the    petioles  ; 

drupes  oval.    Europe.    Cultivated  in  California,  rarely  far  South.    20— 40f. 

3  O.  FRAGRANS.    Shrub ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  small,  white,  very  fra- 

grant, in  axillary  corymbs,  white-red ;  styles^.    China.    (Osmanthus.) 

4  O.  CLAVATA.    Shrub  with  ovate  entire  leaves  and  many  small  flowers  in  large  pani- 

cles ;  style  1,  club-shaped,  exserted  like  the  stamens.    China.    Hardy  S. 

5.  lilGUSTRUM,  L.     PRmsT.    Prim.     Cal.  minutely  toothed-     Cor. 
funnel-form,  4-lobed.    Sta.  subincluded.    Stj'.  verj'  short.    Berry  2-colled,  2- 
4-seeded.   Sds.  angular.    +)  With  simple  Ivs.  and  term,  panicles  of  white  fls. 
\j,  vulgare  L.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  obovate,  1—2'.  obtuse  or  acute,  thick  but  decidu- 
ous ;  flowers  small,  in  small  thyrses ;  anthers  partly  exserted,  but  shorter  than  the 
ovate  corolla  lobes.    Planted  in  hedges.    May,  June.    §  Europe. 

6.  CHIONANTHUS,  L.  Fringe  Tree.  Cal.  short,  4-parted.  Cor. 
tube  very  short,  including  the  2  stamens,  the  limb  of  4  linear  lobes. 
Style  very  short.  Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  bony  1-seeded  nut.  5t)  With 
opposite  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  panicles. 

C.  VIrginlcusL.  Leaves  oval  to  oblong ;  panicle  with  filiform  branches  and  pedicels  ; 


Ordeu  101.— oleaoe^.  277 

petals  very  narrow,  drooping,  10".    A  highly  ornamental  shrub  or  small  tree,  in 
woods.  S.  Penn.,  and  S.    April— June. 

7.  FORESTIERA,  Poir.  Dioecious,  apetalous  ;  buds  GO-flowered. 
6   Flowers  sessile,  crowded,  each  flower  a  pair  of  stamens  surrounded  by 

a  calyx  of  4  sepals.  2  Flowers  pedicellate,  umbellate,  no  calyx,  an  ovary 
tipped  with  a  slender  style  and  capitate  stigma,  cells  2,  ovules  4.  Drupe 
1-seeded.     ^  J)  Leaves  opposite,  simple.    Flowers  minute. 

1  F.  acuminata  Poir.    Glabrous ;  leaves  lance-elliptic,  pointed  both  ways,  serru- 

late, petiolate  ;  drupe  linear-oblong,  pointed.    Streams,  111.  to  Ga.    15f. 

2  F.  llgusti-iiia  Poir.    Some  downy  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  attenuate  to  a 

petiole,  serrulate  ;  drupe  oval-oblong.    Banks,  Ga.,  Fla. 

3  F.  poruloi^a  Poir.    Smooth  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  dotted  and  rusty 

beneath  ;  drupe  round-ovoid.    Coast  of  E.  Ga.  and  Fla. 

8.  FRAXINUS,  Tourn.  Ash.  Fls.  S  ^  2  or  $2.  Cal.  4-toothed, 
rarelj^  0,  Cor.  of  2  or  4  oblong  or  linear  petals,  or  0.  Sta.  2.  Stig.  bifid. 
Samara  2-celled,  flattened,  winged  at  apex,  4-ovuIed,  but  2-seeded.  |^  +) 
Leaves  opposite,  odd-pinnate,  petiolate.  Flowers  racemed  or  panicled. 
Wood  valuable  for  timber.    April,  May.    Fig.  16. 

§  Native  species,  all  dioecious  and  apetalous,  in  woods,  &c. .  .(a) 

§  European  species,  polygamous,  planted  for  shade,  &c Nos.  1,  2 

a  Calyx  persistent  at  the  terete  base  of  the  samara No.  3 

a  Calyx  persistent  at  the  narrow,  flattened  base  of  the  samara Nos.  4—6 

a  Calyx  none,  the  samara  naked  at  the  broad  base Nos.  7,  8 

1  F.  Oknus.    Flowering  Ach.    Lfts.  7—9,  lanceolate,  serrate  above ;  buds  pubescent ; 

panicles  dense  ;  petals  2  or  4,  linear-oblong,  white  ;  fruit  lance-linear.    Parks. 

2  F.  EXCELSIOR.    European  Ash.    Leaflets  11—13,  lance-oblong,  serrate  ;  racemes  short, 

dense ;  fruit  linear-oblong,  notched  at  end  ;  pet.  and  calyx  0.    A  tall  tree,  in  parks, 
&c.    |8.  PENDULA,  the  Weeping  Ash,  is  one  of  its  varieties. 

3  F.  Americana  L.    White  Ash.    Leaflets7— 9,  ovate,  acuminate,  snbentire,  shining; 

panicles  loose ;  fruit  calyculate,  the  seed  portion  terete,  half  as  long  as  the  oblong 
wing.    A  forest  tree  40— 80f.    Timber  excellent. 

4  F.  piibescens  Walt.    Red  Ash.    Leaflets  7 — 0,  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  subserrate, 

petioles  and  branchlets  velvety-pubescent ;  fruit  calyculate  at  the  acute  base,  gradu- 
ally widened  into  the  oblanceolate  wing.    Wet  woods.    30— (iOf. 

5  F.  Tiridis  Mx./.     G7-een  Ash.    Lfls.  7—9,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  long-pointed,  bright 

green,  and,  with  the  petioles  and  branchlets,  glabrous ;  fruit  calyculate,  spatulate, 
obtuse,  the  seed  portion  as  long  as  the  wing.    Woods,  W^.  and  S.    15— 25f. 
G  F.  platycarpa  Mx.    Leaflets  5—7,  elliptical,  acute,  obscurely  serrate,  some  downy  ; 
fruits  broadly-spatulate,  attenuate  to  the  calyculate  base,  some  of  them  (especially  in 
p.  triptera)  with  3  angles  winged  !     Va.,  and  S. 

7  F.  quadrangulata  Mx.    Blue  Ash.    Leaflets  7—9,  short-petiolulate,  lance-ovate, 

acuminate,  sharply  serrate ;  branchlets  square  or  acutely  4-angled ;  buds  velvety ; 
fruit  oblong,  winged  to  the  base.    Woods,  W.    60— 80f. 

8  F.  sambuclfolla  Lam.    Black  Ash.    Leaflets  7 — 11,  lance-ovate,  sessife,  serrulate, 

pointed  ;  fruit  oblong  with  equal  ends,  notched  at  apex.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Pa.  and 
Ky.    40— "Of.    Wood  used  for  hoops,  baskets,  &c. 


278  Order  102.— ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 


Cohort  3.    APETAL.E, 

Or  Moxochlamtdeous  Exogexs.  Plants  ^vitli  no  corolla, 
the  calyx  or  perianth  green  or  colored,  consisting  of  a  single 
series  of  similar  organs,  or  often  wholly  wanting. 

Order  CII.    ARISTOLOCHIACE^.    Birthworts. 

LoiD  herbs  or  dimbing  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovarj',  brown  or  dull,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  6  to  12,  epigynous  and  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  styles.  Ovary 
6-celled,  becoming  a  6-celled,  many-seeded  capsule  or  beriy.  Seed  albu- 
minous, embryo  minute.     Figs.  24,  833. 

1.  ASARUM,  Toura.  Wild  Gixger.  Calyx  bell-fonn,  regular,  3- 
cleft.  Sta.  12,  placed  upon  the  ovarj',  anth.  adnate  to  the  middle  or  sum- 
mit of  the  filaments.  Style  veiy  short,  stigma  6-rayed.  Fruit  fleshy, 
6-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  11  Acaulescent,  Avith  creeping  rhizomes 
and  1  or  2  leaves  on  each  branch.    Flowers  solitary. 

§  Leaves  in  pairs.    Calj'x  lobe?  pointed,  reflexed.    Ovary  wholly  adherent No.  1 

§  Leaves  solitary.    Calyx  lobes  obtuse,  saberect.    Ovarj-  partly  free Nos.  2,  3 

1  A.  Canadense  L.    Lvs.  2,  broad-renifofm,  on  long,  opposite,  radical  petioles  with 

the  flower  between  ;  sepals  greenish-purple,  pointed,  reflexed  ;  filaments  extended 
above  the  anthers.    Rich  shades.    The  root  is  a  popular  remedy.    May,  June. 

2  A.  Vlrginiciim  L.    Leaf  orbicular-ovate,  glabrous,  coriaceous,   deeply  cordate, 

entire,  obtuse ;  flowers  subscssilc ;  calyx  short,  smooth  outside ;  segments  obtuse, 
dull  purple.    Rocky  soils,  Va.,  Ky.,  and  S.    April. 

3  A.  ai'iroliiini  Mx.    Leaf  broadly  hastate  with  a  deep  sinns  ;  fl.  7—9",  tabular,  soon 

urceolate,  lobes  short  and  obtuse.    Rich  soils,  Va.,  and  S.    March— May. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  Tourn.  Birthwort.  Calyx  tubular,  tube  vari- 
ously bent  and  inflected  above  the  ovary,  limb  irregular.  Anth.  G,  subses- 
sile  on  the  style.  Stig.  6-lobed.  Caps.  6-celled,  oo-seeded.  %  Caulescent, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  lateral  lurid  purple  flowers. 

§  Stem  erect.    Calyx  tube  sigmoid  {i.  e.,  twice  bent  like  the  letter  S') Nos.  1,  2 

g  Stem  climbing,  woody.  Calyx  tube  recurved,  once  bent  upward.  May,  Jn..Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  serpentaria  L.     Virginia  Snake-root.    Stem  flexuous ;  lvs.  petiolate,  oblong 

or  ovate,  thin,  cordate,  acuminate  ;  ped.  radical,  many  bracted :  cal.  tube  smoothish, 
contracted  in  the  midst.    Thickets,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    8—13'.    June,  July. 
^.  liaslitto.    Leaves  narrowly  oblong,  auricled  at  base,  short-stalked.    S. 

2  A.  reticulata  X.    St.  very  flexuous  ;  lvs.  oval,  cordate-clasping,  with  decussating 

lobes,  strongly  reticulated  ;  flowers  radical,  small  (o'O.    La.    If. 

3  A.  Siplio  Lller.    Dutcliman's  Pipe.    Lvs.  glabrous,  ample,  round-reniform  ;  ped. 

1-flowcred,  with  1  clasping  bract ;  flowers  H',  bent  like  a  sipJion  or  tobacco-pipe, 
limb  spreading.    A  vigorous  climber,  30 — 40f,  in  hilly  woods.  Pa.  to  Ky.,  and  S.     t 

4  A.  toinentosa  Sims.    Leaves  downy  or  hairy  beneath,  round-cordate,  very  veiny  ; 

ped.  solitary,  1-flowered,  bractless ;  flowers  20",  tube  yellowish,  limb  purple,  reflexed, 
throat  nearly  closed.    Banks,  LI.,  and  S.    30— 40f.    May. 


Order  103.— XYCTAGINACE.E.  279 


Order  CIII.    NYCTAGIXACEiE.    Martelavorts. 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees)  Avitk  tumid  joiuts,  entire  and  opposite  leaves. 
i^(?!ff?-s  generally  surrounded  with  an  involucre  (calyx-like  when  the  flower 
is  solitary).  Calyx  a  delicate,  colored,  funnel-form  or  tubular  perianth, 
deciduous  above  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  ovary,  leaving  its  persistent  base  to 
harden  and  envelop  the  fruit  (achenium)  as  a  kind  of  pericarp.  Stamens  1  to 
several,  definite,  slender,  hypogynous,  exserted,  unequal.  Embryo  coiled 
around  the  copious  white  albumen.    Figs.  143,  207. 

§  Involucre  just  like  a  calyx,  including  one  flower Mibabiljs.      1 

§  Involucre  5-leaved,  including  many  flowers  in  an  umbel-like  head Aeronia.         2 

§  Involucre  5-lobed,  including  3—5  flowers Oxybapuus.    3 

§  Involucre  0.— x  Herbs,  with  minute  flowers  in  little  clusters Bokrhaavia.  4 

— X  Shrubs.     Flowers  dioecious,  cymous.     S.  Fla Pisoxia. 

1.  MIRABILIS,  L.  INIara-el  of  Peru.  ForR-o'cLOCK.  Involucre 
calyx-like,  5-lobed,  1-flowcred,  lobes  acuminate.  Perianth  (calyx)  tubular- 
funnel-forni,  limb  spreading.  Sta.  o,  and  style  more  or  less  exserted.  Fruit 
(as  in  all  the  genera)  an  achenium  invested  in  the  permanent  base  of  the 
calj'x.     If  Cultivated.    Leaves  ovate,  more  or  less  cordate,  acuminate. 

1  M.  Jalapa.    Erect,  glabrous  ;  flowers  3—6  in  each  terminal  fascicle,  short-stalked, 

opening  at  about  4  o'clock  p.  si.,  and  remaining  in  bloom  all  night,  infinitely  various 
in  color.    Peru.    2f.    Summer. 

2  ]W.  BiCHOTOMA.    Erect,  glabrous  ;  flowers  sessile,  mostly  yellow,  smaller  than  in  M. 

Jalapa ;  limb  6''.    Mexico.    9f.    Summer. 

3  M.  LOKGiFLORA.    Weak,  difi'use,  viscid-pubescent ;  lower  leaves  long-petioled  ;  flow- 

ers sessile,  t«be  6'  long,  hairy,  border  1',  white.    Mexico. 

2.  ABRONIA,  Juss.  Involucre  5-leavcd,  surrounding  an  umbel-like 
head  <sf  man}-  small  flowers  on  a  long  peduncle.  Perianth  salver- form, 
limb  o-lobed,  corolla-like,  deciduous.  Sta.  5,  and  stj-le  included,   if  Flesh}-. 

1  A.  UJICELLATA.   St.  prostrate  ;  Ivs.  ovatc,  long-petioled  ;  Umbellate  h(?ads  compact ;  fl*. 

rosy-lilac  or  pink,  the  lobes  obcordate.    Sandy  sea-coasts,  California.    1 — 2f. 

2  A.  FKAGRANS.    Stem  ascending  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  long-stalked  :  umbels  loese,  fls. 

and  involucre  white,  tubes  near  1'.    Dalles,  Oregon. 

3.  OXYBAPHUS,  Vahl.  Invol.  5-cleft,  containing  3—5  fls.,  persistent. 
Perianth  tube  very  short,  limb  bell-form,  plicate,  deciduous.  Sta.  3,  and 
style  exserted.    Fruit  obovoid,  ribbed,     if  Flowers  small,  purple. 

1  O.  nyctagineus  Sweet.    Smoothish,  erect,  forked  ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate  to  lanceolate, 

subcordate,  acute  ;  ped.  solitary ;  involucre  3-5-flowered.    Banks,  W.    June— Aug. 

2  O.  angustifolius  Sweet.    Bushy,  with  alternate  branches  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute 

both  ways,  subsessile,  1—3';  ped.  J — J',  axillary;  involucre  cup-shaped,  hispid,  3- 
flowered  :  ovary  hispid.    Dry  soils,  S.    2— 3f.    June— July. 

3  O.  albldus  Sweet.    Stem  with  strict  slender  branches,  or  simple ;  leaves  linear 

oblong,  petiolate,  the  upper  often  bract-like  ;  ped.  half  as  long  (6"— 1 )  as  the  leaves, 
involucre  hairy,  3-flowered.    S.    1— 2f.    May. 

4.  BOERHAAVIA,  L.  Involucre  0,  bractlets  deciduous.  Perianth 
funnel-  or  bell-form,  colored,  5-lobed,  upper  half  deciduous,  lower  persist- 


280  OuDEK  104.— POLYGONACE^. 

eut.     Sta.  1—4.    Fruit  5-ribbecl,  truncate  at  apex,  1-seeded.    ®  Leavefl 

petiolate.    Flowers  very  small. 

B.  erecta  L.    Glabroup  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  wavy,  pale  beneath  ;  clusters  3-6-flwd.,  distant  in 

a  strict  panicle  with  filiform  hranchlets.    Sands,  S.    2— 4f.    June— Sept. 
B.  Iiirsiita,  and  B.  viscosa,  grow  in  S.  Fla.,  according  to  Dr.  Chapman. 

OiiDER  CIV.    POLYG ONAGER.    Sorrelworts. 

Uei'bs  (rarely  shrubs)  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  sheathing  stipules 
{ochrea)  surrounding  the  stem  above  each  tumid  joint.  Flowers  mostly 
perfect.  Perianth  (or  calyx)  3-G-cleft,  mostly  colored,  imbricated  in  bud 
and  persistent.  Stamens  4 — 15.  Ovary  1-cellod,  free,  with  a  single,  erect 
ovule.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  3-angled  achenium  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  Seed  erect,  albuminous,  with  a  curved  embiyo.  Figs.  147, 
151-4,  286,  304,  313,  337,  521. 

§  Oclirea",  or  sheathing  stipules,  present  at  each  joint.,  .(ft) 

§  Ochrea;  none— a  Flowers  in  involucrate  umbels,  6-sepalled Eriogoncm.    1 

—a  Flowers  in  bracted  racemes,  5-sepalled.     Stems  with  tendrils Brunnichia.   2 

6  Sepals  4,  equal  by  pairs.    .Stamens  6.     AVhite  Mountains:  rare OXYRIA.  3 

6  Sepals  6,  all  similar.     Stamens  9.     In  gardens:  common Rheum.  4 

b  Sepals  6,  the  3  inner  increasing,  tuberculate Rumex.  5 

6  Sepals  5  (in  one  Polygonum  4  irregular). .  .fc) 

c  Sepals  all  or  the  3  inner  fringed.     Pedicels  solitary Thtsanella.  6 

c  Sepals  all  entire,— X  open,  or  3  closed  on  the  fruit.     Pedicels  solitary Poltgonella.  7 

—X  open  at  base  of  fruit.    Pedicels  fascicled Fagopyrum.    8 

—X  closed  on  the  angular  fruit.     Herbs  Polygonum.    9 

—X  combined  with  the  round  fruit.     Trees.    Fla ..Coccolobus. 

1.  ERIOGONUM,  Mx.  Fls.  many  in  each  common  5-toothed  involu- 
cre. Cal.  deeply  5-cleft.  Sta.  9,  sty.  3.  Ach.  3-angled  or  3-lobed.— Herbs 
clothed  with  down  or  wool.  Lvs.  alternate,  exstipulate,  mostly  at  the  base 
of  the  stem,  the  upper  bract-like,  often  whorled  at  the  forks  of  the  umbel- 
late inflorescence.    Very  abundant  in  the  Pacific  States.    June — Aug. 

1  E.  tomentosuni  Mx.    Lower  lvs.  crowded,  oblong-obovate,  rusty-white  beneath, 

the  upper  whorled  in  3"s  ;  involucre  sessile  ;  calyx  colored,    li  Dry  soils,  S.    2— 3f. 

2  E.  longilolium  N.    Lower  he.  crowded,  oblong-linear,  white  beneath,  the  upper 

scattered  ;  involucre  pedunculate  ;  calyx  green,  woolly.    Fla.,  and  W.    2— 4f. 

2.  BRUNNICHIA,  Banks.  Calyx  colored,  5-parted,  lobes  oblong,  at 
length  increased  and  closed  on  the  obscurely  3-angled  achenium.  Fil.  8, 
capillary,  styles  3,  slender,  stigmas  entire.  t>  Tendrils  from  the  ends  of 
the  branches.    Flowers  racemed,  greenish. 

B.  cirrliosa  Banks.— A  smooth,  shrubby  vine,  10— 20f,  on  river  banks.  Car.  to  Fla., 
and  W.    Leaves  cordate  to  ovate,  entire.    Sheaths  obsolete.    May. 

3.  OXYRIA,  R  Br.  Mountain  Sorrel.  Cal.  herbaceous,  4-sepalled, 
the  2  inner  sepals  erect,  larger,  the  2  outer  reflexed.  Ach.  lens-shaped, 
thin,  girt  with  a  broad,  membranous  wing.  Sta.  G,  equal.  Stig.  2,  sessile, 
pcnicillate.     U  Low,  nearly  acaulescent,  alpine  plants. 

O.  renirormls  Hook  (or  digyna  Camp.)    Root  leaves  on  long  stalks,  reniform  ;  outer 
sepals  i^  as  long  as  the  inner  ;  fruit  orbicular.   White  Mountains,  and  N.   Z—i'.  June. 


Ordek  104.— POLYGONACE.E.  281 

4.  RHEUM,  L.  Rhubarb.  Calyx  colored,  6-sepalled,  persistent.  Sta. 
9.  Sty.  3,  very  short,  spreading,  stig.  mnUifid,  reflexed.  Ach.  3-angled, 
the  angles  margined.     U  Flowers  fasciculate  in  racemons  panicles. 

R.  Khaponticum  L.  Pie-plant.  Leaves  smooth,  cordate-ovate,  very  large  (1— 2f), 
the  petioles  juicy  and  pleasantly  acid,  of  equal  length  ;  stems  hollow,  3 — 4f,  panicles 
bursting  from  large  white  bracts.    Siberia. 

5.  RUMEX,  L.  Dock.  Sorrel.  Calyx  of  6  sepals  nearly  distinct, 
the  3  inner  (valves)  larger,  petaloid,  connivent  over  the  achenium,  1  or 
more  of  them  usually  bearing  a  tubercle  or  grain  on  the  back,  the  3  outer 
green.  Sta.  6.  Styles  3,  short,  stigmas  penicillate-fringed.  Ach.  and  seed 
3-angled,  embrj-o  lateral. — Weed-like  herbs  with  small,  greenish  flowers, 
often  whorled,  in  racemes  or  panicles.    May — July. 

§  Docks.    Flowers  all  or  mostly  perfect.  Valves  bearing  grains  on  the  back. . .  (*) 

§  Sorrels.    Flowers  dioecious.    Valves  grainless.    Leaves  acid  (hastate) Nos.  11,  12 

*  Valves  entire,  or  merely  angular.,  .(a) 

*  N'alves  conspicuously  toothed  on  each  side  near  ihe  base Nos,  8— 10 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  2—5  times  longer  than  the  mtbcordate  valves Nos.  1—3 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  valves.,  .{b) 

b  Leaves  flat,  all  tapering  to  both  ends Nos.  4,  5 

b  Leaves  wavy,  the  lower  cordate  or  subcordate Nos.  0,  7 

1  K.  crlspus  L.     Yellow  D.    Root  fusiform,  yellow  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  wavy,  acute,  the 

lower  oblong,  subcordate  ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  calyx  ;  valves  broad  ovate,  cordate, 
each  bearing  a  grain  ;  rac.  long,  some  leafy,    -n  Fields.    2— 3f.    §  Europe. 

2  R.  verticillatus  L.    ^yater  D.    Leaves  acute  at  each  end,  lance-oblong  :  rac.  leaf- 

less, dense  ;  ped.  7 — 9''  long,  detlexed  ;  valves  broad-ovate,  each  beaung  a  larare  srrain. 
n  In  muddy  places.    2f.    Whorls  iO-30-flowered. 

3  R.  Hj-drolapatUuni  Huds.    Great  Water  D.   p.  oi-biculati<x.    lab  ^3- 51);  Ivs. 

lance-obl.,  acute  both  ways,  erose-crenulate,  the  lower  very  long;  p^n.  naked,  dense: 
ped.  5—6"  ;  valves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  all  grain-bearing,     v  Pools,  M.  and  N. 
y.  JFIoriditnuK.    Valves  deltoid-ovate,  obtusely-pointed.    Fla. 

4  R.  altissinius  Wood.    Peach-leaved  B.    Tall  (.3— Gf);  leaves  entire,  lance-elHpti- 

cal,  acute  both  ways  ;  rac.  leafless,  panicled,  slender;  valves  broadly  subcordate,  one 
of  them  grain-bearing,  one  obscurely  so,  and  one  naked,  n  Wet,  M.  and  W.  (R. 
Britannicus  Meisn.  nee  Linn,  who  says  "valves  all  grain-bearing.") 

5  R.  salicifollusM'einm.    Pale  D.    Lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  attenuate-acute  both  ways  ; 

pan.  leafy  at  base  ;  ped.  very  short ;  valves  all  grain-bearing.    2f  Coast,  N-E.    3f 

6  R.  congloineratus  Murr.    Lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  lower  subcordate  ;  whorls 

mostly  axillary  ;  valves  oblong  ovate,  all  grain-bearing,     u  Wet.    N.    2— 3f.    § 

7  R.  sanguineus  L.    Lvs.  as  in  No.  6,  mostly  with  red  veins;  pan.  leafy  at  base, 

whorls  distant ;  valves  oblong-obovate,  one  or  two  grain-bearing,     u  Fields.    § 

8  R.  obtuslfolius  L.    Lower  leaves  ovate-cordate,  obtuse,  upper  narrow,  acute ; 

panicle  leafy,  whorls  distant ;  valves  hastate-ovate,  one  chiefly  grain-bearing,  all  with 
some  bristle-shaped  lateral  teeth,     n  Fields,  &c.    2— 3f.    §  Europe. 

9  R.  niaritlmus  L.     Golden  D.    Low  (If);  leaves  lance-linear,  the  lowest  cordate, 

wavy ;  whorls  crowded  ;  valves  rhomb-ovate,  pointed,  each  with  4  lateral  awns  and  a 
large  grain,  yellowish.    (13  Brackish  waters,  Mass.  to  Car. 

10  R.  pulcUer  L.  Lower  lvs.  cordate,  some  fiddle-shaped,  upper  lanceolate  ;  whorls 
distant,  leafy ;  valves  strongly  toothed,  unequally  gi-ain-bearing.    S.    § 

11  R.  Acetosella  L.  Sheep  Sorrel.  Leaves  oblanceolale,  the  base  lobes  conspicu- 
ous ;  valves  not  increasing  in  fruit.    A  common  weed.    C— If. 

12  R.  liastulatus  Baldw.  Leaves  with  small  auricles  or  none,  glaucous  ;  valves  in- 
creasing to  round-cordate  in  fruit ;  ped.  jointed.    Mo.  to  Ga. :  rare. 


282  Order  104.— POLYGONACE.^. 

6.  THYSANELLA,  Gray.  Fls.  S  *  2.  Cal.  colored,  5-parted,  lobes 
all  erect,  the  2  outer  cordate,  the  3  inner  smaller,  pectinate-fringed.  Sta. 
8.  Styles  3.  Achenia  3-angled,  acuminate. — A  smooth,  erect  herb,  with 
the  habit  of  Polygonella.     (Polygonum,  Ell.) 

T.  flmbrlata  Gr.— Pine-barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.     Stem  branched,  2— 3f.    Sheaths  bristle- 
fringed.    Lvs.  linear,  1—2'.    Fls.  rose-white,  in  crowded,  pauicled  spikes.    July— Oct. 

7.  POLYGONELLA,  31  x.  Calyx  colored,  5-sepalled,  persistent.  Sta. 
8,  included.  Styles  3  or  almost  0.  Ach.  3-coruered,  naked  or  enclosed  in 
the  3  inner  sepals  enlarged  and  become  scarious  valves.  Embiyo  straight. 
— Herbs  or  delicate  shrubs,  ■with  very  narrow  leaves  and  the  small  flow- 
ers solitary  in  each  ochrea. 

§  Fls.  dioecious.    Pedicel  1".    Filaments  all  filiform.    Stig.  nearly  sessile..  .No?.  1—3 
§  Fls.  all  5  .    Pedicel  2".    The  3  inner  filaments  dilated.    Styles  manifest. .  .Nos.  4,  5 

1  P.  parvifolla  Mx.    Shrubby,  branches  strict,  leafless  above ;  Ivs.  linear-cuncate ; 

panicle  oblong ;  inner  sepals  equalling  the  acute  achenia.    S.    1 — 2f. 

2  P.  graclle  N.   Annual,  glaucous  ;  branches  filiform  ;  leaves  spatulate  ;  3  inner  sepals 

exceeding  the  pointed  achenia.    Dry  sands,  S.    2— 3f. 

3  P.  Crooniia  Chapm.    Shrubby ;  branches  slender ;  leaves  linear  (2—3")  ;  3  valves 

unequal,  2  roundish,  1  oblong,  exceeding  the  achenia.    Uplands,  S. 

4  P.  OTeisneriaiia  Shutt.    Shrubby,  very  leafy,  leaves  linear,  filiform,  6—10",  ever- 

green, ochrea  tipped  with  a  white  membrane  ;  2  outer  sepals  reflexed.    Uplands,  Ga., 
Ala.,  Fla.    1 — 2f.    A  delicate  bushy  shrub. 

5  P.  artlculata  Meisu.    Annual,  strict,  with  erect  branches,  which  are  soon  nearly 

naked  ;  leaves  linear,  caducous  from  the  tops  of  the  truncate  sheaths ;  sepals  flesh- 
colored,  expanding.    Dry.    N.  J.,  and  W. :  rare. 

8.  POLYGONUM,  L.  Knot-grass.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  rarely  fewer, 
colored  or  greenish,  similar,  imbricated  in  bud,  at  length  all  couuivent, 
persistent.  Sta.  8,  rarely  fewer.  Sty.  2  or  3,  mostly  3,  short  filiform.  Ach. 
3-cornercd  or  lens-shaped,  enclosed  in  the  dr}-,  withered  calyx.  Embryo 
curved,  lateral,  lying  in  a  groove  at  one  angle  of  the  albumen.  Herbs  with 
ochreate-jointcd  stems  and  small,  white,  red,  or  greenish  fls.    June— Sept. 

§  stems  armed  with  retrorse  prickles.    Lvs.  cordate-sagit.    Echinocaulon.  .Nos.  21,  22 

§  Stems  unarmed,  twining.    Leaves  cordate-hastate.    Tdjiaria Nos.  18—20 

§  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  unarmed.    Leaves  hardly  ever  cordate. .  .(*) 

*  Calyx  unequally  4-cleft.    Styles  2,  long  deflexed.    Tovaria No.  17 

*  Calyx  equally  5-parted.    Styles  erect. . .(«) 

a  Sheaths  salver-form.  Stamens?.  Style  2-part('d.  Tall.  Ambltogonitm...No.  16 
a  Sheaths  subcylindrical.    Stamens  5,  C,  8.    Styles  2  or  3. .  .(6) 

b  Flowers  in  leafless,  terminal,  spike-like  racemes.  Persicaria.  .  .(c) 
b  Flowers  axillary,  or  seldom  forming  a  leafy  raceme. .  .(e) 

c  Raceme  1,  dense.    Stem  at  base  or  rhizome  decumbent Nos.  14,  15 

c  Racemes  several.    Sheaths  naked,  not  fringed Nos.  12,  13 

c  Racemes  several.    Sheaths  brisllj',  fringe-ciliate..  .(d) 

d  Style  2-(or  .3-)cleft.    Achenia  fiat  or  lens-shaped Nos.  9— 11 

d  Style  3-cleft.    Achenia  sharply  3-cornered Nos.  .5—8 

e  Achenium  protruding  beyond  the  calyx,  3-angled  Nos.  3,  4 

e  Achenium  included  in  the  calyx,  3-angled Nos.  1,  2 

I   P.  aviculare  L.    Bi7-d's  K.    Doorweed.    Procumbent,  difl'usG ;  leaves  lance-ellip- 


Okdet{  104.— POLYGONACE^.  283 

tic,  aculifli,  1' ;  flowers  2  or  3  together,  sulisessile,  reddish ;  achenia  striate,  dnll, 
enclosed  ;  stamens  5—8.    ®  A  common  weed,  0—16'.    In  rich  shady  soils  it  arises  to 
/3.  erectum^  with  larger  oval  leaves  and  pedicellate  flowers. 

2  P.  teiiue  Mx.    Slendei',  rigfid,  erect,  with  long  simple-angular  branches  ;  Ivs.  linear, 

erect;  sheaths  bristle-fringed  ;  flowers  solitary  ;  achenia  shining.    Dry.    j — if. 

3  P.  niaritfninm  L.    Prostrate,  diffuse,  glaucous,  with  very  short  joints  and  swell- 

ing torn  sheaths  ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  oblong,  1— C ;  fls.  sessile,  at  length  spicate  ;  fruit  little 
exserted,  smooth  and  shining,    iT)  Sandy  coasts,  Mass.  to  Ga.    i — If. 

4  P.  runiosisslniuni  Ms.    Erect  or  ascending.  ?«?/c/i  6j'a«c/t«c?,  striate  ;  Ivs.  linear- 

oblong,  1—2' ;  flowers  greenish,  pedicellate ;  fruit  i  exserted,  olive-green,  shining, 
^i''■    (T)  Sandy  shores,  IJ.  I.  to  Mich,  and  Md.    2— 3f. 

5  P.  lilrsutuiu  Walt.    Densely  hirsute  with  spreading  tawny  hairs,  erect;  Ivs.  lan- 

ceolate ;  sheaths  fringed  ;  flowers  white,  in  2  or  3  slender  spikes.    (S)  8.    2 — 3f. 

6  P.  liydropiperojclos  Mx.    Mild  Water-pep2)er.    Stem  smooth,  slender,  sheaths 

long,  close,  fringed  and  hispid  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  not  acrid ;  spikes  erect,  slen- 
der, loose  at  base  ;  calyx  glandless  ;  achenia  shining. 
p.  se  tirra  tlie  leaves  and  stem  above  are  more  or  less  hispid,     ir  Wet.     1— 3f. 

7  P.  acre  11.  B.  K.     Wafer  Smarhveed.    Glabrous,   virgate,  slender;    sheath   loose, 

bristle-fringed;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acrid;  spikes  filiform,  erect;  flowers  reddish-green, 
dotted  like  the  leaves  ;  fruit  shining.    (T)  Wet  places.  S.  and  W.    2— 5f. 

8  P.  TixcTORicM.    Madder.    Lvs.  oval ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  roseate.    China.    1— 2f. 

9  P.  Hydi-opiper  L.     Wafer  Pepper.    Glabrous  ;  sheaths  bristly-ciliate  ;  lvs.  lanceo- 

LtXe^  very  acrid,  finely  punctate  ;  spikes  nodding,  loose,  slendei-,  greenish ;  calyx 
punctate;  stamens  mostly  6;  achenia  roughened,  black.    Ti)  Damp.    1— 9f.    § 

10  P.  Ciireyi  Olney.  Stem  erect,  3— 5f,  bristly  and  much  branched;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, some  hispid  ;  stipules  tubular-truncate,  ciliate  ;  spikes  dense,  purplish,  nodding 
on  long  hairy  peduncles,    (i)  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Penu. 

11  P.  Persicaria  L.  Smarf-iveed.  Glabrous,  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  usually 
marked  with  a  brown  spot ;  sheaths  fringed;  spikes  dense,  erect,  oblong ;  stamens 
6  ;  style  2-cleft ;  achenia  shining.    (T)  Waste  grounds  :  common.    1— 2f.    § 

12  P.  Pennsylvanicum  L.  Branches  above  and  pedicels  glandular-hispid  ;  leaves 
lanceolate ;  spikes  erect,  oblong,  crowded,  rose-colored,  showy  ;  achenia  lens-shaped, 
with  Hat  sides.    (T)  Margins  of  waters.    2 — If. 

p.  tSeiisiiloriim,    Smooth;  racemes  slender;  achenia  truly  lens-shaped.    South. 

13  P.  Incarnatum  Ell.  Smoothish;  leaves  lanceolate;  branches  and  ped.  glandu- 
lar-dotted; spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  long;  achenia  lens-shaped,  with  con- 
cave sides.    (J)  Ditches  and  pools,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f. 

14  P.  ampliibium  L.  Stem  prostrate  and  rooting  below,  ascending;  leaves  thick, 
smooth,  lance-oblong,  variable  ;  spikes  oblong,  ovoid  or  dense  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2- 
cleft.    Pools  and  swamps.    .3 — 4f.    Spike  1'  or  more. 

p.  terrestre.    Plant  more  or  less  hirsute  ;  spikes  elongated. 

15  P.  vivipariim  L.  Low,  simple,  erect  from  a  creeping  rhizome;  leaves  lance- 
linear,  with  rolled  edges  ;  spike  1,  linear,    u  White  Mountains,  and  N. 

1 6  P.  orientalc  L.  Prince's  Feather.  Tall,  erect,  branched ;  leaves  large,  with 
hairy  salver-form  sheaths  ;  stamens  T  ;  styles  2 ;  spikes  large,  red,  nodding,  showy. 

v  Fields  and  gardens.    3— 8f    § 
1  7  P.  Virslnia.nuiii  L.    Stem  simple  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  re- 
mote, 1  from  each  sheath,  in  a  slender  raceme,  greenish,     v  Shades.    3— 4f. 

18  P.  convolvulus  L.  Knot  Bindweed.  Prostrate  or  climbing,  roughish,  sheaths 
naked;  leaves  hastate,  pointed;  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  or  in  interrupted  ra- 
cemes ;  fruit  exserted,  dull,  blackish.    (T)  Fields.    2— 4f.    § 

19  P.  cillnode  Mx.  Climbing;  sheaths  ciliate  at  base;  leaves  deeply  cordate, 
pointed;  racemes  paniculate,  loose  ;  achenia  shining.    Hedges.    3— Sf. 

20  P.  duinetorum  L.     Hedge  Bindweed.    Climbing  high  ;  joints  not  ciliate  ;  leavei 


281  Okdeu  IOC— CIIENOPODIACEiE. 

cordate-hastate,  with  acute  lobes  ;  onter  sepal  keeled  and  winged  on  the  back ;  fruit 
smooth,  black.    Thickets.    3— 12f.    §.— A  native  form, 
p.  scangensf  has  the  raceme  panicled  and  the  sepals  with  very  broad  wings. 

21  I*,  sagittatum  L.     Scratch-grass.     Climbing,  3— 5f,  rough  backwards;  leaves 
lance-sagittate  ;  flowers  in  small  heads,  whitish  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3.    (T)  Wet. 

22  P.  arifolium  L.    Rough  with  reversed  prickles,  3— 5f ;  leaves  hastate,  apex  and 
lobes  pointed  ;  flowers  racemed  ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  2.    Wet. 

9.  FAGOPYRUM,  Touiti.  Buckwheat.  Calyx  colored,  equally  5- 
parted,  persistent,  unchanged.  Stamens  8,  alternate  with  8  honey-glands. 
Styles  3,  with  capitate  stigmas.  Ach.  3-angled,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 
(T)  Leaves  cordate-hastate.    Flowers  rose-white,  in  panicled  racemes. 

1  F".  escnlentum  Moench.     Smoothish  ;  leaves  with  obtuse  lobes  ;  flowers  showy, 

numerous,  sought  by  bees ;  achenia  ovoid-triangular,  wingless,  black.  Fields.  2 — 4f.  § 

2  F.  Tartaricum.    India  Wheat.    Glabrous  ;  leaves  broader  thau  long,  lobes  acutish  ; 

racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  scarcely  panicled ;  achenia  lance-triangular,  angles 
sinuate-dentate,  rather  obtuse  ;  calyx  minute.    Tartary.    Cultivated. 

Order  CV.    PHYTOLACCACE^.    Pokeworts. 

Herhs  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  perfect,  5-parted  flowers.  Calyx 
free.  Stamens  5 — 30,  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number. 
Ovary  of  1  to  several  carpels,  each  1-ovuled.  Styles  and  stigmas  as  many 
as  carpels  Fruit  baccate  or  acheniate.  Seeds  erect,  with  the  embryo 
coiled  around  the  albumen. 

§  styles  and  carpels  5— 12.     Fruit  baccate.    Leaves  exstipulnte Phytolacca.  1 

S  Style  and  carpel  1.    Leaves  with  stipules.— «  Berry  globinar,  smooth Rivina.  2 

— a  Acheniuni  with  ^-Liouks Petiveria.      3 

1.  PHYTOLACCA,  Touru.  Poke.  Garget-weed.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Stamens  5 — 25.  Styles  5—12.  Berry  depressed-globular,  with  as  many 
seeds  as  styles. — Herbaceous.  Eaceraes  terminal,  soon  opposite  the  leaves. 
P.  decandra  L.    Stem  stout,  purplish,  tall ;  leaves  ovate  ;  flowers  with  10  stamens 

and  10  styles  ;  berries  black,  full  of  crimson  juice.    Hedges.    5— 8f.    July  +  . 

2.  RIVINA,  Plum.  Calyx  4-parted,  3-bracted.  Sta.  4  or  8.  Beriy  at 
last  dry,  1-seeded,  embryo  a  vertical  ring.  Shrubby,  with  racemes  termi- 
nal, soon  lateral. 

R.  Isevis  L.    Branching,  smooth,  6— 8f;  Ivs.  ovate;  fls.  rose-white,  in  long  racemes; 
stamens  4.    Fla.,andW.    Herbage  bright-green. 

3.  PETIVERIA  alliacea  L.  Half-shrubby,  2— 3f,  with  obovate-ob- 
tuse  leaves  and  spicate  flowers.    Grows  in  S.  Car.  (Michaux),  and  S.  to  the  tropics. 

Order  C VI.    CHENOPODIACE.E.    Ciienopods  or  Goose-foots. 

Herbs  chiefly  weed-like  and  homely,  more  or  less  fleshy,  with  alternate, 
exstipulate  leaves.  Bracts  not  scarious.  Floicers  greenish,  regular.  Calyx. 
imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as,  and  opposite  to  the  calyx  lobes,  or 
fewer.  Ovary  2-styled,  1-celled,  becomuag  a  1-seeded,  thin  utricle  or  cary- 
opsis.    Embryo  coiled  or  spiral. 


OiinEK  10(j.— C'HENOPODIACE/E. 


285 


nV^M      \  ^ — iSif/i      ^'  ^'°^^®'"  of  Chenopodiiim 

1  (WW^        ^''H^      l/m    \  Sq"!  "''''"'"•    ^-  *^''''y^'  *°"  >"e- 

moved,  showing  the  ovary  and 

2  stamens.    3.  Seed  cut  across, 

"''^^&   showing  the    coiled  embryo. 

SiB\  \  »*L     rt^    \\  (i^  ^'  E''^iich  of  Salicornia  herba- 

/^^         '^^S!^  \i4  //  r  1  "I'J'Y/     '^'^^'    5.  Two  joints  magnified. 

2     ^^^$       4'\^/l        ^[/^rV      6.  Ovary  of  a  flower. 

§  Leaves  flat,  neither  fleshy  nor  spiny.     Embryo  a  ring  around  copious  albumen.  ..(a) 

i  Leaves  none,  or  linear  and  fleshy  or  spineseent.     Embryo  a  spiral  or  folio.    Albumen  0.  ..(y) 

a  Stems  twining  and  climbing.     Flowers  white,  in  racemes Boussingacltia.  1 

o  Stems  erect.     Flowers  greenish,  all  similar  and  perfect... (W 

a  Stems  erect.     Flowers  greenish,  of  two  sorts,  monoecious  or  dioecious. . .  (x) 

6  Seed  horizontal. — c  Pericarp  rough  and  corky.     Calyx  ribbed Bkta.  2 

— c  Pericarp  thin,  in  a  calyx  bordered  all  around Cycloloma.  3 

— c  Pericarp  thin,  in  a  plain,  unbordered  caly.x Chenofodium.  4 

b  Seed  vertical. — d  Fruit  smooth,  sepals  distinct,  mostly  fleshy Blitum.  6 

— d  Fruit  in  a  veiny,  wrinkled  calyx.    Leaves  pinnatifid Roubieva.  5 

— d  Fruit  axillary  to  a  bract,  no  calyx.     Leaves  linear Corispermum.  10 

X  Fruit  enclosed  in  a  hardened  calyx  without  bracts.    Cultivated Spinacia.  9 

X  Fruit  naked  (no  calyx)  between  two  bracts.    Leaves  oval  or  triangular. . .  Atkiflex.  7 

y  Embryo  folded,  not  spiral.     Stems  .iointed,  leafless Salicornia.  11 

y  Embryo  a  fiat  spiral,  horizontal.     Leaves  acute Chenopodina.  12 

1(  Embryo  a  conic  spiral.     Sep.ils  appendaged.    Leaves  spineseent Salsola.  13 

1.  BOUSSINGAULTIA,  Kmith.  Mexico  Vine.  Cal.  coiolla-like, 
open,  5-  or  6-parted,  Avith  several  imbricated  bracts.  Stig.  3,  club-shaped. 
Pericarp  thin.  ^  Twining-  to  the  right.  Leaves  thick,  petiolate.  Flow- 
ers in  many  spike-like  racemes.     S.  America. 

B.  BASELLOiDES.    Lcaves  broadly  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,     ii  Arbors.    15f. 

2.  BETA,  Tourn.  Beet.  Cal.  5-cleft,  persistent.  Sta.  5.  Ovary  half- 
adherent.  Stig.  2.  Utricle  depressed,  corky,  enclosed  in  and  consolidated 
with  the  ribbed  calyx. — Herbs  with  fleshy  roots,  furrowed  stems,  alternate 
leaves,  and  greenish,  spicate  flowers. 

B.  vulgaris.  Glabrous ;  leaves  large,  wavy,  acute  both  ways  ;  spikes  in  a  large  pani- 
cle the  second  year.    @  S.  Eur.    Cultivated  for  its  root,  which  is  commonly  red. 

p.Cicla,    ^carciti/.    Leaves  roughish  ;  root  slender,  whitish  ;  flowers  in  3's. 
y.Rapa,     Turnip  Beet.    Root  napiform,  white  or  red,  very  sweet. 
S.Jflang'el-icurtzel,    Root  very  large,  mostly  white.    Cultivated  for  stock. 

3.  CYCLOLOMA,  Moquin.  Calyx  5-cleft,  lobes  strongly  keeled,  at 
length  appendaged  outside  with  a  circular  membranous  border  or  crown. 
Sta.  5,  styles  3.  Utricle  depressed,  enclosed,  (i)  With  furrowed  stems, 
alternate  lobed  leaves,  and  small  sessile  flow^ers. 

C.  platypbyllum  Moq.— Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  III.,  and  W.  1— lif,  white-downy 
above.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  2'.  Flowers  at  length  in 
small  panicles.    July— Sept. 

4.  CHENOPODIUM,  Tourn.  Pigweed.  Goosefoot.  Calyx  bract- 
less,  5-cleft,  lobes  often  keeled,  never  appendaged,  more  or  less  enclosing 
the  fruit.     Sta.  5,  styles  2.     Utricle  depressed,  membranous,  seed  mostly 


286  OuDER  106.— CI1EN0P0DIACE.E. 

horizontal,  lenticular.    Weeds  often  glaucous  or  glandular,  with  alternate; 

often  rhombic  Ivs.,  and  the  minute  lis.  in  panicled  spikes.    June — Aug. 
§  Plants  ill-scented,  smooth,  never  glandular.    Embryo  a  complete  ring. .  .(*)^ 
§  Plants  glaudular-pubcrulent,  green,  aromatic.    Embryo  a  half  ring. .  .(&) 

*  Herbage  glaucous  or  whitish,  covered  with  mealiness Nos.  1—3 

*  Herbage  green,  rarely  purplish,  not  glaucous  or  mealy.,  .(a) 

a  Leaves  entire,  ovate-oblong,  on  slender  petioles No.  4 

a  Leaves  toothed  or  lobed,  petiolate Nos.  5 — 7 

b  Flowers  glomerate,  axillary,  in  spike-like  racemes Nos.  8,  9 

b  Flowers  cymous,  innumerable,  in  long  raceme-like  panicles No.  10 

1  C.  glaucum  L.    Prostrate  or  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse, 

sinuate-angled  or -dentate  ;  racemes  simple  ;  seed  partly  enclosed.    (V)  Mass.  to  Pa. : 
rare.    If.    Leaves  1—2',  whitish  beneath.    §  Europe. 

2  C.  album  L.     Common  P.    Erect,  loosely  branched,  striate ;  Ivs.  rhombic  ovate, 

sinuate-toothed  to  subentire  ;  racemes  some  panicled  :  seed  wholly  enclosed.    (T)  The 
commonest  of  weeds,  2 — 7f,  often  striped  with  purple. 

3  C.  Bosciauiim  Moq.    Erect,  branched;  Ivs.  small,  lance-linear,  entire,  canescent 

beneath  ;  seed  partly  enclosed.    (I)  Shades,  Pa.  (Prof.  Porler),  and  S.    2f. 

4  C  polyspernium  L.    Ascending,  branched  from  base ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong,  en- 

tire, bright  green  ;  racemes  spike-like,  strict ;  fruit  partly  enclosed.    Rare.    §  Eur. 

5  C.  U^brldum  L.    Leaves  ample,  subcordate,  deeply  sinuate-angled,  with  pointed 

lobes  ;  racemes  leafless  ;  seed  rugous,  dulL    (i)  Common,  2 — If.    §  Europe. 

6  C.  inurale  L.    Ascending;    leaves  ovate-rhombic,  acute  at  base,  unequally  and 

acutely  toothed;  seed  acute-edged,  dnU-rngons.    ©Rare.    12—18'.    § 

7  C.  irbiciim  L.    Erect;   leaves  as  in  No.  C,  but  slightly  mealy;   racemes  strict, 

dense,  in  an  erect  narrow  panicle;  seed  blunt-edged,  shining.    ®  2 — 4f.    § 

8  C.  anibrosioidos  L.    Mexican  Tea.    Branched;   leaves  oblong  to  lance-linear, 

attenuate  both  ways,  sinuate-toothed  to  entire ;  spikes  dense,  leafy,  seed  shining, 
obtuse-edged  ;  fruit  wholly  enclosed,    fl)  1— 2f.    §  Mexico. 

9  C.  aiitliclmintleuin  L.     }yorm-seed.    Subsimple;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  deeply 

sinuate-serrate  or  piunatifid  ;  racemes  spike-like,  long  ;   styles  mostly  3  ;  fruit  as  in 
No.  8.     n  Waste  grounds.    1— 3f.    §  Mexico. 

10  C  Botrj's  L.  Oak-of- Jerusalem.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  sinnate-subpinnatifid ; 
branches  strict,  panicles  slender,  spirally  twisted.  (T)  Sands,  &c.  1— 2f.  Plants 
sirongly  aromatic  of  turpentine. 

5.  ROUBIEVA,  IMoq.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Sta.  5.  Stj^es  and  stig.  3. 
Seed  lens-sliai)cd,  quite  vertical,  enclosed  in  the  veiny  rugous  calyx,  if 
Pubescent,  mucii  branched.    Leaves  pinnatifid. 

K.  niultifida  Moq.— Roadsides  about  New  York.  Prostrate  and  ascending.  1— 2f. 
Flowers  minute,  in  numerous  panicled  racemes.    Leaves  1'.    §  S.  America. 

6.  BlilTUM,  Tourn.  Elite.  Calyx  3-5-sepalled,  mostly  becoming 
juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  utricle.  Sta.  1 — 5.  Styles  2. 
(D  Leaves  petiolate.     Flowers  glomerate. 

§  Heads  forming  a  dense  terminal  spike.    C'alj'x  dry No.  1 

§  Heads  axillary,  some  spicate  above.    Calyx  thickened Nos.  2,  3 

1  B.  Boiius-Henricus  Reich.    Good  King  Heniij.    Subsimple,  ascending,  mealy; 

leaves  triangular-hastate  ;  stamens  5.    Waysides,  N. :  rare.    §  Europe. 

2  B.  inaritiinum  N.    Much  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  both  ends; 

stamen  1 ;  seed  shining.    Maislie.--,  R.  T.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.    1-  2f.    August. 

3  B.  capitatuiu  L.    Siraivbernj  B.    liiiiuched;  leaven  triangular-hastate;  glomer- 

ate fruit  reddened  like  strawberries,  insipid.    Va.,  andN.    l--2f.    June. 


OuDEK  106.— CHENOPODIACE^.  287 

7.  ATRIPLEX,  Gaert.  $  Bractlcss.  Calyx  3-5-sepalled.  Sta.  3—5. 
5  Ovary  2-styled,  with  no  stam.,  enclosed  between  2  leaf-like  bracts,  with 
or  without  a  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  mealy  or  scurf}',  with  opposite 
or  alternate  hastate  leaves  and  gloraerate-spiked  green  flowers. 

§  Leaves  partly  opposite.    Bracts  triangular-ovate Nos.  1,  3 

§  Leaves  all  alternate. — x  Bracts  rhombic,  caucscent.  toothed  No.  .3 

— X  Bracts  round-ovate  or  -cuueate , Nos.  4,  3 

1  A.  Iiastata  L.    Slender,  weak,  green  ;  leaves  petiolate,  hastate,  remotely-toothed  ; 

flowers  single  in  the  slender  spikes,  bracts  triaugular-ovate,  denticulate.    N.  Eng.  to 
S.  Car.,  coastward.     1 — 3f. — i3.  Purthiatia  is  scurfy. 

2  A.  llttoralts  L.    Erect  with  many  strict  branches  ;  leaves  short-stalked,  lanceolate 

to  linear,  snbentire ;  flowers  glomerate,  forming  interrupted  spikes ;  bracts  hispid, 
triangular-hastate,  denticulate.    Lake  shores,  N-W. 

3  A.  rosea  L.    Canescent,  ascending,  branched  ;  hs.  ovate  to  oblong,  sinuate-toothed  ; 

glomerules  axillary,  bracts  rhombic,  toothed.  Albany,  N.Y.  (Prof.  Porter).  2f.   §  Eur. 

4  A.  HORTENsis.     Garden  Orache.    Erect,  branched  ;  Ivs.  triangular-hastate  or  -oblong, 

subentire.  bright  green  ;  bracts  roundish,  entire.    Asia. 

5  A.  arenaria  N.    Sand  Orache.    Mcaly-canesceut,  branched  ;  leaves  oval  to  oblong, 

entire,  short-pctioled ;   bracts  broad-cuneate,  united,  denticulate.    (T)  Sea-beaches, 
Mass.  to  Fla.     (Obione,  C-B.)    6—12'.    July— Sept. 

9.  SPINACIA,  Tourn.  SrrNA-GE.  Dioecious,  bractless.  $  Cal.  3-5- 
sepallt'd.  Sta.  4  or  5,  exserted.  S  Calyx  tubular,  2-  or  4-toothed,  soon 
hardening  and  enclosing  the  compressed  achenium.  Styles  4.  (i)  Leaves 
petiolate.    Flowers  green,  axillary.    June,  Julj-. 

S,  OLERACEA.  Leavcs  hastate-lanceolate  to  arrow-shaped  ;  fruit-caly.K  solitarj-,  3-angled' 
armed  with  2  or  4  slender  prickles,  or  imarmed.    (T)  Gardens.    1— Cf. 

10.  CORISPERMUM,  Juss.  Calyx  1-2-sepalIed  or  0.  Stam.  1—5. 
Styles  2,  short.  Pericarp  oval,  flat  and  thin,  adnate  to  the  seed,  vertical. 
(D  With  narrow,  sessile  leaves,  and  sessile,  solitary,  axillary  flowers. 

C.  liyssopifolium  L.  Hairy  or  glabrous,  much  branched;  flowers  in  many  bracted 
spikes,  bracts  ovate,  subulate-pointed ;  leaves  1'  and  less  ;  fruit  a  pellucid  disk. 
Sandy  lake-shores,  Buffalo,  and  W.    § 

11.  SALICORNIA,  Tourn.  Saltwort.  S.^mpiiire.  Flowers  2  or  3 
together,  sunk  in  the  cavities  of  the  jointed  stem.  Calyx  bladder-like, 
denticulate,  enclosing  the  compressed  vertical  fruit.  Stamens  1  or  2. 
Styles  2.  Embiyo  folded.— Seaside,  jointed,  fleshy  herbs  almost  leafless, 
with  opposite  branches. 

1  S.  licrbacea  L.    Suberect;  spikes  elongated,  green  ;  joints  truncate  and  bractless; 

middle  flower  largest.    (I)  Salt  marshes.    8—12'.    August. 

2  S.  Virgtnica  L.    Erect;  spikes  short,  soon  red ;  joints  short,  tipped  with  2  acute 

bracts  :  flowers  all  alike,    n  Salt  marshes.    (!— 9'.    Sept.    (S.  mucrouata  C-B.) 

3  S.  friiticosa  L.    Prostrate,  with  ascending  branches  ;  spikes  slender,  joints  tipped 

with  2  obtuse  bracts,    n  Sandy  beaches.    (S.  ambigua  C-B.) 

12.  CHENOPODINA,  Moq.  Glasswort.  Calyx  bracteolate,  cup- 
shaped,  5-partcd,  fleshy  in  fruit  with  the  seed  horizontal.  Sta.  5.  Stigma 
sessile.  Embryo  a  flat  spiral.— Smooth  seaside  fleshy  plants,  with  alter- 
nate sessile  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.    (Suseda,  Forsk.) 


288  Order  107.— AMARANTACE^ 

C.  iiiaritlma  Moq.    Diffusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  linear,  2'  and  less,  semiterete  ;  flowers 
minute,  green,  clustered,  sessile  ;  seed  black,  shining.    ®  Marshes.    August. 

13.  SALSOLA,  Gaert.     Saltwort.    Fls.  $  sessile.    Sep.  5,  transversely- 
winged  on  the  back.    Wings  enlarged  and  scarious  in  fruit.    Sta.  5.    Styless 
2.     Utricle    depressed,  liorizontal.     Embryo  coclileate. — Seaside  fleshy 
plants,  with  terete  leaves  and  axillary,  whitish  flowers. 
S.  Kali  L.    Branches  diffuse  on  the  sand,  rigid,  with  crowded  subulate  leaves,  each 

tipped  with  a  spine;  flowers  solitaiy,  wings  purplish;  seed  Avith  a  thin  testa  and 

green  embryo  coiled  like  a  snail-shell.    ® 

Order  CVII.    AMARANTACE^.    Amaraj^ths. 

Herbs  similar  to  the  last  Order,  but  with  an  imbricated  involucre  of  3 
diy,  scarious  bracts  added  to  the  flowers.  Sepals  3 — 5  (rarely  but  1),  per- 
sistent and  often  colored,  unchanged  in  fruit.  Stamens  3 — 5.  Ovary  com- 
pressed, 1-celled,  1-GO  -  ovuled.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  utricle,  caryopsis  or 
berry.    Seed  vertical,  albuminous.    Embryo  annular. 

§  Anthers  2-celled.     Ovarj  with  many  orules.     Cultivated Celosia.  1 

§  Anthers  2-celled.    Ovary  1-ovuled.     Leaves  alternate... (*) 
§  Antliers  1-celled.     Ovary  1-ovuIed.    Leaves  opposite.  ..(a) 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  and  stamens Amabantus.    2 

*  Flowers  dioecious,  the  pistillate  with  neither  calyx  nor  stamens Acnida.  3 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.— (Flowers  white,  paniculate) Iresine.  4 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.— (Flowers  crimson,  <te.     Capitate.     Cultivated) Gomphrena.    5 

a  Sterile  stamens  5,  the  5  fertile  in  a  tube.— a;  Heads  axillary Telantheba.  6 

— X  Splices  terminal  and  axillary Froelichia.     7 

1.  CELOSIA,  L.  Cockscomb.  Fls.  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  se- 
pals. Sta.  5,  anth.  2-celled.  Stig.  2  or  3,  recui'ved.  Utricle  circumscissile, 
many-seeded,  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  smooth, 
erect,  with  alternate  leaves  and  brilliant,  scarious  flowers. 

1  C  CRisTATA.    Leaves  lance-ovate  ;  spikes  ovoid-pyramidal,  varying  in  cultivation  to 
fantastic  shapes,  crimson  or  even  white.    (3)  E.  India.    2— 4f. 

2.  AMARANTUS,  Touni.  Amaranth.  Fls.  3  $  ?  or  5' ,  3-bracted. 
Cal.  of  5  or  3  sepals.  Stamens  3 — 5,  rarely  2,  anth.  2-celled.  Stig.  2  or  3. 
Fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle,  circumscissile,  or  tearing,  or  not  opening.  ® 
Coarse  weeds,  with  alternate  petioled  Ivs.  and  minute  fls.  in  clusters.  Aug. 

§  Amarantus proper.    Utricle  thin,  regularly  circumscissile.    Not  spiny.,  .(a) 
I  EuxoLus.    Utricle  somewhat  fleshy,  indehiscent,  or  tearing  open . . .  (c) 

a  Flowers  5-parted,  in  long  panicled  spikes, — b  crimson-tinged Nos.  1,  2 

— b  green Nos.  3,  4 

a  Flowers  3-parted,  in  separate,  axillary,  dense  glomerules Nos.  5,  6 

c  Spines  2  in  each  axil.    Bracts  not  longer  than  the  5  sepals No.  7 

c  Spines  none.— a;  Bracts  longer  than  the  .3-5-sepalled  calyx Nos.  8,  9 

— X  Bracts  shorter  than  the  5-sepallcd  calyx Nos.  10, 11 

1  A.  liypocliondriaeus  L.    Prince's  Feather.     Smoothish;  leaves  lance-oblong, 

on  long  stalks,  some  reddened  ;  spikes  very  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  much  the 
largest ;  flowers  deep  purple.    Fields  and  gardens.    3 — 6f.    §  Mexico. 

2  A.  panic iilat II !>>  M<  q.    Prince's  F.    Pubescent,  pale-green;  leaves  lance-ovate* 


Okder  107.— AMARANTACE^.  289 

spikes  slender,  acutish,  crowded,  all  nearly  equal,  reddish-green,  or  in  /3.  sang-uineug. 
crimson  ;  bracts  short-awned.    Fields  and  gardens.    2— 3f.    §  Mexico. 

3  A.  retroflexus  L.    Pubescent,  erect,  stout ;  leaves  ovate  or  subrhombic,  obtuse- 

pointed  ;  panicle  of  thick,  crowded,  dense  spikes  ;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  calyx. 
A  common  weed  in  gardens  and  fields.    2 — If.    Plant  green  or  glaucous.    § 

4  A.  bybrldus   L.     Erect,  glabrous,  green  ;   leaves  ovate,  bright  green ;   panicle 

loose  ;  spikes  terete,  obtuse  ;  calyx  shorter  than  the  awned  bracts.    §  Mexico. 

5  A.  albus  L.     White  Pigweed.    Whitish,  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  long-petioled, 

rhomb-ovate,  very  obtuse  ;  glomerules  remote,  in  pairs,  4- or  5-flowered :  common.  § 

6  A.  melancliolicus.    Lore-liof-bheding.    Erect,  iisually  dark-purple  ;  leaves  lance- 

oblong,  obtuse,  emarginate  ;  glomerules  dark-purple.    Asia.    2— 4f. 
/3.  tricolor.    Leaves  variegated  with  purple,  green,  and  yellow. 

7  A.  spinosus  L.    Much  branched;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  obtuse,  with  2  spines  in 

each  axil ;  spikes  panicled,  erect,  acute  ;  bracts  equalling  the  sepals ;  utricle  falling 
without  opening.    Waysides,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  and  W.    § 

8  A.  lividuisi  Moq.    Erect,  smooth,  livid-purplish  ;  Ivs.  elliptic,  obtuse,  emarginate  ; 

spikes  slender,  rigid,  acute;  sepals  thrice  longer  than  bracts;  fruit  rugous.    § 

9  A.  deflexKS  L.    Ascending,  ashy-green,  branches  deflexed ;  leaves  rhomb-lancfto- 

late,  obtuse  ;  spikes  thick,  obtuse  ;  sepals  longer  than  bracts ;  fruit  smooth.    § 

10  A.  viriidls  L.    Erect;  livid-purple;  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate  ;  spikes  panicled, 
rather  loose  and  long ;  sepals  twice  longer  than  the  bracts.    Waste  grounds,  S. 

11  A.  pumilus  Eaf.    Difluse  or  prostrate ;  leaves  subsessiie,  obovate  ;  flowers  in  ax- 
illary, sessile  glomerules ;  fruit  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    Sandy  sea-coasts. 

3.  ACNIDA,  L.  Water  Hemp.  Fls.  $  ? ,  3-bracted.  $  Calyx  of  5 
equal,  erect  sepals.  Stamens  5,  antli.  2-celled.  ?  Cal.  0.  Ovary  1-oviilecl, 
with  3 — 5  stig.  Uti'icle  l-seeded,  naked,  (i)  Glabrous,  tall,  branched,  with 
long-stalked,  entire  leaves  and  fls.  small,  green,  in  slender  spikes.  Jl. — Oct. 

§  AcNiDA  pmper.    Utricle  indehiscent,  longer  than  its  stigmas No.  1 

§  MoNTELiA.    Utricle  circumscissile,  shorter  than  its  stigmas No.  3 

1  A.  cannabina  L.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  pointed.,  2—8' ;  t  spikes  numerous, 

rather  dense,  2 — 4' ;  ?  spikes  interrupted  ;  panicle  leafy  ;  fr.  li^',  obovoid,  bracts  i  as 
long.    Salt  marshes.    3— Sf.    The  two  sorts  quite  dissimilar. 

2  A.  tamarisciua.    Leaves  lance-oval,  1—5' ;  spikes  interrupted  and  leafy  at  base, 

or  throughout;  J  bracts  longer  than  the  ovary.    Wet  shores,  E.  and  W.    1— Of.    The 
S  plant  scarcely  differs  from  &  No.  1. 

4.  IRESINE,  Br.  Fls.  5  ?  or  »  ,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  erect  sepals. 
Sta.  5,  anth.  1-celled.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Utricle  valveless,  included  in  the 
calyx. — Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.  Flowers  minute,  scarious,  white,  in 
dense  spikes  or  heads.     September,  October. 

I.  celosioides  L.    Branches  opposite,  strict;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  nu- 
merous delicate  panicled  spikes,    (i)  Banks,  W.  and  S-W.    2— 4f. 

5.  GOMPHRENA,  L.  Globe  Amaranth.  Fls.  3-bracted.  Cal.  5- 
sepalled,  erect.  Fil.  5,  3-cleft  at  apex,  middle  tooth  bearing  the  1-celled 
anth.  Stig.  capitate.  Fr.  as  in  Iresine.  Tropical  plants.  Lvs.  opposite. 
Flowers  in  heads. 

C  GLOBosA.    Trichotomously  much  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  entire  ;  flowers  fadeless, 
bright  purple,  in  heads  V  diameter,    (i)  E.  India.    1— 2f. 

6.  TELANTHERA,  Br.     Fls.  3-bracted.     Cal.  of  5  sepals.     Stamens  5, 


290  Okdek  108.— LAURACE^. 

with  0  intervening  sterile  filaments,  anth.  1-cellecl.     Stig.  capitate.    Fr.  as 
in  Iresine.    Leaves  opposite.     Heads  axillary  and  terminal. 
T.  polygonoides  Jloq.    Procumbent,  diffuse,  hairy;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  attenuate 
to  a  winged  petiole  ;  flowers  silvery  whitish.    U  Waste  grounds,  S. 

7.  FRCELICHIA,  Manich.  Fls.  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at 
apex.  Sta.  5,  connate  into  a  tube,  with  5  sterile  filaments.  Anth.  1-celled. 
Stigmas  capitate  or  tufted.  Utricle  enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx.  (T) 
Hairy  or  woolly  stems,  long-jointed. 

F.  Floridana  Moq.  Nearly  simple,  strictly  erect;  leaves  linear;  flowers, in  shori, 
dense,  cottony  spikes.    River  banks,  W.  and  S.    1— 3f.    Jniy,  August 

Order  CVIII.    LAURACEiE.    Laurels. 

Trees  and  shrubs  aromatic,  mostly  with  alternate,  simple,  punctate  leaves. 
Flotcers  with  a  colored  perianth  of  4 — 6  slightly  united,  strongly  imbri- 
cated sepals.  Anthers  2-  or  4-celled,  opening  upward  by  as  many  recurved, 
lid-like  valves.  Ovari/  1-celled,  1-ovuIed,  free,  in  fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe. 
Seed  without  albumen. 

§  Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  12,  the  3  inuer  sterile. — a  Evergreen  trees Feuska.  I 

— a  Leafless  vines.     S.  Fla Cassyta. 

§  Flowers  diarcious.     Stamens  9,  all  fertile.     Leaves  deciduous... (*) 

*  Involucre  none.    Anthers  4-celled.  4-valved.    LeiiTes  lobed Sassafras.  2 

*  Involucre  lleaved.     Anthers  2-ceUed,  2-valved.     Leaves  entire Bknzoi.v.  3 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.     Anthers  4-eetled,  4-valved.    Leaves  entire Tetraniheha.  4 

1.  PERSEA.  Gsert.  Red  Bay.  Bay  Galls.  Fls.  S  ,  umbellate,  with 
no  involucre.  Cal.  of  6  sepals.  Sta.  13,  the  3  inner  sterile,  reduced  to  mere 
glands,  anth.  4-celled  (3  cells  above  and  3  below).  Drupe  oval,  seated  on 
the  persistent  calyx,  containing  1  large  seed.     5 

P.  Carolineit^is  Mx.  Tree  30— 40f,  often  but  a  shrub,  with  lance-oblong,  entire,  firm 
leaves,  6' ;  umbels  small,  on  ped.  1—2' ;  drupe  oval,  blue.  Swamps,  Ya.  to  Fla. 
Bark  dcep-furrowcd  ;  wood  fine,  rose-colored.    April,  May. 

2.  SASSAFRAS,  Nees.  Sassafras.  Fls.  $  ? .  Calyx  G-parted,  de- 
ciduous.    $  Sta.  9,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of  glands  at  base,  anth.  4-celled. 

S  Sta.  6,  all  sterile.     Ov.,  style,  and  stig.  1.    Drupes  ovoid,  blue,  on  thick 
red  pedicels.     ^  Flowers  yellow,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  Mar. — .In. 
S.  olHclnale  Nees.    Shrub  or  small  tree,  10— 20f :  leaves  of  two  forms— ovate  and  en- 
tire, or  3-lobed,  cuneate  at  base  ;  flowers  handsome,  in  racemes  or  corymbs.    Fields 
and  woods.    Bark  pleasantly  aromatic. 

3.  BENZOIN,  Nees.  Spice  Wood.  Flowers  $  2  ,  with  4  involucrate 
scales.  Cal.  5-  or  6-parted.  $  Sta.  9,  the  inner  3  glandular  at  base,  anth. 
2-celled.  ?  Sta.  15 — 18  rudiments.  Drupe  obovoid,  red.  J) +>  Lvs.  entire. 
Fls.  yellow,  in  small  lateral  clusters  before  the  leaves.    (Lindera,  Thunb.) 

1  B.  odoriferum  Nees.    Shrub  6— 12f;  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute  at  ba?e ;  buds 

and  pedicels  smooth.    Moist  woods  :  common.    May. 

2  B.    melissacfolium  Nees.    Shrub  3— 3f ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  abrupt  or  cardate 

at  base  ;  buds  and  podiceli  villou*.    Swamps,  S.    February,  March. 


Order  110.— SANTALACE^.  291 

4.  TETR  ANTHER  A,  Jacq.    Poxd  Spice.    Fls.  as  in  Benzoin,  but 
the  anthers  are  4-cclled  and  4-yalved  as  in  Sassafras.    Drupe  globular 
(red).     J)  Flowers  j'ollo-o',  precocious.    February,  March. 
T.  gentculata  Nees.    Shrub  8— 15f,  with  branches  and  branchlets  very  crooked  and 
divaricate.    Leaves  small,  oval  to  oblong.    Swamps,  S. 

Order  CIX.    LORANTHACE^.    Loranths. 

Shrubby  plants,  parasitic  on  trees,  with  thick,  opposite,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flmcers  mostly  diclinous,  an  adherent  calyx  of  2 — 8  lobes,  with  stamens  of 
the  same  number,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a 
fleshy  fruit  wilh  one  albuminous  seed. 

PHORODENDRON,  N.  Mistletoe.  FIs.  5  ?  ,  in  jointed  spilies, 
mostly  3-lobed.  &  Anth.  sessile  on  the  base  of  each  lobe,  the  3  cells  di- 
vergent. ?  Stig.  sessile  (no  stamens).  Fr.  a  pulpy,  viscous  berry. — Herb- 
age yellowish-green.  Stems  brittle,  woody,  firmly  engrafted  on  the  limbs 
of  oaks,  elms,  &c. 

P.  flavescens  N.  Stems  much  branched,  1— Hf ;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  thick,  entire, 
as  long  as  the  spikes  ;  berry  white,  pellucid,  sticking  to  the  limb  which  it  touches 
until  it  takes  root. 

Order  CX.    SANTALACE^.    Sandalworts. 

Trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves,  with  the  calyx 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  4-5-cleft,  valvate.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  and  opposite  to  them.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free  central  pla- 
centa bearing  at  top  2—4  suspended  ovules,  but  in  fruit  drupaceous,  1- 
seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

§  Hiilf-shrubby.    Anthers  connected  to  the  sepals  by  a  tuft  of  hairs Comandra.    3 

§  Shrubs.     Anthers  free.— *  Flowers  4-p«rted,  with  4  petals  in  the  J  flowers Buckleya.    2 

— *  Flowers  5-parted,  all  apetalous.     Leaves  alternate Pyrulaiiia.  3 

1.  COMANDRA,  N.  Bastard  Toadflax.  Calyx  tube  adherent, 
limb  4-  or  5-partcd.  Anth.  4  or  5,  connected  as  aboA^e  mentioned.  Fil.  on 
a  5-lobed  perigynous  disk. — Smooth  plants,  with  herbaceous  branches  and 
whitish  flowers  in  small  umbels.  • 

1  C  unibellata  N.    Flowers  perfect ;  branches  strict,  corymbed  above  ;  leaves  ob- 

lanceolate,  subsess ile  ;  umbels  3-flowered,  exceeding  the  leaves ;  connecting  hairs 
yellow.    Kocky  woods.    If.    Leaves  scattered,  0".    June. 

2  C  Barbya  A.  DC.    Flowers  dioecious;   branches  short,  leafy;   leaves  elliptical, 

mostly  opposite ;  umbels  5-tlowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  connecting  hairs  white. 
Woods,  S. :  rare.    1— 2f.    The  fertile  plant  unknown. 

2.  BUCKLEYA,  Torr.  Fls.  5  2  ,  the  $  with  a  double  calyx,  the  in- 
ner (corolla)  caducous,  and  without  stamens.  Sty.  4-lobed.  5  Calj^x  sin- 
gle, 4-lobed,  with  4  stam.  Fruit  oblong,  10-furrowed,  1-seeded.  5  Leaves 
subsessile,  entire.     Sterile  flowers  clustered,  fertile  solitary. 


292  Okder  112.— EL^AGNACEJi. 

B.  distj'oliophylla  Ton-.— Mountains  of  E.  Tenn.      Shrub  10— 20f;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate  ;  Iruit  8—9"  long,  regembllng  that  of  Forestiera. 

3.  PYRULARIA,  Mx.  Oil-nut.  Fls.  S  ?  .  Calyx  5-cleft,  half-adhe- 
rent by  the  5-toothed  disk.  Style  1,  stigmas  2  or  3.  Drupe  pear-shaped, 
1-seeded,  with  the  albumen  very  oily.     +> 

P.  pnbera  Mx.    Shrub  4— 6f,  spineless,  with  oval-oblong  leaves  and  small  greenish 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes  ;  drupe  7—9".    Mountain  streams,  Pa.,  and  S.    May. 

Order  CXI.    THYMELACE^.    Daphnads. 

SJiruis  with  a  very  tough,  acrid  barl<:,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers, 
Avith  tlie  calyx  tubular,  colored,  the  limb  4-(4-  or  5-)parted,  regular,  the 
tube  bearing  the  stamens^  as  many  or  usually  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes, 
and  free  from  the  ovary,  which  is  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  the  suspended  seed 
Avith  little  or  no  albumen. 

1.  DIRCA,  L.  Leatherw^ood.  Cal.  colored,  tubular,  limb  obscurely 
4-toothed.  Sta.  8,  exserted.  Style  1.  Berry  1-seeded.  b  Fls.  opening 
before  the  oblong-obovate,  alternate  leaves,  3  from  each  bud. 

D,  palustris  L.    Shrub  3— 5f,  along  streams,  with  very  tough  bark  ;  flowers  4",  yel- 
lowish, in  April,  May;  berry  oval,  small,  red. 

2.  DAPHNE,  L.  Cal.  colored,  funnel-form,  limb  spreading,  4-parted. 
Anthers  8,  sul)included.  Stigmas  capitate.  Berry  fleshy,  1-seeded.  ]j 
Native  of  the  Old  "World. 

1  D.  Mezereum.    Shrub  1— 3f,  with  very  smooth  lanceolate  leaves  appearing  later  than 

the  lateral  clusters  of  rose-purple,  sweet-scented  flowers. 

2  D.  ODORA.    Siirub  2— 3f ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  evergreen;  clusters  terminal,  roseate, 

very  fragrant.    Greenhouse. 

3  I>.  Laureola.    Shrub  1— .5f,  hardy,  with  large  oblanceolate,  shining,  evergreen  leaves 

and  axillary  clusters  of  greenish  flowers. 

Order  CXII.    EL^AGNACE^.    Oleasters. 

Shrubs  or  trees  usually  with  the  leaves  covered  with  a  silvery  scurf,  en- 
lire.  Fhtcers  mostly  dioecious,  the  calyx  free,  entire,  persistent,  becoming 
in  fruit  pulpy  and  berry -like,  enclosing  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  achenium. 
Embiyo  straight,  with  little  albumen. 

*  Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  entire Eleagsus.        1 

*  Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  8.    Leaves  opposite,  after  the  flowers Shepbkkdia.  2 

*  Flowers  dioecious.     StaraenB  4.    Leaves  alternate,  after  the  flowers Hipfofh^.      3 

1.  ELJEAGNUS,  L.  Oleaster.  Cal.  4-cleft,  colored  within.  Sta.  4, 
alternate  with  the  sepals.  Achenium  enclosed  in  the  mealy,  8-furrowed 
calyx  tube.     ^  t)  With  silvery  foliage. 

1  E.  ARGENTEA  Ph.    Silverberrij.    Shrub  8— 12f;  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  elliptical, 

acute,  1—2' ;  flowers  axillary,  deflexed,  canescent.    Dakota,  and  W. 

2  E.  uoRTENSis.    Tree  with  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  leaves  ;  flowers  axillary,  erect.— 

Also,  E.  latif6lia,  with  evergreen  leaves,  is  cultivated. 


Ordek  113.— EUPH0RBIACEJ5.  293 

2.  SHEPHERDIA,  N.  Fls.  6  2  .  Cal.  4-cleft.  Sta.  8,  with  8  glands. 
2  Calyx  tube  closelj^  investing  the  ovary,  limb  4-lobe(i.     Sty.  and  stig.  1. 

Berry  globular,  flcslij'.     +)  Spinescent 

1  S.  Canadensis  N.    Shrub  6— 8f;  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  clothed  beneath  with  stel- 

late hairs  aud  rusty  scales,  nearly  smooth  above.    Banks  of  streams,  N.    Clusters 
subsessile.    Berry  sweetish. 

2  S.  ARGENTEA  N.    Buffalo  Berry.     Tree  13— 18f;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  both 

surfaces  smooth  and  covered  with  silvery  scales.    Fruit  the  size  of  a  currant,  scar- 
let, well-flavored.    Missouri. 

3.  HIPPOPHJE  RHAMNoiDES.  Shrub  with  lance-linear  leaves,  silvery 
white  beneath,  aud  a  crowd  of  yellow,  acid  drupes.    Europe. 

Order  CXIII.    EUPHORBIACE^.    Spurgeworts. 

Herbs.,  shrubs.,  or  t)ves,  usually  with  a  milky,  acrid  juice.  Flowers  dicli- 
nous, sometimes  enclosed  in  a  cui>shaped  involucre.  Cali/.v  inferior,  some- 
times wanting.  Corolla  scale-like  or  colored,  often  wanting.  Ovary  free, 
sessile  or  stipitatc,  3-,  3-(or  more)-carpelled ;  styles  distinct  or  united.  Fruit 
of  2,  3  (or  more)  1-2-seeded  carpels  (rarely  of  1  carpel)  united  to  a  common 
axis,  at  length  separating.    Embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.    Fig.  143. 

r^Y  "y^^^^^^']  y'-r-^  \  ^'^''^-  Head  or  capitulum  of  Euphor- 
^^'''^^fW$-3~F'/<'^P^  n  feiacoroUata.  8. The  involucre  tube 
— '^[Ififf'M^  \0.^^M  I'''  ^"''  °P'^'^i  showing  the  monaudrous, 

'jfel  |ij'|;;i I  _  ^^-^\(^/        'L''  stamiuate  flowers  surrounding  the 

MW/  "  550  V/  pj^jjjjatg     9.  One  of  the  S  flowers, 

with  a  toothed  bract  at  base.    50  Cross-section  of  the  ovary,  showing  the  3  one-seeded 
cells  or  carpels. 

§  Cells  of  the  ovary  l-ovuled  ;  fruit  cells  or  carpels  l-seeded...(*) 

§  Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled  ;  fruit  cells  or  carpels  each  2-seeded. .  .(x) 

*  Flowers  in  a  cuivshaped  involucre,  the  $  manj',  each  merely  a  stamen,  the  9 

only  1,— an  ovary  exserted  on  a  pedicel EuPHORrii.  1 

•  Flowers  not  in  au  involucre,   g  ,  all  apetalous,  with  a  calyx  only... (a) 

a  Stigmas  and  carpels  6— 9.    Fruit  fleshy,  apple-like.    Trees.    S.  Fla HiprOMANE  JfawnneBa. 

a  Stigmas  and  carpels  3.     Fruit  dry,  capsular.  ..(h) 
b  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud,  2 — i  in  number. .  .(c) 
6  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud,  8— CO  in  number. ..{d) 
b  Stamens  infiexed  in  the  bud.      ^  Flowers  usually  with  small  petals.  ..(e) 

»  Staminate  calyx  imbricated  in  bud.   Anthers  pendulous.    Tree.    S.  Fla Sebastiania  (uctcfa. 

<;  Stam.  calyx  imbricated  in  bud.    Anthers  erect.     Flowers  in  spikes Stillingia.  2 

c  S*am.  calyx  valvate  in  bud.     Flowers  in  racemes.     Plant  downy Tragia.  3 

d  Flowers  in  cymes,  with  white,  imbricated  sepals.     Stinging Jatkopha.  4 

d  Flowers  in  small  spikes  with  large  bracts.     Sepals  valvate Acalypha.  5 

d  Flowers  in  long  interrupted  spikes.     Sepals  3,  valvate  in  bud Mercurialis.  6 

ci  Flowers  in  panicles.     Leaves  palmately  lobed,  glabrous RictNus.  7 

e  Ovary  3- or  2-celled  and -seeded.     Plants  hairy,  downy,  &c Croton.  8 

e  Ovary  1-celled  and -seeded.     Plants  silvery-scurfy Crotonopsis.  9 

X  Calyx  5-6-parted  ;  stamens  3,  united.     Flowers  axillary,  small Phyllanthus.  10 

sc  Calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  distinct,  large.     Flowers  in  bracted  spikes Pachysandra.  U 

a;  Calyx  ^parted  ;  stamens  i,  distinct     Fls.  axillary.     Shrub.    Lvs.  opposite Buxus.  12 


1.  EUPHORBIA,  L.    Spurge.    Fls.  monoecious  and  achlamydeous, 
several  in  an  involucrate  cluster,  simulating  one  flower  (see  figures).    In- 


294  OiiDEii  113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 

volucre  calyx-like,  4-  or  5-lobed,  often  "with  4  or  5  large  glands,  s  Fls. 
9  or  more,  each  a  stamen  -with  a  bract.  $  Flower  central,  a  3-celled,  3- 
ovuled  ovaiy  on  a  pedicel.  Styles  3,  2-cleft.  Caps,  o-lobed,  separating 
into  3  nutlets. — Plants  with  a  milky  juice. 

S  Shrubs  of  the  greenhouse,  with  scarlet  bracts  or  involucres Nos.  33—35 

§  Herbs,  erect,  without  stipules.    Leaves  alternate  or  opposite. .  .(a) 
§  Herbs,  mostly  prostrate,  diffuse.    Leaves  all  opposite,  oblique  at  base, 
small,  furnished  with  small  stipules  at  base.    Glands  of  the  involucre 

4,  usually  whitc-margiued.    (T)  May — Nov (.v) 

a  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  bordered  with  white  petaloid  appendages..  .(6) 
a  Glands  of  the  involucre  -1  or  5,  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned. .  .(c) 
a  Glands  of  the  involucre  1—5,  neither  white  nor  homed. .  .(cl) 

b  Heads  pedunculate.    Branches  regular.    Leaves  oblong  to  linear Nos.  1,  2 

b  Heads  pedunculate.    Branches  irregular.    Leaves  oval  or  ovate Nos.  3,  4 

6  Heads  nearly  sessile.    Leaves  with  broad  white  margins No.  5 

c  Umbel  of  many  rays.    Stem  leaves  narrow,  alternate.    Seeds  smooth.   2i...Nos.  6,  7 

c  Umbel  of  3  rays,  and  forked.    Stem  leaves  alternate,  thin  Nos.  8,  9,  10 

c  Umbel  of  3  or  4  rays,  and  forked.    Stem  leaves  opposite,  thick No.  11 

d  Inflorescence  a  simple  terminal  cluster.    Leaves  toothed  orlobed....Nos.  12, 13 

d  Inflorescence  a  forked  cyme,  peduncles  in  the  forks.    Lvs.  entire Nos.  14,  15 

d  Inflorescence  a  compound  umbel.    Heads  terminal. . .  ie) 

e  Seeds  reticulated  or  wrinkled.    Leaves  serrulate Nos.  16,  17 

e  Seeds  smooth  and  even,— /;  in  a  rough,  warty  fruit Nos.  18—20 

—k  in  a  smooth  and  even  fruit Nos.  21—23 

X  Leaves  serrulate  or  sen-ate.    Seeds  roughened  with  wrinkles  or  pits. .  .{y) 

y  Stems  ascending  or  erect.    Plants  smooth  or  smoothish Nos.  24 — 26 

y  Stems  flat  on  the  ground,  spreading,  mostly  hairy Nos.  2~,  28 

X  Leaves  entire.    Seeds  smooth  and  even.    Plant  glabrous Nos.  29—32 

1  C  corollata  L.    Flowering  S.    Erect,  glabrous,  or  subglabrous  ;  umbel  3-7-rayed, 

rays  3-  and  2-forked  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  those  of  the  umbel  whorled 
or  opposite  ;  involucre  glands  obovate,  petaloid.    U  Dry  fields,  1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 
;3.  ang-u»ti folia.    Leaves  oblong-linear  ;  umbel  becoming  irregular.    S. 

2  E.  Curtisii  Eng.    Smooth,  slender,  branched  from  base,  divisions  about  3-forked, 

then  2-forked  ;  leaves  opposite  or  in  3V,  linear-oblong  or  linear ;  heads  minute  ;  in- 
volucre glands  narrowly  white-bordered.    2;  Barrens,  S.    If.    (E.  discoidalis  Cfaapm.) 

3  E.  pubeiitissliiia  Ms.    Ilairj',  2  or  3  times  forked  ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong, 

petiolate  or  subsessile,  scattered,  the  floral  much  smaller;  heads  minute  ;  involucre 
glands  minutely  white-margined,  entire.    Dry.    S.    If.    (E.  paniculata  Ell.) 

4  E.  mercnrlalina  Ms.    Stem  naked  below,  leafy,  and  3-  or  2-forked  above,  pubes- 

cent ;   leaves  oval  or  ovate,  petiolate,  mostly  opposite  ;    involucre  lobes  crennlate, 
white.    Tenn. :  rare.    8—10'.    Too  near  to  the  preceding. 

5  E.  marginata  Ph.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  sessile,  the  floral  crowded,  and  Avith  a 

broad  white  margin  ;  umbel  3rayed,  capitate.    iTj  Ky.,  and  W.    If.    t 

6  E.  Cj'parisslas  L.    Lvs.  linear,  much  crowded,  the  lloral  broad-cortlate,  all  sessile  ; 

umbel  of  many  simple  rays  ;  glands  lunate,    li  Fields  and  gardens.    If.    § 

7  E.  Esula  L.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  the  floral  broadly  cordate ;  umbel  of  many  forked 

rays,  and  scattered  branches  below  ;  glands  2-horned.    Fields  :  rare.    § 

8  E.  Peplns  L.    Leaves  round-cuueate,  the  floi-al  ovate  ;  umbel  of  3  (rarely  5)  forked 

rays  ;  carpels  doubly  wing-keeled  on  the  back.    Fields,  N.  Eng. :  rare.    §  Europe. 

9  E.  Oliiotica  Steud.    Smooth,  erect  from  a  decumbeut  branching  base  ;  lvs.  mostly 

floral,  reniform,  sessile,  the  pairs  appearing  orbicular ;  carpels  not  winged  ;  glands  2- 
homed.    %  Woods,  Ohio,  W.  and  S.    If.    (E.  commutata  Eng.) 


URDEK  118.— EUPHORBIACE.E.  295 

10  li).  tetrApora  Eng.    Leaves  liiiear-spatulate,  the  floral  larger,  trans-versely  ovate  ; 

mnbil  3-rayed  ;  seeds  i-pitted  on  the  inner  face,    (i)  Ga.  to  La.    10'. 
HE.  ILatUyris  L.     Caper  S.    Stout,  2  or  3f  high ;  leaves  sessile,  lance-linear,  all 

opposite  ;  umbel  -l-rayed,  then  forked  ;  glands  horned.    Gardens,  and  §. 

12  E.  Iicteropliylla  Ms.  Stem  ivith  scattered  branches,  1— 3f;  leaves  ovate,  or 
siuuate-lobed,  or  panduriform,  all  petiolate  and  scattered,  the  upper  stained  red  on 
the  margins  ;  gland  1,  sessile.    Iowa  to  Ga.    June,  July. 

13  E.  dentata  Ms.  Stem  8' — 2f,  hairy,  with  opposite  branches;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  dentate,  petiolate;  heads  subsessile  ;  seed  tubcrcled,  round  and  black;  gland 
1  or  more,  stalked.    ®  Shades,  Penn.  to  Iowa  and  La. 

14  E.  Ipecacuanliae  L.  Eoot  long,  stems  clustered,  slender,  diffusely  forked  ;  Ivs. 
opposite,  all  oblong  to  linear,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  heads  on  filiform  pedicels  ;  seed  white, 
compressed,  pitted,    n  Sands,  coastward.    8—13'.    (E.  gracilis  Ell.) 

15  E.  nudlcaulis  Chapra.  Slender,  forking  above;  leaves  minute  (J"),  obovate, 
the  upper  opposite  ;  heads  minute,  glands  margined,  greenish,     n  Fla. 

16  E.  Helioseopia  L.  Stout;  umbel  5-rayed,  raj-s  trifid,  and  forked;  Ivs.  cuneate 
to  obovate,  Avhorled  above  ;  glands  round,  stalked.    (T)  Waysides,  N.    § 

1 7  E.  dictyosperma  F.  &  M.  Slender ;  umb.  once  or  twice  3-forked.  then  2-forked  ; 
floral  leaves  roundish-ovate,  subcordate,  cauline  obloug-spatnlate  to  obovate ;  fruit 
warty,  seeds  reticvlated.    ®  Ky.,  and  S-W.    (E.  Arkansana  C-B.) 

IS  E.  Darlingtonii  Gray.  Tall  (3— 3f ) :  nmbel  5-8-rayed,  rays  forked  or  trifld ; 
leaves  entire,  oblanceolate,  the  floral  oval.     2j  Woods,  Penn.,  and  S. 

19  E.  platypliylla  L.  Erect,  S— 16' ;  umbel  5-rayed;  leaves  lance-oblong,  subcor- 
date, serrulate,  the  floral  triangular-ovate,    (i)  Lake  shores,  N.    § 

20  E.  obttisata  Ph.  Erect,  1— 2f ;  umbel  3-rayed,  rays  trifld  or  forked  ;  leaves  all 
sessile,  serrulate,  obtuse,  the  floral  roundish-cordate,  the  lower  oblanceolate ;  fruit 
very  warty.    (T)  Woods,  Ya.,  and  W. 

21  E.  Inundata  Torr.  Smooth,  erect;  umbel  3-rayed,  and  forked;  leaves  entire, 
sessile,  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate ;  glands  round,  entire ;  seeds  globous.  2{  Wet 
barrens,  Fla.    6—12'.    Heads  on  slender  peduncles.    Root  woody. 

22  E.  splia?rosperma  Shutt.  (E.  Floridana  Chapm.)  Lvs.  lance-linear  to  cordate- 
ovate  ;  head^  green,  glands  crenate.    Otherwise  like  No.  21.    2j:  Dry.    Fla.    1— 2f. 

23  E.  telephloides  Chapm.  Plant  some  fleshy,  2—5'  high  ;  lvs.  ovate,  large  on  the 
stem,  small  on  the  umbel.    Otherwise  like  No.  22.    ii  West  Fla.    May,  June. 

2-4  E.  liypericlfolla  L.    St.  1— 2f ;  lvs.  6—12",  oval-oblong,  serrate  all  around  ;  sds. 

oval,  obtusely  4-angled,  wrinkled  and  tubcrcled,  black.    ®  Fields  :  common. 
2.5  E.  glyptosperiua  Eng.   St.  5— Id';  lvs.  4— 6",  linear-oblong,  serrulate  toward  the 

apex  :  stip.  fringed  ;  sds.  ovoid,  obtuse-angled,  wrinkled,  amber-color.  Wis.,  and  S-W. 

26  E.  niaculata  L.  Hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  serrulate,  often  with  a  brown  spot ;  stip. 
minute  ;  seeds  sharply  angled,  obscurely  wrinkled,  reddish.    Sandy  fields  :  common. 

27  E.  liuniistrata  Eng.  Hairy;  lvs.  elliptic-obovate,  serrulate  at  apes,  rarely  spot- 
ted ;  stipules  fringed ;  seeds  obtuse-angled,  oval,  roughened,  brownish.    Banks,  W. 

28  E.  serpylllfolia  Pers.  Smooth;  lvs.  obovate-oblong,  serrulate  at  apex,  seldom 
spotted ;  stipules  fringed  ;  seeds  acutely  4-angled,  cross-wrinkled.    Banks,  W. 

29  E.  polygonifolia  L.  Lvs.  oblong-linear;  glandsofinvol.  not  appendaged;  seeds 
large  (1"  long),  ovoid,  smooth  and  whitish.    Sandy  sea  and  lake  coasts. 

30  E.  Geyeri  Eng.  Leaves  oblong-obovate  ;  glands  with  narrow  appendages  ;  seeds 
small  (J-"),  ovoid,  acute,  obtusely  3-angled,  ash-colored.    Sandy  soils,  N-W. 

31  E.  serpens  H.  B.  K.  Lvs.  round-ovate,  very  small  (1—2");  stip.  triangular;  glands 
scarcely  appendaged ;  pod  acutely  keeled,  seeds  ovoid-.3-angled.    111.  to  La. 

32  E.  cordilolia  Ell.  Lvs.  4 — 6",  cordate-oval ;  glands  conspicuously  white-appen- 
daged  ;  pods  and  seeds  as  in  No.  .31.    Fields,  South.    Spreading  If. 

33  E.  SPLENDEXS.  Shrubby  and  fleshy,  thorny;  lvs.  ovate,  acute  both  ways  ;  ped.  ax- 
illary;  floral  leaves  in  pairs,  broader  than  long,  scarlet.    Madagascar. 


296  Order  113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 

34  1<).  FULGENS.  Not  spiny;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pointed  both  ways,  floral  Iv?.  soon  falling; 
lobes  and  appendages  of  the  involucre  red  and  purple.    Mexico. 

35  E.  PULCHERRiMA  (or  Poinsettia).  Floral  leaves  lanceolate,  of  a  brilliant  red,  lower 
leaves  wcdge-oblong,  often  fiddle-shaped,  all  pointed.    Mexico. 

2.  STILLINGIA,  Gard.  Fls.  6' ,  in  a  terminal,  dense  spilie,  apetalous. 
S  Calyx  cup-form,  lobed  and  crenulate.     Sta.  2  or  3.    Fil.  exserted,  with 

short,  2-lobcd  anthers.  ?  Calyx  3-lobed.  Style  triiid,  with  3  diverging, 
simple  stigmas.  Capsule  3-lol)ed,  3-celled,  3-seeded. — Plants  smooth,  erect, 
with  alternate  leaves.  Fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 
Bracts  of  the  spike  biglandular  at  base.    May — Sept. 

1  S.  sylvatica  L.    Herbaceous ;  stems  clustered ;  leaves  subsessile,  lance-linear  to 

lance-oblong,  and  obtuse  to  acuminate,  crenate-serrulate ;  spikes  yellowish,  longer 
than  the  leaves  ;  glands  cup-shaped.    U  S.    1 — Cf 

2  S.  aquatica  Chapm.    Shrubby;  stem  single;  Ivs.  short-stalked,  lanceolate,  acute, 

sharply  serrulate  ;  spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  glands  peltate.    Fla.    3 — Of. 

3  S.  ligustriiia  Mx.    Shrubby;  leaves  lance-ovate,  petiolate,  entire ;  stipules  ovate  ; 

spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  sta.  3.    Swamps,  S.    0— 12f.    (Sebastiania,  Muller.) 

4  S.  sebifera  L.     Tallow  Tree.    Tree  30— 40f ;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  rhomboidal,  acumi- 

nate, entire  ;  fruit  rough,  blackish,  seeds  white.    S.    §.    (Excoecaria,  Mul.) 

3.  TRAGIA,  Plum.  Fls.  5> .  Cor.  0.  3  Calyx  3-parted.  Sta.  2  or  3, 
distinct.  2  Calyx  5-  to  6-  to  8-parted,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft.  Stig.  3. 
Fruit  3-lobed,  3-cclled,  separating  into  3  bivalve,  1-seeded  nutlets.  U  ^ 
Homely  weeds.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate,  pubescent,  stipulate.  Fls.  small, 
racemcd.     May — August. 

1  T.  niacrocarpa  Willd.    Slender  summits  of  the  branches  twining ;  lvs.  cordate- 

ovate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  rac.  long  (3 — 4') ;  fr.  5—6".    Copses,  Ky.,  and  S.    2 — 4f. 

2  T.  urticaefolia  Mx.    Erect,  hairy,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  deltoid-lanceolate, 

truncate  at  base,  sharp-serrate  ;  fruit  very  hairy.    Dry.    S.    1 — 2f. 

3  T.  iiinocua  Walt.    Erect,  branched,  puberulent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  varying  to 

linear,  coarsely  few-toothed  or  entire.    Dry.    S.    If    (T.  urens  L.,  but  it  does  not 
sting  as  Linnaeus  supposed.) 

4.  JATROPHA,  L.  Spurge  Nettle.  Fls.  8  ,  in  forked  cymes  ;  the 
fertile  generally  in  the  forks.  Calyx  colored,  imbricate  in  bud.  Corolla 
present  or  not.  Sta.  10 — 30,  monadelphous.  Styles  3,  forked.  Pod  3-car 
pelled.     %  Loaves  palmi- veined,  stipulate. 

J.  urens,  |3.  »timulo»a  Mul.  Low,  hispid  with  bristly  stings  ;  leaves  half  3-5-lobed, 
cordate,  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate ;  sepals  white,  oval,  spreading ;  corolla  0.  Sandy 
woods,  S. :  common.    Stings  white,  i'  long.    March — July.   (Cnidoscolus,  Pohl.) 

5.  ACALYPHA,  L.  Three-seeded  Mercury.  Fls.  8  ,  in  short  clus- 
ters or  little  spikes,  surrounded  by  a  large  cut-toothed  bract.  Cor.  0.  $ 
Calyx  4-parted.  Sta.  8 — 12,  monadelphous,  with  halved  anthers.  2  Calyx 
3-parted.  Styles  3,  each  2- oo-eleft.  Fr.  3  nutlets,  (i)  Weeds  resembling 
Nettles,  with  stalked  alternate  leaves  (and  5  tropical).     Summer. 

1  A.  "Vlrginica  L,    Leaves  lance-ovate,  obtusely  pointed,  obscurely  serrate,  equal- 
ling their  petioles  (1—2') ;  sterile  spikes  hardly  exserted.    Dry.    10—20'. 
p.  g-racilUnta.    Leaves  narrower,  on  shorter  stalks ;  i  spikes  exserted. 


Okdeu  113.— EUPHORBIACE^.  297 

2  A.  Caroliniana  Walt.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  closely  and  strongly  serrate  ;  i  ppikew 
axillary,  $  terminal,  fruit  soft-ecbinate,  bracts  with  linear  lobes.    W.  and  S. 

6.  MERCURIAIiIS,  Tourn.  Fls.  <? ,  apetalous,  axillaiy,  in  bractless 
spikes  or  fascicles.  Calyx  3-partecl.  Sta.  10—20,  anth.  2-celled,  extrorse. 
Fruit  2-carpellecl,  2-seedecl. — Herbs  with  opposite,  petiolate  leaves. 

OT.  annua  Willd.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  &c.,  thrice  longer  than  the  stalks  ;  branches  oppo- 
site ;  i  spikes  long,  interrupted,  seeds  oval,  pitted.    ®  Waysides,  S. :  rare.    § 

7.  RICINUS,  Tonru.  Castor  Oil  Plant.  Fls.  8  ,  apetalous.  Calyx 
3-5-partecl,  valvate  in  the  bud.  S  Sta.  Qo,  with  irregularly  united  fila- 
ments. ?  Style  short,  stigmas  3,  2-parted,  plumous,  colored.  Capsule 
echinate,  3-lobeu,  3-cencd,  3-seeded. — Herbs  or  shrubs. 

R.  COMMUNIS  L.— A  stout  ®  herb  with  peltate,  palmi-lobed  leaves,  4—13',  divided  into 
lance-shaped  lobes.  Southward  it  becomes  a  shrub,  or  tree  10— 20f.  Cult,  for  its  seeds, 
yielding  the  castor  oil,  or  for  the  ornament  of  its  splendid  foliage.    E.  India. 

8.  CROTON,  L.  Fls.  8  .  Calyx  4-8-parted.  Petals  hypogynous,  4—8, 
mostly  minute,  often  (especially  in  the  ? )  wanting.  $  Disk  with  4 — 6 
lobes.  Sta.  5  or  more,  anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud.  ?  Ovaiy  3-celled, 
styles  3,  1-3-times  forked.  Fruit  3-carpelled,  3-seeded. — Plants  glandular, 
clothed  with  scurf  or  stellate  hairs.    Leaves  alternate. 

§  Downy.    Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  2  styles,  and  pendulous No.  1 

§  Hairy  or  scaly.    Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  3  styles,  each  2-  or  3-cleft  Nos.  2 — 4 

§  Densely  woolly.    Fertile  calyx  S-parted.    Styles  3,  each  twice  2-cleft Nos.  5,  6 

1  C  mon antilogy n us  Mx.  Stellate-downy,  di- and  tri-chotomously  branched  ;  lvs. 

ovate  or  subcordate,  silvery  beneath  ;  fls.  in  the  forks.    ®  Prairies,  111.,  and  S.    If. 

2  C  slandulosus  L.    Hispid,  tri-(or  4-)chotomously  branched  ;  lvs.  clustered  at  the 

forks,  lance-  to  linear-oblong,  serrate,  with  2  concave  glands  at  base ;  fls.  in  clusters, 
the  sterile  4-parted,  8-androus.    (T)  A  straggling  weed,  W.  and  S.    1— 2f. 

3  C.  argyrantlienius  Ms.   Clothed  with  silvery  glandular  scales,  branched  at  base; 

lvs.  oval  to  oblong  ;  fls.  in  a  hd.  or  spike,  silvery  all  over,  all  5-parted.    v  Ga.,  Fla.    If. 

4  C  maritimus  Walt.    Half-shrubby,  bushy,  trichotomously  branched,  tomentous ; 

lvs.  broad-oval,  silvery  beneath ;  flowers  in  dense  heads  on  long  stalks  ;  gtam.  about 
10 ;  stigmas  18—20.    Drifting  sands,  sea-coast,  S.    2— 3f.    July— Oct. 

5  C.  capitatus  Mx.    Lvs.  ovate  to  oblong,  long-petioled,  obtuse;   ?  cal.  large  (7"), 

7-8-cleft ;  styles  3,  each  4-parted  to  base  ;  seed  double-convex.    W.  and  S. 

6  C.  Elllottil  Cbapmu.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  short-petiolate,  acutish;   s  cal.6"diam., 

5-8-cleft;  styles  3,  each  4-cleft  to  the  middle  ;  seeds  plano-convex.    (I)  S.    2— 3f. 

9.  CROTONOPSIS,  Mx.  Fls.  8 ,  minute,  in  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted. 
S  Petals  5,  spatulate.     Sta.  5,  distinct.      ?  Petals  0,  5  scales  instead.     Stig. 

3,  each  bifid.    Ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  1 -seeded.    ®  Slender,  silvery-scurty, 
with  small,  alternate  leaves.     Upper  flowers  sterile. 

C.  linearis  Mx.— Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  to  111.,  and  S.  Stems  as  slender  as  Flax,  re- 
peatedly trifid  and  forked,  1— 'f.    Leaves  linear-obloug,  6—10".    June— Sept. 

10.  PHYLLANTHUS,  L.  Flowers  8 ,  axillary.  Calyx  in  5  or  fi  seg- 
ments. Petals  0.  Stam.  3,  very  short.  Styles  3,  bifid.  Ovules  and  seeds 
2  in  each  2-valved  carpel. — Leaves  alternate,  in  2  ranks. 

P.  Carolin^nsis  Walt.  St.  slender,  with  alternate  branches  ;  lvs.  oval,  G— 10",  the 
ramial  much  smaller ;  flowers  subsolitary.    (i)  Pa.  to  Dl.,  and  S.    6—18'.    June— Aug. 


298  Orber  114.-URTICACE^. 

11.  PACHYSANDRA,  Mx.  Flowers  8  ,  apetalous,  in  bractcd  spikes. 
Calyx  4-partecl.  s  Filaments  4,  long-exserted,  flat.  $  Styles  3,  recurved. 
Capsule  3-horned,  3-celled,  cells  2-seedcd.  If  Procumbent  stems  from 
long  creeping  root-stocks.    Leaves  alternate. 

P.  prociiinbcns  Mx.  Lvs.  ovate  to  obovatc,  coarsely  toothed,  clustered  above  the 
spikes,  which  are  all  near  the  base  of  the  stem.    Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    March— May. 

12.  BUXUS,  L.  Boxwood.  Flowers  8 ,  axillary\  S  Calyx  3-leaved, 
petals  2.  Sta.  4.  ?  Cal.  4-sepalled.  Pet.  3.  Stj^  3.  Caps,  with  3  beaks 
and  3  cells.     Seeds  6.     5  b  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  entire,  smooth. 

B.  sEMPERViRENs.  A  trcc  of  slow  gTOwth,  flne-grained  wood,  m  Europe.  The  dwarfed 
varieties  are  planted  in  gardens  for  edgings. 

Order  CXIV.    URTICACE^.    Nettleworts. 

Plants  of  various  habit,  with  stipules  (which  are  often  early  deciduous) 
and  witli  small  inconspicuous,  mostly  diclinous  flowers.  Calt/x  regular, 
free  from  the  1-celled  ovary.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  and  op- 
posite to  them.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  samara,  drupe  or  achenium,  separate  or 
aggregated.    The  following  groups  have  usually  been  regarded  as  Orders. 

§  ULMACE^.     Treea  with  colorless  innoxious  juice.     Flowers  habitnally  perfect,  not 

inaments.     Fruits  separate.     No  albumen.     (Figs.  181,  256,  295,  316,  382,  509)... (a) 
§§  ARTOCARPE^?;.    Ticen  with  milky  poisonous  juice.   Flowers  diclinous,  in  amenta 

or  heads.     Fruits  aggregated.    Seed  albuminous.     (Figs.  195-6,  298,  349)... (^) 
$|§  URTICEjE.    Herbs.    Flowers  diclinous,   not  in   aments.     Fil.araents   crenulate. 

Fertile  calyx  3-5-parted.     Embryo  straight.     (Fig.  503)..  .(c) 
§§§§  CANNABINEtE.    Herbs.    Flowers  diclinous.    Filaments  straight.    Fertile  calyx 
of  1  sepal,  spathe-like.     Embrjo  curved  or  coiled.     (Fig.  213). .  .((Z) 

a  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.     Fruit  a  samara  winged  all  around Ulmcs.  1 

a  Flowers  with  the  leaves.    Fruit  wingless,— x  a  dry  nut  from  a  1-celled  ovary. . .  Planera.  2 

— X  a  sweet,  fleshy  drupe Ckltis.  3 

6  Flowers  enclosed  within  a  hollow  receptacle,  both  kinds  together Ficos.  4 

b  Flowers  external.— ;/  Fertile  aments  globular.     Branches  thorny Maclura.  5 

— y  Fertile  aments  globular.     Plants  thornless Brodssonktia.  6 

— ;/  Fertile  aments  oblong,  fniit  sweet,  juicy Menus.  7 

c  Herbs  with  stinging  hairs. — z  Stamens  4.    Leaves  opposite Urtica.  8 

— sStamens5.     Leaves  alternate  LaporTea.  9 

c  Herbs  stingless.—n  Stamens  3.     Fertile  calyx  S-sepnlled...   Pilea.  10 

— n  Stamens  4. — o  Flowers  in  slender  f-pikes B<eh,meria.        11 

—o  Flowers  in  involucrate  clusters Parietaria.       12 

d  Herbs  twining.     Fruit  in  an  imbricate  strobile-like  ament Hu.mulus.  13 

d  Herbs  erect.     Fruit  a  2-valved  caryopsia  iu  axillary  pairs Cannabinum.     14 

1.  ULMUS,  L.  Elm.  Fls.  V .  Calyx  ^9-cleft.  Stam.  4—9,  fil.  long 
and  slender.  Styles  2.  Ovary  2-celled.  Samara  flat,  1-seeded.  ^  Fls. 
yellowish,  or  reddish,  in  precocious  clusters.    Figs.  181,  256,  295. 

*  Samara  fringed  with  hairs,  hanging  on  slender  ped.,  2-beaked  Nos.  1-3 

*  Samara  not  fringed,  nearly  sessile,— a;  slightly  notched  at  ape.x Nos.  4,  5 

— X  cleft  down  to  the  seed Nos.  6,  7 

1  U.  Americana  L.  White  Elm.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  donbly  serrate  ;  flowers  in 
loose,  umbel-like  clusters  ;  fruit  oval,  ()",  its  2  beaks  with  points  incurved  and  meet- 
ing. A  majestic  tree,  with  ascending  branches  and  often  long  pendulous  "  weeping" 
branchlets.    Native,  and  everj'where  cultivated. 


Okdek  114.— URTICACE^.  ^dd 

2  TT.  raoemosa  Thomas.     Cork  Elm.    Smaller  tree,  with  rigid  branches ;  v.  »',u.;h]ets 

downy,  often  with  wiug-like  corky  ridges  ; /o?y«/-«  2—4  in  each  fascicle,   ihitii  are 
arranned  in  raceme?.    N.  H.  to  M'is.,  and  S.    20— 30f. 

3  U.  Floridana  Chapm.    Tree  30— 40f,  with  brittle   branches,  smooth ;  Ivs.  thick, 

acute  ;  fruit  orbicular,  2— .3",  its  teeth  broad  and  erect.    W.  Fla. 

4  U.  alata  Mx.     Winged  Elm.     Whahoo.    Tree,  with  its  branchlets  here  and  there 

winged  with  2  corky  ridges ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute,  1-2^' ;  flowers  rucemed ; 
fruit  downy  all  over,  with  its  2  beaks  slender.    111.  to  Ya.,  and  S. 

5  V.  fulva  L.    lied  Elm.    Slippery  Elm.    Tree  20— 40f;   bnds  covered  with  fulvous 

down  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  flowers  reddish,  7-parted,  sessile  ;  fruit  or- 
bicular.   Low  grounds.    Valued  for  its  very  mucilaginous  liber. 

6  U.  CA3IPESTRIS.    English  Elm.    A  stately  tree,  50— 70f,  with  rigid  branches  and  dense 

foliage  ;  leaves  small,  ovate  ;  stamens  5  ;  fruit  nearly  orbicular.    Europe. 
(3.  suBERosA.    Branchlets  with  thick  corky  wings  ;  stamens  mostly  4.    Europe. 

7  XT.  MONTANA.    Scotch  Elm.    Witch  Eim.    Large  tree,  with  ample  obovate,  cuspidate 

leaves,  rough  above,  downy  beneath  ;  flowers  5-parted  ;  fruit  oblong,  1'.    Europe. 

2.  PLANERA,  Gmel.  FIs.  c5  y  5  .  Cal.  lobes  and  sta.  4  or  5.  Stig.  2, 
obloiii?,  diverging ;  ova.  1-celled,  fruit  1-seeded,  wingless,  indehiscent.  f^ 
P.  aqiiatioa.  Gm.    Tree  30 — lOf,  elm-like,  with  small  smooth,  ovate,  acute,  serrate 

leaves  and  axillary  flowers  in  clusters  of  2—5  ;  nut  roughened.    Swamps,  S. 

3.  CELTIS,  Tourn.  Nettle  Tree.  Sugar-berry.  FIs.  ,5  5  S  ,  tlie 
S  6-parted  and  the  g  5-parted.  Sty.  2,  elongated,  spreading.  Drupe  glo- 
bular.   ^  J)  Leaves  mostly  oblique  at  base.   Flowers  subsolitary.    Fig.  ol6. 

1  C.  occidcntalis  L.    Tree  30— 70f,  with  wide-spread  branches  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subcor- 

date,  acuminate,  serrate,  rough-hairy  beneath  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  sepals 
triangular-ovate,  erect,  white  ;  drupe  3",  dark  purple.    Woods,  &c. 

(3.  cra»sifolia.    Leaves  cordate,  thick,  mottled  with  dark  and  light  green. 

y.  iuteg-fi folia.    Leaves  smooth,  subentire  ;  bark  smooth.    W.  and  S. 

2  C.  puniila  Ph.    A  straggling  shrub,  3— lOf,  with  broad-ovate,  acute,  smooth,  ser- 

rate leaves  ;  calyx  of  6  oblong-linear  spreading  segments,  2".    Woods,  S. 

4.  FICUS,  Tourn.  Fig.  Banian.  FIs.  8,  minute,  fixed  upon  the 
inner  surface  of  a  hollow  receptacle.  $  Calyx  3-parted,  sta.  3.  2  Calyx 
5-parted,  ovary  1,  seed  1.  Fruit  (syconus)  composed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy 
receptacle  enclosing  the  numerous  dry,  imbedded  achenia.    Fig.  195. 

1  F.  Carica.     Co7nmon  Fig.     Leaves  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  repand-d<'ntate,   rough  and 

downy;  fig  pear-shaped.    From  Asia.    A  shrub  in  our  conservatories,  a  small  tree  S. 

2  F.  ELASTicA.    India-rubber  Tree,  in  the  greenhouse,  with  a  straight,  simple  trunk, 

and  very  large  (S— 10'),  shining,  thick,  oblong  leaves.    E.  India. 

3  F.  REPENS.    Creepingon  walls,  &c.,  with  ovate,  cordate,  acute,  serrate  Ivs.    E.India. 

4  F.  Indica,  the  Banian  (§  207),  with  many  trunks,  may  grow  South. 

5.  MACLURA,  N.  Osage  Or.^'ge.  Flowers  5  5 ,  the  <?  racemous, 
calyx  4-partcd.  ?  Flowers  in  a  dense  globular  head.  Calyx  4-sepalled, 
licshy,  finally  embracing  the  obconic  achenium,  all  ripening  into  a  globu- 
lar sorosis,  resembling  an  orange.  Style  terminal.  ^  Juice  milky.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire.    Branches  with  sharp  si^ines.     Fig.  298. 

M.  aurautiaca.    Lvs.  shining,  ovate-oblong,  thickish,  pointed;  fruit  yellow  when 
ripe,  lactescent,  pendulous.    Arkansas.    Planted  for  hedges.    May,  June. 

6.  BROUSSONETIA,  L'Her.  Paper  Mulberry.  FIs.  ^  $  ,  in  ameuts, 


300  Order  114.— URTICACE^. 

the  $  cylinclric,  the  ?  globular,  style  lateral,  ovary  becoming  a  fleshy  club- 
shaped  l-seedecl  fr.  protnxdmg  from  the  tubular,  3-  or  4-toothed  calyx.    J) 
B.  PAPTBiFERA.    Tree  with  a  low  bushy  head,  of  rapid  growth,  with  rough  and  downy 
leaves,  ovate  or  variously  lobed ;  fruit  dark  red,  hispid.    Japan.    Fig.  349. 

7.  MORUS,  Touni.  Mulberry.  Fls.  8  ,  in  aments,  the  $  loose,  the  ? 
dense  and  spike-like.  Cal.  4-parted,  sta.  4,  sty.  2.  Achenium  compressed, 
enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx,  the  -whole  spike  thus  constituting  a  compound 
berry  (sorosis).    ^  Leaves  alternate,  broad,  often  palmately  lobed.    Fig.  196. 

1  M.  rubra  L.    Tree  or  shrub,  15— COf;  roots  yellow;  leaves  rough  and  downy,  sub- 

cordate,  seiratc  ;  fertile  spikes  cylindric  ;  fruit  dark  red,  very  sweet. 

2  M.  AI.BA.     Chinese  M.    Shrubs  (here),  with  smooth  and  shining,  cordate,  unequally 

serrate  leaves  ;  fruit  whitish.    Introduced  for  silkworms. 

3  M.  NIGRA.    Tree  for  ornament  and  shade,  from  Persia,  with  rough,  ovate  or  lobec? 

leaves  ;  fertile  spikes  oval ;  fruit  reddish-black,  acid. 

8.  URTICA,  Tourn.  Nettle.  Fls.  8 ,  sometimes  «  $ .  S  Calyx  4- 
sepalled.  Ovary  a  cup-shaped  rudiment.  Sta.  4.  ?  Sepals  4,  the  outer 
pair  minute,  tlie  inner  at  length  surrounding  the  shining,  compressed 
achenium.  Stig.  1,  sessile. — Herbs  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  opposite. 
Fls.  green,  in  axillary  or  subterminal  clusters  or  racemes.  Summer.  Fig.  503. 

§  Clusters  compound,  longer  than  the  petioles.    Perennials Nos.  1,  2 

§  Clusters  simple,  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles.    Annuals Nos.  3,  4 

1  U.  procera  Willd.    Stem  tall  (3 — 6f ),  slightly  hispid,  with  few  stings  ;  leaves  lance- 

ovate,  5-veined,  uncinate-serrate  ;  spikes  panicled  above.    Waste  places  :  common. 

2  U.  dioica.  L.    St.  1 — 3f,  very  hispid  and  stinging;  leaves  ovate,  deeply  serrate,  the 

slender  point  entire  ;  spikes  clustered  in  the  axils.    Wastes:  common.    § 

3  U.  urens  L.    Low  (If),  hairy;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  5-veined ;  clus- 

ters pedunculate,  loose,  by  pairs  in  each  axil.    Waste  grounds,  E.    § 

4  IT.  cltaina?drioicles  Ph.    St.  1— 2f,  with  scattered  bristles  ;  leaves  ovate,  crenate- 

serratc  ;  clusters  capitate,  1  or  2  in  each  axil,  spiked  above.    Ky.,  and  S. 

9.  LAPORTEA,  Gaudich.  Wood  Nettle.  Fls.  in  axillary  panicles, 
the  5  calyx  5-parted,  the  ?  of  4  sepals,  the  2  inner  larger.  Sta.  5.  Stig. 
subulate.  Achenium  flat,  ovate,  very  oblique.  U  Hairs  stinging.  Lvs. 
ample,  ovate,  petiolate. 

li.  Canadensis  Gaud.    Leaves  3—5',  acuminate,  serrate ;  flowers  minute,  green,  in 
panicles,  1 — 2',  the  lower  sterile.    Damp  woods.    2 — Of. 

10.  PILEA,  Lindl.  Richweed.  Fls.  in  dense  axillary  clustei-s,  the  i 
witli  3  or  4  sej).  and  sta.  ?  Sepals  3,  unequal,  oblong.  Sta.  3  rudiments. 
Acbenia  roughened,  erect,  ovate,    (i)  Smooth,  stingless.     Stipules  united. 

P.  punilla  Gray.    Stem  succulent,  weak;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  creuate-serrate,  long- 
stalked;  flowers  green,  in  short  cluster*.    Moist  shades.    3 — 18'.    July,  Aug. 

11.  BCEHMERIA,  Jacq.  False  Nettle,  i  Calyx  4-parted,  with 
lanceolate,  acute  segments.  Stamens  4.  ?  Calyx  tubular,  truncate,  or  4- 
toothed,  persistent  and  closely  investing  the  ovate,  pointed  achenium.— 
Herbs  or  slirubs,  stingless.    Flowers  minute. 

B.  rylindrlca  Willd.    Erect,  simple;  leaves  generally  opposite,  on  long  petioles. 


Ordek  116.— CxVLLITRICHACE^.  301 

ovate,  acuminate,  dentate ;   upper  spikes  interrnpted,  leafy  at  top,  sterile,  lower 
dense,  fertile,     u  A  coarse  weed  in  swamps.    2— 3f.    Spikes  1—6'.    Julj',  August. 
/3,  lateriflora  has  narrower  leaves,  shorter  stalks,  all  alternate. 

12.  PARIETARIA,  Tourn.  Pellitory.  Fls.  polygamous,  in  clus- 
ters, suiTouuded  by  a  many-bracted  involucre.  $  Cal.  4-sepallcd.  Sta.  4, 
at  first  incurved,  elasticallj'-  expanding.  ?  Stigma  tufted.  Ach.  polished, 
enclosed  within  the  persistent,  4-lobed  calyx. — Herbs  weed-like,  with  al- 
ternate leaves.     Clusters  of  green  flowers  axillary. 

1  P.  Pennsylvanica  Muhl.    Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuse 

point,  entire  ;  involucre  longer  than  the  flowers.    (J)  Rocky  shades.    6 — 12'. 

2  P.  Floridana  N.    Leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  on  long  petioles ;  flowers 

as  long  as  the  involucre.    (T)  Damp  sands,  S.    10'.    (P.  debilis  Forst.  ?) 

13.  HUMULUS,  L.    Hop.    Fls.  S  ?  ,  the  S  panicled,  with  5  sep.  and 
sta.     Anth.  with  2  terminal  pores.      2  Aments  with  large  imbricated,  en- 
tire, 1-flowered  bracts.     Cal.  of  1  sepal,  investing  the  acheuium.     Styles  2. 
Embryo  coiled.     ^  Twining  with  the  sun.    Leaves  opposite.    Fig.  213. 
H.  liipulus  L.— Rich  alluvion,  along  streams,  and  extensively  cultivated.     Stems 

10— '20f.    Leaves  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  rough,  on  long  stalks.    Bitter,  narcotic.    July. 

14.  CANNABIS,  Tourn.  Hemp.  Flowers  $  ?  ,  the  5  with  5  sep.  and 
sta.,  in  panicles.  ?  In  spikes.  Cal.  a  single  spathe-like  sepal  enfolding  the 
2-valved  cariopsis.    Embryo  curved.    ®  Leaves  opposite,  digitate. 

C.  sativa  L.— Fields,  waste  grounds.    Tall,  erect,  4— 8f.    Leaves  petiolate,  regularly 
formed  of  3— 7  lanceolate-serrate  leaflets.    Cultivated  S-W.    June.    § 

Order  CXV.    SAURURACE^E.    Saururads. 

Herbs  with  jointed  stems,  alternate,  entire  leaves  furnished  with  stipules. 
Floicers  in  spikes,  perfect,  naked,  having  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.  Sta- 
mens definite.     Ovaries  3 — 5,  more  or  less  united.    Fig.  15. 

SAURURUS,  L.  Lizard-tail.  Inflorescence  a  terminal  spike  of  1- 
flowered  scales.  Sta.  6,  7,  8  or  more.  Ovaries  4.  Berries  4,  1-seeded.  U 
Stem  angular.    Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  petiolate. 

S.  cernuns  Willd.— Common  in  marshes,  1— 2f.    Leaves  4—6'.    Spikes  slender,  re- 
curved at  the  more  slender  top,  its  flowers  whitish.    July,  August. 

Order  CXVI.    CALLITRICHACE^.    Starworts. 

Herbs  aquatic,  small,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  leaves.  Fbicers  axil- 
laiy,  solitary,  very  minute,  polygamous,  achlamydeous,  with  2  colored 
bracts.  Stamen  1,  rarely  2;  filament  slender;  anther  1-celled,  2-valved, 
reniform.  Ovary  4-celled,  4-lobed ;  ovules  solitary.  Styles  2 ;  stigmas 
simple  points.     Fruit  1-celled,  4-seeded,  indehiscent.    Seeds  albuminous. 

CALLITRICHE,  L.  Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order.  ^ 
Very  delicate. 


302  Order  119.— EMPETRACE^. 

*  stems  short  (6"— 20,  spreading  on  moist  grounds.    Leaves  reniform. .  ,. .  .Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stems  (3—16')  growing  in  water.    Fruit  sessile.— a;  Leaves  of  two  liinds. . .  Nos.  3,  4 

— X  Leaves  all  linear No.  5 

1  C.  Anstiiiil  Eng.    Lvs.  obovate,  1 — 2"  ;  fruit  depressed,  4-lobed  all  around,  its  pedi- 

cel and  stig.  nearly  as  long,  lobes  narrowly  winged.    N.  J.  (Porter),  N.  Y.,  and  W. 

2  C.  peploides  N.    Lvs.  elliptical,  1"  ;  fruit  roundish,  4-lobed  above,  sessile,  its  stig- 

mas twice  as  long,  lobes  not  winged.    Tenn.  to  La.  (Hale).    1—2'. 

3  C.  verna  L.    Floating  lvs.  3",  rosnlate,  obovate,  narrowed  below,  the  submersed 

leaves  0",  f)bIong-linear ;  fruit  oval,  emarginate,  longer  than  its  stigmas.    Pools. 

4  C.  Ueteropliylla  Ph.    Floating  leaves  spatulate,  attenuate  below,  4— C",  the  sub- 

mersed linear.  G — 9";  fruit  globous,  obcordate,  its  stigmas  rather  longer.    Pools. 

5  C  autiiiiinalls  L.    Leaves  all  submersed,  3  —5".  linear,  obtuse  at  both  ends  ;  fruit 

rounded,  its  lobes  slightly  united,  winged  ;  styles  slender.    Lakes  and  rivers. 

Order  CXYII.    PODOSTEMIACE.^.    Threadfoots. 

Iler'bs  aquatic,  with  the  habit  of  seaweeds,  witli  alternate,  dissected 
?ertW5,  with  ^(9!fe?'s  minute,  perfect,  nalved  or  with  3  sepals.  Stamens  1  or 
many,  hj'pogynous.  Ovary  compound,  2-3-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas, 
and  numerous  ovules.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  ribbed  and  some- 
what pedicelled.    Albumen  none. 

PODOSTEMUM,  L.  C.  Rich.  Threadfoot.  River  Weed.  Fls. 
axillaiy,  solitary.  Sta.  2,  fil.  united  below.  Ovary  oblong-ovoid.  Stig.  2, 
sessile,  recurved.  Caps.  2-celled.  Seeds  minute. — Small,  submersed  ,c, 
adhering  to  stones  and  pebbles. 

p.  ccratopliyllum  Mx.    Leaves  alternate,  repeatedly  forking  into  linear,  thread- 
form  segments  ;  stem  a  few  inches  long,  in  running  water:  common. 

Order  CXVIII.    CERATOPHYLLACEJS.    Hornworts. 

ffe7'bs  aquatic,  with  whorled,  dichotomously  dissected  leaves.  Flowers 
8  ,  sessile,  axillary,  minute,  with  neither  calyx  nor  corolla.  Involucre  8- 
12-cleft.  Anthers  (12 — 24)  sessile.  Fertile  floicer  a  simple  1-celled  ovary 
with  one  ovule.     Cotyledons  4. 

CERATOPHYLLUM,  L.    Hornwort.  Character  that  of  the  order.  ^ 
C.  deiuersuni  L.    Stem  floating  or  prostrate,  8—16',  with  numerous  branches  and 
whorls  ;  leaf-segment  filiform,  sharply  toothed.    Pools. 

Order  CXIX.    EMPETRACE^E.    Crowbeuries. 

Heath-like  shrubs,  with  evergreen,  linear,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  small, 
imperfect  _/?<;;ff/'S.  Calyx  of  4 — 6  hypogynous,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner 
often  colored  and  petal-like.  Stamens  2 — 4,  with  compound  pollen.  Ovary 
free,  2-9-celled,  2-9-ovuled.  Fricit  fleshy,  with  as  many  seeds.  In  Batis 
the  druiKS  are  consolidated. 

•  stamens  3.    Stigmas  6-9-rayed.     Berry  6-9-seeded Empetrum.    1 

•  Stamens  3.     Stigmas  3  or  4.     Style  slender.     Drupe  3- or  4-seeded Couema.        2 

»Staniens2.     Stigmas  4.     Berry  2-seeded.     Shrub  erect Ceratiola.  3 

•  Stamens  4.    Stigma  1.    Berry  4-seeded.    Prostrate Batis.  4 


Ordeu  121.— JUGLANDACExE.  303 

1.  EMPETRUM,  Tourn.  Crowberrt.  Fls.  $  5  .  Perianth  consist- 
ing of  2  series  of  scales,  the  8  inner  petaloid.  $  Sta.  3,  auth.  pendulous  on 
long  filaments.  2  Stig.  subsessile,  G-9-rayed.  Drupe  globular,  with  6 — 9 
seed-like  nutlets.     5  Alpine. 

E.  ulgruiu  L.  A  small  prostrate  shrub,! — 4f;  branches  closely  beset  with  obloag- 
jinear  leaves  with  rolled  edges,  2—3"  ;  berries  black,  eatable.  High  mountains  of 
N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    May,  June. 

2.  COREMA,  Don.  Perianth  of  5  or  G  bractlets,  the  3  inner  sepaloid. 
S  Sta.  3,  exscrted.      s  Ovary  3-  or  4-celled.     Style  filiform,  3-  or  4-cleft, 

"with  narrow  stigmas.    Drupe  globular,  minute,  with  3  or  4  seeds.     ^ 

C.  Conradli  Torr.    Shrublets  diflfiisely  branched,  6—12',  with  narrowly  linear  leaves, 

2—3";    flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  with  brownish  scales  and  purple  stamens, 

Sandy  barrens,  N.  J.  and  N-E.,  forming  blackish  tufts.    April. 

3.  OERATIOLA,  Mx.  Sand-hill  Rosemary.  Fls.  8  ,  of  6—8  imbri- 
cated, concave,  fimbriate  scales,  the  2  or  4  inner  membranous.  $  Sta.  2, 
exserted,  anth.  2-celled,  roundish.  5  Ovarj-  2-celled.  Style  short.  Stig. 
4  or  0,  spreading,  toothed.  Drupe  2-seeded.  5  Branches  Avhorled,  erect. 
C.  ericoides  Ms.— Sandy  places,  Ga.,  Fla.  3— Of.  Leaves  whorled,  crowded,  linear- 
terete,  5—6".    Flowers  reddish,  followed  by  yellowish  drupes.    March,  April. 

4.  BATIS,  P.  Br.    Fls.  3  ?  ,  in  cone-like  spikes.     $  Calyx  of  2  unequal, 
united  sepals.    Pet.  4,  clawed.     Sta.  4,  anthers  introrse,  exserted.      ?  A 
mass  of  4-celled  ovaries  onl}',  becoming  a  sorosis  of  4-seeded  drupes,     jj 
B.  maritinia  L.— Salt  marshes,  Fla.    Stems  prostrate,  2— .3f;   leaves  club-shaped, 

fleshy,  1'.    Spikes  5",  fleshy.    Petals  white.    June— September. 

Order  CXX.  PLATANACE.E.  Sycamores. 
Trees  with  a  watery  juice,  alternate,  palmate  leaves,  and  sheathing,  sca- 
rious  stipules.  Floicers  monoecious,  in  globular  amcnts,  destitute  of  both 
calyx  and  corolla.  Sterile. — Stamens  single,  with  only  small  scales  inter- 
mixed. Anthers  2-celled,  linear.  Fertile. — Ovary  terminated  b}^  a  thick 
stj'le  with  one  side  stigmatic.  Nut  clavate,  tipped  with  the  persistent,  re- 
curved stj'le.    Seed  solitary,  albuminous.    Fig.  288. 

PLATANUS,  L.    Pl.vke  Tree.    BtJTxojT  Wood.    Sycamore.    Char- 
acter of  the  genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order.     The  5  and  ?  flowers 
in  separate  araents. 
P.  occideiitalis  L.    Tree  in  hard,  gravelly  soil,  50— 80f    The  trunk  grows  to  great 

size,  and  hollow  ;  bark  whitish  ;  leaves  large,  angularly  lobed  and  toothed  ;  stipules 

oblique ;  balls  pendulous,  solitary.    May. 

Order  CXXI.     JUGLANDACE^.    Walkuts. 

Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate  leaves  and  monoecious  floicers. 
Sterile  flawers  in  aments,  with  an  irregular  perianth.  Fertile,  solitaiy  or 
clustered.  $  Calyx  regular,  3-5-lobed,  tube  adherent  to  the  partly  2-4- 
celled  ovary.    Fruit  atryma  (§  157),  with  a  fibrous  epic<arp  {shuck)  and  a 


304  Order  123.— CUPULIFERiE. 

bony  endocarp  {shell).  Seed  large,  ortliotropous,  exalbuminous,  with  lobed, 
often  sinuous,  oily  cotyledons. 

•  Sterile  aments  solitary,  simple.    Epicarp  persistent  on  the  tryma Juglans.  1 

•  Sterile  aments  clustered,  lateral.    Epicarp  4-valved  and  separating Carya.      2 

1.  JUGLANS,  L.    "Walnut.     $  Fl.  a  calyx,  scale-like,  5-  or  6-parted, 

with  about  20  stamens.  ?  Fls.  terminal,  4-parted,  with  4  greenish  petals 
and  2  fringed  stigmas.  Tryma  with  a  spongy  epicarp  closely  investing 
the  very  rough  endocarp.     ^  Leaflets  many.     Pith  in  transverse  plates. 

1  J",  cinerea  L.     White  W.    Butternut.    Tree  40— oOf,  with  a  large  but  ?hort  triiuk, 

and  wide-spread  branches;   leaflets  15—17,  lanceolate;  fruit  oblong-ovate,  viscid- 
hairy.    Good  for  its  fruit  and  handsome  wood.    April,  May. 

2  J.  nigra  L.    Black  W.    Tree  60— 90f,  with  a  long-,  straight  trunk;  leaflets  1.5—21, 

lance-ovate,  subcordate  ;  fruit  globous,  glabrous,  uneven,  the  kernel  edible.    The 
wood  is  dark-purple,  used  in  cabinet-work.    April,  May. 

3  J.  regla,  from  Persia,  but  called  English  walnut,  has  T— 11  leaflets,  and  a  smooth- 

ish  endocarp  (shell)  with  a  rich  kernel.    Karely  cultivated. 

2.  OARYA,  N.  HiCKOKY.  $  Calyx  scale-like,  3-parted,  with  4—6 
stamens.  5  Calyx  4-cleft,  no  petals.  Stig.  2-lobed,  lobes  bifid.  Epicarp 
4-valved,  disclosing  a  smooth,  even  nut.  ^  Timber  very  strong.  Leaves 
and  both  kinds  of  flowers  from  same  bud,  in  March — May. 

§  Leaflets  1.3—15,  scythe-shaped.    Nut  oblong,  thin-shelled,  very  sweet No.  1 

§  Leaflets  7—11.    Nut  with  a  tender  shell  and  very  bitter  kernel Nos.  2,  3 

§  Leaflets  5—9.    Nut  roundish,  hard-shelled,  sweet  and  eatable. .  .(*) 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  distinct  to  the  base.    Bark  with  loose  plates Nos.  4,5 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  united  below.    Bark  continuous,  firm Nos.  6 — 8 

1  C.  olivaeforniis  N.    Pecan  Nut.    Tree  60— 90f;   leaflets  falcate,  5—0';  i  amenta 

separate  to  base  ;  nut  with  its  kernel  loose  in  the  thin,  oblong  shell.    River  bottoms, 
Ind.,  111.,  and  S.    Bark  at  length  shaggy. 

2  C.  amara  N.    Bitter  Nut.    Tree  20-^Of ;  leaflets  about  9,  ovate-oblong,  sharply 

serrate  ;  fruit  roundish,  valves  half-united  ;  nut  white.    Moist. 

3  C  aquatica  N.    Tree  30 — 40f ;  leaflets  about  11,  lanceolate,  oblique,  subentire ; 

fruit  pedunculate,  ovate,  with  a  thin,  reddish  shell.    Swamps,  S. 

4  C.  alba  N.    Shar/bark.    Tree  40— 50f,  with  a  rough,  shaggy  bark  ;  leaflets  5,  the  two 

lower  much  smaller ;  fruit  and  nut  roundish,  squarish,  with  a  thin  shell  and  very 
sweet  meat :  common.    Fruit  and  timber  e.KCcllent. 

5  C.  sulcata  N.     Thick-sliellbark.    Tree  40— SOf,  with  shaggy  bark;  leaflets  7  or 9,  the 

odd  one  subsessile  ;  fruit  large,  oval,  4-furrowed ;  nut  pointed  at  each  end,  \\ — 2' 
long,  with  thick  shell.    Common  West. 
(i  C.  toKientosa  N.    Mocker  Nut.    Tree  40— 60f ;  bark  rugged,  but  not  shaggy  ;  leaf- 
lets 7—9,  odd  one  stalked,  all  and  the  petiole  rough-downy  ;  aments  hairy  ;  nut  with 
a  very  thick  shell  and  small  kernel. 

7  C.  porcina  N.    Pigmit.    Tree  60— lOOf ;  leaflets  5  or  7,  nearly  glabrous  ;  fruit  ovate 

to  pyriform,  with  a  bitterish  kernel :  common.    (C.  glabra  Torr.) 

8  C  microcarpa  N.    Tree  60— SOf ;  leaflets  5  or  7,  glabrous  ;  aments  glabrous  ;  fruit 

roundish-ovoid,  as  small  as  a  nutmeg.    Woods,  N.  Y.,  and  S. 

Ordek  CXXII.    CUPULIFER.E.    Mastworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  straight-veined,  with  decidu- 
ous stipules.    Flowers  s  ,  the  sterile  in  aments  which  are  racemed  or  capi- 


Order  122.— CUPULIFER^E.  305 

tate.  $  Calyx  scale-like  or  regular,  with  5 — 20  stamens  inserted  at  its 
base.  ?  Cnlyx  adherent  to  the  2-3-celled,  2-6-ovuled  ovarJ^  Fruit  a  1- 
celled,  1-seeded  nut,  solitary  or  several  together,  invested  by  an  involucre 
which  forms  a  scaly  or  echinate  cupule.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  filled 
by  the  embryo  with  its  large  cotyledons.  Figs.  1-4,  182,  256,  277,  218-23, 
338-40,  381,  386,  435,  507,  511. 

§  sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile,  solitary,  or  few  together. .  .(*) 

*  Involucre  of  many  scale.s,  valveless,  cup-like,  partly  eaclosing  the  1  nut Qcerccs.  1 

*  Involucre  of  prickly  scales,  4valved,  enclosing  2  or  3  nuts C  astanea.  2 

»  Inrolucre  of  soft,  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  nuts Fagus.  3 

*  Inrolucre  of  2  or  3  large,  lacerated,  united  scales,  valveless,  with  1—2  nuts Corylds.  4 

§  sterile  flowers  and  fertile,  both  kinds  in  pendulous  aments. .  .(*) 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  with  their  edges  united,  inflated Ostrva.  5 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  distinct,  3-lobed,  becoming  leaf-like Caupinus.  6 

1.  QUERCUS,  L.  Oak.  $  Fls.  in  loose  aments.  Calyx  mostly  5- 
cleft.  Sta.  5 — 10.  $  Fls.  in  clusters  or  scattered.  Ov.  3-celled,  6-ovuled 
(Fig.  162),  with  3  stig.,  but  in  fruit  a  1-seeded  nut  (acorn)  seated  in  a  scaly 
cup  or  involucre.  5)  b  -A-  noble  genus.  In  many  oaks  the  fruit  is  (2),  that 
is,  2  years  in  ripening,  known  by  its  occupying  the  old  wood  below  the 
leaves  of  the  season. 

§  Leaves  mostly  entire,  the  ends  subequal,  petioles  very  short. .  .(*) 

*  Peduncle  longer  than  the  oblong  acorn.    Leaves  evergreen.    Fruit  (1) No.  1 

*  Peduncle  shorter  tlian  the  acorn.    Fruit  ®. — x  Lvs.  downy  beneath. .  .Nos.  2,  .3 

—X  LvB.  smooth  both  sides... No.  4 

§  Leaves  3-lobed  and  dilated  above,  aivnless  when  mature.    Fruit  @ Nos.  5,  0 

§  Leaves  3-9-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  broad,  lobes  setaceousbj  awned.    Fruit  (J). .  .(*) 

*  Lvs.  at  base  cuneate,  short-pet.,  3-  or  5-lobed.   Shrubs  or  small  trees.  .Nos.  7—9 

*  Leaves  at  base  abrupt  or  truncate,  mostly  long-petioled,  7-9-lobed..  .(a) 

a  Nut  one-third  immersed  in  the  saucer-shaped,  fine-scaled  cup. .  .Nos.  10,  11 
a  Nut  near  half  immersed  in  the  hemispherical,  coarse-scaled  cup ...  (6) 

b  Leaves  cinereous-downy  beneath,  acorn  also  downy No.  12 

b  Leaves  (except  when  young)  glabrous  both  sides Nos.  13,  14 

§  Lvs.  5-0-lobed,  divisions  obtuse,  never  br^tle-awned.   Fr.  (1),  sessile. .  .Nos.  15—18 
§  Lvs.  9-25-toothed,  downy  beneath,  awnless.    Acorn  ®,  sweet,  eatable. .  .Nos.  19,  20 

1  Q.  virens  Ait.    Live  Oak.    Tree  40— 50f,  often  much  smaller,  very  valuable  for  tim- 

ber ;  leaves  small,  firm,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  downy  and  pale  beneath,  rarely  a  few 
sharp  teeth  ;  nut  oblong-obovoid  ;  ped.  1'.    Va.,  and  S. 

2  <l.  clnerea  Ph.     Upland  Willoiv  0.    Shrub  4— 20f ;  lvs.  as  in  No.  1,  but  more  downy 

beneath  ;  nut  roundish,  in  a  saucer-shaped  cup.    Barrens,  Va.  to  Fla, 

3  Q.  Imbricaria  Mx,    Laurel  O.    Shingle  O.   (Fig.  338.)   Tree  beautiful,  40— oOf,  with 

dense  dark-green  foliage  ;  lvs.  3—5',  lance-oblong,  wavy,  shining  above  ;  nut  round- 
ish, in  a  shallow  cup.    Common  W.  and  S.    Makes  poor  shingles. 

4  d.  Phellos  L.     Willoiv  0.    Tree  30— 60f,  with  poor  timber ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 

entire,  3 — 4',  glabrous  ;  acorn  roundish,  C",  in  a  shallow  cup.    Borders  of  swamps, 
N.  J.  to  Ky.  and  Fla.    Young  shoots  with  toothed  leaves. 
fi.  laurifbUa,    A  large  handsome  tree  ;  lvs.  3—5',  often  with  a  few  teeth.     S.     t 

5  Q.  aquatioa  Mx.     ^yater  O.    Tree  20— 40f,  of  rounded  form  and  dense,  shining 

foliage  ;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  entire  or  obscurely  3-lobed  above,  attenuate  to  base, 
short-petioled  ;  nut  roundovoid.    Swamps,  Md.  to  Fla.,  and  cultivated. 

6  Q.  nigra  L.    Black-Jack.    Barren  O.    Iron  0.    Tree  small  and  gnarled,  with  dark 

massy  foliage ;  leaves  short-petioled,  wedge-forrn,  mostly  with  3  subequal  rounded 
lobe3  at  apex,  subcordate  at  base,  rust-downy  bcBcatli.    N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 


306  Order  132.— CUPULIFERxE. 

7  d.  triloba  Mx.    Downy  Black-Jack.    Tree  of  rapid  growth,  20— 30f;  leaves  oblong- 

cuneiform,  acute  at  base,  rusty-tomentous  beneath ;  lobes  at  apex  often  toothed, 
bristle-pointed  ;  nut  depressed.    Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

8  Q.  €atesbael  Mx.     Turkey  O.    TreeSO— 2.5f;  leaves  large,  very  irregular,  glabrous, 

cuneate  at  base,  lobes  deep,  narrow,  with  bristle-pointed,  divaricate  teeth  ;  cup  large, 
half  covering  the  ovoid,  mealy  nut.    Barrens,  South. 

9  Q.  iliclfolia  Wang.    Scrub  0.  Bear  0.    Shrub  3— 7f,  straggling  ;  Ivs.  peiiolate,  obo- 

vate,  angularly  5-(3-7-)lobcd,  3—4',  whitish-downy  beneath ;  acorn  small  (5—6"),  cup 
very  shallow.    Barren  tracts  :  common.    Animals  feed  on  the  acorns. 
/3.   tleorg-litna.    Leaves  smaller  and  smoother,  of  the  same  form,  on  Stone  Mt. ! 

10  <l.  rubra  L.  Ued  0.  Tree  51) — 'iOf,  wide  and  high  ;  leaves  long-stalked,  glabrous , 
sinuses  rounded,  shallow,  lobes  7—9,  with  bristle-pointed  teeth  ;  acorn  1',  ellipsoid, 
i  immersed  in  the  shallow  cup.    Wood  reddish,  coarse  :  common. 

11  Q.  palustris  Mx.  Fin  0.  (Figs.  1-4.)  Sinuses  deep  and  broad,  lobes  oftener  5, 
petioles  long  (1 — 2'),  toothed  as  in  Q.  rubra ;  acorns  7 — S" ;  nut  J  immersed  in  the 
cup.    Tree  GO— SOf,  with  a  light  open  foliage,  in  wet,  cool  soils. 

12  Q.  falcata  L.  Spanish  0.  Tree  60— 70f ;  Ivs.  long-stalked,  obtuse  at  base,  ashy- 
tomentous  beneath,  lobes  5—7,  narrow,  simple  or  toothed,  more  or  \<i&s  falcate  ;  acorn 
globular,  4—5",  in  a  shallow  snbsessile  cup.    Va.  to  Fla. 

13  <(.  coccinea  Wang.  Scarlet  0.  Trees  very  large  (SOf) ;  Ivs.  much  like  Q.  rubra, 
but  changing  to  scarlet  in  Autumn,  while  that  becomes  red-brown  ;  acorn  7— S",  nut 
i— }  immersed  in  the  cup.  In  young  shoots  the  leaves  almost  lose  their  lobes  and 
teeth,  but  keep  their  bristles.    Not  rare. 

0.  tinctoria.    Black  0.    Leaves  oftener  obovate  in  outline  ;  bark  black  and  bitter. 

14  Q.  LiCaiia  N.  Lea's  O.  Leaves  oblong,  blunt  at  base,  margin  with  a  few  angular, 
very  irregular  lobes :  acorn  roundish,  in  a  hemispherical  cup.  Eare.  Ohio  (Clark), 
111.  (Wolf).    A  hybrid  ?  but  very  constant. 

15  Q.  alba  L.  White  0.  (Fig.  339.)  Lvs.  short-petioled,  acute  at  base,  oblong,  sinu- 
ato-pinnatifid,  lobes  subcqual,  obtuse;  acorn  sessile  ;  nut  oblong-ovoid,  i  immersed 
in  the  tubercled  cup.    Timber  very  useful. 

16  Q.  obtusiloba  Mx.  Bvn  0.  Post  0.  Tree  middle  size,  wide-spreading  ;  leaves 
cuneiform  at  base,  downy  beneath,  deeply  sinuate,  the  3  upper  lobes  dilated,  each  2- 
lobed  ;  nut  oval,  half  immersed,  sweet.    Timber  good. 

17  Q.  macrocarpa  Mx.  Moss-cup  0.  (Figs.  340,  435.)  Leaves  deeply  and  lyrately 
sinuate-lobed  (most  deeply  in  the  middle) ;  cup  very  (ltiep,frinffecl  with  the  pointed 
scales,  nut  |-  or  more  immersed,  !'.♦  Common.    W.  and  S. 

IS  Q.  lyrataWalt.  Over-cup  0.  Tree  large  ;  leaves  acute  at  base,  whitish  beneath, 
with  7—9  triangular  acute  lobes  ;  cup  niffc/ed  with  the  scales,  nearly  or  quite  inclu- 
ding the  round  nut.    Swamps,  S. 

19  Q.  bioolor  Willd.  Swamp  White  0.  Tree  handsome,  70f ;  leaves  obovate.  acute 
and  entire  at  base,  white-downy  beneath,  with  9  or  more  obtuse  teeth  or  lobes ; 
acorns  in  pairs  on  long  (1—2')  peduncles.    Low  woods. 

20  Q.  Priniis  L.  Swamp  Chestnut  O.  Tree  50— 70f,  with  large  (1')  sweet  acorns; 
leaves  4—7',  obovate,  crenate-undulate,  downy  beneath,  with  straight,  strong  veins  ; 
fruit  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  nut  f  immersed.     (Q.  monticola.) 

p.  acuminata.    Leaves  oblanccolate,  pointed,  teeth  sharp  ;  fruit  subseesile. 
y.  prltioifies.    Shrub  3— 4f ;  fruit  crowded,  sessile  ;  leaves  small. 

2.  CASTANEA,  Tourn.  Chestnut.  Sterile  flowers  in  long,  slender 
aments,  lertile  fls.  few,  3  together,  in  an  involucre.  Cal.  6-lobecl  or  parted. 
Sta.  8 — 20.  2  Ovary  3-6-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas.  Fr.  a  prickly  in- 
volucre (burr),  4-valved,  enclosing  1 — 8  coriaceous  1-seeded  nuts.  ^+) 
Leaves  acuminate,  expanding  before  the  flowers.  Fig.  381. 
1  C.  vesfa  L.    Tree  50— SOf,  with  a  large  straight  trunk.   Lvs.  6—9'  long,  lancc-oblong, 


Order  123.— BETULACE^.  307 

serrate,  smooth  ;  nuts  mostly  2  or  3  together ;  aments  6—9',  yellowish,  in  July,  the 
brown  nuts  ripe  in  October.    In  woods. 
2  C.  puniila  Mx.     Chinquapin.    Shrub  6— 12f,  much  branched;  leaves  obovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  do«-iiy  beneath ;  nut  solitary.    N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

3.  FAGUS.  Tourn.  Beech.  Sterile  flowers  in  capitate  aments,  sus- 
pended by  a  slender  peduncle,  fertile  3  witliin  an  involucre.  Calyx  5-  or 
(5-cleft  or  lobed.  Stam.  5 — 12.  S  Ovary  3-celled  with  3  stigmas.  Fruit 
a  pair  of  1-seeded,  sharply  3-angled  nuts  in  a  prickly  involucre.  ^  Leaves 
plicate  in  bud.     Ma}^     Figs.  182,  256,  B. 

1  F.  ftrruginca  Ait.    Tree  50 — 80f,  with  a  smoothish  ash-co!ored  bark ;  Ivs.  o\'ate 

to  oval,  short-petioled,  pointed,  regularly  and  remotely  toothed,  hairy  when  young. 
Timber  fine-grained.    Hardly  distinct  from 

2  F.  STLVATICA.  the  European  Beech,  which  has  broader  leaves,  and  is  occasionally 

cultivated,  especially  the  variety  Vfith2nirple  leaves. 

4.  CORYLUS,  Tourn.  Hazel-nut.  Sterile  flowers  in  a  cylindrical 
ament,  fertile  flowers  in  a  capitate  one.  Calyx  represented  by  2  scales  in 
the  axil  of  a  bract.  Stam.  8,  with  half-anthers.  $  Ovary  adherent,  2- 
ovuled,  2-styled.  Nut  bony,  roundish,  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  a  many-cleft 
involucre.     ^  Leaves  acuminate,  expanding  after  the  flowers.    May. 

1  C.  Americana  Walt.    Shrub5—10f;  leaves  roundish,  cordate  ;  involucre  bell-form, 

much  wider  than  the  nut,  coarsely  toothed.    Thicket?  :  common. 

2  C.  rostrata  Ait.    Shrub.3— 6f;  leaves  ovate  to  oval ;  involucre  bottle-shaped,  longer 

than  the  nut,  2-parted,  with  toothed  segments.    Thickets. 

3  C  AvELLANA.    Filbei't.    ShrubS— lOf;  leaves  as  in  No.  1 ;  involucre  not  larger  than 

the  large  rounded  nut.    From  Europe,  rarely  cultivated. 

5.  OSTRYA,   Michl.      Lever-wood.      Hop  Hornbeam.     $   Aments 

cylindrical,  hairy.  Calyx  a  scale,  with  8  1-celled  bearded  anthers.  2 
Aments  loose,  flovrers  in  pairs  under  each  deciduous  scale ;  ovary  Avith  2 
stigmas,  enclosed  in  a  sac  (involucre),  which  in  the  hop-like  fruit  is  inflated, 
ovoid,  and  much  larger  than  the  nut.  ^  Wood  very  hard  and  strong. 
O.  Vir<;iiiioa  Willd.  Small  tree  20— 30f;  leaves  elliptical,  acuminate,  serrate;  buds 
acute  ;  fertile  ament  oblong,  pendulous,  2'.    Woods.    April,  May. 

6.  OARPINUS,  L.  Hornbeam.  Iron-wood.  5  Aments  long,  cylin- 
dric.     Calyx  a  roundish  ciliate  scale,  with  8 — 14  stamens,  slightly  bearded. 

2  Aments  loose,  with  large  oblong  Z-lohed  bracts.,  each  1-3-flowered.  Calyx 
6-toothed.     Stigmas  2.     Nut  ribbed.     5  April,  May. 

C  Americana  L.    Tree  small,  12— 20f;    leaves  ovate-oblong,    acuminate,  serrate; 
bracts  of  the  fertile  aments  becoming  leaf-like,  1'  long.    In  woods. 

Order  CXXHL     BETULACE.^.     Birchworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bark  in  thin  layers,  leaves  alternate,  simple,  straight- 
veined,  and  with  deciduous  stipules.  Floioers  8  ,  3  together,  in  the  axil  of 
each  3'lobed  bract  of  the  ament.  Calyx  0.  6  Stamens  distinct,  definite. 
Anthers  2-celled.  ?  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit  a  thin,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded  nut.    Figs.  163-4,  283,  296,  307,  312,  437. 


308  Order  124.— MYRICACEJE. 

1.  BETULA,  Tourn.  Birch.  $  Fls.  m  clustered,  drooping,  slender 
aments,  bracts  peltate,  deeply  3-parted.  Calyx  a  scale,  sta.  4.  §  Amenta 
obloug-ovoid,  bracts  3-lobed,  3-flowered.  Calyx  0.  Ovary  tipped  with  2 
styles.  Nut  flattened,  winged.  ^  +)  Buds  sessile.  Flowers  yellow,  pre- 
cocious, in  Spring.    Figs.  163-4,  437. 

*  Trees  with  a  yellowish  bark,  smoothish  leaves,  and  short,  erect,  9  aments No.  1 

*  Trees  with  a  reddish-brown  bark  and  ovate-oblong,  suberect,  9  amenta Nos.  2,  3 

*  Trees  with  a  white  bark,  long-stalked  leaves,  and  drooping  9  aments Nos.  4,  5 

*  Slirubs  with  brownish  bark,  roundish  leaves,  and  short,  erect,  9  aments Nos.  6,  7 

1  B.  lutea  Mx./.     Yellow  B.    A  forest  tree  40— 80f,  known  at  sight  by  its  silver-yel- 

low bark  ;  leaves  ovate,  deeply  and  doubly  seiTate  ;  i  aments  2—4',  drooping,  the  9 
ovoid-oblong,  1',  erect.    Can.  to  N.  Car.    (B.  excelsa  C-B.  not  of  Ait.  ?) 

2  B.  lenta  L.    Black,  Sweet,  or  Cherry  B.    A  noble  tree,  about  60f ;  Ivs.  cordate-oval, 

acuminate,  sharply  serrulate;   S  aments  3—4',  ?  aments  erect,  pedunculate,  much 
shorter.   Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  Timber  rose-colored.  Cambium  (§  418)  sweet  and  spicy. 

3  B.  nis;ra  Ait.    J?ed  B.    Tree  30— 50f,  the  bark  loose  and  torn ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate, 

acute  both  ends,  repand  and  serrulate,  small,  petioles  hairy;  $  aments  2—3',  droop- 
ing, 9  oval,  sessile,  erect,  6".    Swamps,  Mass.  to  Fla.    Twigs  very  slender. 

4  B.  populifolla  Ait.     White  B.    Tree  30— 40f,  trunk  white,  twigs  brown  ;  leaves 

deltoid  (Fig.  307),  lobed  and  serrulate,  acuminate.    Thickets,  Me.  to  Pa. 

5  B.  papyracea  Ait.   Paper,  or  Canoe  B.  Tree  50— 70f,  trunk  white,  branches  brown ; 

Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  9  aments  1'  long.    Mt.  woods,  Can.  to  Pa. 
/3.  minor.    Shrub  6— 9f,  with  smaller  and  merely  acxde  leaves.    White  Mountains. 

6  B.  pumila  L.    Bwarf  B.    Shnib  2— 7f,  branches  (not  glandular)  and  young  leaves 

downy;  Ivs.  rounded  to  obovate,  serrate,  (>— 10".    Swamps,  Ct.  to  Pa.  (Prof.  Porter). 

7  B.  glandulosa  Mx.    Shrub  1 — 4f,  upright,  branches  glabrous,  dotted  tvith  wart- 

like glands  ;  leaves  round-obovate,  glabrous,  crenate,  9''.    Mts.,  N.  and  N-W. 
/S.  roiundtfblia.    Shrublet  prostrate,  6—12' ;  Ivs.  orbic.  White  Mts.  (B.  nana  C-B.) 

2.  ALNUS,  Tourn.  Alder.  S  Flowers  in  cylindric,  drooping  aments, 
bracts  peltate,  with  5  scales  and  several  flowers  beneath.  Calyx  ^parted, 
sta.  4,  anth.  2-celled.  $  Aments  ovoid,  bracts  cuneate,  truncate,  thick, 
2-flowered.     Calyx  of  4  scales,  persistent.     5 1)  ^uds  peduncled. 

*  Fls.  developed  before  the  Ivs.  in  early  Spring.    Fruit  almost  wingless Nos.  1,  2 

*  Fls.  developed  with  or  after  the  leaves.    Fruit  winged.  No.  3, wingless.  No.  4 

1  A.  liicana  Willd.    Speckled,  or  Black  A.    Stems  8— 20f ;  leaves  obtuse  at  base,  broad 

oval  or  ovate,  sharp-serrate  and  some  lobed,  glaucous-downy  beneath  ;  stipules  lance- 
oblong.    Thickets  by  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Can. 

2  A.  serrnlata  Ait.    Smooth  A.    Stems  in  clumps,  straightish,  10— 15f ;  Ivs.  obovate, 

pointed,  doubly  serrulate,  smooth  ;  stipules  elliptical,  obtuse.    Swamps. 

3  A.  viridls  DC.    Mountain  A.    Shrub  3^f;  Ivs.  oval,  acute,  clammy;  stip.  broad- 

ovate  ;  fertile  aments  on  long  stalks,  oval.    Streams  in  mountains,  northward. 

4  A.  niaritima  Muhl.    Tree  20f ;  leaves  glabrous,  ovate  to  obovate,  cuneate,  serru- 

late ;  fertile  aments  ovoid-oblong,  1'.    River  banks,  Del.,  and  S. 

Order  CXXIV.    MYRICACE^.    Galeworts. 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted,  often  fragrant  leaves,  with  the 
fioicers  monoecious  or  dicecious,  both  kinds  in  scaly  aments,  and  destitute 
of  corolla  or  calyx.  S  Stamens  2—8.  S  Ovary  1-celled,  with  1  erect  ovule. 
Stig.  filiform.     Fr.  dry  or  drupaceous,  indehiscent.    Seed  with  no  albumen. 


Order  125.— SALICACE.E.  :]09 

1.  M7RICA,  L.  Caitoleberry  Myrtle.  Fls.  ^  2 ,  the  5  in  cylin- 
drical aments  ;  anth.  4 — 10  in  each  scale,  large,  2-celled.  $  Aments  ovoid, 
ovary  1  to  each  bract,  in  a  cup  of  3 — 5  scales,  stigmas  1 — 4,  spreading. 
Drupes  covered  with  wax  or  resinous  dots.     5  Leaves  undivided. 

*  stigmas  2  or  4.    Fruit  small  (1— 3'0,  ovoid Nos.  1—3 

*  Stigma  solitary.    Fruit  large  (6"),  oblong.    (Leitneria,  Chapm.) No.  4 

1  M.  cerifera  L.    Bayberry.    Shrub  3 — 4f;  Ivs.  1—2',  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  entire 

or  a  few  remote  teetli  above  ;  stam.  about  6  ;  aments  6—9"  ;  drviK  oval,  2",  covered 
xvitli  U'hite  trax  (bayberry  tallow).    Coasts,  Can.  to  Fla. 

p.  CaroUnfnais.    Lvs.  large  (3—5'),  evergreen,  tapering  to  the  petiole.    M.  and  S. 

y.  pumila.    Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end.    1— 3f.    S. 

2  M.  Gale  L.    Sweet  Gale.    Shrub  .3 — 4f ;  leaves  wedge-oblong,  obtuse  and  serrulate 

at  apex,  1— IJ' ;  aments  4— S"  ;  nuts  crowded,  1",  reddish.    Shores. 

3  M,  iiiodora  Bartr.    Shrub  6— 16f,  with  whitish  bark;  Ivs.  thick,  evergreen,  1—2', 

oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  with  rolled  edges  ;  drupe  3",  ovoid,  black.    Fla. 

4  M.  Florldaiia  (Chapm.)    Shrub  2 — Gf,  with  brown  bark  ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  acute, 

entire,  long-stalked,  deciduous  ;  drupe  oblong,  greenish,  d''.    Mid.  Fla.  I 

2.  COMPTONIA,  Sol.  Sweet  Fern.  Fls.  5',  the  $  in  cylindric 
aments,  with  reniform  pointed  bracts  and  3 — G  stamens.  $  Aments  glo- 
bular. Ovarj'  surrounded  by  6  linear  scales  longer  than  the  bracts.  Nut 
ovoid.     5  Leaves  pi nnatifid,  narrow,  fern-like,  stipulate. 

C.  asplenirolia  Ait.— Dry  hills,  Can.  to  Va.    Shrub  2f,  with  brown  twigs,  the  very 
fragrant  leaves  3—5'  long,  with  2U— 30  wing-like  lobes.    Stipules  pointed. 

Order  CXXV.    SALICACE^.    Willow-worts. 

Trees  or  sJirubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  or  persistent 
stipules.  Flouers  (,  ?  ,  both  kinds  in  aments,  one  under  each  bract  of  the 
ament.  C(dy.v  none  or  cup-form  and  entire.  Ovary  1-2-celled,  with  2  short 
styles.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2-valved,  oo-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 
(coma)  and  no  albumen.     Figs.  17-20,  200,  287. 

1.  SALIX,  Tourn.  Willow.  Osikr.  Aments  cylindric,  bracts  imbri- 
cated, entire,  1-flowered,  no  calyx,  but  a  little  nectariferous  gland  instead. 
6  Sta.  2—7.  ?  Ovaiy  ovoid-acuminate,  stigmas  2,  short.  Caps.  1-celled, 
the  valves  revolute  when  open.  Seeds  go.  ^55  Branches  mostly  long 
and  slender.  Leaves  mostly  narrow  and  pointed,  and  with  stipules.  Nos. 
4,  10,  and  21  are  used  in  basket-making. 

§  Stamens  3—10.    Aments  icith  the  leaves,  scales  green-yellow,  caducous Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Stamens  2,  the  filaments  united.    Aments  precocious,  scales  black No.  4 

§  Stamens  2,  rarely  3  (1  in  No.  13),  the  filaments  distinct..  .(*) 

*  Scales  yellow-green.  Am.  wi^A  the  Ivs.— a  Ov.  subsessile,  glabrous.   Trees... .5— 7 

—a  Ovaries  stalked.    Shiubs Nos.  8,  9 

•  Scales  of  the  ?  aments  brownish  or  blackish,  persistent..  .(6) 

6  Ovaries  and  pods  sessile.    Shrubs Nos.  10, 11 

b  Ovaries  and  pods  stalked,  and  glabrous.    Aments  with  the  Ivs Nos.  12,  13 

b  Ovaries  and  pods  stalked,  and  downy  or  silky. . .  {c) 

C  Aments  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Shrubs Nos.  14 10 

e  Aments  appearing  before  the  subeutire  hairy  leaves Nos.  17—19 

C  Am.  before  the  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  long-petioled  Ivs Nos.  20,  21 


810  Ordeu  125.— SALICACE.E. 

1  S.  liifida  Muhl.    Shining  W.    Tree  small,  handsome,  5— 15f;  branches  green  ;  Ivs. 

smooth  and  shining,  lance-ovate,  acuminate  with  a  long  point;  stip.  serrate;  stam, 
mostly  5.    Along  streams,  especially  northward  and  northwest.    Often  cultivated. 

2  S.  PENTANDEA.    Bay  W.    Tree  20— 40f,  very  elegant,  in  shrubberies ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate, 

cuspidate-pointed,  shining  ;  twigs  reddened  ;  aments  yellow  ;  sta.  5-(-.    Europe. 

3  S.  nigra  Marshall.    Black  W.    Shrub  10— 20f;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  to 

both  ends  ;  stip.  small,  caducous  ;  branches  pale  yellow ;  stamens  3—5.    Common. 

4  S.  purpiirea  L.    Shrub  6— lOf,  with  long,  slender,  olive-colored  twigs  ;  leaves  very 

smooth,  oblanceolate  ;  1  filament  with  2  anthers.    Low  grounds,    t 

5  S.  fragilis  L.     Crack  W.    Bedford  W.    Trees  tall  (00— SOf),  of  quick  growth,  with 

greenish  divergent  twigs  brittle  at  base  (lilce  many  otlier  species) ;  leaves  lanceolate  ; 
stipules  caducous  ;  stamens  2,  rarely  3.    Often  planted  in  parks.    §  Europe. 

jS.  deeip1en»,    A  smaller  tree,  with  red  polished  twigs  and  upper  leaves  obovate. 

y.  ItusKelliana,  has  long-pointed,  serrate,  bright  Ivs.  with  conspicuous  stipules. 

6  S.  alba  L.    White  W.    Yellow  W.    Large  trees,  with  straight  branches  and  yellowish 

tough  twigs ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  with  a  straight  point,  and  silky-whitish,  especially  be- 
neath ;  stigmas  subsessile,  2-lobed.    Common,  of  rapid  growth.    § 

/3.  ritelHna^  has  shining,  yellow  branches,  with  narrower  leaves. 

-j.  coerulea^  leaves  bluish,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  beneath.    By  rivers. 

7  S.  Babvlonica  L.     Vi'eeping  TF.      Tree  of  large  size,  with  long,  slender,  pendent 

branches  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  stipules  roundish  ;  ?  aments  1— -2'  long, 
the  t  unknown  in  IT.  S.— /3.  annul.Iris,  leaves  curled  into  a  ring.    Not  drooping. 

8  S.  longifolia  Muhl.    Shrub  difl'iise,  2-lOf,  with  whitish  twigs;  Ivs.  long,  linear, 

pointed  both  w-ays,  remotely  toothed,  hairy.    River  banks,  N.  Eng.,  and  W. 

9  S.  Miyrtllloides  L.    Shrub  low.  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong,  entire,  acute 

or  obtuse.    Mountain  bogs,  N.  and  N-W.    (S.  pedicellaris  Ph.) 

10  S.  viniinalis  L.  Basket  Osier.  Stems  long,  straight,  slender,  10— 12f;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  long,  pointed,  silky-canescent  beneath  ;  aments  precocious.    Wet. 

lis.  lierbacea  L.    Arctic  W.    Low,  creeping,  1 — 2' high  ;  Ivs.  round-oval,  cordate, 

serrate,  glabrous  ;  aments  few-flowered,  terminal.    Summits  of  White  Mountains. 
12  S.  cordata  Muhl.    Shrub  0— 8f,  with  smooth,  green  branches ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong, 
cordate,  acuminate,  smooth;  stipules  large,  serrate.    Wet  grounds. 
^.  myricoiiles.    Leaves  not  cordate,  with  2  glands  at  base,  glaucous  beneath. 
y.  ang^uDtata.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  ;  stipules  much  smaller. 
1  3  S.  Ci-tleri  Tuckni.    Low,  prostrate;  Ivs.  elliptic  to  obovate,  shining  above;  sta- 
men single  :  aments  pedunculate,  dense.    White  Mountains.    (S.  uva-ursi  C-B.) 

14  S.  vagans,  p.  rostriita  (Andersson).  Shrub  3— 12f,  with  straight,  erect,  yellowish 
branches  :  leaves  lance-ovate  to  lance-obovate,  acute,  subentire,  glaucous-downy  be- 
neath ;  Slip,  toothed;  fertile  aments  becoming  long  and  loose;  ovaries  long-pointed 
(rostrate).    Dry  grounds,  Penn.,  N.  and  W.    (S.  livida  Wahl.) 

1 5  S.  argyrocarpa  And.  Shrub  low,  creeping  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  -linear,  glau- 
cous beneaih  with  appressed  silvery  hairs;  pod  short-conical,  silvery-silky,  style 
slender.    White  Mountains.    Young  plants  all  silvery.    (S.  repens  C-B.) 

16  S.  cliloroplii'lla  And.  Shrub  low,  spreading;  Ivs.  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath : 
lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  subentire  ;  fruit  very  short-stalked  ;  style  very  long,  stigma 
entire  ;  stipules  0.    White  Mountains,  and  N.    (S.  phylicifolia  C-B.) 

17  S.  trlstis  Ait.  Sage  W.  Small  downy  shrub  with  a  profusion  of  small  naked 
aments  ;  leaves  lance-linear  to  oblanceolate  ;  stipules  minute,  caducous.    Dry  fields. 

18  S.  liMiiiilis  Marsh.  Shrub  4— 8f.  with  brown  twigs  ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate  ;  stip.  lunate, 
subdcntate,  shorter  than  the  distinct  petioles.    Dry.    (S.  Muhlenberghiana  Barr.) 

19  S.  Candida  Willd.  Shrub  4— Gf,  handsome,  all  whitish  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
very  long  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles.    In  damp  woods.    Common. 

20  S.  discolor  Muhl.  Shrub  7-15f;  branches  greenish-brown  ;  leaves  lance-oblong, 
remotely  toothed,  glaucous  beneaih  ;  stipules  lunate,  toothed  or  entire:  ov.  conical, 
densely  silky  ;  stigmas  long,  linear.     Swamps.     (S.  eriocephalus  Mx.) 


Order  126.-CYCADACB.E.  311 

21  S.  petiol^ris  Sm.    Shrub  4— 15f,  twigs  long,  slender,  tough,  purplish  or  j-ellow- 
ish  ;  Ivs.  liucar-lanceolate,  smooth,  glancons  beneath  ;  stipules  Innate,  dentate;  ova- 
ries ovoid,  densely  silky,  stigmas  rerij  short.    Sandy  banks  of  streams. 
|3.  sericea,    Lvs.  grayish-silky  beneath  ;  stigma  sessile  ;  stipules  deciduous. 

2.  POPULUS,  Tourn.  Poplar.  Aspen.  Aments  cyliudric,  scales 
lacerate-fringed.  Cal.  an  oblique,  disk-like  cup,  its  margin  entire.  $,  Sta. 
8—30.  ?  Ova.  free,  stig.  ycry  large,  2-lobed.  Caps.  2-valved,  2-celled.  "^ 
Large  trees,  T\ith  soft,  light  wood.  Leaves  broad,  on  long,  often  com- 
pressed petioles.    Aments  lateral,  before  the  leaves. 

§  Buds  not  viscid.    Leaves  lobed,  always  white-downy  beneath No.  1 

§  Buds  not  viscid.    Leaves  round-ovate,  soon  glabrous  and  green Nos.  2—4 

§  Buds  viscid  with  a  resinous  varnish.    Leaves  always  glabrous. .  .{x) 

X  Leaves  ovate,  whitened  beneath.    Stamens  20—30  Nos.  5,  6 

X  Leaves  deltoid  or  deltoid-ovate.    Stam.  6—30.    Petioles  compressed.  .Nos.  T— 9 

1  P.  ALBA.    Abele  p.    Silver-leaf  P.    Tree  rapidly  growing,  and  spreading  by  the  roots  ; 

leaves  cordate,  lobed,  dark  green  above,  very  white  beneath.    Europe. 

2  P.  treinuloides  Mx.    American  Aspen.    Tree  2.5 — lOf;  bark  smooth,  greenish; 

lvs.  roundish-cordate,  abruptly  pointed,  dent-serrate  ;  petioles  compressed,  rendering 
the  leaves  tremiiloiis  in  the  slightest  breeze.    Woods  :  common. 

3  P.  lieteropliylla  L.    Cotton-wood.   Tree  40— OUf,  with  smooth  greenish  bark ;  lvs. 

roundish,  cordate  or  ovate,  serrate,  white-downy  when  young:  buds  very  downy, 
short,  obtuse  ;  stamens  very  many  ;  seed  with  much  cotton.    Wet  woods. 

4  P.  grandldentata  Mx.    Tree  some  40f,  with  smoothish  gray  bark ;  lvs.  round- 

ovate,  acute,  with  large  unequal  sinuate  teeth,  villous  when  young ;  buds  subpubes- 
cent :  petioles  compressed.    Woods.    Common  northward. 

5  P.  balsamifera  L.    Balsam  P.     Tacmehac.    Tree  40— 80f,  with  rough  bark;  lvs. 

ovate,  acuminate,  with  appressed  serratures  ;  buds  very  fragrant.    Wei.    N. 

6  P.  candlcans  Ait.    Balm-of-Gikad.    Tree  30— 50f;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate, 

serrate  ;  petiole  hairy  ;  buds  full  of  fragrant  resin.    Woods,  and  cultivated. 

7  P.  angiilata  Ait.     Western  Cotton-wood.    Tree  -10— 80f,  branches  acutely  angular 

or  winged  ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  or  broad-cordate  :  buds  little  viscid.    S.  and  W. 

8  P.  Canadensis  De^f.    Necklace  Cotton-wood.    Tree  40 — 80f;  young  branchlets  an- 

gular ;  lvs.  deltoid  to  oval,  acuminate,  erose-denticulate,  subcordate ;  ament  scalei 
not  hairy.    By  rivers  and  lakes,  N.  and  W.    (P.  monilifera  Ait.) 

9  P.  nigra,  /3.  betttUfolla,    Black  P.    Tree  with  an  ovoid  form,  30 — lOf ;    young 

branches  and  lvs.  pubes. ;  lvs.  d^toid-rhombic,  pointed,  crenate-serrate.  N.  Y. :  rare,  t 
y.  dilafata.    Lombardy  P.    Tree  very  tall,  pyramidal  in  form  ;  lvs.  deltoid.   Com. 

Class  II.    GYMNO SPERMS. 

Pistils  none,  or  represented  by  open  scales,  with  ovnles  in 
their  axils.  Stigma  none,  bnt  the  pollen  applied  directly  to  the 
ovules,  which  become  naked  seeds,  destitute  of  a  true  pericarp. 
Flowers  always  diclinous.  Cotyledons  often  more  than  2.  (§  510.) 

Cohort  4.    CONOIDEJS.    Equivalent  to  the  Class.    (§  515.) 
Order  CXXVI.  CYCADACE^.  Ctcads. 

Trees  of  \ovf  stature,  simple  trunks  with  their  mternodes  undeveloped 
and  the  surface  scarred  with  the  fallen  leaves.     Leav-es  pinnate,  parallel- 


312  Order  127.— CONIFERS. 

veined,  circinnate.  Flowers  dioecious,  nalced,  in  cones,  i  anther  covering 
the  under  surface  of  the  counectile.  ?  Scales  peltate,  bearing  nalced 
ovules  dorsal  or  marginal. 

1.  CYCAS  REVOLUTA,  from  Japan,  hardy  South,  has  a  short  thick  trunk, 
crowned  with  numerous  pinnate  leaves,  4— 5f  long,  with  innumerable  linear  1-veiued 
leaflets  rolled  at  the  edges.    Fruit  in  an  oblong  spadix. 

2.  ZAMIA  integrif6lia.     Coontie.    Florida  Arrow-root.     Stem 

corm-likc,  abounding  in  starch.  Leaves  3— of  long,  leaflets  3—5',  \a.nc<i'Oh\oag,  jointed  to 
the  rachis,  entire,   00-veined  ;  fruit  in  a  large  oblong  cone.    S.  Fla. 

Order  CXXVII.    CONIFERiE.    Conifers. 

Trees  or  shrubs  mostly  evergreen,  abounding  with  a  resinous  juice.  Leaves 
scattered  or  fascicled,  mostly  linear,  parallel  or  fork-veined.  Flowers  i,  $ 
or  a  ,  destitute  of  corolla  or  calyx,  in  aments  and  cones,  t  Stamen  1,  or 
several  united.  S  Ornry,  style,  and  stigma  wanting.  Ovules  1 — oo  at  the 
base  of  the  carpellary  scale.  Fruit  a  strobile  (cone)  with  the  scales  woody 
and  distinct,  or  baccate  with  the  scales  fleshy  and  coherent.  Figs.  107,  166, 
194,  216,  '256,  293,  299,  352-3,  473-4,  491.    See  Hoopes'  BooTc  of  Evergreens. 

§  ABIETINEjE.     Scales  of  the  cone  each  with  a  bract  beneath  it.     Seeds  2,  winged ...(») 
§§  CUPKESSINE^.     Scales  bractless.     Seeds  1—9,  mostly  with  2  wings.  ..(**) 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  2— 5  together  in  each  fascicle Finds.  1 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  solitary,  scattered Abies.  2 

*  Leaves  in  fascicles  of  many  together,— a  evergreen Cedrus.  3 

— a  deciduous Larix.  4 

»*  Cones  baccate,  consisting  of  the  fleshy  coherent  scales.   Juniperus.  5 

**  Cones  dry,  scales  imbricated.— x  Leaves  lance-Hnear Cunninghamia.  6 

— X  Leaves  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed Thuva.  7 

**  Cones  dry,  scales  valvately  closed.- 1/  Lvs.  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed.. .Ccpressus.  8 

— y  Lvs.  linear,  alternate,  deciduous Taxodium.  9 

— y  Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen,    t Sequoya.  10 

1.  PINUS,  L.  Pine.  Fls.  8 ,  the  ^  in  clustered  aments.  Stamen  1, 
with  a  3-celled  anther.  S  Aments  of  many  open  imbricated  carpellary 
scales,  each  with  a  bract  at  the  back  and  2  inverted  ovules  at  base  within. 
Cone  woody,  persistent  two  years,  the  scales  often  thickened  and  awned 
at  the  tip.  Seeds  nut-like,  winged.  Cotyledons  3—12.  5  Fascicles  of 
2 — 5  linear-filiform  leaves,  sheathed  at  base. 

§  Leaves  in  h'^.—X  Scales  spineless,  hardly  thickened  at  end Nos.  1—3 

—X  Scales  ending  with  a  cap  and  a  spine No  4 

§  Leaves  in  3's.— y  Cones  oblong,  with  small  recurved  spines Nos.  5,  6 

—y  Cones  ovoid,  with  weak  or  strong  spines ..Nos.  7—9 

§  Leaves  in  2's.— z  Scales  tipped  with  spines  or  prickles .  .Nos.  10—12 

—z  Scales  spineless.- a  Trees  native Nos.  13, 14 

—a  Trees  European Nos.  15,  16 

1  P.  strobns  L.     MliUe  Pine.    A  majestic  tree,  100— ITOf,  in  the  forests ;  lvs.  needle- 

shaped,  4—5',  not  rigid  ;  cones  oblong,  5—7',  pendulous.  Woods,  Penn.,  N.  andN-W. 
Timber  of  great  value  in  architecture. 

2  P.  EXCELSA.  BhotanP.  Lvs.  glaucous,  5—7' ;  cones  cylindric,  6—9' ;  nuts  winged.  Asia. 


Order  127.— CONIFERS.  313 

3  P.  CEMBRA.    Sione  P.    Leaves  2—3' ;  cones  ovate,  erect ;  seeds  hard,  wingless.    Alps. 

4  P.  ARisTATA.     Colorado  p.    Leaves  1—li',  crowded;  cones  oval,  2i'.    Tree  40— 50f. 

5  P.  aiistralis  Mx.    Long-leaved  P.    Tree  60— lOOf,  very  resiuous ;  leaves  10—15', 

crowded  ;    cones  lance-oblong,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Stands  in  extensive 
forests.  South.    Very  valuable  for  turpentine,  timber,  or  fuel. 

6  P.  Taeda  L.    Loblolly  P.    Tree  50— 90f ;  leaves  6—10',  with  long  sheaths  ;  cones  de- 

flexed,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves,  with  small  but  strong  spines.    S. 

7  P.  serotina  Mx.    Pond  P.    Tree  30— 50f ;  leaves  5— S',  rigid;  cones  broadly  ovoid, 

polished,  nearly  spineless,  as  large  as  a  goose-egg.    Wet  lands,  S. 

8  P.  rigida  Mill.    Pilch  P.    Tree  30— TOf,  with  very  rough  bark  ;  leaves  rigid,  4—6', 

with  short  sheaths  ;  cones  clustered,  ovoid-conic,  2 — 3'.    Sandy  barrens. 

9  P.  PONDERosA.     Tree  50— lOOf  in  California,  with  sturdy  trunk,  smoothish  bark, 

heavy  wood  ;  leaves  9—12' ;  cones  3J',  conical,  with  short  strong  spines. 

10  P.  mitls  Mx.  YelloiD  P.  Spruce  P.  Tree  of  slow  growth,  30— 60f;  Ivs.  covering 
the  branchlets,  some  of  them  in  3's,  mostly  in  pairs,  3—5',  slender;  cones  \\ — 2', 
ovoid-conic,  clustered.    In  dry  lands.    Timber  very  valuable. 

IIP.  pungens  Mx.    Tree  with  crooked  branches,  20— 30f;  leaves  stout,  crowded, 

about  2' ;  cones  ovoid,  .3',  with  stout  spines  3"  long.    Mountains,  Penn.,  and  S. 
12  P.  Inops  Ait.    Jerseij  P.    Scrub  P.    Tree  15— 25f,  rough  and  crooked ;  Ivs.  rigid, 

obtuse,  2—3';  cones  ovoid-oblong,  2 — 3',  with  straightish  prickles.    Barrens. 
1  3  P.  resinosa  Ait.  Norway  P.  Red  P.  Tree  60f,  bark  smoothish  ;  Ivs.  slender,  5—6', 

sheaths  6-12" ;  cones  conic  with  a  rounded  base,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Dry  woods, 

Penn.  to  Wis.,  and  N.    Timber  compact,  moderately  resinous. 

14  P.  Hudsonica  Poir.  (P.  Banksiana  Lamb.)  A  straggling  pine  5— 2.5f;  Ivs.  rigid, 
cur\-ed,  1',  the  cones  longer  (1^—20,  recurved,  smooth.    Rocks,  Me.,  W.  and  N. 

1 5  P.  Laeico.  CoT'sican  Pine.  A  large  tree  of  rapid  growth,  very  handsome  iu  parks ; 
leaves  slender,  bright  green,  wavy,  4 — 6' ;  cones  2 — 3'.    Branches  whorled. 

p.  AusTRiACA.    Austnan  P.    Leaves  more  rigid,  of  a  rich  dark-green  color. 

1 6  P.  STLVE.STRIS.  Scotch  P.  Tree  of  rapid  growth,  perfectly  hardy  ;  Ivs.  2—4',  twisted, 
rigid,  bluish  green  ;  cones  ovoid-conic,  2—3'.    Common  in  Europe. 

2.  ABIES,  Tourn.    Spruce.    Fir.    Hemlock.      $   Aments  clustered 
with  the  old  Ivs.    2  Am.  solitary,  cones  with  thin,  flat,  spineless  scales,  per- 
sistent one  year.     Seeds  winged.     Cotyledons  3 — 9.     5  Lvs.  solitary,  not 
sheathed,  scattered  over  the  branches,  linear,  short,  mostly  petioled. 
§  Fir.    Cones  erect,  the  scales  deciduous.    Lvs.  flat,  spreading  two  ways. .  .{x) 
%  Spruce.    Cones  nodding.    Lvs.  4-sided  or  ensiform,  pointing  all  around. .  .{a) 

%  Hemlock.    Cones  hanging.    Leaves  flat,  mostly  spreading  two  ways Nos.  1  —3 

'       a  Cones  oval,  1—2'  long,  the  scales  nearly  entire.    Native,    t Nos.  4,  5 

a  Cones  oblong,  .3—8'  long,  the  scales  erose-dentate.    Cultivated Nos.  6,  7 

X  Bracts  conspicuously  exserted,  much  longer  than  the  scales Nos.  8—10 

X  Bracts  shorter  than  the  scales  or  rarely  a  little  exserted Nos.  11—13 

1  A.  Canadensis  Mx.     Common  H.    Tree  50— SOf,  very  beautiful  when  young;  Ivb. 

short-linear  (6—8"),  glaucous  beneath  ;  cones  ovoid,  terminal,  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
scales  concealing  the  bracts.    Rocky  woods  :  common  N. 

2  A.  WiLLiAMSONii  (or  Pattoniana).    Large  tree  in  Oregon,  very  fine  and  hardy  here,  but 

rare  ;  leaves  yellowish,  6 — 8",  the  cones  three  times  longer,  bracts  concealed. 

3  A.  DouGLAssii.    A  huge  tree  in  Oregon,  handsome  ;  cones  with  long,  3-forked  bracts. 

4  A.  nigra  Mx.    Doubles.    Tree  pyramidal,  60— SOf ;  leaves  6— 7",  dark  green  ;  cones 

ovoid,  1—2,  scales  erose-denticulate.    Damp  mountain  woods,  northward. 

5  A,  alba  Mx.    Single  S.    Tree  30— SOf,  subpyramidal ;  leaves  G— 9",  glaucous  ;  cones 

deciduous,  cylindrical,  2',  with  the  scales  entire.    Rocky  woods:  common. 

6  A.  PicEA  (or  excelsa).    Norway  S.    A  stately  tree  with  dense  dark-green  foliage ;  lvs. 

9—12" ;  cones  6—8'  long,  light  brown,  scales  notched.    Very  common. 


314:  Order  137.— CONIFERS. 

7  A.  Menziesii.    Tree  50— 70f  in  Oregon  ;  Ivs.  }',  silvery -glaucons  ;  cones  3— i',  many. 

8  A.  BRACTEATA.  Tree  lOOf  in  California ;  leaves  2—3',  silverj-glaucous  beneath  ;  cones 

4',  bracts  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  much  exceeding  the  scale,  and  recurved. 

9  A.  PECTiNATA.    Tree  from  Europe,  80f;  leaves  9",  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath  ;  cones 

1 — 7',  brown  whcu  ripe,  bracts  fringed,  the  cuspidate  point  spreading. 
j3.  Cephalonica,  from  Greece,  bracts  linear-oblong,  toothed,  reflexed. 
y.  NoRDJiANNi.'V,  from  Crimea,  bracts  with  an  entire  recurved  point. 

10  A.  Fraseri  Ph.  Double  Balsam  F.  Tree  small  (15— 30f);  bark  smooth,  Wts<«-«d 
as  in  the  nest ;  leaves  S— 10",  seeming  3-veined  beneath ;  cones  1—2',  oblong  ;  bracts 
denticulate,  long-pointed,  reflexed.    White  Mountains  !  and  Allcghanies. 

1 1  A.  balsauiea  Marsh.  Balsam  F.  Tree  30— 50f,  >vith  smooth  bark  filled  with 
blisters  (reservoirs)  of  balsam;  leaves  8—10",  obtuse,  silvery  beneath  ;  cones  cylindri- 
cal, 3—4'  X 1',  bracts  concealed  or  slightly  exserted.    Damp  woods.    Caltivated. 

12  A.  SiBiRicA  (orPichta).    Small  tree  from  Asia;  leaves  1';  cones  ovoid-conic,  3 — 4'. 

1 3  A.  GRANDis.  Tree  200f  in  Oreg. ;  Ivs.  1'— IS",  bifid,  silvery  beneath  ;  cones  oblong,  4'. 

3.  CEDRUS,  Link.  S  Am.  solitary,  terminal.  $  Cones  persistent  two 
or  three  years  ;  scales  pereistent,  close-pressed  ;  bracts  concealed  adnate  to 
the  scales.     5  Leaves  sessile,  foscicled  as  in  Larix,  rigid,  evergreen. 

1  C.  LiBANi.     Cedar  of  Lebanon.    Tree  with  wide-spread  branches ;  leaves  9— 15",  dark 

green,  acute  ;  cones  oval,  obtuse,  brown,  3x2',  scales  very  many. 
'2  C  De6dara.    Huge  tree  in  the  Himalayas  ;  Ivs.  1—2',  light  glaucous ;  cones  ovoid,  4'. 

4.  LARIX,  Tourn.  LARcn.  Tamarack,  i,  Anthers  2-cclled,  cells  open- 
ing lengthwise,  with  simple  pollen  grains.  S  Cones  erect,  oval  or  round- 
ish, scales  colored,  persistent.  Seeds  with  a  proper  wing.  ^  Leaves 
deciduous,  acerous,  soft,  scattered,  and  in  axillary,  many-leaved  fascicles. 

1  Ij.  Americana  Mx.    A  splendid  tree  70— lOOf,  with  straight  axis  and  horizontal 

branches  ;  leaves  filiform,  very  slender,  1 — 2',  in  bunches  of  12 — 20;  cones  deep  pur- 
ple, &— 10",  scales  few,  with  inflexed  edges.    Woods  northward.    Common  in  cult, 
p.  p/ndiila.    Brauchlets  slender  and  drooping.    Exquisitely  beautiful. 

2  li.  ELKorj:A.    Large  tree  ;  Ivs.  flattened,  linear-spatulate  ;  cones  1— IJ'  long. 

5.  JUNIPERUS,  L.  Juniper.  Fls.  ^^  2  ,  aments  verj'  small,  roundish. 
$  Scales  peltate,  each  with  4 — 7  anther-cells  beneath.    ?  Scales  few,  united 

at  base,  1-2-ovuled,  fonuing  a  sort  of  beriy  in  fruit.  Cotyledons  2.  5  5 
Leaves  subulate  or  scale-like,  pungent,  opposite  or  whorled. 

§  Lvs.  scale-form,  opp..  4-rowed,  and  subulate  in  .3's,  not  jointed,  nerveless. .  .Nos.  1— ?} 
§  Lvs.  all  subulate  and  in  3's,  divaricate,  jointed  to  the  stem,  1-nerved  Nos.  4—7 

1  J.  VIrginiana  L.    Bed  Cedar.    Tree  of  middle  size,  dark  green  ;  early  lvs.  very 

slender,  3—4",  little  divergent,  in  3"s,  later  ones  1—2",  scale-form,  4-rowed,  opposite, 
appressed  ;  cones  or  berries  small,  bine-white,  on  short  branchlets.    Rocky  soils. 

2  J.  sabina,  p. procumbent  Vh.    Shrub  trailing;  lvs.  opposite,  obtuse,  a  gland  in 

the  middle,  imbricated  in  4  rows  ;  frnit  larger  (-3"),  nodding,  dark  purple.     Rocks,  N. 

3  J.  BeriMudlana  L.    Late  branchlets  very  slender,  covered  with  scale-fonn.  pun- 

gent lvs.  in  4  rows,  divergent.  1" ;  fr.  brown,  no  bloom,  2",  subsessile.    Fla.    15—  20f. 

4  J.  coiuniunis  L.     CovunoiiJ.    (Fig.  353.)    Tree  or  shrub  ;  leaves  in  3's,  crowded, 

pungent-acuminate,  6-8",  fruit  small  (2'0,  subsessile,  dark-purple,  sweetish.    Woods, 
p.  alpina.    Shrub  trailing  ;  leaves  more  crowded,  less  spreading,  curved.    N. 
y.  OBLONGA.    Branchlets  drooping ;  leaves  lance-linear,  glaucous  ;  fruit  clustered. 

5  J.  EiGiDA.  Weeping  J.  Branchlets  drooping;  lvs.  channelled  on  the  upper  side.  Japan. 
G  J.  OxTCEDRUS.  Shrub  10-12f,  from  Eur.,  is  known  by  its  red-brown  berries  3-4"  long. 
7  3.  DRUPACEA.    Shrub  from  Syria,  8— 12f,  with  berries  dark -purple,  as  large  as  a  pium. 


Order  128.-TAXACE^.  315 

6.  CUNNINGhAmIA  Sinensis.  Tree  from  China,  30— 40f,  very 
tmique.  Leaves  1— If.  lance-linear,  stiff  and  pungent,  in  2  rows.  Cones  ovoid,  IJ',  -with 
toothed  and  pointed  scales  (or  bracts  f)  each  3-seeded. 

7.  THUYA,  Tourn.  Arbor  Vit^.  Fls.  8  ,  on  different  branches,  ter- 
minal. 3  Anther-cells  4  on  each  imbricated  scale.  $  Scales  few,  in  pairs, 
opposite,  imbricated,  each  2-6-ovuled.  Seeds  winged.  5  h  I^eaves  scale- 
form,  opposite,  imbricated  in  4  rows. 

1  T.  occidentalls  L.    Tree  branched  from  base  to  summit ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate, 

tuberclcl  on  the  back  ;  cones  oblong,  scales  not  reflexed,  each  2-seeded.    On  rocky 
banks,  common  N.,  now  very  frequent  in  cultivation.    Many  varif  ties. 

2  T.  (THUYOPSIS)  DOLABRATA.    Tree  from  Japan,  40— GOf,  with  ovate  scale-form  Ivs., 

not  appressed  ;  cones  small,  roundish,  each  scale  5-seeded.    Rare. 

3  T.  (BIOTA)  oRiENTALis.    Shrub  light  green,  or  yellowish  ;   ramiflcaiions  vertical ; 

cones  broad,  with  thick  scales  and  horn-like  reflexed  points.    China. 

8.  CUPRESSUS,  Tourn.  Aments  s ,  small,  roundish,  t  Scales  each 
with  2— X  erect  ovules.  Cone  globular,  the  scales  angular,  peltate,  val- 
vatcly  closed  until  ripe.  ^  Leaves  scale-form,  flat,  imbricated  as  in  Thuya, 
often  with  a  tubercle  on  the  back,   CvPREsa. 

J  C  SEMPERV1BEN3.  Cone  large,  oval,  1',  scales  GO-seeded  ;  Ivs.  minute,  ovate,  obtuse, 
very  closely  imbricated.    Cultivated  South.    Tree  strict,  conical,  20 — JOt. 

2  C.  tliyoides  L.     White  Cedar.    Tree  pyramidal,  filiform  branchlets  square  ;  leaves 

minute,  lance-ovate,  close,  the  tubercle  manife^t.    Swamps.    Cones  small  as  peas. 

3  C  Lawsonh.    Splendid  tree  from  Oregon;  branchlets  flattened,  feather-like,  bluish- 

green  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  tubercled  ;  cones  IJ".    Becoming  common. 

9.  TAXODIUM,  Rich.  Bald  Cypress.  Fls.  8  ,  sessile,  small,  round- 
ish, the  i,  in  spikes,  $  in  pairs  below.  Cone  globular,  the  scales  peltate, 
angular,  thick,  firmly  closed  till  ripe,  Avitli  2  angular  seeds  at  base.  Coty- 
ledons 6— '.».     5  With  deciduous,  linear,  2-rowed  leaves. 

T.  disttcliniu  Rich.  Tree  100— ]2.5f,  trunk  6— 9f  diam. ;  large  conical  excrescences 
grow  up  from  the  roots;  Ivs.  light-green,  scattered,  in  2  rows  on  the  slender  branch- 
lets.    Swamps,  Ya.,  and  S.    Timber  valuable. 

,  10.  SEQUOYA,  Eudl.  Eed-wood.  Cones  roundish,  with  peltate  trape- 
zoid, o-seeded  scales,  valvately  closed.  Seeds  winged  both  sides.  5  Im- 
mense, Californian.    Leaves  linear  or  subulate,  alternate. 

1  S.  SEsrPERViRENs,    Tree  200f,  with  a  diam.  of  lOf ;  bark  blackish,  with  rose-purple 

wood  almost  imperishable  ;  cones  globular,  1' ;  leaves  of  2  kinds. 

2  S.  GiGANTEi.    Tree  300f,  with  a  diam.  of  20f  (often  larger!);  bark  cinnamon  color, 

wood  dull  rer'  ,  cones  oval,  near  2' ;  leaves  mostly  subulate.    Rarely  planted. 

Order  CXXVIIL     TAXACE^.    Yews. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  general  habit  of  the  Pines,  but  with  no  cones, 
nor  even  the  carpellaiy  scale.  Flowers  consisting  simply  of  anthers  or  an 
ovule  involucrate  with  bracts.  Fruit  a  nut-like  seed,  naked,  or  in  a  cup- 
fijrm  dry  or  pulpy  disk.     Cotyledons  2.    Fig.  166. 


316  Obder  120.— PALMACE^. 

•  Leaves  linear.     Anthers  5— 8  on  each  scale.    Seed  sitting  in  a  fleshy  cup Taxvs.  1 

•  Leaves  lance-linear.    Anthers  4.    Seed  Heshy-coated  or  dry,  not  in  a  cup Torreya.         i 

•  Leaves  linear  to  ovate,  1-veined.    Anthers  2.     Seed  inverted,  in  a  shallow  cup PodocakpUS.  3 

»  Leaves  flabelliform,  fork-veined.    Anthers  2.    Seed  erect,  in  a  deep  cup Salisbhria.     4 

1.  TAXUS,  Tourn.  Yew.  Flowers  axillaiy,  the  $  in  aments.  Stam. 
or  bracts  peltate,  r;-8-lobecl,  with  5—8  anther-cells.  2  Flower  solitary. 
Ovule  erect,  becoming  a  nut-like  seed,  sitting  in  a  deep  fleshy  cup-shaped 
disk.     5  5  Leaves  rigid,  alternate,  in  2  rows. 

1  T.  Canadensis  L.    Divarf  Y.    (Fig.  166.)    Shrub  low  or  prostrate,  branches  as- 

cending; Ivs.  nuicronate,  revolute-edged,  9—12";  stam.  with  5  anther-cells  ;  fruit  de- 
pressed-globous,  a  black  seed  in  an  amber-colored  cup.    Rocky  soils,  northward. 

2  T.  BACCATA.    English  Y.    Tree  of  low  stature,  widely  spreading ;  Ivs.  falcate,  acute, 

flat,  10—12"  ;  stam.  with  6—8  anther-cells  ;  fruit  oblong-bell-form.    Europe. 

3  T.  brevifolia  N.    Tree  15— 50f,  branches  ascending  ;  Ivs.  7—10",  very  narrow ;  eta. 

with  6  aiither-ce;ls  ;  fruit  oval.    Fla.  ?  and  Oreg.    The  species  are  all  closely  related. 

2.  TORREYA,  Arn.  FloAvers  axillary,  the  $  many  in  Ihe  anient, 
bracts  in  4  rows.  Stamens  with  4  anther-cells.  ?  Ovule  with  few  bracts, 
becoming  drupe-like,  at  length  a  dry  ovoid  bony  nut  or  seed.  5  h  Leaves 
rigid,  alternate,  2-rowed,  pungent,  lance-linear. 

T.  taxil'olia  Arn.    Tree  15— 30f,  with  erect  strict  form,  dark  green  ;  Ivs.  1— U'  long, 
2-ranked  as  well  as  the  branchlets  ;  fruit  smooth,  glaucous,  ovoid,  9—11".    Fla.    t 

3.  PODOCARPUS,  L'Her.,  contains  some  rare  evergreens  with  remark- 
ably largo  leave.'?  (2—3'  long).    As  yet  very  sparingly  cultivated. 

4.  SALISBURIA  adiantifolia  (or  Ginkgo  biloba).  Tree  40— 80f,  from 
Japan,  strict  and  pyramidal.  Lvs.  fan-shaped,  2-Iobed,  fork-veined  and  petiolate,  in  struc- 
ture much  like  the  Maidenhair  Fern.    The  flowers  and  fruit  are  seldom  seen. 

PROVINCE,   ENDOGENS, 

The  Monocotyledonous  Plants.  Stems  without  the  distinc- 
tion of  bark,  wood,  and  pith,  endogenous  in  growth  (§421). 
Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined  and  alternate.  Flowers  3-parted 
(rarely  V).     Embryo  with  one  cotyledon.  (Prov.  Acrogens,  360.) 

Class  III.  PETALIFER^.  Endogenous  plants  having 
flowers  either  Avith  a  Avhorled  perianth  or  without  one,  but 
never  glumaceous.     (Class  IV.  Glumifer^.    Page  355.) 

Cohort  5.  SPADICIFLOR^.  Elowers  crowded  on  a 
thickened  or  club-shaped  racliis  (spadix),  mostly  naked, 
rarely  with  a  scale-like  perianth.     (Cohort  6,  p.  322.) 

Okdeh  CXXIX.    PALMACE^.    Palms. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  with  unbranched  trunks  growing  by  the  teiminal 
bud.   Leaven  large,  plaited,  on  sheathing  petioles,  collected  in  one  terminal 


Okder  130.— ARACEJi.  317 

cluster.  r,owers  perfect  or  polygamous,  on  a  branching  spadix  bursting 
from  a  spathe.  Perianth  double,  3-merous,  hexandrous,  ovaries  (and  styles) 
3,  distinct  or  commonly  united  into  1,  each  1-ovulcd.  Frnit  fleshy,  1-3- 
seeded.    Fig.  508. 

•  Flowers  all  perfect.     Ovaries  aud  styles  united  into  1.     Berry  single Saeal.  1 

*  Flowers  perfect  and  staminatc.    Ovaries  aud  styles  distinct.    Drupes  3 CHAM.fiROPS.  2 

1.  SABAIj,  Adans.  Palmetto.  Fls.  5 ,  sessile,  complete.  Sepals  3l 
united,  petals  3,  subdistinct.  Sta.  6,  fil.  distinct.  Ovaries  3,  soon  united, 
Sty.  1.  Fr.  a  dryish  3-seeded  berry.  5  +>  Caudex  (§  237)  procumbent  or 
erect,  beset  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the  petioles.  Lvs.  palmately  fan- 
shaped,  many-cleft.     Flowers  small,  greenish.     June — Aug. 

1  S.  Palmetto  Loddisr.    Caudex  erect,  20— 50f,  usually  enlarged  above  ;  the  majestic 

lvs.  are  6 — lOf  long,  all  from  one  terminal  bud  ;  spadix  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
spathe  double  ;  berry  globular.    Along  the  coast,  Fla.  to  S.  C. 

2  S.  AdansonI  Guern.    Caudex  prostrate;  lvs.  rigid,  longer  than  the  gt;e«-edged 

petioles ;  spadix  slender,  much  branched,  as  high  (3 — 4f )  as  the  leavets ;  style  thick, 
obtuse  ;  berry  depressed.    Along  the  coast,  in  low  grounds,  S. 

3  S.  sernilata  R.  &  S.    Caudex  creeping ;   petioles  aculeate-serrate ;  spadix  thick, 

2— 3f ;  style  subulate  ;  berry  oblong-ovoid.    Barrens,  S.  C.  to  Fla. 
p.  minima.    Every  way  smaller ;  leaves  about  7-cleft.    E,  Fla. 

2.  CHAMiEROPS,  L.  Blue  Palmetto.  Fls.  5  and  $, .  Perianth 
as  in  Sabal.  Sta.  6  or  9,  connate  at  base.  Ovaries  3,  distinct,  stig.  sessile. 
Berries  3, 1-seeded.  Palms  acaiilescent.  Petioles  aculeate.  Spadix  dense- 
flowered,  flowers  yellowish.     June — Aug. 

C.  Hystrlx  Eraser.    Caudex  low,  making  oifsets  at  base;  leaves  3 — 4f,  the  petioles 
spiny  in  the  axils  ;  drupes  ovoid,  hairy,  in  masses.    Clay  soils,  Ga.,  Fla. 

Order  CXXX.    ARACE^.    Aroids. 

Herbs  with  a  creeping  rhizome  or  corm,  an  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  leaves 
often  veiny,  and  the  flower's  mostly  diclinous  and  naked.  Inflorescence  a 
spadix,  dense-flowered,  naked  or  mostly  surrounded  with  a  large  spathe. 
Perianth  none,  or  of  4 — 6  scales.  Anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  free,  stigma 
sessile.    Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  seeds  albuminous.    Figs.  433,  43G. 

*  House,  or  greenhouse  plants,  usually  with  very  large  leaves.  ..(y) 
»  Wild  native  plants,  growing  in  water  or  damp  places. .  .(a) 

a  Spadix  growing  to  the  spathe.      ?   Flower  solitary.    Floating Pistia.  1 

ci>  Spadix  free,  enveloped  in  the  spathe. .  .(c) 

a   Spadix  naked,  destitute  of  a  spathe.— 6  Leaves  ensiforra AcoRUS.  7 

— b  Leaves  oval,  Ac Orontium.  6 

;  Flower.s  covering  only  tlie  base  of  the  spadix.     Perianth  0 Auis^ma.  2 

c  Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix,  or  all  but  the  base,  and. .  .(d) 

d  Monoecious.     Spathe  involute.     Stamen  around  a  shield Peltakdra.  3 

d  All  perfect.— X  Perianth  0,    Spathe  open,  white.     Swamps Calla.  4 

~x  Perianth  regular.     Spatlie  shell-form Symplocarpus.    5 

V  Spadix  naked  at  the  top.    Spathe  yellowish.    Leaves  peltate Colocasia.  8 

y  Spadix  naked  at  the  top.    Spathe  yellowish.    Leaves  not  peltate Philodendron.  9 

V  Spadix  covered  with  flowers.    Spathe  white.— 3  Leaves  green  only Richardia.         10 

—J  Leaves  variegated Caladiuh.  U 


318  Order  130.— ARACE^. 

1.  PISTIA,  L.  Spathe  tubular  at  base,  spreading  above.  Fls.  8 ,  few, 
the  upper  5  in  an  involucre,  of  3—8  anther-cells.  $  Fl.  solitary,  of  a  1- 
celled  ovary  and  thick  style.    Berry  several-seeded,     c 

P.  spatlinlata  Ms.  Floating  free  in  still  water ;  leaves  1—2',  obovate-spatulate,  rosa- 
late,  the  veins  lamellated  beneath  ;  spathe  white.    E.  Fla. 

2.  ARIS^MA,  Mart.  Dragon-root.  Indian  Turnip.  Spathe  con- 
volute at  base.     Spadix  •with  a  long  naked  summit,  flower-bearing  at  base. 

i  Fls.  above  the  fertile,  each  merely  a  cluster  of  4  or  more  stamens.     S 

Ovary  1-celled,  stig.  flat.    Beriy  re'd,  1-  or  few-seeded,     n  Root  tuberous. 

Scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles. 

1  A.  tripliyllum  Torr.  Jack-in-flie-imlpit.  Stem  a  large  conn  fiercely  acrid  ;  scape 
round,  thick,  8—12' ;  leaves  2,  trifoliate  ;  leaflets  oval,  pointed,  sessile ;  epathe 
striped,  inflected  over  the  club-shaped  spadis.    Rocky  wood*.    April +  . 

l  A,  qulnatuni  Wood.  Leaves  1  or  2,  with  very  long  sheaths,  one  or  both  g'Miwafe / 
leaflets  oval  to  lance-oval,  acute,  or  obtuse,  cuspidate,  Darrovved  to  a  petiolule.  Ga. 
to  Car.,  ill  hilly  woods.    1— 2f.    (A.  polymorphum  Buckley.) 

3  A.  Bracontinni  Schott.  Green  Dragon.  Leaf  mostly  1,  pedate,  with  7— 11  lance- 
oblong  leaflets  ;  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  spathe.    Bogs.    2f. 

3.  PELTANDRA,  Raf  Spathe  convolute.  Spadix  staminate  above, 
pistillate  below.  Anth.-cells  8—12,  opening  at  top,  adnate  to  a  thickened 
peltate  conucctile.  Berries  l-oo- seeded.  U  Leaves  sagittate,  the  long 
petioles  sheathing  the  scape.    May,  June. 

1  p.  Virginica  Eaf    Leaves  sagittate-hastate,  the  base  lobes  long  and  turned  out- 

ward ;  spathe  green,  4—6'  long ;  berries  green,  1-3-seeded.    Marshes.    9—18'. 

2  P.  glanca  Feay.    Leaves  sagittate- cordate,  lobes  rounded  ;  spathe  white  and  open 

at  the  top,  3' ;  berries  GO-seeded,  red.    Coastward,  S.     (Xanthosoma,  Sch.) 

4.  CALLA,  L.  Spathe  ovate,  spreading,  white.  Spadix  covered  with 
the  naked  fls.  Perianth  0.  Fil.  6,  slender,  with  2-celled  anthers.  Berry 
red,  depressed,  3-6-seeded.     U  :^^  Rhizome  creeping.    Leaves  cordate. 

C.  pal  ustris  L.— Shallow-waters,  Pa.,  and  N.    Scape  4— 6'.    Leaves  2— 3'.    July. 

5.  SYMPLOOARPUS,  Salisb.     Skunk  Cabbagk.     Spathe  shell-form, 
thick,  close  to  the  ground  in  early  Spring,  preceding  the  leaves,  incurved 
at  base  and  apex.     Spadix  oval,  covered  with  the  dull  purple,  i>erfect  fls. 
Perianth  4-parted.    Berries  1-seeded.     U:^^  Leaves  all  radical,  very  large. 
S.  foetidus  Salisb.— Swamps,  meadows:  common.    Leaves  cordate-oval,  12— 20'. 

6.  ORONTIUM,  L.  Golden  Club.  Spathe  0.  Spadix  cylindrical, 
yellow,  crowning  the  naked  scape.  Perianth  4-6-sepalled.  Sta.  4—6.  Fr. 
a  dry  utricle,  1-seeded.     yc  Leaves  lanceolate,  all  radical. 

O.  aquaticum  L.— Pools  and  brooks.  If  Very  smooth.  Scape  thickened  upward, 
green  at  base,  white  above,  the  summit  (flowers)  golden  yellow.    Juno. 

7.  ACORUS,  L.  Sweet  Flag.  Spathe  0.  Spadix  cylindric,  sessile, 
issuing  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape.  Perianth  6-sepalled.  Sta.  6.  Ova 
and  fruit  3-celled,  capsular,  oo-seedcd.  U  Rhizome  thick,  aromatic.  Lvs. 
all  radical,  linear-ensiform  like  the  scape. 


Okder  132.— TYPHACEJE.  319 

A.  Calamus  L.    Scape  ensiform,  continiied  long  and  leaf-like  above  the  green,  dense- 
flowered  spadis.    In  wet  soils.    2— 3f.    Koot  tastes  warmly  pungent.    Jnne,  July. 

8.  COLOCASIA  ANTIQUORUM,  from  Egypt,  &c.,  has  large  (3— 3f)  ovate- 
sagittate,  peltate,  repand  leaves,  on  petioles  longer  than  the  scape.  Spathe  erect,  much 
longer  than  the  spadix.    Cultivated  for  food,  and  for  ornament. 

9.  PHTLLODENDRON  GRAKDIFOLIUAI.  Stems  rooting,  runuing  or 
climbing.  Leaves  very  large  (2— 4f),  opaque,  strongly  veined,  cordate-sagittate,  acute, 
entire.    Petioles  terete,  red-spotted.    Spathe  yellowish.    S.  America. 

10.  RICHARDIA  Africana  (Kuntli,  Calla  ^tliiopica  L.).  Known 
everywhere  as  the  Egyptian  Calla,  but  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope :  is  a  grand 
house-plant,  2 — 4f,  with  large  hastate-cordate  leaves,  round  scapes,  a  large  milk-white 
spathe  rolled  in  at  base  and  back  at  apex,  suiTounding  a  yellow  C3'lindric  spadix. 

11.  CALADIUM  BicoLOR.  Roots  tuberous.  Lvs.  radical,  peltate,  has- 
tate-cordate, short-pointed,  variegated  with  crimson  or  purple  at  the  centre,  or  pellucid 
at  base,  or  white-spotted.    A  splendid  leaf-plant.    Panama  ! 

Order  CXXXI.    LEMNACEiE.    Duckmeats. 

Herbs  minute,  stemless,  floating  free  upon  the  water,  and  consisting  of  a 
leaf-like  frond,  or  a  tuft  of  leaves,  with  one  or  more  fibrous  roots.  Floicera 
bursting  from  the  substance  of  the  frond,  or  axillary,  enclosed  in  a  spathe, 
the  sterile  consisting  of  1  or  2  stamens,  the  fertile  of  a  1-celled  ovary.  Fruit 
a  utricle,  with  1  or  more  seeds.  Emb.  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.   Fig.  516. 

1.  LEMNA,  L.  DucKMEAT.  Fls.  from  a  chink  in  the  edge  of  the 
frond,  2  sterile,  each  a  single  recurved  stamen,  with  1  fertile, — an  ovaiy 
with  style  and  stigma.  Ovules  and  seeds  1 — 7.  Q)  U  Fronds  1 — 7"  long. 
Roots  hair-like.    Flowers  rarely  seen. 

§  Ovule  solitary.    Frond  with  a  single  root.    (Lemna  proper") Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Ovules  2.    Frond  many-rooted.    (Spirodela,  Schleiden) No.  4- 

1  li.  trisiclca  L.    Fronds  oblong,  as  long  (2—3")  as  their  stalks,  proliferous  from 

their  sides,  thin,  obtuse.    Pools  of  clear  water,  in  patches. 

2  li.  perpusilla  Torr.    Fronds  thin,  3-veined,  round-obovate,  1—2",  in  groups  of 

3 — 7 ;  style  slender  ;  seed  round-oblong,  erect.    Ponds,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    August. 

3  li.  minor  L.    Fronds  thick,  veinless,  obovate  or  roundish,  1—2",  single  or  in  groups 

of  2 — 4  ;  style  short ;  seed  ovoid,  half-erect.    Stagnant  waters  :  common. 

4  li.  pol yrrhiza  L.-   Fronds  oval,  2—3",  thickish,  5-7-veined,  purplish  beneath,  each 

with  a  bundle  of  black  roots  beneath.    Stagnant  waters  :  rare. 

2.  WOLFFIA,  Horkel.  Fls.  from  the  centre  of  the  minute  frond,  2 
only;  t,  flower  a  stamen  with  a  1-celled  anther.  $  Ovary  with  a  very  short 
style,  ovule  and  seed  1.    ®  Fronds  \ — ^",  rootless,  separate. 

W.  Columbiana  Karsten.    Frond  round-oval.    Floating,  with  Lemna,  seeming  mere 
ppecks  of  green— the  least  of  all  flowering  plants.    Not  rare. 

Order  CXXXII.    TYPHACE^E.    Typhads. 

Herbs  growing  in  marshes  and  ditches,  with  rigid,  ensiform,  sessile  leaves. 
Flotjcers  monoecious,  arranged  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  with  no  spathe. 


320  Order  133.— NAIADACE^. 

Perianth  of  a  few  scales,  or  a  tuft  of  haire,  or  0.  Stamens  1 — 4,  with  long, 
slender  filaments.  Ovary  with  1  pendulous  ovule.  Seed  albuminous,  with 
an  axial  embryo.     Fig.  211. 

1.  TYPHA,  L.  Cat-tail.  Eeed-mace.  Spadix  long,  cylindric,  dense, 
sterile  above.  5  Sta.  3  together,  united  into  a  common  filament.  $  Ova. 
pedicellate,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  hair-like  pappus  or  calyx.  U  Fls.  very 
numerous,  packed  solid  in  the  large  brown  terminal  spadix. 

1  T.  latlfolia  L.    Leaves  linear,  flat,   exceeding  the  stem  ;   ppadix  cylindric,   the 

sterile  and  fertile  contiguous.    Tall  and  smooth,  3— 5f,  in  swamps. 

2  T.  angustlfolia  L.    Leaves  linear,  channelled,  exceeding  the  stem;  spadix  cylin- 

dric, the  sterile  some  remote  from  the  fertile.    Swamps.    Z—if. 

2.  SPARGANIUM,  L.  Burr  Reed.  Spadices  or  globular  beads 
many,  the  lower  fertile,  consisting  of  sessile  pistils,  each  with  3 — 6  sepals, 
and  forming  1-seeded  nuts.  Sterile  heads  a  mass  of  stamens  with  scales 
intermixed,     if  ^  August. 

*  stigmas  mostly  2.    Stems  of  the  inflorescence  branching,  erect No,  1 

*  Stigma  always  single.    Stem  subsiniple,  erect  or  floating Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  eurycarpum  Eng.    Stout,  1— 3f;  1  vs.  very  long,  carinate  beneath ;  fruit  heads 

1',  nuts  large,  obpyramidal,  truncate,  sessile ;  sterile  heads  numerous.    Borders  of 
rivers  and  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  W.    (S.  ramosum  C-B.) 

2  S.  simplex  Hiids.    Erect,  slender,  1— 2f;  leaves  triangular  at  base,  long  and  nar- 

row ;  sepals  spatiilate,  denticulate  ;  nuts  beaked  and  stiped  ;  heads  6—8"  broad,  the 
i  more  than  the  s  .    Ponds  and  bogs,  N.  and  W. 
p.  natang.    Leaves  floating,  flat ;  stigma  shorter  than  the  style  ;  heads  few. 

3  S.  minimum  Bauhin.    Slender,  weak,  simple,  erect  or  floating;  leaves  narrow, 

flat ;  heads  few,  axillary,  small  (.3—4") ;  fruit  scarcely  beaked,  sessile.    Streams,  N. 
Eng.,  and  VV.    (S.  angustifolium  C-B.) 

Order  CXXXIII.    NAIADACE^.    Nal\d.s. 

Water  plants  with  jointed  stems,  and  sheathing  stipules,  or  sheathing 
petioles.  Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,  naked  or  with  a  2-4-parted  peri- 
anth. Stamens  definite.  Ovaries  free,  sessile,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  simple, 
often  sessile.  Fruit  indehiscent  Seed  without  albumen,  with  a  straight 
or  curved  embryo. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  the  staminate  reduced  to  a  single  stamen. .  .(a)    • 

a  Fertile  flowers  reduced  to  a  single  pistil,  with  2  or  3  stigmas.    Leaves  opposite. .  .Xaj.is.  1 

a  Fertile  flower.s  with  about  4  pistils  in  a  cup,  with  as  many  stigmas Zannichellia.  2 

*  Flowers  spadaceous,  or  2 — 20,  sessile  on  a  spadix  or  spike. .  .(6) 

i  Flowers  monoecious,  seated  in  2  rows  on  the  side  of  a  linear,  flat  spadix Zostkra.  3 

h  Flowers  perfect,  naked,  2 — 5,  4-merous.     Fruit  raised  on  slender  stipes Rcppia.  4 

i  Flowers  perfect.     Perianth  4-sepalled.     Stamens  4.     Pistils  and  achenia  4 Potamogeton.  5 

1.  NAJAS,  L.  Water  Nymph.  ^  Fl.  a  solitary  stamen,  in  a  little 
hooded  spathe.  ?  Fl.  a  naked  pistil  with  2 — 4  subulate  stigmas.  Fr.  a 
little  1-seeded,  drupe-like  nutlet,  c  Entirely  submersed.  Lvs.  opposite, 
linear,  broader  at  base,  toothed.    Flowers  axillarj'. 

1  N.  major  All.    Stem  frail  and  slender,  1— 3f ;  leaves  1'  and  less,  crowded  above  with 
conspicuous  spinulou?  teeth  ;  nutlets  ovoid,  H"  long.    N.  Y.  (Clinton). 


Okder  133.— naiad  ACE^.  321 

2  N.  Indica  Cham.,  ;8.  grraciHima,    Stems  filiform,  forking;  leaves  opposite  and  io 

3's,  very  narrowly  linear,  remotely  spinulous-serrate.    N.  Y.  and  Pa.  (Porter). 

3  N.  flexilis  Eostk.    Leaves  narrowly  linear,  in  3"s,4's,  and  6's,  minutely  serrulate,  as 

well  as  their  abruptly-widened  sheathing  base,  3—12".    Ponds  :  common. 

2.  ZANNICHELLIA,  Micheli.    Horn  Poxdweed.    Fls.  8  ,  both  kinds 
together  in  the  same  axil.      S  Sta.  1,  with  a  slender  fil.      ?  Cal.  of  1  sepal, 
cor.  0.     Ova.  4  or  more,  each  with  a  style  and  stig.    Fr.  4  or  more  oblique 
achenia.  c  Submersed,  with  filiform  branches,  and  linear,  entire  leaves. 
Z.  palustris  L.    Stems  round,  leafy,  1— 2f ;  leaves  opposite,  grass-like,  2—3' ;  anther 

4-celled ;  achenia  4—6,  toothed  on  the  back.    Pools  and  ditches  :  rare. 

3.  ZOSTERA,  L.  Sea  Wrack.  Spadix  linear,  leaf-hke,  bearing  the  8 
fls.  in  3  rows  on  one  side.  Perianth  0.  $  Anther  ovoid,  sessile,  opening 
lengthwise,  with  hair-like  pollen.  ?  Ova.  as  long  as  the  anther,  style  bifid. 
Utricle  1-seeded.  7i^  Stipules  united  into  a  sheath.  Leaves  grass-like. 
Z.  marina  L.  Rhizome  creeping,  sending  up  long  simple  stems ;  Ivs.  alternate,  rib- 
bon-like, 1— 5f  long  ;  spadix  2',  in  a  spathe  at  base  of  a  leaf.  Grows  in  the  sea,  along 
shore.  Me.  to  Ga.,  and  is  washed  up  by  the  waves. 

4.  RUPPIA,  L.  Ditch-grass.  Fls.  ?  ,  2  together  on  a  spadix  arising 
from  the  sheath  of  a  leaf  Perianth  0.  Anthers  3,  large,  sessile,  3-celled. 
Ovaries  4,  fruit  3 — 4  dry  drupes  on  pedicels,  y  .v  A  grass-like  plant,  all 
submersed  but  the  flx)wers.    Flower-stalk  at  length  very  long. 

R.  maritima  L.    Stems  filiform,  branched,  2— 5f ;  leaves  linear-setaceous,  2—6',  ou 
inflated  sheaths  ;  flowers  arising  to  the  surface.    Seas,  and  lakes  (Hankenson),  E. 

5.  POTAMOGETON,  Tourn.  Pond-weed.  Fls.  2  on  a  spadix  aris- 
ing from  a  spathe.  Cal.  4-sepalled.  Anth.  4,  alternate  with  sepals.  Ova.  4. 
Ach.  4,  sessile,  flattened  on  one  or  two  sides.  Seeds  curved  or  coiled.  ^ 
Mostly  U ,  only  the  spadix  with  its  3 — 10  small  green  fls.  arising  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.    Lvs.  stipulate,  the  upper  often  opposite.    Fr.  July,  Aug. 

§  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  floating  oval-elliptical,  coriaceous,  petiolate ; 
stipules  free  from  the  petiole,  connate  ;  submersed  leaves  thin..  .(*) 

*  Submersed  leaves  linear  or  reduced  to  mere  petioles Nos.  1 — 4 

*  Submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  lance-linear Nos.  5—8 

§  Leaves  all  similar,  submersed,  mostly  thin  and  membranous.,  .(a) 

a  Leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  petiolate  or  merely  sessile Nos.  9,  10 

a  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  broad  and  clasping  at  base Nos.  11—13 

a  Leaves  linear  or  setaceous.- a;  Stipules  0,  or  adnata  to  the  leaf Nos.  14,  15 

—a;  Stipules  free.— y  Stems  flat Nos.  16, 17 

—y  Stems  filiform Nos.  18—20 

1  P.  natans  L.    Subsimple  ;  floating  lvs.  2— 3',  lance-oblong,  narrowly  obtuse,  on  slen- 

der (2—6')  petioles ;  stipules  long,  linear ;  lower  lvs.  few,  linear,  2—6' ;  spikes  1—2', 
on  thick  peduncles  much  longer  ;  fruit  turgid,  3-keeled.    Ponds  and  ditches. 

2  P.  Clayton!  Tuckm.    Simple  ;  floating  leaves  lance-oblong,  about  15- veined,  1— H', 

longer  than  their  petioles,  opposite  ;  lower  lvs.  linear,  3- veined,  3— 6'x  1",  spikes  and 
their  peduncles  near  1' ;  fruit  orbicular,  3-keeled.    Streams  and  ponds  :  common. 
p.  Iiettroph^llus.    Petioles  and  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  (2—3').    Mass. 

3  P.  liybridus  Mx.    Stems  branching,  filiform  ;  floating  lvs.  oval,  5-7-veined,  7— 10", 

their  petioles  shorter,  subopposite ;  spikes  and  their  stalks  4—6"  ;  lower  lvs.  linear 
setaceous,  1 — 3',  many  ;  fruit  minute,  dentate.    Common. 

21 


322  Ordeh  134— ALISMACE.E, 

/3.  fUrersifhliitg,    Leaves  nearly  all  floating,  oval,  the  lower  few  and  short, 

4  P.  Spirillus  Tuckm.    Very  delicate,  branched  ;  floating  Ivs.  oval  to  lanceolate,  5-9 

veined,  7— 10",  on  short  broad  petioles  ;  lower  leaves  nan-owly  linear,  obtti.se,  1—2' J 
submersed  ped.  1-2-flowered  ;  embryo  a  little  spiral.    Streams  :  rare. 

5  P.  graniineiis  L.    Stem  much  branched,  terete  ;  floating  Ivs.  long-stalked,  ovate 

to  oblong,  acutish,  13-veined ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-Unear,  pointed,  slip, 
obtuse  ;  fruit  small,  obtuse-angled.    Common,  and  very  variable. 

6  P.  flikitanis  Roth.  Lvs.  long-stalked,  the  floating  thinnish,  opposite,  elHptic-oblong, 

the  submersed  linear-oblong,  all  acute  both  ways,  11-21-veined  ;  fruit  acutely  3-keeled 
on  the  back.    In  ponds  and  rivers.    (P.  lonchitis  Tuckm.) 

7  P.  pulclicr  Tuckm.    Stem  simple  ;  floating  leaves  ovate,  subcordate,  25-35-veined, 

3—5',  alternate  ;  upper  submersed  Ivs.  lanceolate,  long-acnminate,  undulate,  the  lower 
oval-oblong  :  fruit  3-keeled.    Penn.,  N.  J.  (Prof.  Porter),  N.  and  W.    Rare. 

8  P.  amplifolius  Tuckm.    Stems  simple  ;  floating  leaves  oval  to  elliptical,  2i — 4', 

3o-4")-veined,  on  long,  opposite  stalks ;  submersed  Ivs.  larger  than  the  floating,  5—7', 
lanceolate,  short-stalked,  or  sessile.    Ponds.    (P.  fluitans  C-B.) 

9  P.  lucens  L.    Leaves  large,  often  shining,  lance-oval,  3—5'  x  1',  pointed  and  mucw 

nate,  on  short  stalks  ;  spike  2' ;  fruit  roundish,  slightly  keeled.    Rivers  and  lakes. 

10  P.  obrutusWood.  Stem  simple:  leaves «^; s?(6»i<?r«ec?,  narrow-lanceolate,  .3',  ob- 
scurely 7-veined,  subsessile,  acute  ;  spike  1',  the  stalk  2' ;  fruit  inflated,  acutely  keeled, 
conspicuously  umbilicate  both  sides.    Slow  waters.    No  floating  leaves. 

IIP.  prsElongus  Wulf.  St.  very  long,  branched  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  to  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, half-clasping,  often  large  ;  peduncle  very  long  (3—5') ;  fruit  sharp-keeled.   Rivers, 

12  P.  perfoIlatusL.  Stem  branched  ;  Ivs.  cordate-clasping,  roundish  to  ovate,  ob- 
tuse ;  ped.  short,  few-flowered  ;  fruit  not  keeled.    Ponds  and  slow  waters  :  common, 

13  P.  crispiis  L.  Branched  below;  leaves  3-veined,  half-clasping,  narrow-oblong, 
obtuse,  1—2'.  cri^p-wavy  ;  fruit  acuminate-beaked.    Penn.,  and  E.  (Prof.  Porter). 

14  p.  pcctinatns  L.  Stem  flexuons,  repeatedly  forking;  leaves  linear-setaceous, 
2—3' ;  spike  interrupted,  on  a  long  filiform  peduncle  ;  fruit  large  (2"),  rough.  E.  and  N. 

1  5  P.  Kobbiiisii  Oakes.  Stem  very  branching  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  crowded,  sheath- 
ing the  stem  with  their  bases  ;  spikes  on  short  pednncles.    K.  and  W. 

1 6  P.  coinpressiis  L.  St.  branching,  flattened  ;  Ivs.  linear,  GO-veined,  2—4'  x  1—2" ; 
stip.  obtuse  ;  spike  12-15-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  peduncle.    Ponds. 

17  P.  obtusifollns  Mert.  and  Ktch.  St.  branching,  flattened  ;  Ivs.  linear,  3-veined ; 
stip.  obtuse  ;  spike  6-S-flowered,  as  long  as  the  peduncle.    Pa.,  and  N-W. 

18  P.  paiiciflorus  Ph.  St.  slightly  flattened,  much  forked  ;  Ivs.  linear,  1—3"  xf—1"; 
flowers  few  (3—12)  in  the  spike  ;  fruit  distinctly  crested.    Rivers,  &c. 

19  P.  pusillus  L.  Stem  filiform,  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  varying  to  capillaiy,  1  3- 
veined  ;  spikes  3-5-flowered,  long-stalked  ;  fruit  not  keeled.    Shallow  waters. 

20  P.  Tiickermani  Robbins.  Very  slender  and  delicate,  forked;  Ivs.  capillary  and 
confervoid  ;  spike  6-9-flowered,  on  a  very  long  peduncle  (5').    Ponds,  Pa.,  and  N. 

Cohort  G.    FLOEIDE^. 

Endogenous  plants  with  the  flowers  usually  perfect  and 
complete,  the  perianth  double,  S-pai-ted,  the  outer  often,  and 
sometimes  both,  green. 

Okder  CXXXIV.    ALISMACE^.    Water  Plantains. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  parallel-veined,  petiolate  leaves  and  branching  pedun- 
cles.    Floicers  perfect  or  monoecious,  with    a  regular  double  perianth. 


Order  134.— ALISMACE^.  323 

Sepals  3,  green.    Petals  3,  colored  or  green.    Stamens  hj^pogynous.    Ovai^s 
3  or  more,  separating  into  as  many  distinct  fruits. 

§  BUTTOME.E.    Petals  colored.     Carpels  6— 20,  each  with  00  ovules Hydkocleis.  1 

§  ALISMEiE.     Petals  colored.     Carpels  many,  1-2-seeded..  .(.r) 

§  JUNCAGINE^E.    Petals  green.     Carpels  3,  each  1-3-seeded.  ..(.y) 

X  Flowers  monoecious.    Stamens  many Sagitt^iria.  4 

X  Flowers  all  perfect.— s  Stamens  9—24 Echinodorps.  3 

— ^3  stamens  6.     Flowers  panicled Alisma.  2 

y  Anthers  oval.     Carpels  1-seeded.    Leaves  radical Triglochin.  5 

7/  Anthers  linear.     Carpels  2-3-seeded.    Leaves  cauline Scheuchzeria.  6 

1.  HYDROCIjEIS  HujmoLDTii  (or  Limnocharis),  from  Brazil,  grows 
in  pools,  like  Sagittaria,  with  long-stalked,  oval,  7-veined  leaves  and  large  (2—3')  orange- 
yellow  flowers.    Sepals  small.    Stamens  18— 24.    Ovaries  6. 

2.  ALISMA,  L.  Water  Plantain.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  invo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Ovaries  and  styles  arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  many 
flattened  acbenia.     If^T  Acaulescent. 

A.  Plantago  L.  ^.  ^mericantim.  Lvs.  5-7-veined,  ovate  or  oval,  siibcordate,  pointed ; 
scape  mauy-flowered,  fls.  whorled,  small,  rose-white.    Pools.    1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

3.  EOHINODORUS,  Rich.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  imbricate  in  bud. 
Sta.  6— (X.  Ovaries  and  styles  GO,  imbricated,  forming  many  flattened, 
beaked  achenia.     ^^'^r  Scape  creeping  or  erect.    Fls.  small,  white,  whorled. 

1  E.  radlcans  Eng.    Leaves  large  (5—12'),  7-veined,  cordate,  ovate,  on  long  petioles ; 

scape  prostrate,  running  and  rooting ;  flowers  clustered  at  the  nodes,  white  ;  stam. 
18—24  ;  ovaries  very  many,    li  Swamps,  111.  to  Ga.    June,  July. 

2  E.  rostratiis  Eug.    Leaves  1—3',  ovate,  cordate,  on  long  petioles ;  scapes  erect, 

sharply  angled  ;  stamens  12  ;  carpels  00,  strongly  ribbed  and  beaked,    (i)  West. 

3  E.  parvulus  Eng.    Leaves  lance-elliptic,  as  long  as  the  petioles  (10  ;  scapes  3-6 

flowered  ;  stamens  9  ;  carpels  about  20,  beakless  ;  flowers  about  3".    (Y)  E.  and  W. 

4.  SAGITTARIA,  L.  Arrowhead.  Fls.  6-  or  ^  ?  ,  in  whorls  of  3 
on  the  scape,  the  lower  fertile.  Petals  white,  larger  than  the  sepals,  imbri- 
cated in  l}ud.  Sta.  co.  Ovaries  very  oo,  crowded  in  a  liead.  Achenia 
flattened,  margined,  and  beaked,  ^x:'  Juice  milky.  Leaves  on  long  radi- 
cal stalks,  sagittate  to  linear.     Summer. 

*  Leaves  mostly  arrow-shaped.    Filaments  slender,  elongated Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  very  rarely  with  narrow,  base  lobes.,  .(a) 

a  Filaments  as  long  as  the  anthers.    Pedicels  all  subequal No.  3 

a  Filaments  thick,  shorter  than  anihers.— a;  Fertile  pedicels  very  short No.  4 

—X  Pedicels  subequal Nos.  5,  6 

1  S.  variabilis  Eng.    Scape  l—2f,  12-angled ;  sterile  pedicels  twice  longer  than  the 

fertile  ;  filaments  much  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  achenia  with  a  conspicuous  averted 
beak.    Waters :  common.    Flowers  about  V  broad.    Varies  exceedingly. 

a.  Leaves  lanceolate,  with  lance-linear  lobes  of  the  same  length. 

p.  obtiiaa.    Leaves  ample  (6—10'),  broad-ovate,  obtuse.    Fls.  i  5  .    M.,  W.,  and  S. 

■y.  lati  folia.    Leaves  ample,  ovate,  acute,  their  lobes  ovate,  pointed. 

S.  g-rarilig.    Leaves  and  their  spreading  lobes  long,  linear,  acute. 

f.  pubtscens.    Plant  pubescent  all  over  ;  leaves  and  lobes  ovate. 

2  S.  falycina  Eng.    Scape  soon  procumbent;  pedicels  all  subequal;  bracts  round- 

ish ;  calyx  closed  on  the  fruit ;  filaments  as  long  as  the  anthers.    Waters.    Leaves  aa 
in  No.  1,  but  sometimes  all  linear  and  floating. 


324  Order  135.— HYDROCHARIDACE^. 

3  S.  lanceolata  L.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  rarely  linear,  tapering  to  the  long  petiole ; 

scape  branched;  2— 3f ;  acheuia  obovate-falcate.    Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 

4  S.  lieterophylla  Ph.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  some  of  them  with  1  or  2 

base  lobes  ;  scape  simple,  weak ;  achenia  narrow,  long-beaked.    Common  S.  and  W. 
6  S.  graminea  Mx.    Scape  erect,  slender,  5— 2{y  ;  leaves  lance-ovate  to  linear,  rarely 
sagittate  ;  pedicels  all  equally  slender  ;  achenia  beakless  ;  flowers  8—9"  diameter. 
/3.  plattfphylla.    Leaves  lance-ovate  ;  flowers  larger,  1'  broad.    South. 

6  S.  pusilla  N.    Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves  (2 — 40  ;  leaves  linear,  shorter  than  tha 

petioles  ;  flowers  few,  the  fertile  but  one,  deflexed  ;  stamens  about  7.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

7  S.  natans  Mx.    Scape  mostly  erect,  3—6' ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  floating,  obtuse. 

3-veiucd  ;  lower  pedicels  longest ;  achenia  angular,  short-beaked.    South. 

5.  TRIGLOCHIN,  L.  Arrow-grass.  Sepals  and  petals  concave, 
deciduous  (green).  Sta.  6,  very  short,  anth.  large,  extrorse.  Ova.  1-ovuled, 
3 — 6,  united  and  indehiscent  in  fruit.  If  lieaves  all  radical,  grass-like 
Scape  jointless,  and  bractless.    Flowers  small.    July. 

1  T.  niaritlmuni  L.    Fruit  ovate-oblong,  grooved,  of  6   united    carpels;    scape 

longer  (9—18')  than  the  leaves.    Salt  marshes  and  Lake  shores,  northward. 

2  T.  paliEStre  L.    Fruit  nearly  linear,  of  3  united  carpels;  scape  scarcely  longer 

than  the  numerous  and  very  narrow  leaves.    Marshes,  N.  Y.,  and  N.    6—12'. 

6.  SCHEUCHZERIA,  L.  Sep.  and  pet.  oblong,  acute,  persistent.  Sta. 
6,  with  linear  anthers.  Ovaries  1-2-ovuled,  becoming  flattened  inflated 
capsules,     if  Leaves  cauline,  sheathing  at  base,  linear. 

S.  palikstrls  L.— A  rush-like  plant,  in  swamps,  Vt.  to  111.  (J.  Wolf).  Root-stock  hori- 
zontal, fleshy.  Stem  If.  Leaves  semicylindric,  4—8'.  Flowers  yellowish  green,  in  a 
bracted  raceme.    Stamen»  large,  exsertcd.    July. 

Order  CXXXV.    HYDROCHARIDACE^.    Frogbits. 

Aquatic  Iierbs,  with  parallel- veined  leaves  and  diclinous  flowers  solitary  or 
spicate.  Perianth  regular,  3-6-parted,  the  inner  segments  petaloid.  Sta- 
mens 3—13.  Ovari/  adherent,  1-9-celled,  with  3,  6,  or  9  stigmas.  Fruit 
dry  or  juicy,  ao-seeded,  indehiscent. 

»  Leaves  all  radical,  roundish,  floating  in  stagnant  waters Limnobium.      1 

•  Leaves  opposite  or  verticiUate  in  3's  and  4's  on  the  stems,  submersed Anacharis.      2 

•  Leaves  all  radical,  grass-like,  in  water Vallisneuia.  3 

1.  LIMNOBIUM,  Rich.    Frog's-bit.    Fls.  8 .    Spathes  subsessile,  the 
5  1-leaved,  about  3-flwd.,  the  2  2-leaved,  1-flwd.     Perianth  showy,  white. 
gta.  6 — 12  (mere  rudiments  in  S ).     Ov.  6-9-celled,  becoming  a  co-seeded 
beriy.     If  CX'  Stoloniferous.     Lvs.  on  long  stalks,  subcordate.    July,  Aug. 
li.  Spong'ia  Rich.- Lake  Ont.  (rare),  and  S.    Lvs.  1— li',  purplish  and  spongy  beneath 

2.  ANACHARIS,  Rich.  Ditch  Moss.  Fls.  3  $  $  ,  solitary.  Spathe 
axillary,  bifid.  Perianth  6-parted,  colored,  small,  the  fertile  excessively 
produced  above  the  adherent  ovary  into  a  capillary  tube.  Style  capillary, 
with  3  large  stigmas.  Fruit  few-seeded.  2f  ^  Wholly  submersed.  Aug. 
A.  Canadensis  Plane.  Stems  filiform,  long,  forking;  very  leafy;  leaves  linear-ob- 
long, serrulate,  6—10"  :  tube  of  the  dingy-white  fls.  2—10'  long  1    Streams  and  bogs. 


OnDEK  137.— ORCHIDACE^.  325 

3.  VALLISNERIA,  Mich.  Eel-grass.  Fls.  6  ? .  Spathe  ovate,  2- 
4-partecl.  $  Spadix  or  spike  covered  with  minute  naked  fls.  ?  Fl.  soli- 
tary, a  slender  perianth  with  linear  segm.  and  3  bifid  stig.  Fr.  cylindrical, 
CO  -seeded.  U^  Fertile  flowers  on  long  spiral  scapes.  July,  Aug. 
V.  spiralis  L.  Lvs.  1— 2f  long,  obtuse,  J'  wide,  scapes  of  the  Pterile  plants  short,  of 
the  fertile  filiform,  tortuous,  2 — If,  bearing  the  single  white  fl.  at  or  near  the  surface. 

Order  CXXXVI.    BURMANNIACE^. 

Small  annual  herbs,  with  naked  or  scaly  ste77is  and  scale-like  tufted  leaves. 
Floicers  perfect.  Perianth  tubular,  6-toothed,  adherent.  Stamens  3  or  G. 
Capsule  1-  or  3-celled.      Seeds  go,  minute,  in  a  loose  testa. 

1.  APTERIA,  N.  Perianth  tube  longer  than  the  slender  teeth,  which 
are  alternately  narrower.  Caps,  globular,  1-celled.  ®  Apparently  leafless. 
A.  setacea  N.    Erect,  very  slender,  4— Gf,  with  remote  subulate  scales,  and  bearing 

above  1  or  2  raceme? ;  flowers  3—4",  purplish,  distant.    Woods,  Fla.,  and  W. 

2.  BURMANNIA,  L.  Perianth  tube  scarcely  produced  above  the 
ovary,  often  3-winged  below,  limb  with  the  3  inner  teeth  much  shorter. 
Capsule  prismatic,  often  3-winged,  3-celled.    @  Leafless. 

1  B.  biflora  L.    Stems  capillary,  simple,  2—3',  with  scarcely  perceptible  bracts,  and 

1  or  2  (rarely  more)  light-blue  flowers,  2—3"  long  at  top.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    Oct. 

2  B.  capitata  (L).    Stem  setaceous,  6— S',  simple,  bearing  at  top  a  dense  cluster  of 

white  flowers,  and  a  few  subulate  bracts.    Uplands,  S. :  less  common.    Sept. 

Order  CXXXVII.    ORCHIDACE^.    Orchids. 

Herbs  perennial  with  fleshy  roots,  simple,  entire,  parallel-veined  leaves. 
Floicers  very  irregular,  with  an  adherent,  ringent  perianth  of  6  parts.  Sepals 
3,  usually  colored.  Petals  3,  odd  one  (lowest  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary), 
called  the  lip,  diverse  in  form  from  the  others,  sometimes  lobed,  often  spur- 
red. Stamens  3,  gynandrous  (consolidated  with  the  style),  some  of  them 
abortive,  pollen  powdery  or  waxy.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  capsule  3-valved. 
Seeds  mnumerable.    Figs.  71,  105,  240,  247,  b.  263,  291,  435. 

§  CYPRIPEDIE.E.     Anthers,  the  2  lateral  fertile,  the  terminal  pelaloid. .  .(a) 

a  Lip  a  large,  inflated,  spurless  sac.     Petals  and  sepals  spreading Cvpripedium.      1 

{  OPHRYDE^,  <tc.    Anthers,  only  the  upper  one  fertile,  2-celled. .  .(6) 

b  Lip  a  large  inflated  sac,  2-spurred  under  the  apex.    Leaf  1 Calypso.  2 

6  Lip  produced  behind  into  a  spur,  which  is  free  from  the  ovary. .  .(c) 
b  Lip  spurless,  or  the  spur  adheres  to  the  ovary  (except  in  No.  13). .  .(i?) 

c  Antherfixed;  pollen-masses  2,  club-shaped,  in  2  separate  cells Orchis.  3 

c  Anther  lid-like,  on  the  end  of  the  stigma  ;  pollen-masses  4 Tipularia.  4 

d  Plants  brown  and  leafless,  rarely  with  radical  leaves. .  .(e) 
d  Plants  green  and  (except  No.  16)  furnished  with  leaves. .  .(m) 

e  Lip  hooded,  i.  e.,  its  raarg.ins  involute.    Perianth  spreading BLEii.t.  5 

e  Lip  concave,  sessile,  often  with  an  adnata  spur Cokallorhiza.  6 

<  Lip  concave,  raised  on  a  claw.    Plant  with  1  late  leaf Aplectrom.         7 

m  Lip  flat.     Flowers  obscure,  in  racemes,  nearly  bractless. .  .(n) 

m  Lip  flat,  expanded  and  lobed,  tubercled  at  base.     Flowers  showy Oncidiuh.  • 

m  Lip  channelled,  reflexed.     Flowers  whitish,  in  bracted  spikes... (o) 
TO  Lip  bearded  or  3-lobed.    Stamen  lid-like.     Flowers  showy. .  .(a;) 


326  Order  137.— ORCHIDACE^. 

n  Lip  entire,  dilated.    Column  minute.    (LeaM) M1CROSTYU.S.  9 

n  Lip  sagittate  or  cordate.     Column  elongated.     Leaves  2 Lipparis.  10 

n  Lip  2-lobed  or  cleft  at  apex.    Leaves  2  cauline,  opposite Listera.  11 

o  Lip  with  2  lateral  callosities,  not  at  all  saccate Spikanthes.  12 

o  Lip  without  callosities,  saccate,  or  even  spurred  at  base Goodykra.  13 

X  Flowers  greenish.    Lip ;50f(e(ior,  and  beardless Fonthieta.  U 

X  Flowers  purple.    lAp posterior,  and  bearded Calopogon.  15 

X  Flowers  purplish.    Lip  anterior  (as  in  most  Orchids) ... (;/) 

y  Column  free  from  the  lip.     Calyx  spreading Pogonia.  16 

y  Column  adnate  to  the  lip  below.    Calyx  erect.    Leaves  0 Auetiiusa.  17 

ji  Column  adherent  to  the  hp.     Calyx  spreading.    On  trees,  South Epidendrum.  18 

1.  OYPRIPEDIUM,  L.  Lady's  Slipper.  The  2  lower  sepals  united 
into  1  leaf,  or  rarely  distinct.  Pet.  spreading.  Lip  inflated,  saccate,  ob- 
tuse. Column  terminated  by  a  petaloid  lobe  (barren  stamen),  and  bearing 
a  2-celled  anther  under  each  wing.  U  With  large  plaited  leaves  and  large 
showy  flowers.    May,  June.     Fig.  71. 

§  Sepals  3,  the  two  lower  entirely  distinct.    Stem  leafy No.  1 

§  Sepals  2,  the  lower  composed  of  two  united  nearly  to  the  tip. . .  {a) 

a  Stem  a  leafless  scape,  2-leaved  at  base.    Flower  rose-colored No.  2 

a  Stem  leafy. — x  Flowers  solitary  or  several,  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  3,  4 

— X  Flowers  1-3,  mostly  1,  yellow.    Plant  pubescent Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.  arietinum  Ait.    Barn's  Head.    Stems  usually  clustered,  8—12',  each  1-  or  2- 

flwd. ;  leaves  elliptical ;  upper  sep.  oblong-ovate,  the  lateral  sep.  and  pet.  lin. -lanceo- 
late, lip  obconic,  as  long  as  the  pet.    Damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  and  N.    Curions. 

2  C.  acaitle  Ait.    Scape  10—14',  bearing  a  single  large  (2')  flower ;  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong  ; 

pet.  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  large  boat-shaped  lip.    In  damp  woods.    Beautiful. 

3  C  spectabile  Sw.    Stem  leafy,  2f,  hairy;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate  ;  sep.  broad- 

ovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  (double)  one  smaller  ;  lip  2',  white-purple.  Swamps.  Superb. 

4  C.  candidum  Willd.    St.  leafy.  If;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  fl.  1 ;  sep.  sub- 

equal  ;  lip  1',  compressed,  white,  shorter  than  the  (2')  pet.   Woods  and  prairies. 

5  C.  parviflorum  Salisb.    St.  very  leafy,  8—12' ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  sepals 

ovate  to  lance-ovate  ;  lip  depressed,  shorter  than  the  petals.    Low  woods  and  prairies. 

6  C,  pubesceiis  Sw.    Large  Yellow  L.    Stems  usually  clustered,  If  or  more  ;  leaves 

broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  sepals  lanceolate  ;  lip  compressed  laterally,  ??ioccasin- 
shaped,  shorter  than  the  linear,  twisted  petals.    Woods,  meadows,  and  prairies. 

2.  CALYPSO,  Salisb.     Sep.  and  pet.  subequal,  ascending.    Lip  large, 
inflated,  witli  2  spurs  dependent  beneath  near  the  apex.    Column  petaloid. 
Pollinia  4.     U  Scape  1-leafed  at  base,  1-flwd.  above,  arising  from  a  conn. 
C.  borealis  Salisb.— Old  mossy  woods,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  W.  to  Oregon  !    Scape  6—8' ;  leaf 

broad-ovate,  1—2' ;  flowers  purple  and  yellow,  IJ'.    Rare  eastward.    May. 

3.  ORCHIS,  L.  Sepals  and  pet.  similar,  some  of  them  ascending  and 
arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned  downward,  produced  at  base  into  a 
spur  which  is  free  from  the  twisted  ovary.  Sta.  1,  anth.  2-celled,  a  pollen- 
mass  in  each  cell. — Fls.  racemed  on  the  stem  or  scape.  June — August. 
(Includes  Habenaria,  Gymnadenia,  and  Platanthera.) 

*  Leaves  only  2,— a  ovate,  nearly  as  long  as  scape.    Flowers  rose- white No.  1 

—a  roundish,  the  scape  much  longer.    Flowers  greenish..  .Nos.  2,  3 

*  Leaf  only  1.    Flowers  greenish-white.    Lip  entire  or  3-lobed  Nos.  4,  5 

*  Leaves  several,  clothing  the  stem  more  or  less..  .(6) 

b  Lip  undivided,— c  entire,  white  or  greenish Nos.  6,  7 


Order  137.— ORCHIDACE^.  327 

— c  cremilate  or  wavy,  white  or  yellow Nos<.-  8,  0 

— c  3-toothed.     Flowers  yellowish  or  greenish Nos.  10—12 

—c  fringed.    Flowers  bright  yellow  or  white Nos.  13—15 

h  Lip  3-p.arted,— .r  segments  fringed.    Flowers  white  or  greenish Nos.  16,  17 

—X  segments  fringed.    Flowers  purple Nos.  IS,  19 

~x  segments  merely  toothed.    Flowers  violet-purple No.  90 

~x  segments  entire,  long,  linear-setaceous Nos.  21,  22 

1  O.  spect^biHs  L.    Lvs.  rarely  more  than  2,  3—6' ;  scape  4—6',  bearing  1  or  2  lanceo- 

late bracts  and  3—5  showy  flowers  above  ;  spur  clavate.    Rocky  thickets.    Pretty. 

2  O.  orbionlata  Ph.     Lvs.  2,  roundish,  3—6',  fleshy;  scape  bracted,  1— 2f;  upper 

sepals  round,  the  lateral  ovate,  half  as  long  as  the  lip  (9—19").    Woods,  E.  and  W. 

3  O.  Hookerl  Wood.    Lvs.  2,  round-ova),  fleshy,  4—5';  scape  naked,  8—12';  upper 

sepals  ovate,  erect,  the  lateral  deflexed  and  meeting  behind  ;  spur  1'.    Woods,  N. 
■4  O.  obtusata  Ph.    Leaf  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  2—3',  near  the  base  of  the  stem;  lip 
linear,  entire,  with  9  tubercles  at  base,  as  long  as  the  spur.    In  mud,  N. 

5  O.  rotundlfolia  Ph.    Leaf  round-ovate,  radical;  scape  few-flowered;  lip  3-lobed, 

obcordate,  side  lobes  falcate  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip.    Penn.,  and  N. 

6  O.  liyperborea  Willd.    Lvs.  very  erect,  lanceolate  ;  spike  long:  bracts  longer  than 

the  greenish  flowers  ;  petals  and  lip  linear,  subequal.    Shades,  northward.    1— 4f. 

7  O.  dllatata  Ph.    Slender,  8'— 9f;  lvs.  lance-linear  and  linear;  spike  virgate  ;  bracts 

short ;  flowers  white  ;  lip  linear,  dilate d-rhombic  at  base.    Swamps,  N. 

8  O.  iiivca  Baldw.    Very  slender,  1— 2f ;  lowest  leaf  linear,  6—8',  the  others  subu- 

late, bract-like ;  flowers  white,  in  an  oblong  spike  ;  lips  oblong.    South. 

9  O.  integ-ra  N.    Stem  leafy,  flexuous,  12—15' ;  lvs.  narrow-lanceolate  ;  spike  dense, 

oval ;  flowers  orange-yellow  ;  lip  ovate,  longer  than  sepals.    Swamps,  N.  J.,  and  S. 

10  O.  tridcutata  Willd.  St.  slender,  12—18';  lowest  leaf  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  6', 
the  others  few,  small  and  bract-like  ;  fls.  few,  greenish  ;  lip  3-toothed  at  end.  Woods. 

no.  bracteata  Muhl.  St.  leafy  ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish ;  bracts  2—3  times 
longer  than  the  small  green  fls. :  lip  3-(or  9-)toothed  at  end,  lin.-cuneate.  Shades.  6—9'. 

12  O.  flava  L.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  yellowish- 
brown  flowers ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  a  tooth  each  side  at  base,  and  a  tubercle  in  the 
palate  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary.    Alluvial  soils.    (O.  virescens  Muhl.) 

ISO.  ci-istata  Ms.  Slender,  li— 2f ;  leaves  lance-linear  to  linear  ;  flowers  numerous, 
small,  yellow  ;  sep.  and  pet.  roundish,  1—2"  ;  spur  J  as  long  as  ovary.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

14  O.  eillaris  L.  Yellow  Fringed  Orchis.  Stem2f;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  large, 
numerous,  orange-colored  :  lip  4"  long,  twice  longer  than  the  linear,  notched  petals  ; 
spur  1'.    Swamps.    Delicately  beautiful. 

15  O.  Blepliariglottis  Willd.  White  Fringed  Orchis.  Stem  1— 2f ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  flowers  pure  white  ;  lip  fringed  in  the  middle,  2"  long,  lanceolate  ;  spur  much 
longer  (1').    Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Car.,  and  westward. 

16  O.  lacera  Ms.  Bagged  0.  St.  smooth,  slender,  1— 2f;  leaves  oblong  to  linear, 
bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  sepals  retuse  ;  petals  emarginate ;  flowers  00 ;  lip 
segments  capillaceous-multifid  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.    Meadows. 

17  O.  leiicopliaea  N.  While  Prairie  O.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  narrow  ob- 
tuse point ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries ;  fls.  about  12 ;  spur  yellowish,  curved, 
twice  longer  than  the  ovary ;  petals  white.    Wet  prairies. 

18  O.  Psycodes  L.  Purple  Fringed  0.  Leaves  lanceolate  ;  lip  segments  cuneiform, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate,  crenulate,  slightly  fringed  petals  ;  spur  longer  than 
the  ovary.    Meadows.    IJ— 2if.    Flowers  light  purple. 

19  O.  graiidlflora  Bw.  Large  Fringed  0.  Tall,  2— 3f ;  lvs.  oval,  oblong,  and  lin- 
ear, obtuse  ;  lip  segments  dependent,  fan-shaped,  twice  longer  than  the  fringed  pet- 
als.   Wet  meadows,  Penn..  and  N.    Superb.    (O.  fimbriata.) 

20  O.  perainoeiia  (Gr.)  Tall,  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-linear;  sepals  round- 
ovate ;  petals  denticulate ;  lip  middle  segment  2-lobed,  all  merely  toothed ;  spu. 
lon^jer  than  the  ovary.    Pa.  to  Ind.,  and  S.    Flowers  90—50,  large. 


328  Ordeu  137.— orchidace.e. 

21  O.  Mlcbaikxll  (N.)  Very  leafy  ;  leaves  elliptic-oyal,  the  upper  reduced  ;  flowers 
few,  white ;  petals  2-parted,  the  lower  divisions  linear-?etaceou8,  like  those  of  the 
lip  ;  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  flowers  white.    South. 

22  O.  repens  (N.)  Stem  very  leafy  from  a  creeping  rhizome  ;  leaves  all  lance-linear, 
long  ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  dense  in  the  spike,  much  smaller  than  in  No.  21,  but 
otherwise  similar.    Pine-barrens,  S.    August,  September. 

4.  TIPUIiARIA,  N.  Sepals  spatulate,  spreading.  Petals  lance-linear. 
Lip  sessile,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  linear.  Spur  filiform,  very  long.  Column 
free.  Antli.  opening  by  a  lid,  with  4  pollen-masses.  If  Corms  several, 
connected  by  a  thick  fibre.     Leafl.     Flowers  brae tless. 

T.  discolor  N.— Pine  woods,  Vt.  to  Ga.  Leaf  ovate,  petiolate,  2—3'.  Scape  10—15' ; 
raceme  with  many  small,  greenish,  nodding  flowers.    July. 

5.  BLSTIA,  E.  &  P.  Pet.  and  sep.  subequal,  distinct.  Lip  hooded 
at  end  (spurless  in  our  species).  Column  free.  Pollinia  8,  in  pairs,  waxy, 
each  pair  pedicellate.     U  Flowers  racemed,  showy. 

1  B.  apli^lla  N.    Leafless  ;  scape  15—30',  with  few  bracts  ;  racemes  long  and  loose  ; 

flowers  purplish  and  yellowish-brown  ;  lip  3-lobed.    Swamps,  9.    August. 

2  B.  verecunda  H.  K.    Leaves  all  radical,  broad-lanceolate;   scape  2 — 3f;  flowers 

purple,  large  and  showy  ;  lip  broad  and  crisp  at  the  end.    Ga.,  Fla.    July. 

6.  CORALLORHIZA,  Br.  Coral-root.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal, 
converging.  Lip  produced  behind  into  a  spur,  which  is  adnate  to  the 
ovary  or  obsolete.  Pollinia  4.  U  Plants  leafless,  brown,  arising  from 
coralline  roots,  sheathed  with  bracts.    Flowers  racemed.    Fig.  240. 

*  Spur  conspicuously  prominent,  but  adnate.    Lip  3-lobed No.  1 

*  Spur  wholly  obliterated.— a;  Lip  crenulate,  wavy,  not  at  all  lobed No.  2 

^x  Lip  entire,  slightly  toothed  near  the  base Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  multiflora  N.    Scape  10—15',  all  brownish-purple,  bearing  15—20  fls.  in  a  long 

rac. ;  lip  3-lobed,  white,  spotted,  3—4"  ;  caps,  elliptical,  pendulous.   Woods,  M.,  N.    J). 

2  C.  odoiitorhiza  N.    Scape  9—14',  all  brownish-purple,  bearing  10—20  fls.  in  a  long 

spike ;  lip  undivided,  oval,  obtuse,  spotted  ?  caps,  roundish,  reflexed.    Old  woods.    Jl. 

3  C.  innata  Br.    Scape  5-10-flwd. ;  lip  oblong,  angularly  2-toothed  toward  the  base, 

spotless,  white ;  caps,  elliptic-obovoid,  reflexed.    Damp  woods,  N. :  rare.    5—8'.   Jn. 

4  C.  Macra;!  Gr.    Scape  15-20-flwd.,  fls.  large  ;  lip  oval,  obtuse,  obscurely  auriculate 

at  base  ;  caps,  oval,  6",  reflesed  ;  sepals  and  petals  6".    N.  U.,  N.  and  W.    10—16'. 

7.  APLECTRUM,  N.  Adam-and-Eve.  Puttt-root.  Sepals  and 
petals  distinct,  subequal,  converging.  Lip  unguiculate,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe 
crenulate.  Spur  0.  Column  free,  anth.  a  little  below  the  apex,  pollinia  4, 
lens-shaped.  l[  Root  a  globous  corm.  Leaf  1,  large,  biennial.  Scape  after 
the  leaf,  bracted,  racemed,  and  brown,  as  in  Corallorhiza.    Fig.  263. 

A.  liyemale  N.— Woods  :  rare.  Corm  near  1'  diam.,  a  new  one  each  year.  Leaf  ellip- 
tic-ovate, 3 — 5',  green  all  Winter.    Scape  12—18',  with  a  dozen  brownish  flowers. 

8.  ONCIDIUM,  Sw.  Lip  expanded,  lobed,  tubercled  at  base.  Perianth 
expanding.  Sepals  sometimes  but  2.  Column  winged.  Pollen  masses  2, 
each  2-lobed.  U  Splendid  flowers,  tropical,  of  easy  culture  in  the  green- 
house.   Flowers  large,  in  open  racemes,  olive,  yellow,  &c. 


Order  137.— ORCHIDACE.E,  329 

1  O.  FLEXudsuM.    Scape  panicled,  arising  from  the  base  of  a  bulb  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ; 

lip  2-lobed,  spotted,  much  longer  than  the  other  petals.    Brazil. 

2  O.  i.URiDUM.    Scape  erect,  branched;  leaves  elliptical ;  lip  reniform,  not  longer  than 

the  wavy,  retuse  petals  ;  flowers  large,  olive-colored.    From  S.  America.    2f. 

3  O.  Papilio,  has  one  spotted  ovate  leaf  and  large  yellow-red  butterfly-shaped  flowers. 

9.  MICROSTYLIS,  N.  Sepals  spreading,  petals  filiform  or  linear,  lip 
concave,  sessile.  Column  minute,  with  2  teeth  or  lobes  at  tip.  Pollinia  4. 
U  Root  tuberous,  with  1  or  3  leaves  and  small  racemed  flowers. 

1  TH.  oplilofflossoides  N.    St.  5— O',  with  a  single  ovate  (2')  leaf  near  the  middle , 

rac.  short  (!'),  ped.  much  longer  than  the  minute  whitish  flowers.  Woods,  N.    Jane. 

2  M.  nionopltyllus  Lindl.    St.  2—6',  3-angled,  with  a  single  ovate  leaf;  rac.  elonga- 

ted, 20-40-flowered  ;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  flowers  (2").  Woods,  N. :  rare.    Jl. 

10.  LIPPARIS,  Eich.  Tway-blade.  Sep.  and  pet.  very  narrow.  Lip 
spreadins;,  flat.  Column  winged.  Pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  other,  with- 
out pedicels  or  glands,  if  Root  tuberous,  with  2  Ivs.  and  a  rac.  of  greenish  fls. 

1  li.  lillfolla  Rich.    Scape  about  6' ;  leaves  2,  radical,  lance-ovate,  3—4' ;  petals  fili- 

form, reflesed  ;  lip  purple,  6",  abruptly  cuspidate  ;  pedicels  1'.    Damp  woods.    June. 

2  li.  liOeselii  Eich.    Scape  3— 5',  about  6-flowered  ;  pedicels  2"  ;  lip  2",  oblong,  mu- 

cronate,  incurved,  wavy ;  sepals  and  petals  linear.    Fields,  Can.  to  Penn.    June. 

11.  IjISTERA,  Br.  Tway-blade.  Sep.  and  pet.  subequal,  lip  pendu- 
lous, 2-lol)ed  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless,  anth.  dorsal,  pollen  powdeiy. 
U  Root  fibrous.  Stem  (4 — 9')  with  2  opposite  leaves  above  the  middle. 
Flowers  small,  racemed.     May — Julj^  in  damp  woods. 

1  li.  cordaSa  Br.    Lvs.  roundish,  subcordate,  acute ;  fls.  10—15,  in  a  short  raceme ; 

pedicels  length  of  the  ovary  ;  lip-segment  linear,  length  of  the  sepals.    Penn.,  and  N. 

2  Li.  australls  Lindl.    Lvs.  ovate  ;  fls.  in  a  loose  raceme  ;  ped.  3—4  times  longer  than 

the  ovary  ;  lip-segment  linear-setaceous,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

3  li.  convallarloides  Hook.    Lvs.  round-oval ;  fls.  few,  loose,  on  slender  pedicels  ; 

lip  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals  (4"),  2-lobed  at  the  dilated  apex.    Ga.,  and  N. 

12.  SPIRANTHES,  Rich.  Ladies'  Tresses.  Spike  spiral.  Perianth 
ringent,  the  3  upper  pieces  ascending  and  counivent,  lip  oblong,  recurved, 
channelled,  the  base  embracing  the  column,  and  with  2  callous  processes. 
Stigma  ovate,  beaked,  2-toothed  at  tip.  Anthers  dorsal,  pollinia  2,  each 
2-lobed,  powdery.  If  Stem  nearly  naked,  bearing  many  white  flowers, 
bent  to  a  horizontal  position. 

*  Spike  dense,  with  tlie  flowers  on  all  sides.  Lvs.  present  with  the  flowers.  .Nos.  1—3 

*  Spike  slender,  flowers  all  in  1  straight  or  spiral  row.— a;  Lvs.  permanent Nos.  4—6 

—X  Lvs.  evanescent Nos.  7,  8 

1  S.  cernua  Eich.    Leaves  lance-linear,  the  upper  bract-like  ;  spike  oblong  to  cylin- 

dric,  2 — 4' ;  lip  very  obtuse,  crenulate-wavy,  conduplicate  and  recurved  ;  sepals  and 
petals  not  conuivent,  4 — 5".    Wet.    9 — 20'.    Aug. — Oct. 

2  S.  Roinanzoviana  Cham.    Lvs.  lance-oblong  to  linear ;  spike  dense,  1—3' ;  lip 

much  recurved,  ovate-oblong,  crenulate-wavy  ;  sepals  and  petals  all  connivent  above 
into  a  galea.    Bogs,  Me.  (Miss  Towle)  to  Lake  Superior  (Prof.  Porter).    July,  Aug. 

3  S.  latlfolia  Torr.    Loaves  nearly  radical,  3-5-veined,  laiice-obloug ;  scape  bracted, 

4—8' ;  flowers  small  (2—3') ;  plant  glabrous.    Meadows,  Penn.,  and  N.    June,  July. 

4  S.  odorata  N.    St.  stout,  1— 2f ;  lvs.  lance-oblong ;  fls.  yellowish,  fragrant,  6",  in  a 

spiral  row,  with  leafy  bracts  ;  lip  2-toothed  at  base.    Muddy  streams,  S.    October. 


330  OnDER  137.— ORCHIDACE.E. 

5  S.  graminea  Lindl.    Lvs.  below  lance-linear  to  linear,  the  cauline  mere  sheaths  ; 

spike  dense,  much  twisted ;  flowers  white,  3—5",  pubescent,  scarcely  rin2;ent ;  lip 
oblong-ovate,  crisped,  obtuse.    Wet  meadows.    June— Aug.    (S.  tortilis  C-B.) 

6  S.  l>revlfolIa  Chapm.     Lowest  leaves  elliptical,  evanescent,   cauline  bract-like ; 

flowers  5—15,  in  a  nearly  straight  row,  ringent,  3—4"  ;  lip  entire.    S. 

7  S.  gracilis  Bigel.    Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  to  oblong,  fugacious ;  scape  very  slender, 

8—18',  with  a  few  bracts  ;  flowers  3—4",  in  a  nearly  straight  row,  pure  white  ;  root 
fasciculate  ;  plant  glabrous.    Woods  :  common.    July,  Aug. 
S  S.  simplex  Gr.    Lvs.  all  radical,  fugacious  ;  scape  5 — 9',  flowers  very  small  (1 — 2") 
in  a  tnin  i-siuc>l  tvlkc  ;  up  obovate-oblong.    Dry,  K.  J.  (Porter),  and  S. 

13.  GOODYERA,  Br.  Rattlesnake  Plantain.  Spike  and  perianth 
as  in  Spiranthes.  Lip  sessile,  concave  or  sack -like  or  even  spur-like  at 
base,  contracted  at  the  end  to  a  reflexed,  channelled  point.  U  Root-stock 
creeping,  branching.    Leaves  ovate,  on  sheathing  petioles. 

*  Leaves  radical,  generally  netted  with  white  veins.    Lip  not  spurred Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  cauline,  uniformly  green.    Lip  spurred  at  the  base  behind No.  3 

1  G.  Menzlesii  Lindl.    Lip  concave  at  ba^e,  gradually  narrowed  and  folded  at  apex  ; 

leaves  elliptic-ovate  ;  scape  9 — 12' ;  spike  loose-flowered  ;  flowers  pubescent  (as  are 
Nos.  2  and  3),  suberect.    Woods,  N.  T.  to  Mich.  (Dr.  Leidy)  and  Oreg. !    July,  Aug. 

2  G.  repens  Br.    Lip  saccate-inflated  at  base  ;  leaves  ovate,  beautifully  netted  ;  scape 

6 — 12' ;  flowers  ovoid,  nodding,  in  1  row,  which  is  more  or  less  spiral ;  perianth  green- 
ish, about  2"  long  and  nearly  as  wide.    Woods.    June,  July.    (G.  pubescens  Br.) 

3  G.  quercicoJa  Lindl.    Hooting  on  the  bark  of  Oaks,  &c. ;  stem  leafy  ;  lvs.  lance- 

ovate,  thin  ;   spike  glabrous,  dense,  6 — 20"  ;   sheaths  and  bracts  membranous  ;   lip 
ovate  at  apes,  the  spur  pouch-like,  half  as  long  as  the  ovary.    Fia.  to  La.    0 — 12'. 

14.  PONTHIEVA,  Br.  Lip  on  the  upper  or  inner  side,  ovate,  spread- 
ing, and  with  the  other  petals  inserted  into  the  middle  of  the  column. 
Anthers  with  4  pollinia.    Otherwise  like  Spiranthes. 

P.  glandulosa  Br.    Lvs.  radical,  oblong-oval ;  root  fasciculate ;  scape  If,  bracted, 
with  a  spike  of  many  greenish  pubescent  fls.    Woods,  S.    Sept.,  Oct.    (Cranichis  N.) 

15.  CALOPOGON,  Br.  Grass  Pink.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  dis- 
tinct. Lip  on  the  upper  (inner)  side  (the  ovarj-  not  twisted),  unguiculate, 
bearded.  Column  free,  winged  at  the  summit,  li  Conn  bearing  a  grass- 
like  leaf,  and  a  scape  with  several  showy  flowers. 

C  pulcliellus  Br.    Leaf  linear,  8— 12' by  6",  veined  ;  fls.  3— 8,  large,  purple;  lip  spat 
ulate,  crested  w  ith  colored  hairs,  erect  over  the  column.    Wet  meadows.    June,  July. 

16.  POGONIA,  Juss.  Perianth  irregular,  its  pieces  distinct.  Lip  ses- 
sile or  unguiculate,  hooded,  bearded  inside.  Column  wingless,  free.  Anth. 
terminal,  lid-form,  with  3  pollinia.     It 

§  Sepalsabout  equal,  and  similar  to  the  petals,  light  purple.  Lip  scarcely  lobed..  Nos.  1,  2 
§  Sepals  much  longer  than,  and  unlike  the  petals,  dark  brown.    Lip  3-lobed. .  .Nos.  3,  4 

1  P.  opliioglossoides  N.    Eoot  fibrous  ;  stem  9—16',  with  an  oval-lanceolate  leaf 

near  the  middle,  and  a  leaf-like  bract  near  the  single  large  pale-puiple  flower ;  lip 
crested  and  fringed,  as  long  as  the  sepals  and  petals.    Swamps.    June,  July. 

2  P.  pendnla  Lindl.     Three-birds.    Eoot  tuberous  ;  stem  4— S',  with  4— 8  small  scat- 

tered leaves  and  3  (1 — i)  drooping  bird-like  flowers  1'  long.    Woods  :  rare.    August. 

3  P.  divaricata  Br.    Stem  1— 2f,  erect,  with  2  linear-oblong  lvs.  and  1  terminal  large 

flower;  sepals  linear,  recurved  at  apes,  1^^'  long;   petals  lanceolate,  pink-colored, 
acuminate,  1',  lip  a  little  longer.    Swamps,  Del.  to  Fla.    April,  May. 


Order  138.— SCITAMINE^.  331 

4  P.  verticillata  N.  Stem  8—13',  bractcd  at  base,  bearing  4  or  5  oval  Ivs.  in  a  whorl 
at  the  top,  with  a  curious  flower ;  sepals  linear,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  lanceolate, 
obtuse  petals,  which  are  about  9"  long.    Swamps.    June,  July. 

17.  ARETHUSA,  Grou.  Fl.  ringent  Sep.  and  pet.  similar,  cohering 
at  base  and  conniyent  above.  Lip  adnate  to  the  column  at  base,  recurved 
and  dilated  at  ajiex.  Anthers  terminal,  2-celled,  with  4  poUinia.  U  Stem 
low,  with  sheathing  bracts.     Flowers  purple,  beautiful. 

A.  bulbosa  L.  Flower  single,  1 — 2',  erect,  with  2  small  bracts  at  its  base  ;  lip  crenu- 
late-wav)',  bearded  along  the  middle.    Root  a  corm.    Bogs.    6—12'.    June. 

18.  EPIDENDRUM,  Swtz.  Tree  Orchis.  Sep.  and  pet.  spreading. 
Lip  united  with  the  column  forming  a  tube  which  is  sometimes  decurrent 
on  the  ovary.  Auth,  terminal,  opercular,  4-celled.  Pollinia  4.  If  Grows 
on  the  rough  bark  of  trees.     Stems  many-flowered. 

E.  couopscuiu  H.  K.  Stems  clustered,  5—8',  each  with  a  pair  of  opposite,  lance- 
linear,  coriaceous  leaves  below,  and  3—7  purplish  fls.  6"  broad.    Low  lands,  S.    Aug. 

Order  CXXXVllI.    SCITAMINE.E.    Gixgerworts. 

Tropical  herbs.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  with  the  veins  diverging  from 
the  midvein.  Floicers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  with  perianth  3-6- 
parted  and  adherent  to  the  3-celled  ovary.  Stamens  3 — 6,  some  of  them 
abortive.  Styles  united.  Fruit  dry  or  flesh}^.  Seeds  albuminous.  Here 
belong  the  Cinnamons,  Gingers,  Bananas,  and  Arrow-roots. 

§  MUSACE.E.     Anthers  5,  each  2-cenecl.     Fruit  m.-iiiy-seeded      Filaments  6.  ..(x) 

§  ZINGIBERE.E.    Anther  1,  2-celled.     Filaments  3,  not  petiiloid.     Fruit  00 -seeded... (y) 

§  MARANTE.E.    Anther  1,  with  1  cell.     Filiiments  3,  pet.iloid.     Capsules  l-3-seeded...(2) 

X  Perianth  of  2  unequal  leaves  or  lips,  the  lower  5-toothed.     Berry  oblong MuSA.  1 

X  Perianth  of  G  very  unequal  leaves,  with  large  spathes.     Fruit  capsular Strelitzia.  2 

»/  Perianth  tube  slender,  lower  petal  lip-like.     Stamens  and  style  long-exserted.HEDTcniDir.  3 

y  Perianth  shoit,  in  spikes,  with  large  bracts.     Stamens  and  style  included Alpinia.  i 

z  Pistil  petaloid,  stigma  3-sided.     Flowers  inconspicuous.    Leaves  colored Maranta.  5 

s  Pistil  petaloid,  stigma  flat,  linear.     Flowers  red,  showy.     Caps.  3-seeded Canxa.  6 

:  Pistil  sliort,  twisted,  with  a  large  gaping  stigma.     Fls.  small.     Caps.  1-seeded Thalia.  7 

1.  MUSA  SAPiENTU.M.  B-\NANA.  Scapc  7 — 20f,  sheathed  below  by  the 
stalks  of  the  majestic  leaves,  the  summit  a  nodding  spike  of  pink-colored  flowers,  be- 
coming a  huge  cluster  of  delicious  fruits  in  which  the  seeds  are  abortive. 

2.  STRELITZIA  regin.e.  Scape  5— 8f,  with  sheathing  bracts,  upper 
bract  spatht'-like,  horizontal,  with  a  cluster  of  splendid  flowers.  Sepals  lanceolate,  3 — 4', 
yellow.    Petals  hastate,  light  blue,  enclosing  the  stamens  and  style.    S.  Africa. 

3.  HEDYCHIUM  angustifolium.  Stem  5f,  very  leafy.  Leaves  lin- 
ear-lanccolale.  Sepals  and  pet.  linear,  the  lip  oblong,  all  scarlet,  in  a  dense  cluster.  H, 
CARNEUM  has  similar  leaves,  with  pink-colored  flowers  in  a  loose  cluster.    E.  India. 

4.  ALPINIA  MAGNiFiCA,  from  Mauritius,  lOf  high,  has  the  flowers  in  a 
head  with  many  large  rose-colored  bracts,  which  are  bordered  with  a  white  line.  A,  nu- 
tans, still  taller,  iora  E.  India,  has  a  drooping  raceme  of  pink-colored  bracts  and  flowers, 
with  curled  and  curved  petals.    Very  splendid. 

5.  MARANTA  bicolor,  from  Brazil,  is  cultivated  for  the  large  ovate 
leaves,  which  are  beautifully  feather-marked  with  light-green  above  and  purple  beneath 


332  Oeder  139.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 

6.  CANNA,  L.  Indian  Shot.  Sepals  3,  persistent  on  the  tubercled 
fruit.  Petals  6,  the  innermost  2-  or  3-lobed  at  the  end.  Stamen  petaloid, 
with  a  half  anther  on  one  edge.  Stigma  petaloid,  flat,  obtuse.  If  Hand- 
some evergreen  herbs,  with  tall  stems  and  large  smooth  leaves. 

§  CoRYTHiuM.    Corolla  tube  maBifest.    Petals  dilated.    Anther  wholly  adnate. ..  No.  1 
%  CAtiH  A  proper.   Cor.  tube  short  or  0.    Petals  narrow.    Anther  free  above..  Nes.  2 — i 

1  C  flaccida  Eoec.    Stem  3— 4f ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  2f,  pointed  both  ways;  sep.  erect, 

not  i  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  ;  petals  and  filaments  obovate, 
thin,  flaccid,  wavy,  yellow,  spirally  arranged  ;  stig.  spatulate.    Ponds,  South. 

2  C  Indica.    Stem  3— 6f,  leafy  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  pointed,  1— 2f,  abrupt  at  base  ;  sep.  green, 

&' ;  3  outer  pet.  erect,  green-tipped,  the  3  inner  recurved  or  reflexed,  the  5th  double 
(2-lobed  at  end),  the  stamens  and  style  similar  (2'),  all  scarlet.    W.  Indies. 

3  r.  DfscoLOR.    Stem6— lOf;  Ivs.  very  large,  green  and  purple;  fls.  in  pairs,  crimson. 

4  C.  IRIDIFL^RA.    From  Peru.    Dmvny  ;  sheaths  colored  at  edge  ;  fls.  drooping,  3',  red. 

7.  THALIA,  L.  Flowers  in  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Cal.  3-sepalled,  small. 
Cor.  6-parted,  3  inner  pet.  very  unequal.  Sta.  3-parted,  the  inner  segment 
slender,  bearing  the  i  anther.  Caps.  thin.  U  ^  Scape  sheathed  at  base 
by  the  petioles,  tall,  paniculate  above.    Flowers  small,  purple. 

1  X.  dealbata  Rose.    Plant  4f,  covered  with  a  white  powder ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  on 

long  petioles  ;  panicles  dense,  erect,  the  branches  as  short  as  the  lanceolate  bracts.  S. 

2  T.  divaricata  Chapm.    Plant  not  powdery,  7f ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  rounded  at  base  ; 

panicle  open,  divaricate,  branches  zigzag,  much  longer  than  the  linear  bracts.    Fla. 

Order  C XXXIX.    AMARYLLIDACE^E.    Amaryllids. 

Herbs  perennial,  chiefly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves  not  scurfy  nor  woolly. 
Flmcers  showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  with  an  adlierent,  6-parted 
perianth.  Stamens  6,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  styles  united 
into  1.  Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  1  to  go,  with  fleshy  albu- 
men.   Figs.  58,  86,  486,  495. 

§  Perianth  crowned  with  a  firm  cup  containing  the  stamens  (i§  78,  79) Narcissus.  1 

§  Perianth  crowned  with  a  thin  membrane  connecting  the  stamens PASCEAiiua.  2 

§  Perianth  not  crowned. — a  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  ovary. .  .(!>) 
— a  Segments  distinct  down  to  the  ovary. .  .(x) 
h  Flowers  in  umbels  or  solitary  on  the  n;iked  scape... ('0 
b  I'Muwers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles.     Scape  braeted . . . (e) 

d  Tube  long  iind  slender,  segments  narrow,  abruptly  spreading Crindm.  3 

d  Tube  short  or  long,  gradually  expanding.     Perianth  subirregular Amaryllis.  4 

€  Tube  of  the  perianth  straight.     Stamens  exserted Agave.  5 

e  Tube  of  the  perianth  curved.     Stamens  included Polyanthes.  6 

a;  Perianth  irregular.     Stems  leafy,  flowers  umbelled Alstbcemeria.  7 

X  Perianth  irregular.     Scape  naked,  with  1  large  flower Sprekema.  8 

X  Perianth  regular.— y  Sepals  all  white,  larger  than  the  petals Galanthcs.  9 

—y  Sepals  green-tipped,  as  large  as  the  petals Leucojum.  10 

— II  Sepals  and  petals  equal,  yellow Uypoxis.  11 

1.  NARCISSUS,  L.     Perianth  regular,  6-parted,  bearing  a  bell-   or 

cup-form  crown  on  the  throat.     Sta.  6,  inserted  in  the  tube,  and  concealed 

within  the  crown,     if  Stems  bulbous,  scapes  bearipg  a  long  deciduous 

spathe  with  1  or  more  yellow  or  white  fragrant  flowers.    Leaves  ensiform. 

§  Crown  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  perianth.    Scape  1 -flowered Nos.  1,  2 


Ordeh  139.— AMARYLLIDACE.^.  333 

§  Crown  shorter  than  the  tube,— a;  its  border  crenated.    Flowers  1—3 Nos.  3—5 

—X  its  border  6-lobed.    Flowers  1 — 3 No.  (> 

—X  its  border  entire.    Flowers  5—20  Nos.  7,  8 

1  N.  Pseudo-Nakci ssus.    Daffodil.    Scape  2-edged,  If ;  Ivs.  linear,  If ;  fl.  large,  ylw. ; 

crown  bell-form,  serrate-crenate,  as  long  as  the  pet.  Often  double  :  com.  Apr.,  May. 

2  N.  BuLEOcoDiuM.  Hoop-petticoat.  Fl.  ylw. ;  or.  much  larger  than  perianth.  Apr.,  May. 

3  N.  JoNQUiLLA.    Jonquils.    Fls.  2—5,  yellow,  frag.,  small ;  crown  saucer-shaped,  much 

shorter  than  the  petals  ;  scape  terete  ;  Ivs.  half  round.  If.    From  Spain.    May,  June. 

4  N.  BiFLORUS.    Primrose-iKerless.    Fls.  generally  2,  cream-wh.,  crown  cup-shaped,  ylw. 

5  N.  POETicus.    PoeVs  N.    Fl.  1,  white,  crown  flattish,  very  small,  pale-yellow,  edged 

with  crimson,  throat  yellow.    Fl.  often  double.    Scape  If.    Lvs.  flat.    June.    S.  Eur. 

6  N.  OBORUS.     Great  Jonquil.    Fl.  mostly  solitary,  yellow,  powerfully  fragrant,  crown 

bell-form,  6",  the  lobes  entire ;  limb  1'  long,  tube  slender,  9".    S.  Europe.    If.    May. 

7  N.  Tazetta.    Crown  yellow,  bell-form,  half  as  long  as  the  white  or  yellow  petals,  the 

border  truncate  ;  leaves  glaucous,  flat.    Spain.    May,  June.    Numerous  varieties. 

8  N.  P0LYANTHT7S.    Crown  whitc,  thrice  shorter  than  the  ovate  white  petals,  border 

nearly  entire  ;  leave-?  green,  flat.    Spain.    Beautiful,  but  too  tender  north. 

2.  PANCRATIUM,  L.  Perianth  tube  produced  above  the  (sessile) 
ovary,  long  and  slender,  the  6  segm.  long  and  narrow.  Stam.  6,  adnate  to 
the  crown,  exserted  ;  antli.  versatile,  y  Bulb  coated,  scape  solid,  2-edged, 
bearing  a  bracted  umbel  of  large  (white)  flowers.     (Leaves  linear.) 

§  Crown  adnate  below  to  the  dilated  throat  and  segment  of  the  perianth Nos.  1,  2 

§  Crown  free,  funnel-form,  throat  of  perianth  not  dilated.    Tube  straight Nos.  3,  4 

1  P.  niaritlinum  L.    Plant  glaucous  ;  lvs.  longer  than  scape  ;  tube  .3— 4',  longer  tliaa 

the  lin. -lanceolate  segm. ;  crown  half-adherent,  12-toothed.    Marshes,  S.    July — Sept. 

2  P.  nutans  Gawl.    Plant  green;  lvs.  very  long  (2f) ;  fls.  nodding,  with  a  green  curved 

tube  2',  seg.  nearly  3' ;  sta.  incurved  ;  crown  slightly  adherent.    S.  Car.    {Herbert.) 

3  P.  rotatum  Gawl.    Plant  glaucous,  1— 2f ;  lvs.  long,  strap-shaped,  obtuse  ;  tube  3', 

green,  shorter  than  the  linear  segments  ;  crown  irregularly  toothed.    S.    April,  May. 

4  P.  coronariuni  Lecont.e.    Plant  green,  2f;  lvs.  lance-linear,  obtuse;  tube  3 — 4', 

seg.  as  long ;  crown  funnel-form,  1^',  jagged  at  edge  ;  sta.  Si'.    Wet  or  dry.    South. 

3.  CRINUM,  L.  Flowers  nearly  as  in  Pancratium,  but  destitute  of  a 
crown,     u  Bulb  coated.    Leaves  in  many  rows.     Scape  solid. 

1  C.  Anierlcanuni  L.    Lvs.  lin. -oblong;  ova.  sessile,  3-4  in  the  umbel ;  tube  green 

and  lance-lin.,  white  segm.  about  equal  (40  ;  caps.  1-6-seeded.    Swamps,  Fla.,  and  W. 

2  C  AMABiLE.    Bulb  stem-like  ;  lvs.  broad-linear ;  scape  flattened,  3 — 4f,  bearing  an  um- 

bel of  20—30  purple  fragrant  flowers  9'  long  ;  pet.  ligulate,  recurved.    E.  India. 

3  C.  onNATUM.    Bulb  globular;  lvs.  undulate;  scape  3f,  10-20-flowered ;  fls.  white  to 

roseate,  very  large  ;  segments  lance-oblong.    E.  India.    Many  varieties. 

4.  AMARYLLIS,  L.  Perianth  tube  long  or  short,  expanding  upward ; 
limb  regular  or  nearly  so.  Sta.  free,  anth.  versatile.  Style  long,  declinate. 
U  Bulb  coated.    Leaves  narrow.     Scape  1-few-flowered. 

1  A.  Ataniasco  L.    Atamasco  Lily.    Scape  1-flwd. ;  perianth  bell-form,  erect,  ,3',  pink- 

white  ;  tube  slender  below,  V  ;  filaments  included.    An  attractive  flower,  in  wet  clay 
soils,ya.  to  Fla.  Scape  terete,  6—12'.  Lvs.  linear,  If.  Mar.-May.   (Zephyranthus  Herb.) 

2  A.  viTTATA.    Per.  3—4',  nodding,  white,  red  striped  inside,  margins  crisped.    S.  Am. 

3  A.  BEGINS.    Per.  nodding,  scarlet  with  a  green  star,  throat  fringed  ;  fls.  2 — 4.    S.Am. 

4  A.  sPEciosA.    Fls.  2—4,  blood-red,  erect,  3'  long,  funnel-form.    S.  Afr.    (Vallota,  Hb.) 

6,  AGAVE,  L.    American  Alok.    Perianth  funnel-form,  6-parted.    Sta. 


334  Order  139.— AMARYLLIDACE.E. 

6,  exserted,  antli.  soon  versatile.  Caps,  obtusely  3-aiigled,  oo-seeded.  U 
Monocarpic  herbs  (§  42).  Crown-root  with  thick  fibres,  a  dense  clump  of 
thick,  rigid,  often  spiny  Ivs.    Scape  bracted,  with  numerous  flowers.    July. 

1  A.  Virginlca  L.    Lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  spine-pointed,  denticulate;  scape  simple, 

4-6f,  loosely  spicate  above  ;  lis.  greenish-ycUovv,  1',  sessile,  fragrant.  Rocks, Va.,  and  S. 

2  A.  Ameeicana.    Century  Plant.    Lvs.  glaucous,  striped  with  cream-color  in  some  va- 

rieties, lanceolate,  spine-pointed  and  toothed,  very  thick  and  stout,  3— 8f ;  scape  pro- 
duced biit  once,  after  50—100  years,  tree-like,  with  innumerable  flowers.    Mexico. 

6.  POLYANTHUS  (or  Polianthes),  L.    Tube-rose.    Perianth  funnel- 
form,  with  a  curved  tube.    Fil.  inserted  into  the  throat,  included.     Ovary 
at  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  its  summit  free,     y  Root  an  upright  rhizome. 
P.  TUBERosA.    stem  simple,  slender,  leafy-bracted,  3f,  with  a  spike  of  rose-white  flow- 
ers, li',  subregular,  of  exquisite  fragrance;    From  Ceylon.    Aug.,  Sept. 

7.  ALSTRCEMERIA,  L.  Perianth  funnel-form,  some  irregular,  of  6 
leaves  distinct  to  the  ovarj^  Sta.  diclinate.  Stig.  3-cleft.  If  Root  a  rhi- 
zome, bearing  tubers.     Stems  leafy,  umbellate  at  top. 

1  A.  rsiTTACiNA.  Erect,! — 2f,  with  remote,  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves  ;  fls.  6 — 8,  in  a  leafy 

cluster,  pedicellate.  If':  segments  spatulate,  red,  spotted  with  green.    Brazil. 

2  A.  Pelegrina.    Lvs.  sessile,  lance-linear,  twisted  ;  fls.  2—6,  pink- white,  purp.-spotted. 

3  A.  VERSICOLOR.    Perianth  nearly  regular,  yellow,  with  purple  spots.    Chili. 

8.  SPREKELIA,  Endl.  JacobyEA  Lily.  Perianth  bilabiate,  segments 
distinct  to  the  ovary,  the  upper  3  spreading.  Sta.  epigynous,  unequal,  and 
with  the  style  decliuate,  tlie  ends  incurved.  V,  Bulbous.  Scape  hollow, 
1-tlowered.    Leaves  linear,  erect. 

S.  FORMOsfssiMA.— A  splendid  flower  from  S.  America.    Scape  If.    Flower  dark  red. 

9.  GALANTHUS,  L.  Snow-drop.  Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
notclied  or  lobcd.  Sta.  epigynous,  erect,  included,  shorter  than  the  straight 
style.  If  Bulb  coated,  acrid.  Scape  2-edged,  solid.  Flowers  white,  pen- 
dulous.    Pods  maturing  under  ground. 

G.  nivalis,    fccape  C,  2-leaved  ;  flower  1,  as  white  as  snow,  in  early  Spring.    Europe. 

10.  LEUCOJUM,  L.  Snow-flake.  Sep.  and  pet.  subequal,  often  thick- 
ened at  apex.  Sta.  epigynous,  included,  and  style  erect.  Stig.  entire,  ob- 
tuse,    y  Bulb  coated.     Scape  2-edged,  lioUow.    Flowers  drooping. 

1  li.  VERNUM.    Lvs.  linear;  scape  1-2-flwd. ;  sep.  white,  tipped  with  green  or  yellow, 

with  divergent  veins;  spat  he  1 -leaved ;  seeds  straw-color.    March,  April. 

2  li.  ^STivuM.    Lvs.  linear  ;  scape  4-S-flwd.,  umbellate,  C—IC ;  sepals  6— S",  pure  white 

with  green  tips  ;  spathe  1-leaved  ;  seeds  black.    May,  June.    Europe. 

11.  HYPOXIS,  L.  Star-grass.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Perianth  regular, 
rotate.  Seeds  go,  black,  y  Small,  bulbous,  grass-like,  with  yellow  flow- 
ers on  filiform  scapes.    Meadows  and  copses. 

1  H.  erecta  L.    Hairy ;  scape  about  4-flo\vered,  shorter  than  the  linear  leaves,  which 

arc  3—5"  wide  ;  flowers  greenish  without,  yellow  within.    June. 

2  H.  filifolia  Ell.    Smoothish ;   scape  2-flowcred,  shorter  than  the  filiform  leaves, 

which  are  not  \"  wide.    Dry  soils,  S.    Flowers  rather  larger  (9—11"). 


OnuEU  141.— H^MODORACE^.  335 

Order  CXL.    BROMELIACE^.    Bromeliads. 

Herbs  haixl,  diy,  rigid,  and  often  scurfy,  -with  regular  double  perianths, 
nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  -with  mealy  albumen.  All  tropical,  and  capable 
!)f  living  in  air  alone. 

1.  TILLANDSIA,  L.  Sepals  3,  membranous,  convolute.  Pet.  3,  peta- 
loid,  imbricate,  spreading  above.  Sta.  bypogynous.  Ovary  free.  Caps. 
Avith  3  double  cartilaginous  valves.  Seeds  slender,  on  comous  stipes,  if 
Scurfy  air  plants,  with  perennial  2-ranked  narrow  leaves. 

*  Stems  rifjidly  erect.    Lvs.  linear-filiform.    Fls.  in  bracted  spikes,  blue Nos.  2— 4 

*1  T.  usneoides  L.  Long  Moss.  Stems  filiform,  pendulous,  branched;  lvs.  linear- 
filiform,  curled,  1—2' ;  fis.  solitary,  green  or  gray.  Low  lands,  Va.,  and  S.  Hangs  in 
gray  festoons  from  the  branches  of  every  tree.    Used  in  upholstery. 

2  T.  Bartraiuli  Ell.    Stems  slender,  If ;  lvs.  shorter,  smooth ;  spike  branched,  3 — 4', 

loosc-Ilowered  ;  pet.  spreading  at  apex,  as  long  as  the  bracts.    Ga.,  Fla. 

3  T.  cscspitoiiia  Leconte.    Stems  in  dense  clusters,  3— U' ;  leaves  scurfy,  much  longer, 

erect ;  spike  3-  or  4-flo\vered,  1 — 2' ;  pet.  recurved,  longer  than  the  bracts.    E.  Fla. 

4  T.  recurvata  Willd.    Scapes  filiform,  2-flowered,  G' ;  lvs.  scurfy,  recurved.   E.  Fla. 

2.  ANANASSA  sativa.  PnsTEAPPLE.  Raised  in  hothouses  for  its 
well-kno'.vu  fruit,  which  consists  of  a  consolidated  abortive  flower-spike.    From  S.  Am. 

Order  CXLI.     HiEMODORACE^E.    Blood  worts. 

Herbs  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots^  equitant  or  rosulate  leaves,  and  perfect 
Jhwers.  Perianth  regular,  G-parted,  scurfy  or  woolly  outside,  more  or  less 
adherent.  Stamens  6  or  3,  and  opposite  the  petals,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  1-styled.  Capsule  covered  with  the  withered  perianth.  Seeds 
with  cartilaginous  albumen. 

5  Ovary  wliolly  adherent.     Stamens  3,  exserted.    Perianth  woolly  outside Lacnanthes.  1 

§  Ovary  half  IVee.    Stamens  6,  included. — x  Corymbed  perianths  woolly  all  over Lophiola.       2 

— X  Racemed  perianths  rugous-scurfy Aletris.  3 

1.  LACNANTHES,  Ell.  Red-root.  Fls.  woolly  outside,  oblong.  Sep. 
linear.  Sta.  3,  and  style  filiform,  exserted.  Caps,  co-seeded.  U  Roots 
fibrous,  red.  Lvs.  ensiform,  equitant.  Fls.  in  a  dense  corymb.  July — Sept. 
li.  tiiictoria  Ell.— Swamps,  R.  I.  to  Fla.    Stem  strictly  erect,  H— 2f ;  leaves  mostly 

radical,  3—4"  wide  by  9',  or  more  ;  flowers  4—5",  glabrous  and  yellow  inside. 

2.  LOPHIOLA,  Ker.  Crest-flower.  Fls.  woolly  outside  and  in- 
side, oval.  Sepals  oblong.  Sta.  6,  glabrous,  not  exserted.  Styles  sepa- 
rable, conical  with  the  1  stigma.  Seeds  white,  if  Root  creeping.  Stem 
flexuous,  corymbous  above,  densely  clothed  with  soft  white  wool.  Jl.,  Aug. 
li.  aurea  Ker.— Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    Stem  1-2^;  leaves  mostly  radical 

shorter  than  the  stem  ;  flowers  yellowish  under  the  white  wool,  2".    (Conostylis,  Ph.) 

3.  ALETRIS,  L.  Star-grass.  Colic-root.  Perianths  rugous,  as  if 
scurfy  or  mealy,  tubular,  6-cleft,  arranged  in  a  slender  raceme.     Styles 


336  Order  142.— IRIDACE^. 

scarcely  imitecl.    Ovary  adherent  at  base  only,  opening  at  top,  oo-seeded. 
U  Smooth,  intensely  bitter.     Leaves  all  radical,  lin. -lanceolate.    JI.,  Aug. 

1  A.  farinosa  L.    Lvs.  rosulate,  very  acute,  many-veined,  3—6' ;  scape  2— 3f,  simple  ; 

rac.  about  9';  fls.  white,  4—5",  on  very  short  ped..  oblong  bell-form.    Low  grounds. 

2  A,  aurca  Walt.    Fls.  yellow.    Otherwise  scarcely  diff.    Both  plants  dry,  yellowish. 

Order  CXLII.    IRIDACE^.    Irids. 

Herbs  with  coi'ms,  bulbs,  or  rhizomes,  equitant,  2-ranked  leaves  and  spatha- 
ceous  bracts.  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Segments  in  2  sets, 
often  unequal  and  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  petals, 
anthers  extrorse.  Style  1,  stigmas  3,  often  petaloid.  Ca])Side  3-valved,  3- 
celled,  loculicidai.  Seeds  many,  Avith  hard,  fleshy  albumen.  Figs.  85, 169, 
170,  267-8,  282,  351. 

g  Flowers  irregular,  somewhat  bilabiate,  nodding Gladiolus.        8 

§  Flowers  regular  and  equilateral,  mostly  erect. .  .(*) 

*  Sepals  similar  to  tlie  petals  in  form,  size,  and  position. .  .(a) 

a  Stamens  monadelpUous.     Flowers  small,  blue.    Plant  grass-like Sisyhinchidm.  7 

a  Stamens  distinct. — x  Flowers  radical,  with  a  very  long  tube Croccts.  6 

— X  Flowers  cauline.     Style  3-parted  at  top Pardanthus.     5 

— x  Flowers  cauline.    Style  3-parted  to  base Schizostylis.    4 

•  Sepals  larger  than  the  petals,  and  otherwise  dissimilar... (6) 

6  Stamens  monadelphous.     Petals  spreading,  panduriform Tigridia.  3 

h  Stamens  distinct,— s  stigmas  slender,  on  a  slender  style Nemastylis.       2 

— z  stigmas  petaloid,  on  a  very  short  style Iris.  1 

1.  IRIS,  L.  Flower-de-luce.  Sepals  3,  reflexed,  larger  than  the  3 
erect  petals.  Sta.  distinct.  Style  short  or  0.  Stig.  petaloid,  covering  the 
stamens,  y  Mostly  from  tuberous,  horizontal  rhizomes,  with  cnsiform 
leaves  and  large,  showy  flowers. 

*  Species  growing  wild,  all  (except  Nos.  6,  7)  in  wet  meadows  or  swamps.  Apr.— Jn.   (§) 

§  Stems  leafy,  tall  (1— 3f ).    Tube  short ;  sepals  beardless  and  crestless. . .  (a) 

a  Leaves  linear,  grass-like.    Ovary  and  pod  2-grooved  on  the  sides No.  1 

a  Leaves  sword-shaped.  Fls.  blue.  Sepals  much  larger  than  the  petals... Nos.  2—4 
a  Leaves  sword-shaped.    Fls.  tawny  or  copper-colored.    Petals  reflexed. .  .No.  5 

§  Stems  or  scapes  low  (2—6'),  nearly  leafless.    Tube  long  and  slender. . .  {b) 

b  Sepals  beardless  and  crestless.    In  hilly  woods,  southward No.  6 

b  Sepals  beardless,  hut  crested  with  3  longitudinal  folds Nos.  T,  8 

*  Species  cultivated  for  ornament,  mostly  from  Europe.  ..{x) 

X  Sepals  densely  bearded.—?/  Stems  very  short,  1-flowercd No.  9 

—y  Stems  tall,  leafy,  1-5-flowered Nos.  10— 13 

a;  Sepals  beardless.— 2  Root  a  rhizome. .  .Nos.  14,  15.-3  Root  bulbous Nos.  16—18 

1  I.  Vlrginica  L.    Boston  Iris.    Stem  slender,  1— 2f,  branching  ;  leaves  2—3"  wide  ; 

fls.  o — (5^  on  slender  ped. ;  sep.  narrow,  yellow,  edged  with  purple.  Mass.  to  N.  J.  Jn. 

2  I.  versicolor  L.    Blue  Flag.    Stem  flexuous,  2— 3f;  pet.  as  long  as  the  stigmas; 

ovary  triangular,  with  concave  sides  and  rounded  angles.    Common.    June. 

3  I.  hexagona  Walt.    Lvs.  longer  than  the  flexuous  stem;  tube  longer  than  the  6- 

sided  ovary ;  sepals  larger  than  the  petals,  blue-purple,  crested.    S.,  coastward. 

4  I.  tripetala  Walt.    Lvs.  shorter  than  the  slender  stem  ;  tube  shorter  than  the  3- 

sided  ovary  ;  sepals  many  times  larger  than  the  petals.    S. :  rare.    Purple. 

5  I.  cuprea  Ph.    Tall  and  flexuous,  2— 3f ;  petals  twice  longer  than  the  linear  stig- 

mas ;  capsules  sharply  6-augled,  shorter  than  the  tube.    S.  and  W.    April— July 


Order  142.— IRIDACE^.  337 

6  I.  verna  L.    Scape  l-flowered,  3—5',  shorter  thaa  the  rigid  leaves;  tube,  sep.,  and 

pet.  eubcqual  (2') ;  stigmas  deeply  2-cleft ;  fis.  blue,  with  some  yellow.    Mar.,  Apr. 

7  I.  cri.stata  Ait.    Scape  compressed,  and,  with  the  Ivs.,  3—5' ;  tube  longer  than  the 

sepals  (2'),  which  are  distinctly  crested  along  the  middle.    Barrens,  Va.  to  Ga.   April. 

8  I.  lacustris  N.    Like  No.  7,  but  the  sep.  are  longer  than  the  tube,  &c.    L.  Huron. 

9  I.  ruMiLA.    Divarf  I.    Fls.  larEre,  blue-purple  ;  pet.  larger  than  sepals.    In  Spring.   3'. 

10  1.  Germanica.    Flowers  many,  deep  blue,  the  spathe  also  colored.    Common. 

11  I.  SAMBUCINA.    Fleur-de-lis.    Flowers  cc,  blue-white;  segments  notched.  Common. 

12  1.  Suzt.lN.v.    Flower  1,  very  large,  purple  and  spotted  ;  petals  reflexed. 

13  1.  Florentina.    Orris-root.    With  broad  leaves  and  large  white  flowers. 

14  1.  grajiinea.    Linear  leaves  much  longer  than  the  If,  2-flowered  scape.    Blue. 

15  1.  PsECD-ACOKUS.    Flowers  yellow  ;  petals  smaller  than  the  stigmas,  3f.    June. 

16  1.  XiPHiuM.    Spanish  I.    Lvs.  subulate  ;  2  fls. ;  pet.  narrow  as  stig.  All  colors.  l-2f- 

17  1.  xipnioiDES.   English  I.   Leaves  subulate  ;  fls.  2  ;  petals  broader  than  the  stigmas. 

18  I.  Persica.    Persian  I.    Lvs.  linear;  scape  very  short ;  petals  smaller  than  the  blue 
sepals.— All  the  above  are  hardy,  except  this,  which  is  a  house-plant. 

2.  NEMASTYLIS,  N.  No  tube  above  the  ovaiy.  Sepals  spreadiug, 
larger  tliaii  the  ascending,  cucullate  petals.  Filani.  shorter  than  the  anth. 
Stjie  enlarged  above,  and  parted  into  6  radiating,  stibulate  stigmas.  U 
Bulb  ovoid.  Lvs.  lance-linear.  St.  very  slender,  with  1  or  2  bright-blue  fls. 
N.  ecelcstina  N.    Leaves  very  veiny.  If ;  stem  15— 20',  few-leaved  ;  spathe  2-leaved  ; 

sepals  obovate.  1',  i  larger  than  the  hooded  petals.    Swamps,  Fla.  to  La. 

3.  TIGRIDIA,  L.  Tiger-flower.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Perianth  regu- 
lar, the  3  sepals  larger  than  the  3  petals.  Stamens  monadelphous,  fila- 
ments united  into  a  long  tube.     If  Bulbous. 

T.  pavonia.    St.  simple,  flexuous;  leaves  ensiform,  veined;  fls.  inodorous,  5— C  broad, 
ephemeral,  several  in  succession,  yellow,  with  crimson  spots.    Mexico. 

4.  SCHIZOSTYLIS  coccfNEA.  Stem  3f.  Leaves  channelled,  lance- 
linear.  Flowers  concave,  regular,  2'  broad,  in  long  spikes,  crimson  to  scarlet,  the  styles 
8iender  and  nearly  distinct.    Lately  introduced  from  S.  Africa. 

5.  PARDANTHUS,  Ker.  Blackberry  Lily.  Sepals  and  pet.  sub- 
equal,  oblauceolate,  spreading.  Fil.  slender.  Style  clavate,  3-parted,  with 
8  stigmas.  Caps,  oblong.  Seeds  black,  attached  to  the  column,  and  re- 
sembling a  blackberry  after  the  valves  have  fallen.  U  Root  a  rhizome. 
Stem  branching,  leafy.    July,  August.    (Ixia,  L.) 

P.  riiineii$>ls  Ker.— Leaves  ensiform,  as  in  Iris;  flowers  H'  broad,  many,  orange- 
yellow,  crimson-spotted.    Stems  3— 4f.    Escaped  from  cultivation. 

6.  CROCUS,  L.  Lvs.  radical.  Fls.  nearly  sessile  on  the  bulb.  Tube 
very  long  and  slender,  bearing  the  funnel-form  perianth  above  the  ground. 
Stigmas  3-cleft. 

1  C.  VERNUS.    Spring  C.    Stigmas  short,  wedge-shaped ;  leaves  linear.    The  beautiful 

flowers  are  white,  blue,  and  variegated, — the  earliest  in  the  garden. 

2  C.  SuziANUS,  is  golden  yellow,  with  the  3  sepals  revolute.    Turkey. 

3  C.  SATivus.    Saffron.    Fall  C.    Stigmas  slender,  reflexed ;  segments  purple.    Europe. 

7.  SISYRINCHIUM,  L.  Blue-eyed  Grass.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  flat,  equal.     Sta.  monadelphous.     Stig.  3-cleft.     U 


338  Order  144.— SMILACE^. 

Grass-like  plants,  with  compressed,  winijed  or   ancipital   scapes,   from 
fibrous  roots.     June,  July. 

S.  Berinudiana  L.    In  tufts* ;  Ivs.  linear,  erect,  about  as  long  as  the  scapes  ;  spathe 
2-5-fl()werccL  valves  unequal ;  flowers  small,  blue :  segments  obovate,  notched  and 
J  ^,.  mucronate  ;  pedicels  slender  ;  pods  globular,  8—12'. 
'^  a.  aneeps.    Scapes  winged,  so  as  to  resemble  the  leaves. 

■/!r         fi.  mvcronatum.    Scapes  barely  2-edged,  filiform  ;  spathe  pointed. 

8.  GLADIOLUS,  L.  Corn-flag.  Spatlie  2-leaved.  Perianth  irregu- 
lar, 6-parted,  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  3,  distinct,  ascending.  Stig.  3, 
broader  above.  Seeds  winged.  If  A  large  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  chiefly 
from  S.  Africa.    Fls.  large  and  splendid.    The  species  are  badly  confused. 

1  G.  psiTTACiNUS.    Spike  8-10-flowered  ;  flowers  scarlet  and  yellow,  spotted,  the  tube 

as  long  as  the  segments.    From  this  is  derived  many  hybrids,  as 
p.  Gandavensis,  variegated  with  orange,  scarlet,  and  yellow.    Common. 

2  G.  cARDiNALis.    Spikcs  few-flowered,  the  flowers  crimson,  with  a  white  stripe  in  the 

lower  3  segments  ;  stem  branched  above,  2f.    Not  hardy. 

3  G.  FLOKiBUNDUs.    Flowcrs  vei-y  large,  nearly  erect,  upper  segments  broader,  pink 

varying  to  white  ;  spike  long  and  crowded.     Very  delicate. 

Order  CXLIII.     DIOSCOREACE^.     Yam-roots. 

Plants  shrubby,  twining,  arising  from  tuberous  rhizomes,  with  broad, 
net-veined  leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  regular,  hexandrous,  tube  adherent, 
lim^  6-parted.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-6-ovuled,  3-styled.  $  Stamens  6,  perigy- 
nous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  3-  or  (by  abortion)  1-celled,  or  a  borry.  Seeds  com- 
pressed, albuminous. 

DIOSCOREA,  L.  Yam-root.  Flowers  S  S  .  Styles  of  the  fertile  3. 
Cells  of  the  caps.  2-seeded.  Sds.  membranaceously  margined.  "^  Slender, 
twining  with  the  sun.  Lvs.  simple,  palmately-veined  or  divided.  Flow- 
ers green,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  panicles. 

1  D.  -rillosa  L.     Wild  Tarn.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  9-11-veined, 

the  lower  opposite  or  in  4's,  upper  alternate,  petioles  long,  under  surface  downy, 
(never  villous);  stem  slender,  climbing  5— lof,  over  bnshes,  &c.    June,  July. 

2  D.  SATivA.     Yam.    Leaves  i-ound-ovate,  long-cuspidate,  sinuate,  cordate,  all  alter- 

nate, smooth  ;  stems  sometimes  prickly.    Root  large  and  sweet.    S. 

Order  CXLIV.    SMILACE^.    Sarsaparillas. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  reticulate- veined.  Flowers  dia?- 
cious.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  6-parted,  regular.  Stamens  6,  in- 
serted into  the  base  of  the  segments.  Antliers  1-celled  (2-lameUate).  Ovary 
3-celled,  cells  1-  or  2-ovuled.  Style  1  or  none.  Stigmas  3.  l^rry  round- 
ish.   Seeds  orthotropous,  albuminous.    Fig.  396. 

SMILAX,  L.  Green-brier.  Sarsaparilla.  Character  nearly  as 
above.  -^  ^  Lvs.  palmately-veined,  entire,  petiolate,  with  a  pair  of  stipu- 
lar  (§  325,  Fig.  396)  tendrils.  Flowers  green  or  yellowish,  small,  in  stalked, 
axillary  umbels. 


Order  145.— ROXBURGHIACEJE.  339 

I  llerbs  splneles?.    Lvs.  and  foetid  umbels  long-stalljed.    Berries  bluish.  ,No3. 12—14 
g  Shrubby  vinea.    Leaves  ehort-stalked.    Berries  1-3-seeded.  ..(a) 

a  Pubescent,  prostrate,  spineless.    Leaves  cordate,  evergreen.    South No.  11 

a  Glabrous,  climbing,  and  more  or  less  prlcklj-  (except  No?.  5,  6). .  .(J) 

b  Lvs.  acute  at  the  base,  3-5-veined.    Fed.  shorter  than  the  pet Nos.  8 — 10 

b  Leaves  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  5-9-veined. .  .(c) 

c  Leaves  panduriform,  or  some  hastate.    Peduncles  elongated No.  7 

c  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  deciduous.— a;  Plants  spineless Nos.  5,  0 

—X  Prickly.— s  Leaves  glaucous No.  4 

— z  Leaves  green Nos.  1 — 3 

1  S.  I'otiindifolia  L.     Coimnon  G.    Vine  green,  strong,  and  thorny,  some  4-angled  ; 

leaves  round-ovate,  5-7-veined,  cusp. -pointed ;  ped.  a  little  longer  (6—7")  than  the 
petioles  ;  berries  glaucous-black.    Common  in  thickets.    10— .39f.    June,  July. 

2  S.  liispldaMuhl.    Vine  terete,  hispid  below,  with  >vcak,  slender  prickles,  nearly 

unarmed  above  ;  leaves  thin,  deciduous,  ovate,  cuspidate  ;  ped.  twice  as  long  (1')  as 
the  petioles ;  berries  black.    Thickets,  N.  J.,  and  N.    8— 12f.    June. 

3  S.  "Walter!  Ph.    Vine  unarmed,  or  prickly  at  base  ;  lvs.  cordate-ovate,  3-5-veined  ; 

ped.  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  berries  red,  1-3-seeded.    N.  J.,  and  S.    April— June. 

4  S.  j^lauca  Walt.    Vine  more  or  less  prickly  above,  angular ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  glau- 

cous at  least  beneath ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  petiole ;  berries  black,  with  a 
bloom  ;  flowers  yellowish  white.    Thickets,  L.  Isl.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ky.    March — June. 

5  S.  Pseiido-Clilna  L.    Root-stock  tuberous;  vine  terete  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate  to 

oblong,  5- veined  ;  ped.  flat,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lvs. ;  fr.  black.  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  and  S.  Jn. 

6  S.  sarsaiiai-illa  L,    Root-stock  creeping,  long  ;  branchlets  4-angled  ;  leaves  thin, 

oblong-ovate  ;  ped.  flat,  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  fruit  red,  1-seeded.    S-W. 

1  S.  tantnoides  L.  Vine  terete  ;  branches  4-angular,  aculeate  ;  leaves  ovate-cordate 
to  fiddle-form,  aud  hastate,  cusp. -pointed,  rough-edged.    N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

8  S.  aurlculata  Walt.  Vine  prickly ;  branchlets  angular,  unarmed ;  leaves  lance- 
auriculate-bastate,  thick,  small,  smooth-edged,  evergreen ;  berries  finally  black ; 
flowers  sweet-scented.    S.,  near  the  coast.    June.    (8.  maritima  C-B.) 

0  S.  laurifolia  L.  Vine  prickly ;  branchlets  unarmed,  zigzag ;  leaves  thick,  ever- 
green, lance-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3-veined  ;  fr.  black,  1-seeded.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

1 0  S.  lanceolata  L.    Like  No.  0,  but  the  lvs.  are  thin,  and  berr.  3-seeded.  Va.,  and  S. 

lis.  piiiuila  Walt.  Lvs.  shining  above,  soft-downy  beneath  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the 
petiole  (6') ;  berries  red,  1-3-seeded.    Shady,  rich  soils,  S.    1— 3f    October. 

12  S.  Iierbacea  L.  Caii-ion-jlower.  Stem  erect  or  reclined,  terete  ;  leaves  pubescent 
beneath,  or  nearly  glaucous,  ovate-oblong,  7-veined,  with  or  without  tendrils;  ped. 
longer  than  the  long  petioles  (3—4'),  8-20-flowered.    Low  grounds.    2— Sf.    June. 

/3.  petiiiHcularis,    Ped.  very  stout  and  long  (G^SO,  30-50-flowercd. 

13  S.  lasioneuron  Hook.  Vine  climbing,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  all  with  tendrils,  cordate, 
ovate-obloDg;  ped.  little  longer  than  the  petioles  (3 — 4').    Thickets,  W.    lOf.    June. 

14  S.  taniiilfolla  Ms.  Erect  or  climbing,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  5-veined,  cordate-hastate, 
tapering  to  the  obtuse  apex  ;  ped.  longer  than  petioles  ;  fr.  blue-black.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

Order  CXLV.    ROXBURGHIACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  vines,  with  many-veiued  netted  leaves  and  perfect  flow- 
ers. Perianth  4-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Stamens  4,  liypogynous. 
Omry  ft-ee,  1-ceIled.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  several,  on  liairy  stallvs, 
albuminous. 

CR06mIA,  Torr.  Fls.  very  small  and  few,  axillary.  Perianth  seg.  ia 
pairs  (3  sepals  and  3  petals),  oval.  Ovules  4 — 6,  suspended.  Seeds  1 — 3. 
V  Rhizome  creeping.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  cordate. 


340  Order  146.— TRILLIACE^. 

C  paiiclflora  Ton-.— Woods,  Ga,,  Fla.,  Ala.    Stem  simple,  If.    Leaves  about  6,  thin, 
glabrous,  pedately  arranged,  7-9-veined.   Ped.  V.  Flowers  2"  wide  when  open.  April, 

Order  CXLVl.    TRILLIACE^.    Trilliads. 

Herbs  with  simple  stems,  tuberous  roots,  and  verticillate,  net-veined  leaves. 
Flowers  terminal,  1  or  few,  perfect,  mostly  3-parted.  Calyx  herbaceous, 
corolla  more  or  less  colored.  Stamens  6 — 10.  Ovary  free,  3-5-celled,  bear- 
ing in  fruit  a  juicy,  oo-seeded  pod.    Figs.  115,  259,  394. 

§  Leaves  in  one  whorl.    Sepals  green,  petals  colored Trillium.  1 

§  Le.aves  in  two  whorls.     Sepals  and  petals  alike  greenish Medeola.  2 

1.  TRILLIUM,  L.  Wake-robin.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  in  3  dis- 
tinct series,  outer  of  3  sepals,  inner  of  3  colored  pet.  Sta.  G,  anth.  longer 
than  the  filaments.  Stig.  sessile.  Berry  purple,  3-celled,  oo-seeded.  if 
St.  simple.  Leaves  3,  whorled  at  the  top  of  tlie  stem,  palmi-net-veined. 
Flowers  solitary,  terminal.     In  Spring. 

§  Flowers  sessile.    Petals  dark  purple,  erect Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  on  a  peduncle  raised  above  the  leaves. . . (*) 

*  Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base.    Petals  thin,  delicate Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  sessile,  rhomboidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long.    Petals  thickish. .Nos.  5,  6 
§  Flowers  on  a  pedimcle  deflexed  beneath  the  leaves Nos.  7,  8 

1  T.  sessile  L.    Leaves  sessile,  roundish-ovate  to  rhomb-ovate,  acute,  mottled  with 

dark  purple  ;  petals  sessile,  some  spreading,  dull  purple.    Pa.,  W.  and  8.    6—li'. 

1,1/^2  T.  rccurvatum  Beck.    Lvs.  ovate  to  obovate,  narrowed  to  a  petiole;  sepals  re   c 

H^  flexed,  green  :  pet.  erect,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  claw,  purple,  1'.    Woods,  W.    8-10'.°"^ 

3  T.  iiivale  Kid.    Stem  2—4';  lvs.  oval  to  ovate,  distinctly  petiolate  ;  fl.  erect,  7—8" 

long ;  petals  ovate-spatulate,  white,  half  longer  than  the  sepals.    Penn.  to  Wis. 

4  T.  erytUrocarpuin  Mx.    Smiling  W.    Lvs.  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate ; 

petals  lance-ovate,  recurved,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals,  wavy,  white,  beautifully 
pencilled  at  base  with  purple.    Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    8—12'. 

5  T.  grandilloruiii  Salisb.    Lvs.  rhomb-obovate,  sessile,  conspicuously  acuminate  ; 

petals  spatulate-obovate,  much  longer  (H— 2')  than  the  sepals,  white,  varying  to 
rose-color.    Damp,  rocky  woods,  M.,  S.,  and  W.    8 — 12'. 

6  T.  erectuai  L.    Bath  Flower.     Leaves  roundish-rhombic,  short-pdinted,  almost 

petiolate.  about  as  broad  as  long ;  ped.  scarcely  erect  ;  flower  nodding  ;  petals  oval- 
ovate,  much  broader  than  the  sepals,  dark  purple,  ill-scented.    Woods. 
/3.  album.    Petals  white  or  greenish  ;  ped.  inclined.    N.  Y.  (Ilankenson),  and  W. 

7  T.  cernuum  L.    Leaves  nearly  as  in  No.  6  ;  ped.  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 

leaves,  twice  that  of  the  flower ;  petals  flat,  not  reflexed,  white,  little  larger  than 
the  sepals  ;  stigmas  as  long  as  the  anthers.    Woods,  M.,  S.,  and  W.    1 — IJf. 

8  T.  stylosuni  N.    Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptic  ;  ped.  not  longer  than 

the  flower,  decurved ;  petals  recurved,  much  larger  than  the  sepals,  white ;   styles 
united,  as  long  as  the  stigmas,  shorter  than  the  recurved  anthers.    South.     10—20'. 

2.  MSDEiOLA,  Gronov.  Indian  Cdcumber-root.  Perianth  deeply 
parted  into  G  petaloid,  revolute  segments.  Sta.  6,  with  slender  filaments. 
Stigmas  3,  divaricate,  united  at  base.  Berry  3-celled,  cells  3-6-sceded.  U 
Stem  simple,  arisuig  from  a  white,  tuberous  rhizome  (which  is  thought  to 
resemble  the  cucumber  in  flavor)  bearing  3  whorls  of  lvs.  and  1 — 3  term.  fls. 
OT.  Virginlca  L.— Damp  woods.    Slender,  erect,  1— 2f,  with  cottony  wool.    Lower 

whorlofe— 8,  uppcrof  Sleaves.    Flowers  pendulous,  yellowish.    July.    (Fig.  294.) 


Order  147.— LILIACEJi.  341 

Order  CXLVII.    LILIACE^.    Lilyworts. 

Herbs  with  bulbous  or  tuberous  sterns,  parallel-veined,  sessile  leaves,  and 
perfect,  regular /oz«/-s,  with  the  perianth  uniformly  colored  and  free  from 
the  omri/.  Stamens  6  (4  in  Maj anthem um),  perigynous.  Anthers  introrse 
(except  in  Uvularia).  Sti/les  wholly  or  partly  united.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
berry.    Seeds  albuminous. 

^  LlhlACEJE  proper.    Style  entire.     Fruit  a  dry  capsule.    Plants  with  a  scaly  or  coated  bulb.  ..(*) 
§  ASPH0DELE.4).     Style  entire  (or  0).     Fr.  a  dry  capsule.    With  a  caude.x,  root-crown,  or  rliiz.  ..(»*) 
§  CONVALLARINE.E.     Style  entire.    Fr.  a  colored  berry.    Plants  with  a  rhiz.  or  fibrous  roots.  ..{•**) 
§  UVULARIE^.     Style  3-cIeft  or  3-parted.     Fruit  a  dry  capsule.     Plants  with  a  rhiZBme.  ..(*•»•) 

*  Stem  leafy  above  as  well  as  at  the  base.     Bulbs  scaly. .  .(W 

*  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  iit  base,  leafless,  many-flowered, .  .(c) 

*  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base, — a  bearing  a  single  nodding  flower EKyTUUO.vic.w.      1 

— a  bearing  a  solitarj-,  erect  flower Tulip.v.  2 

6  Petals  equalling  the  sepals,  with  a  honey-grooTe  at  base Lilidm.  3 

6  Petals  equalling  the  sepals,  with  a  roundi.sh  nectary  at  base Fritillakia.  4 

6  Petals  much  larger  than  sepals,  nectary  in  the  midst,  or  0. Calochoktus-  5 

c  Perianth  segments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower... (e) 
c  Perianth  segments  distinct,  not  forming  a  tube.  ..{d) 

d  Flowers  small,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes,  white Nolina.  6 

d  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  blue Scilla.  7 

d  Flowers  in  a  corymb,  white,  with  bracts Ornithogalum.   8 

d  Flowers  in  an  umbel,  white  or  roseate,  with  2 — I  bracts Allicm.  9 

e  Limb  of  the  perianth  revolute,  as  long  as  the  tube HrACi-Mnus.  10 

e  Limb  of  the  perianth  spreading,  much  shorter  than  tube Muscari.  H 

**  Perianth  segments  united  more  or  less  into  a  tube...(»i) 

**  Perianth  segments  distinct.— «  Flowers  racemed,  small,  yellow Sch(Enolirion.  12 

— n  Flowers  panicled,  white Yucca.  13 

m  Stamens  straight,  longer  than  the  tubular,  flame-colored  perianth Tritosia.  U 

m  Stamens  all  curved  upward.— 0  Flowers  in  an  umbel Agapanxhus.  15 

— o  Flowers  cyanic,  racemed Funeia.  16 

— o  Flowers  xanthic,  terminal Hkmekocallis.  17 

***  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube...(s) 

***  Perianth  segments  united.— e  Flowers  greenish,  axillary Poltgonatum.  18 

—V  Flowers  pure  white,  on  a  scape Convallaria.  19 

s  Scape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.     Berry  blue,  2-celled Clintonia.  20 

c  Stem  leafy,  bearing  the  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs.    Berries  red.  ..(y) 

s  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  white  cluster.— X  Flowers  6-parted Smilacina.  21 

— X  Flowers  4-parted Majanthemuk.  22 

y  Stems  much  branched,  with  filiform  branchlets  for  leaves Asparagus.  23 

y  Stem  forking,  with  oval  leaves.— a  Fls.  axillary.    Berry  00  -seeded Streptopus.  24 

—z  Fls.  terminal.     Berry  3-6-seeded Prosautes.  25 

****  Stem  leafy.     Flowers  solitary,  long,  yellowish,  drooping Uvulakia.  26 

1.  ERYTHRONIUM,  L.  Perianth  campanulate.  Seg.  recurved,  the 
3  inner  ones  (petals)  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  attached  to  each  side  at 
base,  and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Style  long.  Caps,  somewhat  stipitate, 
seeds  ovate,    y  Lvs.  2,  subradical.    Scape  1  -  oo-flwd.    Flowers  nodding. 

1  E.  Aniericanuni  Sm.     Yellow  E.    Bulb  deep  in  the  ground,  sending  up  a  scape 

which  bears  2  unequal,  lanceolate,  mottled  leaves  at  the  surface  of  the  grouuJ,  and 
a  handsome  drooping  yellow  flower  at  top.    Woods.    3—5'.    April,  May. 
^.  bracleatum.    Leaves  very  unequal  ;  scape  with  a  bract  near  the  flower.    Vt. 

2  E.  albidiini  N.     White  E.    Scape  naked,  bearing  a  white  drooping  flower  ;  petals 

without  teeth,  narrowed  to  the  base.    Wet  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.    Slay,  June. 

2.  TULIP  A,  Tourn.     Tulip.    Perianth  campanulate.     Sta.  short,  subu- 


342  Order  147.— LILIACE^. 

late,  auth.  broad-linear,  deeply  emarginate  at  base.     Style  very  sliort,  stig. 
thick.     Caps,  oblong,  triangular.     U  Herbs  acaulesceut,  with  coated  bulbs, 
sessile  leaves,  and  a  simple  scape  bearing  a  solitary,  erect  flower. 
T.  Gesneriana.    Plant  emooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  near  the  ground  ;   segments 
very  obtuse,  endlessly  variegated  with  red,  yellow,  and  white.    Persia.    May,  June. 

3.  LILIUM,  L.  Lilt.  Perianth  bell-forra,  colored.  Sep.  6,  gradually 
spreading  or  recurved,  each  with  a  longitudinal  honey-groove  within  from 
middle  to  base.  Sta.  shorter  than  the  style,  anth.  versatile.  Style  clavate, 
stig.  3-lobed.  Caps,  subtriangular.  Seeds  2-rowed  in  each  cell,  i;  Bulbs 
scaly.     Steins  leafy.    Flowers  large,  showy.    June— August. 

*  Native  wild  Lilies,  with  yellow,  orange,  or  red,  spotted,— a;  nodding  tts..Nos.  1—3 

—X  erect  fls Nos.  4,  5 

*  Exotic  Lilies,  cultivated,  mostly  hardy.    Fls.  nodding  (except  Nos.  6, 14)  ...(a) 

a  Stems  bearing  bulblets  in  the  axils.    Flowers  orange-colored Nos.  6,  7 

a  Stems  never  bulbiferons.— y  Fls.  white.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  scattered. . .  Nos.  8—10 

—y  Fls.  wh.,  varieg.  and  spotted,  sweet Nos.  11—13 

— y  Fls.  yellow  or  straw-colored Nos.  14—16 

— y  Fls.  red  or  puiple Nos.  17 — 19 

1  li.  Canadeiise  L.     Yellow  L.    Leaves  mostly  in  whorls,  lanceolate,  the  veins  be- 

neath hairy;  ped.  terminal,  mostly  in  3's  ;  sepals  gi-adually  spreading,  yellow  to 
orange,  with  purple  spots  inside.    Meadows,  mostly  N.    2— of. 

2  Ij.  superbuni   L.     Turk's-cap.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 

whorled,  upper  scattered  ;  flowers  often  numerous,  orange  to  red,  spotted,  the  se- 
pals revolute.    Wet  soils.    4— (if.    Flowers  3— .30.    Plant  splendid. 

3  Li.  Carolinlanmn  Mx.    Lvs.  1-veined,  oblanceolatc,  acuminate,  tapering  to  the 

base,  the  upper  whorled,  the  lower  scattered  ;  sepals  lance-linear,  recurved  (not  revo- 
lute), deep  yellow  spotted  with  purple.    Swamps,  S.    IJ— 3f.    Flowers  1—3. 

4  li,  Pliiladelpliicuni  L.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  the  upper  whorled,  lov.'er  scattered  ; 

fls.  1 — 3  ;  sepals  erect-spreading,  lance-ovate,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  clawed,  orange- 
red,  spotted  at  base,  2J'  long.    Dry  pastures  and  copses.    15— SCK. 

6  L..  Catesbaei  Walt.  Lvs.  all  scattered,  lance-oblong  to  linear  ;  flower  solitary  ;  se- 
pals lanceolate,  wavy,  3—4',  the  long  claws  yellow,  lamina  and  long,  thickened  acu 
miuation  scarlet,  spotted  with  purple.    Damp  barrens,  Md.,  and  S.    2— 3f. 

6  li.  BULBfFERUM.    Fls.  crcct,  roiigh  iusidc,  2J' ;  scp.  scssilc  ;  Ivs.  3-veined.    4f.   Italy. 

t  li.  TiGRiNUM.    Fls.  nodding,  spotted  ;  sep.  sessile,  3}',  rev.  ;  lvs.  5-veined.  6f.  China 

8  li.  cANDiDuai.    Fls.  campanulate,  several,  smooth  inside.    From  Persia.    3— 4f. 

9  li.  Jap6nicum.    F1.  solitary,  campanulate;  sep.  revolute  at  apex.    Japan.    2— .3f. 

10  li.  LONGiFLORUM.    Fls.  Solitary,  tubular-bcU-form  ;  Sep.  5— 6'.    From  Japan.    If. 

1 1  li.  GIGANTEU3I.    Tall  (8f ) ;  fls.  spicate,  trumpet-form,  white,  with  carmine  lines. 

12  li.  SPECiosuM.  Stem  2— 3f ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  scattered  ;  fls.  1—3,  fragrant ;  sepals 
5',  revolute,  white  to  roseate,  with  purple  warty  spots  inside.    Japan.    Splendid. 

13  li.  AURATUM.  Stem  1— 2f ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered;  fls.  1—3,  fragi-ant ;  sepals 
6—7',  spreading,  white,  with  a  yellow  band  and  purple  spots.    Japan.     "  Glorious." 

14  li.  CRocEUM.    Lvs.  some  in  3''s,lin. -falcate  ;  fls.  erect,  often  umbellate,  rough  inside. 

15  li.  TESTACEUM.    Lvs.  whorlcd?  lanceolate,  many ;  fls.  several,  large,  straw-col.    (if. 

16  li.  CoLCHicuM.    Lvs.  crowded,  lance-lin.  ;  fls.  sev.,  funnel-form;  sep.  recurved.    2f. 

1 7  li.  PoMPONiuM.    Lvs.  lin.  to  subulate,  crowded  ;  fls.  small,  scarlet ;  sep.  rough,  revol. 

18  li.  Mart  AGON.  Lvs.  lancc-obloug,  whorled;  fls.  panicled,  purple  to  roseate,  revo- 
lute, spotted.  From  Europe.  5f.  [not  spotted  ;  sepals  reflexed.  Palestine.  3f. 

19  li.  CuALCEDONicuM.    Lvs.  lauce-lincar,  crowded,  erect,  rough-edged  ;  fls.  bright  red, 

4.  FRITILLARIA,  Tourn.     Chequered  Lily.     Perianth  campanu- 


'  Okdek  147.— LILIACE.E  343 

late,  with  a  broad  base  and  nectariferous  cavity  above  the  claw  of  each 
segment.  Stamens  as  long  as  the  petals.  Stig.  trifld.  Caps,  coriaceous,  3- 
celled,  scptifragal.  U  With  coated  bulbs,  simple,  leafy  stems,  bearing  1 
or  more  nodding  flowers  in  Spring. 

1  F.  iJiPEEiALis.     Crown  Imperial.    Stem  3f,  at  base  invested  with  long,  narrow  Ivs., 

the  middle  nalied,  the  summit  bearing  a  raceme  of  large  drooping  red  flowers  beneath 
a  crown  of  bracts.    Var.  flava  has  yellow  flowers.    Persia. 

2  F.  MELEAGUis.    Chequered  L.    Stem  l-flo\vered,  with  alternate,  linear,  channelled 

leaves  ;  flower  large,  nodding,  chequered  with  purple  and  yellow.    Europe.    If. 

3  F.  Peesica.    Fls.  brownish-purple,  in  a  pyramidal,  naked  raceme.    Persia.    3f. 

5.  CALOCHORTUS,  Ph.  Perianth  twisted  in  cestivatiou.  Sepals  3, 
smaller  than  the  3  petals,  which  are  bearded  within  except  a  central  gla- 
brous spot.  Style  very  short,  anth.  recurved.  Seeds  1-rowed  in  each  cell 
of  the  capsule,     y  Californian,  bulbous.    Leaves  narrow.     Stem  erect. 

C.  SPLENDENS.  Stem  with  3—5  large,  open,  lilac  flowers  ;  pet.  each  with  a  brown-yellow 
eye  in  the  middle.    1 — 2f.    June. — A  splendid  flower,  yet  rare  in  cultivation. 

C.  PULCHELLT's  and  C.  ALECS,  with  the  petals  connivent  into  pendent  globes,  the  one 
golden  yellow,  the  other  satin  white,  are  very  beautiful. 

6.  NOLINA,  Ricli.  Perianth  small,  of  6  equal  ovate  spreading  parts, 
longer  than  the  6  stamens.  Stigmas  3,  recurved,  with  a  very  sliort  style. 
Caps.  3-winged,  3-(or  l-3-)seeded.  U  Bulb  coated.  Scape  Avidely  branched. 
Flowers  racemed,  white,  nearly  bractless. 

N.  Georgiana  Mx.— Sand  hills,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Scape  2— 3f,  from  a  large  bulb.  Leaves 
long,  narrow,  all  radical,  recurved  and  cliannelled,  rough-edged. 

7.  SCILLA,  L.  Squill.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  spreading  (blue  or 
purple).  Filaments  6,  slender,  style  thread-club-shaped.  Caps.  3-angled, 
3-celled,  cells  with  1  or  several  black  seeds.  U  Bulb  coated,  bearing  sev- 
eral linear  leaves  and  a  scape  with  a  raceme. 

1  S.  escnienta  Ker.    Quamash.    Lvs.  keeled,  flaccid,  shorter  than  the  scape  ;  Ijracts 

subulate,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  filaments  filiform ;   stigmas  3-toothed ;   sepals 
widely  spreading,  pale  blue.    Bottoms,  W.    1— 2f.    May.    (Camassia,  Lindl.) 

2  S.  Peruviana.    Leaves  ciliate  on  the  edges,  longer  than  the  scape  ;  flowers  stellate, 

in  a  dense  conical  corymb,  violet-blue,  rarely  white.    Spain. 

8.  ORNITHOGALUM,  L.  Stak  of  Bethlehem.  Stem  a  coated 
bulb.  Sep.  and  pet.  similar,  white,  spreading,  3-7-veined.  Fil.  G,  subulate. 
Style  slender,  stigma  3-ang1ed.  Caps,  roundish,  3-angled.  Sds.  few,  black. 
U  Scape  with  a  coiymb  of  bracted  flowers,  and  linear  leaves. 

O.  nmbellatnm  L.  Leaves  channelled,  as  long  as  the  scape  (If; ;  flowers  few,  on 
long  pedicels,  the  white  sepals  each  with  a  green  band  outside.    June.    §  Europe. 

9.  ALLIUM,  L.  Garlic.  Onion.  Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel,  with  a 
membranous  2-(l-4-)leaved  spathe.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted.  Seg.  mostly 
spreading,  ovate,  the  3  inner  somewhat  smaller.  Ovary  angular,  stigma 
acute.  Caps.  3-iobed.  Seeds  few,  black.  Strong-scented,  bulbous  plants. 
Leaves  mostly  radical. 


344  Order  147.— LILIACE^. 

§  Leaves  (none  at  flowering-tirae)  flat,  lanceolate.    Ovary  only  3-ovuled No.  1 

§  Leaves  present,  flat.— «  Ovary  6-ovuled,  often  with  a  6-toothed  crest. . .  (y) 

—a  Ovary  GD-ovuled,  not  crested.    Leaves  linear No.  5 

§  Leaves  terete  and  hollow. — x  Scape  or  stem  slender,  not  inflated Nos.  8,  9 

—X  Scape  inflated  in  the  midst.    Cultivated... .Nos.  10,  11 

y  Wild  native  species.    Leaves  linear  and  very  narrow Nos.  2 — 4 

y  Exotics  cultivated.    Leaves  lance-linear  or  broadly  linear Nos.  6,  7 

1  A.  tricoccum  Ait.   Lvs.  5—8',  fugacious,  mostly  gone  in  June,  when  the  scape,  with 

its  rounded  umbel  of  10—12  white  fls.,  appears.    Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  and  W.    If. 

2  A.  cernuuni  Roth.    Lvs.  very  long  ;  umbel  c«)'«?/om«,  with  12— 20  bright  roseate  fls. ; 

sepals  oblong-obovate,  acute  ;  fllam.  filiform,  exsertcd.    N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    IJ— 2f.    Jl. 
p.  gfellatum.    Umbel  mostly  erect ;  stam.  not  exserted.    Dry,  111.,  and  W.    J — Hf. 

3  A.  Caiiadense  Kalm.    Scape  terete  ;'leaves  shorter  than  the  scape;  umbel  erect, 

capitate,  consisting  of  both  (whitish)  fls.  and  bnlblets  mixed.    Shades.    If.    June. 

4  A.  mutabile  Mx,    Lvs.  lin. -filiform,  thin,  shorter  than  the  terete  scape;  unib.  20- 

<10-flwd.,  erect ;  spathe  3-lcaved,  purplish  ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  sta., 
white  or  roseate  ;  capsule  .3-lobed,  3-seeded.    Woods,  S.    1— Hf.    March— May. 

5  A.  striatum  Jacq.    Lvs.  linear,  nearly  equalling  the  terctish  scape  ;  spathe  2-lvd. ; 

fls.  .3—7,  sep.  lance-ovate,  green-striped  outside ;  not  garlic-scented.  W.  and  S.  8—12'. 

6  A.  SATIVUM.     Common  Garlic.    Bulb  consisting  of  many  small  ones  in  a  common 

sheath ;  stem  leafy  to  the  middle  ;  umbel  bulb-bearing  ;  flowers  white.    Sicily.    July. 

7  A.  POKRUM.    Zeek.    St.  compressed,  sheathed  at  base  by  the  channelled  leaves  ;  umb. 

globous,  white  ;  stamens  a  little  longer  than  the  rough-keeled  sepals.    Europe.    July. 

8  A.  vine  lie  L.     Civiv  Garlic.    Stem  and  few  fistulous  lvs.  very  slender  ;  umb.  bulb- 

bearing;  stamens  alternately  .3-cuspidate.    Fields,  June.    It  spoils  the  cows' milk. 

9  A.  seliienoprasiim  L.    Cires.    Scape  equalling  the  terete,  filiform,  fistulous  lvs. ; 

umb.  capitate  ;  sep.  longer  than  the  simple  stamens,  rose-purple.    Lake  shores,  N.    % 

10  A.  FisTULOsuM.  Welsh  Onion.  Scape  inflated  in  the  midst,  not  taller  than  the  fis- 
tulous leaves  ;  umbel  dense,  globular  ;  stamens  exserted.    Asia.    18'.    % 

1 1  A.  Cepa.  Common  0.  Scape  inflated  near  the  base,  much  taller  than  the  fistulous 
leaves.    OS)  Universally  cultivated,  and  of  many  varieties. 

/3.  PKOLiFERUM.     719;)  0.    Umbcl  producing  bulblets  instead  of  flowers. 

10.  HYACINTHUS,  L.  Hyacxnth.  Perianth  tubular-bcll-form,  seg- 
ment spreading-recurved.  Stam.  straight,  perigynous.  Ovary  free.  Seeds 
few.     1i  Bulb  coated.     Scape  racemous. 

H.  oRiENTALis.  Lvs.  thick,  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as  the  scape  ;  flowers  many,  half 
6-cleft,  tumid  at  the  base,  blue,  varying  to  purple,  red,  white,  &c. ;  stamens  deeply 
included.    Levant.    March,  April.    Fine  for  the  bulb-glass. 

11.  MUSCARI,  Tourn.  Grape  Hyacinth.  Perianth-tube  ventricous, 
ovoid,  globular  or  urceolate,  limb  of  6  very  short  blunt  teeth.  Otherwise 
as  in  Hyacinthua. 

1  M.  botryoides  L.    Fls.  scentless,  globular,  nodding,  blue  (&c.),  2";  lvs.  broad-lin., 

obtuse,  longer  than  the  scapes  (10').    Gardens  and  fields.    May.    §  Europe. 

2  M.  MOSCHATUM.    Fls.  musk-scented,  oval,  nodding,  3",  greenish-blue,  or  livid,  with  a 

little  6-toofhed  crown  in  the  throat ;  leaves  lance-linear,  erect.    Europe.    April. 

3  MT.  EACEMosuM.    Flowers  fragrant,  nodding,  dense,  ovoid-cylindric,  blue  with  a  white 

limb  ;  leaves  linear,  flaccid,  channelled,  recurved.    Rare  in  gardens. 

4  M.  COMOSUM  occurs  in  gardens  as  a  monstrosity,  with  the  tall  (If)  raceme  changed  to 

a  sterile,  diffuse,  feathery  panicle  of  blue  filaments.    Showy. 

12.  SOHCENOLiRION,  Torr.    Stem  a  tuberous  rhizome.    Perianth 


Order  147.— LILIACE^.  345 

yellow,   etc.     Caps,   obovoid,  obscurely  3-lobed.     Flowers  racenied.     u 
Otherwise  as  in  Ornithogalum,  and  too  near  it.    April,  ]May. 
S.  crbccum  (M.x.)    Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  longer  than  the  scape,  which  is  very  slender, 
15—20' ;  flowers  small,  about  15  in  the  raceme,  yellow  ;  sepals  ovate,  2".    Damp.    S. 

13.  YUCCA,  L.  Bear's-gkass.  Spanish  Daggers.  Perianth  per- 
sistent and  withering,  of  6  sepals,  the  6  stamens  shorter.  Stigmas  3,  ses- 
sile. Caps,  oblong,  6-sided,  the  3  cells  partly  divided  each  into  2  by  a 
false  partition.  Seeds  Qo.  u  Stem  subterranean,  or  arising  into  a  caudex 
(§  227),  with  linear  or  sword-shaped  perennial  leaves  and  a  terminal  pan- 
icle of  white,  handsome  flowers. 

1  Y.  fllanieuf  osa  L.    Bear's-thread.   Acaulescent  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  lance-linear, 

rigid,  sharp-pointed,  the  margin  Jilamentous,  i.  e.,  bearing  thread-like  fibres  ;  scape 
5— 8f;  flowers  numerous.  Clip-form,  1  J'.    Sands,  S.    June,    t 

2  Y.  gloriosa  L.    Caulescent;  caudex  some  .3f;  leaves  clustered  at  top,  lanceolate, 

stiff",  marjrins  very  entire  ;  flowers  cup-form,  very  GO.    S.    June,  July. 

3  Y.  aloefolia  Walt.    Spanish  Daggers.    Caudes  some  lOf,  often  branched,  naked 

.md  scarred  ;  leaves  clustered  at  top,  stout  and  sharp,  serrulate  ;  flowers  white,  with 
violet  spots  ;  sepals  oblong.    Thickets  near  the  coast,  S.    June— Aug. 

14.  TRITOMA,  Ker.  Perianth  tubular,  regular,  6-toothed.  Stamens 
straight,  hypogynous,  alternately  longer,  and  with  the  style  exserted.  Caps. 

00  -  seeded.     U  Leaves  linear,  keeled.     Scape  racemed. 

T.  UvAbia.    Lvs.  in  a  dense  radical  crown  ;  scape  3— 5f,  with  a  long  raceme  of  innumer- 
able soon-pendent,  red,  orange,  and  flame-colored  flowers.    S.  Africa.    Aug. — Oct. 

15.  AGAPANTHUS,  L'Her.  Perianth  tubular  at  base,  funnel-form, 
free  from  the  ovary,  regular.  Stam.  and  filiform  style  upcurved  at  the 
end.  Caps.  3-augled.  Seeds  qo.  if  Root  tuberous.  Leaves  flat,  linear. 
Scape  bearing  a  2-leaved  umbel.     Blue.    July. 

A .  UMBELLATUS.    Scape  2f,  with  the  thick  radical  leaves  as  long ;  flowers  many,  large, 
the  pedicels  equalling  the  perianth.    S.  Africa.    A  fine  parlor  plant. 

16.  FUNKIA,  Spreng.  Perianth  funnel-form,  deciduous.  Stam.  6,  hy- 
pogynous, and  with  the  style  declinate-curved.  Caps,  elongated,  3-angled. 
Seeds  QO,  winged  at  end.  li  Root  fasciculate.  Leaves  all  radical,  ovate 
or  oblong,  veined,  petiolate.     Scape  racemed.    Japan. 

1  F.  SUBCORDATA.     \Miite  Day  Lily.    Lvs.  large,  ovate,  subcordate,  veins  strongly  im- 

pressed ;  fls.  white,  fragrant,  horizontal,  5'  long,  tube  longer  than  the  limb.  2|f.  Aug. 

2  F.  OVATA  Spr.    Bh(e  Day  Lily.    Lvs.  broad-orate,  acuminate;  rac.  many-flowered; 

fls,  funnel-form,  2',  blue  or  violet,  nodding,  tube  shorter  than  the  limb.    Ohio,  §.    + 
?.  ALBO-MARGINATA.    Uas  its  leaves  irregularly  margined  with  white. 

17.  HEMEROCALIilS,  L.  Day  Lily.  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  reg- 
ular, ephemeral,  limb  spreading.  Stam.  6,  inserted  in  the  throat,  curved 
upward.  Style  slender,  curved  like  the  stamens  and  longer.  Caps,  with  3 
few-seeded  cells,  if  Root  fasciculate.  Scapes  branched.  Leaves  linear. 
Flowers  large,  xauthic,  solitary,  or  racemed.    July. 

1  H.  FULVA.    Lvs.  channelled  ;  pet.  obtuse,  wavy ;  veins  of  sep.  branched.  An  old  gar- 

den plant,  with  large  tawny  flowers,  lasting  but  a  day.    3f.    §  Levant. 

2  H.  TLAVA.    Lvs.  channelled  ;  sep.  acute,  bright  yellow,  veins  undivided.    Siberia.   If. 


346  Oeder  147.— LILIACE^. 

18.  POLYGONATUM,  Tourn.  True  Solomon's  Seal.  Perianth  ta- 
bular, limb  short,  G-lobed,  erect.  Stamens  6,  inserted  near  and  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube,  and  with  the  slender  style  included.  Berry  globular, 
black  or  blue,  3-G-sccded.  U  Rhizome  horizontal,  thick.  St,  leafy  above, 
(Lvs.  alternate.)    Fls.  axillary,  pendent,  greenish-white.    Fig,  258. 

P.  blflorum  Ell.    Stem  rccnrved,  smooth ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  elliptic,  sessile,  obscnrely 
many-veined,  glaucous-pale  and  more  or  less  pubegccnt  beneath  ;  filaments  roughened, 
Inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  tube.    Woods.    1— .3f.    April— June. 
/3,  g^i^dnteum.    Plant  all  smooth,  tall ;  lvs.  clasping  ;  ped.  2-C-fl«'d,     3— 7f. 
y.  latifolSiim,    Plant  pubescent  above  ;  leaves  ovate,  some  etalked, 

19.  CONVALLARIA,  L.  Lily  op  the  Valley.  Perianth  campanu- 
late,  of  6  united  segments,  lobes  of  the  limb  recurved.  Stum.  6,  included, 
perigynous.  Ovary  3-celled,  1-styled,  cells  4-G-ovuled.  Berry  (red)  few- 
seeded.  U  Rhizome  creeping,  slender.  Lvs.  radical,  and  scape  very  smooth, 
low,  bearing  a  raceme  of  white,  drooping,  sweet-scented  flowers. 

C  inajalls  L.— Mountain  woods,  Va.  to  Ga.  Common  in  gardens.  6—10'.  Lv?.  ovate- 
elliptic,  2  or  3  with  each  scape.    Flowers  in  an  open  raceme,  3—4".    May,  June. 

20.  CLINTONIA,  Raf.  Perianth  campanulate,  of  6  equal,  distinct  seg- 
ments. Stam.  6,  hypogynous,  anth.  linear-oblong.  Ovary  oblong,  2-(rarely 
8-)celled.  Style  elongated.  Berry  (blue)  3-celled,  cells  2-10-seeded,  2X  Rhi- 
zome creeping.     Lvs.  few,  broad.     Scape  naked,  bearing  an  umbel. 

1  C  'boreiilis  Raf.    Lvs.  broad-oval-lanceolate  ;  flowers  2—5  in  the  bractk's?  umbel, 

cernuous  ;  berry-cells  niMy-seeded.    Mountainous  or  hilly  woods.    June.    8—13'.    A 
smooth  and  elegant  plant.    (See  Fig.  No.  715  in  the  Chiss-Dook.) 

2  C.  ujuljellata  Torr.    Lvs.  lancc-oblong ;  umbel  many-(12-S0-)flwd.,  bract ed ;   fls, 

white,  speckled,  4—5" ;  berry-cells  2-seeded.    Woods,  W,  N-Y,,  and  S.  along  the  mts, 

21.  SMILACINA,  Desf.  False  Solomon's  Seal.  Perianth  of  0  equal, 
spreading  segm.,  united  at  base.  Stam.  0,  slender,  perigynous,  anth.  short. 
Ova.  globous,  3-celled,  with  2  ovtiles  in  each  cell.  Sty.  short,  thick.  Berry 
globous,  pnlpy,  1-3-seeded.  If  Rhizome  creeping,  thick  or  slender.  Stem 
leafy,  bearing  a  terminal  cluster  of  white  flowers  in  April — June. 

§  Raceme  compound.    Stamens  longer  than  the  perianth.    Ovules  collateral No.  1 

S  Raceme  simple.    Stam.  shorter  than  perianth.    Ovules  one  above  the  other.  .Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  racemosa  Desf.    Stem  recurved ;  leaves  oval,  strongly  veined,  acuminate,  sub- 

sessile  ;  raceme  compound.    Copses  :  common.    Berries  red-dotted.    2f. 

2  S.  stellata  Desf.    St.  erect ;  lvs.  many,  lanceolate,  acute,  amplexicaul ;  fls.  few,  iu 

a  simple  raceme  ;  berries  dark  red.    Along  rivers,  N.  and  W.    10— aty. 

3  S.  trifoliata  Desf.    Erect ;  lvs.  3  or  4,  oval-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  am- 

plexicaul ;  rac.  terminal,  simple  ;  berries  red.    Mountain  swamps,  N,  and  W.    3—6', 

22.  MAJANTHEMUM,   Mcencli.     Two-leaved    Solomon's    Seal.;^^ 
iy  ^-/'•t^eriantli  of  4  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading  segments,  united  at  base,    Stam.  4,     '^ 

''^'^  Ovary  2-celled.     OlherAvise  as  in  Smilacina. 

M.  blfoliuni  DC— Common  in  open  woods.  Stem  with  2  (rarely  3)  ovate,  snbcordatc 
leaves  and  a  simple  raceme  of  small  white  flowers,  3— C.  May.— In  Oregon,  the  same 
plant  becomes  stout,  2f  high,  with  petiolate,  strongly  cordate  le.ives  1 


Order  148.— MELANTHACE^.  347 

23.  ASPARAGUS,  L.  Perianth  6-partcd,  segm.  erect,  slight-spreading 
above.  Sta.  G,  perigynous.  Sty.  verj^  short,  slig.  3.  Berry  S-cclled,  cells 
2-seeded.  if  Rts.  tibrous,  matted.  Stems  -nith  filiform  branchlets  for  leaves 
in  the  axils  of  scales. 

A.  officinalis  L.    Stem  herbaceous,  very  branching,  erect;  Ivs.  fasciculate;  flowers 
axillary  ;  berries  red.    Long  cultivated,  and  §  in  rocky  shores. 

24.  STREPTOPUS,  Mx.  Twist-foot.  Perianth  bell-form,  of  6  dis- 
tinct, recurved  sepals.  Anth.  longer  than  the  filaments.  Style  elongated, 
stigmas  3-lobed.  Berry  globons,  red,  co-seeded,  if  Stem  fork -branched. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  a  geniculate  or  curved  pedicel.     June. 

1  S.  rosens  Mx.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  margin  finely  ciliate ;  pedicels  oftener 

merely  recurved  ;  anth.  short,  2-horned  at  apex  ;  stigma  trifid.    Damp  wood?-,  north- 
ward.   If— 15'.    Flowers  reddish,  spotted,  under  the  leaves. 

2  S,  aniplexlfolius  DC.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  strongly  clasping,  margin  smooth 

and  entire  ;  pedicels  abruptly  bent  in  the  middle  ;  anthers  and  stigmas  entire  at  the 
apex  ;  sepals  long-pointed,  reflexed.    Woods,  Penn.,  and  N.    2f. 

25.  PROSARTES,  Don.  Perianth  as  in  Uvularia.  Fil.  G,  perigynous, 
included,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  anth.  Style  elongated,  trifid. 
Berry  red,  ovoid  or  oblong,  3-6-seeded.  2f  Stem  erect,  branched.  Flow- 
ers few,  greenish,  terminal,  drooping.    Slay. 

P.  lanuginosa  Don.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  clasping,  downy  beneath  ;  pedicels 
in  pairs  ;  flowers  spreadiug-bell-form  ;  st'p.  5—0"  long.    Mountains,  N.  Y.  to  Car. 

26.  UVULARIA,  L.  Bellwort.  Perianth  of  6  linear-oblong,  conni- 
vent  sepals,  each  nectariferous  at  base.  Fila.  much  shorter  than  the  long, 
linear,  included  anth.  Style  trifid.  Caps.  3-celled,  few-seeded.  2f  Stem 
forking.    Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  j^ellowish,  drooping. 

§  Leaves  perfoliate  near  the  base.    Capsule  obovoid-triangular,  truncate Nos.  1-3 

§  Leaves  sessile  or  half-clasping.    Capsule  ovoid  or  oval-triangular Nos.  4—6 

1  J],  grandlflora  Sm.    Sepals  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  without,  greenish  yel- 

low, IJ'  long  ;  anthers  obtuse  (}').    Woods,  1— 2f.    May. 

2  U.  perfoliata  L.    Mealy  B.    Sepals  acute,  1  J',  twisted,  covered  inside  with  shining 

grains,  pale  yellow  ;  anthers  cuspidate.    Woods.    10—14'.    May. 

3  U.  flava  Sm.    Lvs.  obtuse  ;  sepals  smooth  both  sides,  yellow.    1'.    N.  J.  to  Va. 

4  U.  sessllirolia  L.  TT'i/(?  Oats.    Lvs.  lance-oval,  glaucous  beneath;  capsule  stiped; 

style  3-clelt,  nearly  as  long  as  the  (9")  sepals.    Glades  :  common.    6—10'.    May. 

5  U.  Florlditna  Chapni.    Leaves  oblong,  glaucous  beneath  ;   style  3-cleft,  half  as 

long  as  the  acuminate  (8")  sepals.    Woods,  Fla.    4—6'.    March. 

6  U.  puberula  Mx.    Leaves  puberulent,  oval,  green  both  sides  ;  capsule  sessile  (no 

stipe) ;  style  3-parted  to  near  the  base,  not  exceeding  the  anthers.    Mountains,  S 

Order  CXLVIII.    MELANTHACE^.    Melanths. 

Herlii  perennial,  sometimes  bulbous,  often  poisonous,  with  parallel-veined 
leaves.  Penanth  double,  regular,  persistent,  of  6  consimilai',  green  or  col- 
ored segments.  Stamens  6,  with  extrorse  anthers,  3  distinct  styles  or  sessile 
stigmas,  and  a  free,  3-celled  ovary.  Ca'psule  3-cclled,  3-partible  or  septicidal, 
and  seeds  few  or  many,  with  a  thin  seed-coat. — Very  near  the  Lilyworts, 
but  the  divided  pistils  afford  a  practical  distinction. 


348  Order  148.— MELANTHACE^. 

§  Perianth  6-parted,  tube  very  long,  radical,  like  the  Crocus COLCHICUM.  t 

§  Perianth  6-sepalled,  wheel-form,  on  a  scape  or  stem,  with  leaves... (») 
»  Anthers  1-celled,  extrorse,  cordate,  becoming  peltate  by  opening... (a) 

•  Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.     Capsule  loculicidal.     Flowers  racemous..  (c) 

•  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.     Capsule  septicidal.     Flowers  racemous...(tf) 

o  Inflorescence  racemous,  with  white  flowers.  Sta.  scarce  longer  than  sep. ..  Amianthium.  2 
o  Inflorescence  spicate,  with  green  flowers.  Sta.  twice  longer  than  sepals..  .Sch.enoc.\ulon.  3 
a  Inflorescence  paniculate,  or  a  raceme  somewhat  branched  at  base. .  \h) 

h  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.     Stamens  perigynous Melaxthium.  4 

6  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.     Stamens  hypogynous ZiG.tDENUS.  5 

6  Sepals  not  gland-bearing.     Stamens  perigynous V'eratuum.  6 

c  Flowers  perfect.     Filaments  dilated  at  base.     Ovary  cells  2-ovuled Zerophyllum.  7 

c  Flowers  perfect.     Filaments  filiform.     Ovary  cells  CO-ovuled IIelonias.  8 

c  Flowers  direcious,  white.     Stem  leafy Cham-elirium.  9 

d  Stamens  6.     Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  9— 40 Tofieldia.  10 

.;  Stamens9— 12.     Flowers  deep  yellow,  6— 9,  mostly  6 Pleea.  U 

1.  COLCHICUM  ATJTUMNALE.  A  plant  of  curious  habit,  from  Europe. 
The  1—3  loDg-(5-S'-)tubed,  lilac-colored,  6-parted  flower  arises  directly  from  the  new  tuber 
in  the  Autumn,  followed  in  the  succeeding  Spring  by  a  stem  bearing  the  leaves  and  fruit. 

2.  AMIANTHIUM,  Gray.  Fly-poison.  Fls.  5  .  Sep.  sessile,  spread- 
ing, glanclless,  sliorter  than  the  stamens.  Anth.  reniform.  Caps.  3-hornecl, 
8-partible  into  1-4-seedecl  follicles.  2f  St.  bulbous  at  base,  scape-like.  Lvs. 
grass-like.    Fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  turning  green  with  age.     May— July. 

1  A.  muscjetoxlcum  Gr.    Bulb  conspicuous ;  lvs.  broad-linear,  obtuse,  many  ;  rac. 

dense  ;  sep.  oblong  ;  seeds  ovate,  red  and  fleshy.    Shades,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.    1— 2f. 

2  A.  angustifolium  Gr.    Tall,  slender,  scarcely  bulbous  ;  lvs.  linear,  acute  ;  sepals 

oval,  changing  to  brown  ;  rac.  very  dense  ;  seeds  linear,  dry.    Damp  woods,  S.    2— 3f. 

3.  SCHJENOCAULON,  Gray.  Fls.  5  .  Sep.  green,  linear-oblong,  half 
as  long  as  the  hypogynous  stam.  Ova.  6-8-ovuled,  carpels  slightly  cohering. 
n  Scape  bulbous,  rush-like.  Lvs.  sedge-like.  Spike  slender.  Apr.,  May. 
S.  gracile  Gr.— Sandy  soils,  Ga.,  Fla.    Scape  2— 3f,  lvs.  half  as  long.    Fruit  unknown. 

4.  MEIiANTHIUM,  Gronov.  Fls.  3  5$-  Sep.  spreading,  unguicu- 
late,  with  2  ghinds  at  base,  the  claws  bearing  the  short  stamens.  Ova.  often 
abortive.  Caps.  3-lobed,  3-pointed  with  the  persistent  styles.  U  St.  thick- 
ened at  base.     Racemes  panicled.     Flowers  yellowish.     July,  Aug. 

in.  Virginicnni  L.— Wet  meadows,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Stem  3— 4f,  leafy.    Lvs.  lanceo- 
late to  linear,  6"— 2'  wide,  subclasping.    Flowers  S",  in  a  large  panicle. 

5.  ZIGADENUS,  Mx.  Zigadene.  Segm.  colored,  spreading,  at  base 
united,  contracted  and  2-glauded.  Sta.  hypogynous,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
segm.  Ovary  adherent  at  base  or  free.  Seeds  oo,  scarcely  winged.  U 
Smooth  and  glaucous.    Leaves  linear.    Flowers  greenish,  panicled. 

1  Z.  glaberrlmusMx.    Rhizome  creeping ;  lvs.  channelled,  recurved  ;  panicle  coni- 

cal ;  fls.  1'  broad  ;  sepals  lance-ovate,  with  2  round  glands.    Swamps,  S.    2f.    June. 

2  Z.  glaucHS  N.    Stem  bulbous,  nearly  naked  ;  lvs.  flat,  much  shorter  than  the  stem  ; 

sepals  obtuse,  Z",  each  with  1  obcordate  gland.    Sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Dakota.    IJf. 

3  Z.  leiniantlioides  Gr.    Root  fibrous ;  lvs.  flat ;  panicle  slender;  segm.  obovate, 

the  glandular  spot  obscure.    Swamps,  N.  J.,  and  S.    2— If.    Flowers  white. 

6.  VERATRUM,  Tourn.  False  Hellebore.  Fls.  3  5  5.  Sep.  spread- 
ing, sessile  and  without  glands.    Sta.  shorter  than  the  perianth  and  inserted 


Order  148.— MELANTHACE^.  349 

on  its  base.     Ovary  3,  united  at  base,  often  abortive.     Capsule  3-partible. 

Seeds  few,  flat,  broadly  winged.     U  Flowers  in  panicles.    July. 

§  Stenantuium.    Sepals  at  base  united  and  adherent  to  base  of  ovary No.  1 

§  Veeatrum  pwper.    Sepals  distinct  to  base  and  free  from  the  ovary Nos.  2—4 

1  V.  angustlfolium  Ph.    Lvs.  long-linear;  stem  slender,  2— 4f;  panicle  IJf,  narrow  ; 

segm.  green-white,  subulate,  2"  ;  flowers  sessile,  the  upper  fertile.    Pa.,  W.  and  S. 

2  v.  viride  Ait.    Stem  stout  and  very  leafy,  2— 4f;  leaves  lance-oval,  ample,  strongly 

plaited ;  flowers  innumerable,  green  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  G".    Wet  meadows. 

3  V.  parviflorum  Mx.    Leaves  nearly  ail  i-adical,  oval-elliptic,  petiolate,  slightly 

plaited  ;  stem  slender,  scape-like,  long-paniculate  ;  sepals  spatulate-unguiculate,  2—3", 
half  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  dingy  green.    S.    2— 5f. 

4  "V.  "Wooclii  Robbins.    Leaves  lance-elliptic  to  lance-linear,  the  lower  long-petioled, 

plicate;  stem  rather  stout,  4— 6f;  panicle  long  and  narrow;  sepals  oblanceolate  to 
obovate,  4",  almost  black,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.    Ind.,  and  W. 

7.  XEROPHYLLUM,  Mx.  FIs.  5  .  Sep.  oval,  spreading,  sessile,  and 
without  glands.  Fila.  dilated  and  contiguous  at  base.  Styles  linear,  revo- 
lute.  Caps.  3-lobed,  cells  2-seeded.  U  Lvs.  numerous,  diy,  setaceous,  the 
lower  longer,  rosulately  reclined.  Rac.  simple,  with  white,  showy  flowers. 
X.  aspliodeloides  N.— Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  N.  C.  3— 5f.  Per.5"wide.  Ped.  1".  Jn. 

8.  HELONIAS,  L.  FIs.  g .  Sep.  sessile,  spreading,  glandless,  shorter 
than  the  filiform  stamens.  Anth.  blue.  Caps.  3-liorned,  3-styled.  Seeds  go, 
linear.  2^  Scape  thickish,  hollow,  with  many  radical,  nan'ow-oblanceolate 
leaves,  and  a  short,  dense  raceme  of  purple  flowers. 

H.  bullata  L.— N.  J.  to  Va.    Rare.    10—18'.    Lvs.  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape.    May. 

9.  CHAMffiLIRIUM,  Walt.  FIs.  5  $ .  Sepals  linear-spatulate,  per- 
sistent, white,  shorter  than  the  filiform  stamens.  Anthers  yellow.  Styles 
club-form.  Caps,  ovoid,  entire.  Seeds  go,  winged  at  each  end.  if  Root 
premorse.     Stem  strict.     Racemes  slender,  dense,  nodding  at  top. 

C.  luteuni  (L.)    Blazing  (S^ar.— Damp  grounds.    Apr.— Jn.    12—30'.    Root  lvs.  lance- 
obovate,  stem  lvs.  lanceolate,  more  on  the  taller  ?  plant.    Racemes  3 — 13'.    Spring. 

10.  TOFIELDIA,  Hudson.  FIs.  5  ,  3-bracteolate  at  base.  Sep.  spread- 
ing, sessile,  oblong.  Caps.  3-lobed,  3-partible.  Seeds  go,  oblong,  y  Lvs. 
equitant,  grass-like,  from  fibrous  roots.  Scapes  clustered,  bearing  spikes 
or  narrow,  close,  greenish  racemes.    June — August. 

*  Glabrous.    Pedicels  separate,  very  short.    Rac.  simple,  short,  spicate Nos.  1,  2 

*  Glandular.    Pedicels  in  3's  (I's — 4's),  short.    Bracteolcs  united Nos.  3,  4 

1  T.  glutinosa  N.    Lvs.  glabrous,  linear-ensiform,  }  as  long  as  the  TO\x^\L-glutinous 

stem  ;  rac.  short  (1— IJ'),  spicate  ;  sep.  oblanc,  2",  pod  4".    Woods,  O.  to  Wis.    15'. 

2  T.  pubeiis  Dryand.    Leaves  nearly  \  the  length  of  the  glandular-puberulent  stem  ; 

rac.  of  alternate,  remotish  fascicles,  slender,  6— S'  long,  30-40-flowered  ;  pod  scarcely 
longer  than  the  perianth.    Barrens,  Del.  to  Fla.    Slender.    2— 3f. 

3  T.  palustrls  Huds.    Lvs.  3-5-veined,  acute;  scape  filiform;  spike  ovoid,  length- 

ened in  fruit ;  bractlets  only  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels.    Shores  of  L.  Sup.,  and  N. 

4  T.  glabra  N.    Leaves  radical,  a  few  on  the  stem  ;  rac.  2—5'  long,  dense,  20-30-flow- 

ered  ;  bracilets  united  near  the  flower,  as  in  Nos.  1  and  2.    Barrens,  S.    1— 2f. 

11.  PLEEA,  L.  C.  Rich.    Sep.  wide-spread,  lanceolate,  sessile,  longer 


350  Order  150.— JUNCACE^. 

than  the  9 — 13  stamens.     Styles  subulate.     Capsules  3-lobed.     Seeds  cc 
bristle-pointed.     U  Ilush-lilie  stem  and  leaves  dry  and  rigid. 
P.  t«%nuifolia  Rich.— Bogs,  S.    1— 2f.    Sept.,  Oct.    Leaves  perennial,  erect,  very  nar- 
row, If,  and  bracts  sheathing.    Eac.  loose,  of  few  light-yellow,  star-like  flowers  (!'). 

Order  CXLIX.    PONTEDERIACE^.    Pontederiads. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  the  leaves  parallel-veined,  mostly  dilated  at  base. 
Flowers  spathaceous.  Perianth  tubular,  colored,  6-parted,  often  irregular. 
Stamens  3  or  6,  unequal,  perigynous.  Otary  free,  3-celled.  Style  1.  Stigma 
simple.  Capsule  3-(sometimes  l-)celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence. Seeds  numerous  (sometimes  solitaiy),  attached  to  a  central  axis. 
Albumen  mealy. 

*  Flowers  irregular,  blue.     Stamens  6.    Utricle  l-seeded,  (2  cells  abortive) Po.vtedeuia.         1 

*  Flowers  regular,— X  cyanic.    Antbers  S,  of2  forms.     Leaves  reniform Heteranthera.   2 

— X  3ellow.     Anthers  3,  of  1  form.     Leaves  linear Scholleua.  3 

1.  PONTEDERIA,  L.  Pickerel  Weed.  Perianth  bilabiate,  under 
side  of  the  tube  split  Avith  3  longitudinal  clefts  (the  2  lower  sepals  free), 
circinate  after  flowering  and  persistent.  Sta.  unequally  inserted,  3  near 
the  base  and  3  at  the  summit  of  the  tube.  Utricle  1-seeded.  U  ^';?  Leaves 
radical,  long-petioled.     Stem  1-leaved,  bearing  a  spike  of  blue  flowers.    Jl. 

1  P.  cordata  L.    Lvs.  ovate  to  oblong-deltoid,  cordate,  with  ronnded  lobes;  petiole 

shorter  than  the  peduncle;  spike  cylindrical,  pubescent,  2' long.    In  slow  waters : 
com.    A  fine,  showy  plant,  its  bine  spikes  and  smooth  leaves  1— 2f  above  the  water. 

2  P.  lancifolia  Muhl.    Lvs.  lance-oblong  to  lance-lin. ;  fls.  as  above.     S.    Apr.,  May. 

2.  HETERANTHERA,  R.  &  P.  Tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slen- 
der, limb  G-parted,  equal.  Stamens  3,  lower  anthers  oblong-sagittate,  on 
a  longer  filament.  Capsule  3-cclled,  cxi-seeded.  U  ^^  Leaves  mostly  reni- 
form, long-jjetioled.     July,  August. 

1  H,  reiiiforiuis  R.  &.  P.    St.  prostrate  or  floating ;  lvs.  roundish,  reniform  orauric- 

nlatc  at  base  ;  spathe  acuminate,  3-5-flowered  ;  flowers  white.    N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 

2  H.  lliuosa  Vahl.    Leaves  ovate-oblong,  both  ends  obtnse  ;  spathe  1-flowered,  long- 

mucrouate  ;  flowers  blue.    S.  and  W.  (Carruth).    Lvs.  1—1}',  the  stalks  thrice  longer. 

3.  SCHOLIjERA,  Schreber.  Tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  slen- 
der, limb  G-parted,  equal.  Sta.  3,  with  similar  anthers.  Caps.  1-celled, 
CO  -  seeded.  U  ^Tv"  Leaves  sheathing  at  base,  grass-like,  submersed.  Stem 
floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

S.  graminea  Willd.— A  grass-like  aquatic,  in  flowing  water,  N.    1— 3flong.    Leaves 
1_2"  wide.    Flower  solitary,  2i'  long,  spathe  half  as  long.    July,  August. 

Order  CL.    JUNCACE^.    Rushes. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  7ierbs,  with  small,  dry,  greenish  flowers.  Perianth 
liliaceous  in  form,  more  or  less  glume-like,  regular,  6-leaved,  in  3  series, 
persistent.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3,  hypogjmous.  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse. 
Style  1.     Capsule  3-  or  1-celled,  3-valved.    Albumen  fleshy.    Figs.  144,  467. 


OuDEU  150.— JUNCACE^.  351 

•  Perianth  rellow  (greenish  outside).     Stigma  1.     Capsule  00 -seeded Narthecium.  1 

•  Perianth  green  or  brownish.     Stigmas  3— ,c  Capsule  3-seeded Luzula.  2 

—a-  Capsule  00 -seeded Juxcus.  3 

1.  NARTHECIUM,  Mcehr.  Sepals  spreading,  yellowish  inside.  Fil. 
hairy.  Caps,  prismatic,  3-celled,  tipped  with  the  single  style  and  stigma. 
Seeds  oo,  bristle-tipped  at  each  end.  if  Eoot  creeping.  Lvs.  linear,  equi- 
tant.     Scape  bracted,  simple,  racemous.    July,  August. 

N.  ossifragum  Huds.— Pine-barrens,  K  J.  Scape  terete,  8—12',  the  leaves  much 
shorter.  Sepals  lance-linear,  2".  Pedicels  3—5",  bracteolate.  Capsule  yellowish, 
4''.    (N.  Americauum  Ker.) 

2.  LUZULA,  DC.  Wood  Ecsh.  Perianth  persistent,  with  3  braci- 
lets  at  base.  Stamens  G.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded.  U  Stem  jointed, 
leafy.    Lvs.  grass-like,  on  entire  sheaths.    Fls.  terminal,  green  or  brownish. 

*  Flowers  separate,  pedicellate,  in  umbels  or  paniculate  cymes Nos.  1,  2 

*  Flowers  aggregate,— a;  in  pedunculate  heads  forming  an  umbel  or  cyme. .  .Nos.  3,  4 

— a;  in  sessile  heads  forming  a  nodding  black  spike No.  5 

1  li.  pilosa  Willd.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  fringed  with  long  white  hairs;  umbel  simple, 

12-20-flwd. ;  ped.  5—10",  soon  deflexed  ;  fls.  1",  brownish.    Groves,  Pa.,  and  N.  May. 

2  Li.  parviflora  Desv.    Taller ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  glabrous ;  umb.  decompound ;  fls. 

nodding,  small ;  sep.  J"  ;  caps,  dark  brown,  a  little  longer.   Mts.,  N.  12—18'.   Jn.,Jl. 

S  JL.  caiupestris  DC.    Field  Husk.    Lvs.  linear,  flat,  with  cottou-like  hairs  ;  fls.  in 

roundish  heads,  which  are  umbelled  with  very  unequal  peduncles  ;  sep.  rust-colored, 

longer  than  the  obtuse  caps. ;  seeds  appendaged  at  base.    Meadows.    3 — 12'.    May. 

/3.  bul&bsn.    Bulbous  at  base,  3—0' ;  sep.  shorter  than  the  globular  caps.    Apr. 

4  li.  arciiata  E.  Mayer.    Lvs.  linear,  channelled,  glabrous  ;  hds.  3-5-flwd.,  on  filiform, 

often  recurved,  unequal  ped. ;  bracts  ciliate  ;  seeds  not  appendaged.    White  Mts. 

5  Li.  splcata  DC.    Lvs.  linear,  hairy  at  base,  very  short;  spike  oblong,  8—12"  ;  sep. 

bristle-pointed,  equalling  the  roundish,  black  capsule  (+").    White  Mts.    9—12'.    Jl. 

3.  JUNOUS,  L.  EusH.  Stamens  G  or  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  or  (by  the 
dissepiments  not  reaching  the  centre)  1-celled.  Seeds  numerous.  U 
Mostly  glabrous.  Stems  simple,  leafless,  or  with  terete  or  grassy  leaves, 
entire  sheaths,  and  small,  2-bracteolate,  green  or  brown  fls.     June — Aug. 

§  Clusters  growing  apparently  from  the  side  of  tlie  simple  scape  .  .(*) 
§  Clusters  terminal  on  the  stem  or  scape.    Leaves  never  knotted. . . (**) 
§  Clusters  terminal.    Flowers  in  heads.    Leaves  internally  knotted. .  .(***) 

*  Leaves  few,  radical,  knotlcss,  terete  like  the  scape Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  none.    Flowers  separate,  not  in  heads.— a  Stamens  3 No.  3 

—a  Stamens  6 Nos.  4r— 6 

**  Flowers  separate,  not  in  heads.    Stamens  6. . .  (c) 

**  Flowers  capitate,  few  or  many  in  each  head.— 6  Stamens  6 Nos.  7,  8 

—b  Stamens  3 Nos.  9,  10 

c  Stems  branched.    Pod  much  shorter  than  the  unequal  sepals No.  11 

c  Stems  simple.— (?  Pod  globvdar,  not  exserted.    Flowers  green Nos.  12,  13 

— d  Pod  oblong  or  ovoid,  exserted,  brown Nus.  14 — 16 

***  Seeds  tailed.    Panicle  rather  erect,  longer  than  its  bract Nos.  IT— 19 

***  Seeds  acute,  not  tailed.— x  Stamens  C.  ..(y) 

—X  Stamens  3,  bracts  shorter  than  panicle.,  .(z) 
y  Heads  2-8-flwd.  (or  1-flwd.  in  No.  20).    Bracts  shorter  than  panicle. .  .Nos.  20,  21 
y  Heads  5-70-flowered.    Leaf  or  bract  overtopping  the  panicle Nos.  22,  23 


352  Okdeu  150.— JUNCACE^. 

z  Heads  5-15-flowerefl,  and  numerous,  in  April— June Nos.  24,  25 

z  Heads  20-80-flowered,  few  and  large Nos.  26,  27 

1  J.  setiicens  Rostk.   Scape  weak,  slender,  (not  sfitewOM«),  l—2f;  Ivs.  shorter;  panicle 

small,  20-30-flwd.,  flowers  separate  ;  sepals  very  acute,  pod  globous.    Sea-coast,  S. 

2  J.  Itoemerianus  Scheele.    Scape  stout,  rigid,  2— 4f,  and  leaves  pungent ;  panicle 

compound  ;  flowers  capitate  ;  scp.  Fharp-pointed ;  pod  turgid,  a  little  shorter  ;  heads 
.5-8-flowered,  dark  brown.    Marshes,  Va.  to  Fla.    (J.  maritimus  C-B.) 

3  J.  effasus  L.    Soft  R.    Scapea  straight,  not  rigid  ;  panicle  decompound,  often  dif- 

fuse ;  flowers  green,  sep.  as  long  as  the  obovoid,  obtuse  pod.    Wet :  common.    2 — 8f. 

4  J.  fllllormis  L.    Scapes  very  slender,  weak,  the  subsimple  panicle  near  the  mid- 

dle; sepals  longer  than  the  obtuse,  mucronate  pod.    Mr.  to  Mich.    1— 2f. 

5  J.  Smitlili  Engeim.    Scapes  slender,  rather  rigid.  2— 3f;  cyme  few-flwd. ;  flowers 

brown,  1"  ;  pod  round-ovoid,  mucronate,  exserted.     Broad  Mountain,  Pa.  (Porter). 

6  J.  Balticus  Dethard.    Scapes  in  dense  rows  on  ihe  rhizome,  rigid,  pungent;  pan. 

near  the  top,  brown ;  sep.  erect,  very  acute,  equall  ng  the  elliptical,  mucronate  pod 
(H").    Sandy  shores,  Me.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.    1— 3f 

7  J.  trifldus  L.    Stems  tufted,  5— S',  wiry,  sheathed  at  base,  3-leaved  at  top,  and  with 

a  sessile  head  of  3  blackish  flowers  ;  capsule  globular.    Mountains,  N.  H.,  N.  Y. 

8  J.  St ygius  L.    Stems  few-leaved  at  base,  leafless  at  top,  7—12' ;  heads  1—3,  about  3- 

flowered  ;  sepals  shorter  than  the  elliptic  pod  ;  seeds  large,  tailed.    Me.,  N.  Y. 

9  J,  repens  Mx.    Stems  low,  tufted,  2 — 6' ;  leaves  linear,  opposite,  fascicled  ;  sepals 

subulate,  awn-pointed,  3 — 4'',  the  slender  pod  2".    (T)  Md.  to  Fla.    May. 

10  J.  niarglnatiis  Rostk.  Stem  compressed;  leaves  linear,  flat;  cyme  compound  ; 
heads  many,  2-9-flowered,  chestnut-brown  ;  pod  globular.    1— 3f. 

/3.  hHibrtia.    Heads  very  numerous,  2— 3-flowered,  nearly  black.    S. 

1 1  J.  bufonlns  L.  Toad  li.  Slender,  3—8',  tufted  :  leaves  1—2';  branches  2,  flowei 
bearing  the  whole  length  ;  flowers  remote,  green  ;  the  3  outer  sep.  longer.    Common. 

12  J.  tenuis  Willd.  Stems  wiry,  8—24' ;  leaves  flat-filiform,  3—8' ;  bracts  longer  than 
the  loose  panicle  ;  sepals  green,  longer  than  the  roundish  pod.    Common. 

3.  secittntut.    Flowers  l-rowed  on  the  branchlets  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  panicle. 

13  J.  dicUotomus  Ell.  Stem  wiry,  1— 2f;  Ivs.  terete-filiform,  channelled,  on  long 
sheaths  ;  panicle  forked  or  dense  ;  pod  roundish,  long  as  sepals.   S.  Too  near  No.  12. 

14  J.  Gerardl  Loisel.  Black  Grass.  Sts.  wiry,  leafy,  l—2f;  Ivs.  thread-ensiform,  3—8' ; 
pan.  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  style  canspicuous ;  pod  blackish,  long  as  sepals.   Marshes. 

15  J.  Greenii  Oakes  &  Tuckm.  Wiry  scapes  and  filiform  Ivs.  rigid;  bract  filiforrn, 
twice  longer  (4')  than  the  small  panicle  ;  flowers  secund,  straw-brown  ;  sepals  ovale, 
shorter  than  the  ovoid  pod.    Coasts  of  N.  Eng.  and  Mich.    1— 2f. 

16  J.  Vaseyi  Engeim.  Sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  oval  pod;  bract  scarcely 
longer  than  the  panicle.    Otherwise  like  No.  15.    Mich.  (Prof.  Porter). 

1 7  J.  asper  Engeim.  Sts.  rigid,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  rigid  and  rough,  3—10' ;  hds.  scattered,  3-5 
flwd.,  Sep.  2i",  strongly  veined,  subequal !  shorter  than  the  pointed  brown  pod.   N.  J 

18  J.  caiidatus  Chapm.  Sts.  rigid,  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  3,  rigid,  erect;  panicle  large,  erect; 
hds.  2^-flwd. ;  sep.  2",  unequal ;  pod  3",  finally  black ;  sds.  with  long  white  tails.    S. 

19  J.  Canadensis  Gay.  Sts.  terete,  with  2  or  3  erect,  smooth  Ivs. ;  fls.  in  Aug.  and 
Sept.,  3—50  in  a  head,  paniculate,  brownish  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  3  outer  shorter,  none 
longer  than  the  oblong-triangular  pod  ;  stamens  3.    Common  and  very  variable. 

a.  coarelatus.    Heads  2-5-flwd.,  in  a  contracted  panicle  ;  pod  brown,  exserted. 
/3.  brarhyclphalus.   Hds.  3-5-flwd.,  in  a  spreading  panicle;  pod  brown,  exserted. 
y.  Kubcautlatus,    Slender;  heads  8-20-flwd.,  remote  ;  seeds  with  short  white  tails. 
5.  long-icaudfituf.  Stouter ;  hds.  8-50-flwd.,  approximate  ;  sds.  slender,  long-tailed. 

20  J.  pelocarpiis  Meyr.  Sts.  slender,  2-3-lvd.,  10—20';  panicle  much  branched ;  fls. 
in  pairs  or  solitary,  scattered,  reddish;  pod  oblcug,  pointed  with  the  slender  style, 
longer  than  the  oblong  sejials.    Wis.  to  Me.  and  Fla.    (J.  Conradi  Tuckm.) 

21  J.  articulatus  L.  Stems  If,  with  1—2  leaves  ;  lieads  3-8-flowered,  crowded  in  a 
spreading  panicle  ;  sepals  brownish,  oblong  ;  pod  deep  brown,  oblong,  exserted      N 


Order  I.jI.— COMMELYNACE^.  ?>o?) 

p.  obtuaata.   Heads  5-flo\vered ;  sepals  and  pod  green,  obtuse,  mucronate.    Phila 
y.  insiernit.    Panicle  erect,  few-flowered  ;  outer  sepals  cuspidate,  inner  obtuse. 

22  J.  mllitarls  Bw.  Bayonet  U.  Stem  stout,  2— 3f,  bearing  a  single  terete  leaf  near 
the  middle,  which  overtops  the  panicle  ;  heads  5-15-flowered ;  sepals  brownish,  acute, 
as  long  as  the  acuminate  capsule.    Bogs,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  lo  Del. 

23  J.  nodosiis  L.  Stem  slender.  2-  or3-lvd. ;  Ivs.  slender,  the  upper  (bracts)  overtop 
ping  the  duster ;  heads  few  (1 — 9),  approximate,  5-50-flcwered  ;  sepals  brown,  lance- 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  beaked  capsule.    AVet  sands.  Can.  to  Car. 

p.  tneg'ac^phalug.    Stout,  3f,  upper  leaf  and  bract  exceeding  the  simple  cluster ; 
heads  50-80-flowered,  green  ;  outer  sepals  subulate-awned,  as  long  as  the  pod. 

24  J.  acuniluatus  Mx.  Stems  2-  or  3-lcaved  ;  hds.  3-15-flowered,  in  a  loose  spread- 
ing panicle  exceeding  the  bract ;  sepals  lance-subulate,  nearly  equalling  the  short- 
pointed  brown  pod  ;  seeds  minute,  acute  at  both  ends.    May,  June. 

/3.  dtbiltH.    Slender  or  stout ;  hds.  .3-7-flwd. ;  pod  exserted.  N.  J.,  Ky..  and  S.  9'-,3f. 
y.  leg-itinius.     Heads  S-15-flowered  ;  pods  scarcely  exserted.    (J.  Pondii  C-B.) 

25  J.  Elliottll  Chapm.  Stem,  leaves,  and  panicle  very  erect,  1— 2f ;  hds.  5-8-flwd.,  fls. 
1"  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  turgid-ovoid,  blackish  pod  ;  seeds  acute.    April. 

26  J.bracliycarpusEng.  Strict,  rigid,  Ij — 2}f;  leaves  2—3 ;  bract  short ;  hds.  round, 
dense.  50-fl\vd.,  pale,  few  (2 — 10) ;  3  outer  sepals  awned.  much  longer  than  pod.    W. 

p.  ?  n^oint.  Pan.  spreading ;  pod  ovoid,  blunt,  little  shorter  than  the  sep.  111.  (Wolf), 

27  J.  sclrpoides  Lam.  Rigid,  2f;  heads  and  bract  as  in  the  last ;  style  usually  ex- 
serted ;  sepals  pungent-awned,  equalling  the  taper-pointed  pod.    N.  T.  to  Ga. 

/3.  polifciphalus.    Stout,  3f ;  heads  60-90-flwd.,  brownish,  distant ;  Ivs.  flattened. 

Order  CLI.    COMMELYNACE.E.    SnoERwoRxs. 

Herbs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves,  sheathing  at  base.  Sepals  S,  green,  petals 
3,  colored.  Siamejis  6,  some  of  them  usually  deformed  or  abortive.  Styles 
and  stigmas  united  into  one.     Capsule  3-  or  3-Talved.     Seeds  3  or  more. 

§   Flowers  irregular,  clustered  in  a  spatlie-like,  cordate,  floral  leaf Commelyx.\.        1 

§  Flowers  regular,  clustered.     Floral  leaves  like  the  rest.     Stamens  6 Tradescaxtia.   2 

§   Flowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary.    Stamens 3.     Moss-like  herbs .Mayaca.  3 

1.  COMMELYNA,  Dill.  Fls.  irregular,  3  of  the  stamens  sterile,  with 
glands  for  anthers.  Caps.  3-celled,  one  of  the  cells  abortive  or  1-seeded. — 
Leaves  contracted  to  the  sheathing  base.  Floral  leaf  or  spathe  erect  in 
flower,  reciuwed  before  and  after.     Petals  blue,  open  but  a  few  hours. 

1  C.  communis  L.    Procumbent  and  much  branched ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  rounded  at 

base  ;  spathe  lateral,  2-6-flowered  ;  odd  petal  reniforra.    Wet  soils,  S.    June— Nov. 

2  C.  Cayennensis  Rich.    Procumbent,  glabrous,  with  small  (1^—2^0  ovate-oblong, 

obtuse  leaves ;  spathe  lateral,  3-4-flowered  ;  odd  petal  round-ovate.    Banks,  111.  to  La. 

3  C.  Vlrginica  L.    Stem  weak,  ascending;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  linear;  spathe  broad- 

cordate  when  open  ;  odd  petal  very  small,  raised  on  a  claw.  Dry.   M.,  S.,  W.  Jl.,  Aug. 

4  C.  erecta  L.    Erect,  pubescent,  sheaths  hairy;  leaves  lanceo'.ate;  spathe  hawk-bill- 

shaped,  its  base-lobes  united  ;  petals  nearly  equaL    Woods,  Pa.,  "W.  and  S.    Jl.,  Aug. 

2.  TRADE SCANTIA,  L.  Spiderwdrt.  Fls.  regular.  Sep.  persistent, 
pet.  large,  roundish,  spreading.  Fil.  clothed  with  jointed  hairs,  anth.  reni- 
form.     Caps.  3-celled.     2f  Fls.  in  terminal,  close  umbels.    Juice  viscid. 

1  T.  Virginica  L.  Umbels  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary,  with  leafy  bracts  ;  ped.  soon 
reflexed ;  flowers  ephemeral,  of  a  rich  deep  blue ;  leaves  linear,  channelled ;  stem 
thick,  jointed.  2— 3f.    Damp.    M.,  S.,  W.    Cultivated. 


354  Order  153— XYRIDACE^. 

2  T.  pilosa  Lehm.  Umbels  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary;  leaves  lanceolate,  hairy 
both  sides  ;  flowers  small,  bluish  purple.    Banks,  111.  to  O.,  and  S.    2f. 

S  T.  rosea  Mx.  Umbels  terminal,  pedunculate,  with  subulate  bracts  ;  leaves  linear  ; 
petals  rose-colored,  twice  longer  than  the  smooth  cal3-x.    May.    If. 

4  T.  CBASsiroLiA.  From  Mexico,  a  trailing  leaf-plant,  in  vases  and  baskets,  with  thick 
ovate  leaves,  variegated  with  purple,  green,  and  white.    Flowers  roseate. 

3.  MAYACA,  Aubl.  Stamens  3,  opposite  the  sepals. '  Caps,  l-celled. 
Seeds  several,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves.  .^  Moss-like,  creep- 
ing, branching,  beset  with  narrow,  linear  leaves.  Peduncles  solitary,  axil- 
lary, 1-flovvered.     Resembles  a  Sphagnum. 

M.  Micliauxli  Schott.  &  Endl.  Fed.  longer  than  the  Ivs.  (which  are  2—3"),  reflexed 
in  fruit;  pod  9-12-seeded ;  petals  white.    Shallow  waters,  Va.  to  Fla.    July. 

Order  CLII.    XYRIDACE^.    Xvrids. 

Herbs  sedge-like,  with  equitant  leaves  and  a  scape  bearing  a  head  of 
regular  triandrous  flowers.  Perianth  of  3  glumaceous  sepals  and  3  colored 
petals.  Fertile  stanwns  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule 
3-valved,  oo-seeded. 

XYRIS,  L.  Yellow-eyed  Grass.  Head  of  flowers  ovoid-cylindrical, 
invested  with  an  armor  of  cartilaginous  scales.  One  sepal  membi'anous, 
involving  the  yellow  corolla  in  bud,  the  2  lateral  strongly  keeled,  persistent. 
Pet.  creuulate,  on  claws,  caducous.  3  sterile  sta.  alternately  with  the  3  fer- 
tile.  U  Lvs.  radical,  linear,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  slender  scape.  Jn.-Aug. 

*  Scape  2-edged  above  (except  No.  6).  Lvs.  long,  linear,  flat,  often  twisted. .  .{x) 

*  Scape  teretish,  its  lvs.  shorter  than  its  sheath  (No.  9)  or  longer,  and  filiform. .  .No.  8 

X  Sepals  exceeding  the  bract,  and  fringed  on  the  winged  keel Nos.  6,  7 

X  Sepals  (the  2  lateral)  included,—)/  winged  and  ciliate  on  the  keel Nob.  3—5 

—y  wingless  or  very  nearly  so Nos.  1,  2 

1  X.  flexuosa  Muhl.    Common  X.    Scape  6— IS',  often  bulbous  at  base  ;  lvs.  narrowly 

linear,  3—9',  often  twisted  ;  head  round-ovoid,  3-^";  sepals  minutely  bearded  at  the 
Kp,  lance-oblong,  quite  wingless  on  the  keel.    N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  Ga. 

2  X.  ambigua  Beyr.    Scape  2— .3f;  lvs.  broad-linear,  rough-edged,  (i — 12';  hd.  lancc- 

cblong,  9—15"  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  slightly  winged  ;  petals  large  (ti").    Barrens,  S. 

3  X.  Carolinlana  Walt.    Scape  1— 2Jf,  the  broad-linear  lvs.  more  than  half  as  long; 

hd.  yellowish-brown,  G— 9"  ;  eep.  obscurely  fringed ;  pet.  4—5".   Swamps,  Mass.  to  Fla. 

4  X.  Elliottii  Chapm.    Scape  2-edged  throughout,  1— Hf;  lvs.  narrow-lin.,  i  as  long; 

hd.  obovoid,  4— 5";  sep.  cut-fringed  on  the  wing ;  pet.  3".  Wet  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

5  X.  platylepls  Chapm.  Scape  2— 3f,  twisted,  as  well  as  the  broad-linear  lvs. ;  hd.  9— 

18".  pale  ;  sepals  fringed  at  the  apex,  wing  narrow ;  petals  2 — 3".   Sands,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

6  X.  torta  Sm.   Bulbous  ;  terete  scape  and  rigid  lvs.  twisted  ;  hd.  oval  to  oblong.  5—9"; 

sepal  fringe  exserted  ;  petals  large,  roundish,  8".    Sand,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    (X.  bulbosa  K.) 

7  X.  finibriata  Ell.  Scape  rough,  2— 3f,  the  broad-linear  lvs.  nearly  as  long  ;  hd.  large, 

ovoid,  9—12"  ;  sepals  much  fringed  and  exserted  ;  petals  small  (3 — 4").    N.  J.  to  Fla. 

8  X.  Baldwinlana  K.  &  S.   Scape  C— 18',  twice  longer  than  the  filiform  bristle-point- 

ed leaves  ;  head  oval,  2—4"  ;  sep.  falcate,  keel  winged,  ciliolate.   Fla.   (X.  filifoliaCh.) 

0  X.  brevtfolia  Mx.    Scape  4— 12';  lvs.  linear  to  subulate,  i— 2',  spreading  two  wa3'8 ; 

head  oval,  2—3" ;  sep.  wingless  ;  pet.  2".    Wot  places,  S.    (X.  flabelliformis  Chapm.) 


Order  154.— ERIOCAULONACE^.  355 

Order  CLIII.    ERIOCAULONACE^.    Pipeworts. 

Eerhs  perennial,  aquatic,  with  linear,  cellular,  spongy  leaves  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  slender  scapes,  which  bear  a  dense  head  of  minute  imperfect 
floicers  at  top.  Perianth  2-6-parted  or  0.  Stamens  6,  some  of  them  gener- 
ally abortive.  •  Omry  2-  or  3-celled,  cells  1-seeded. 

•  stamens  (4  or  6)  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    (Sciipe  7-12-ribbed) Eriocatjlon.        1 

•  Stamens  3,  as  many  as  the  petals.     (Scape  ."i-ribbed,  puberulent) P^palanthus.     2 

•  Siamens  3,  and  no  petals.     Scape  5-ribbed,  short,  hairy Lachnocaulon.  3 

1.  ERIOOAULON,  L.  Pipewort.  FIs.  <?  ,  in  a  compact  head,  with 
an  involucre,  the  marginal  fertile.  Sepals  3.  5  Petals  3  or  3,  black-tipped, 
united,  sta.  4  or  6.  2  Pet.  3  or  3,  distinct,  sta.  0.  Style  1,  stigmas  3  or  3. 
y  L vs.  grass-like.  Scape  fluted.  ChafFandfls.  white-woolly  at  tip.  Jn.-Aug. 

1  E.  decangulare  L.    Scape  tall  (2— 3f),  10-12-ribbed  ;  leaves  linear-ensiform,  sub- 

erect,  near  \  as  long  as  the  scapes  ;  head  3—5";  chaff  pointed.    Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 

2  E.  gnaplialbdes  Ms.       Scape  tall  (1— ajf),  10-ribbcd  ;  leaves  ensiform-subiilatc, 

2 — 4' ;  bracts  and  chaff  obtuse,  densely  white-fringed.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

3  E.  septangula,rc  Wth.    Scape  very  slender,  7-ribbud,  3 — 6',  or  in  water  several  feet 

according  to  its  dei)(h  ;  leaves  linear-setaceous,  1 — 3';  heads  globular.    N.  J.  to  Mich. 

2.  P.ffiPAIiANTHUS,  Mart.  Flowers  3-parted.  Stamens  in  the  sterile 
flowers  3.  Stigmas  in  the  fertile  flowers  3.  Capsule  3-seeded.  Otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Eriocaulou. 

P.  flaTidus  Kunth.    In  tufts  ;  scapes  5-ribbed,  minutely  downy,  6—9' ;  leaves  linear 
setaceous,  1—2' ;  head  finally  globular,  bracts  obtuse,  straw-colored.    Va.  to  Fla. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON,  Kunth.  5  Calyx  3-sepalled.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  3, 
anth.  1-celled,  filaments  united  below.  ?  Cal.  3-sepalled.  Cor.  reduced  to 
a  tuft  of  hairs  surrounding  the  3-seedcd  caps.  Otherwise  as  in  Eriocaulon. 
li.  Micliauxii  K.    Scapes  1—5',  clustered,  5-ribbed,  villous,  2—8'  (If,  Chapman);  Iva. 

ensiform-subulate,  1—2' ;  head  globular,  1—2",  brownish.    Sands,  Va.  to  Fla. 


356  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 


Class  IV.    GLUMIFER^, 

Or  Glumaceous  Ej^dogens.  Plants  having  their  flowers  in- 
yested  with  one  or  more  alternate  imbricated  glumes  (chaff  or 
husk)  instead  of  petals  and  sepals,  and  collected  into  spikelets, 
si)ikes,  or  heads.     The  Class  is  equivalent  to 

Cohort  7.  GRAMINOIDE^,  the  Graminoids  or  grass- 
like plants. 

Orber  CLIV.    CYPERACE^.    The  Sedges. 

These  are  grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  culms. 
Leaves  generally  3-ranked,  linear,  channelled,  based  on  entire  or  tubular 
sheaths.  Flowers  spiked,  perfect  or  imperfect,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
glume.  Perianth  none,  or  represented  by  a  few  hypogynous  bristles  called 
setce,  or  a  cup-shaped  or  bottle-shaped  perigynium.  Stamens  definite,  gen- 
erally 3  (1 — 13).  Anthers  fixed  by  their  base,  2-celled.  Omry  1-celled, 
1-ovuled.    Style  2-  or  3-cleft  and  the  aclienium  2-sided  or  3-sided. 

The  Sedges  abound  in  marshes,  meadows,  and  swamps. 

s  CYPERE.E.     Glumes  distychous  (2-rowe(l).     Flowers  all  perfect ...  (*) 

§  SCIRPE^.     Glumes  imbricated  all  around,  each  (except  sometimes  the  lowest)  with  a  perfect  flowei. 

Spikes  all  terminal  or  all  lateral. .  .(**) 
g  RHYNCHOSPOKE^.    Glumes  imbricated  all  around  or  irregularly,  the  lowest  empty.     Spikelets 

both  terminal  and  axillary  (except  Dichroraenaand  Chaetospora). .  .(***) 
§  CARICEtE.     Glumes  imbricated  all  around,  or  irregularly.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dicecious.    Ache- 

nium  enclosed  in  a  bottle-shaped  ^jccjV/yiitftm.  ..(****) 

*  Inflorescence  axillary.     Perigynium  or  perianth  of  6—10  setae Dulichidm.  1 

*  Inflorescence  terminal.     PerigjTaium  none. — a  Spikes  2  -  CO  -  flowered Cyperus.  2 

—a  Spikes  1-flowered,  capitate Kyllingia.  3 

**  Perianth  of  3  OTttte  clawed  petals  and  (often)  of  3  seta?.     Glumes  awned... Fuibena.  4 

**  Perianth  of  2  oblong  sessile  scales  (pales)  and  no  setae.     Spikes  GO Lipocarpha.  5 

**  Perianth  of  1  minute  double  scale  and  no  setas.     Spikes  2,  lateral Heuicarfha.  6 

**  Perianth  of  setae  only,  3 —  OO.     No  scales  or  petals... (i) 
**  Perianth  none  at  all.  ..(d) 

b  Aclienium  crowned  with  a  tubercle.     Spike  solitary,  terminal  Eleoch  iiiis.  7 

6  Achenium  not  tubercled.— c  Setae  3—6,  short,  or  else  tawny.    (Ch^tospora,  18) SciUPUS  8 

—c  Setae  00  (—6),  long,  cottony,  white  or  reddish...  .Eriophoru.m.  9 

d  Style  2-cleft.    Spikes  5 — 10,  terminal  (capitate  in  Gen.  13) Fimbristylis.  10 

d  Style  3-cleft.    Achenium  3-angled Trichelostylis.  11 

***  Achenia  crowned  with  the  persistent  style  or  its  bulbous  base  (a  tubercle). .  .(s) 

***  Achenia  not  tuberculate,— x  brown  like  the  scales.    Setae  none Cladium.  16 

— X  white  or  whitish,  crustaceous.    Sets  none Scleria.  17 

.5  Perianth  none  (no  setie).— y  Spikes  diffusely  cymous Psilocakya.  12 

— ;/  Spikes  capitate.     Bracts  colored Dichromena.  13 

s  Perianth  of  seta?.- 2  Achenium  tuberculate  with  the  base  of  the  style.. Rhynchospora.  14 

— 2  Achenium  horned  with  the  entire  long  style Ceratoschce-n'US.  15 

****  Spikes  either  with  ^  and  ?  flowers,  or  each  wholly  J  or  wholly  ? Carkx.  19 

1.  DUIiiCHIUM,  Rich.  Spikes  linear-lanceolate,  flattened.  Glumes 
sheathing,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows.     Style  long,  bifid,  the  persist- 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 


357 


eut  base  crowning  the  flattened  achenium.    Perianth  of  6—9  barbed  set«. 
U  Culm  leafy.    Racemes  of  spikes  2-rowed,  axillary.    August. 
D.  spatliaceuiu  Pers.— A  sedge  of  peculiar  and  striking  aspect,  in  marshes  and  by 

streams  :  common.    Culm  erect,  1— 2f,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  linear,  in  3  ranks. 

Spikes  1',  alternately  arranged  on  the  axillary  leafless  brauchlets. 

2.  CYPERUS,  L.  Galikgale. 
Sedge.  Spikes  flattened,  distinct, 
many-flowered.  Glumes  imbricated 
in  2  opposite  rows,  nearly  all  florifer- 
ous.  Setse  0.  Stamens  3—2.  Style 
3-(rarely  2-)clefr,  deciduous,  if  (i) 
Culms  simple,  leafy  at  base,  triangu- 
lar, bearing  au  involucrate  simple  or 
compound  head  or  umbel  at  top. 
June  to  Sept. 
§  PrcREUs.     Style    2-cleft,    nut    flattened. 

Spikes  flattened,  10-30-flo\vered. .  .(*) 
§  Cyperus.   Style  3-cleft,  uut  .3-angled.   Spk. 

5-50-flo\vered...(**) 
§  Mariscus.     Style    3-cleft.    nut    3-angled. 

Spilces  l-5-flo\vered,  deflexed (?0 

*  Stamens  2  (or  partly  3  in  No  1) Nos.  1—3 

*  Stamens  always  3 Nos.  4.  5 

**  Culm  with  many  joints,  teretish,  with  leafless  sheaths  at  base.  .No.  6 
**  Culm  jointless,  triquetrous,  leafy  below. .  (a)  (Invol.  of  20  Ivs.  No.  35) 

a  A  pair  of  free  persistent  scales  within  each  glume.  Fls.  dense.   .7 
a  Scales  adnate  to  the  rachis  or  wanting. .  .(h) 

b  Spikes  capitate  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  flattened. .  .(c) 

b  Spikes  racemed  or  clustered,  terete  oi- flattened.  Stam.  3..(w) 

c  Glumes  with  recurved  points.    Stanun  1  only. .Nos.  8,  9 

c  Glumes  with  erect  points  or  pointless.  Sta.  1. .  .Nos.  10, 11 

c  Glumes  with  erect  points.    Stamens  3. . .  {d) 

d  Umbel  compound.    Spikes  flattened,  3-5  in  the  clusters.  .Nos.  12—14 

d  Umbel  simple.— a;  Spikes  flat,  12-30-flowered Nos.  15,  16 

■-X  Spikes  flat,  5-7-flowered.    Head  solitary..  .No.  17 
—X  Spikes  flattish,  6-12-flwd.    lids.  1—7..  Nos.  18—20 

m  Spikes  flat,  12-24-flowered,  2-rowed  in  the  clusters Nos.  21—23 

m  Spikes  flat,  5-12-flwd.,  maiiy-rowed  in  the  clusters Nos.  24,  25,  35 

m  Spikes  terete,— y  few,  arranged  in  2  rows  in  the  clusters No.  26 

—y  many,  arranged  in  many  rows Nos.  27 — 29 

n  Spikes  3-5-flowered,  with  4—7  glumes Nos.  30—32 

n  Spikes  only  1-flowered,  with  3  or  4  glumes Nos.  33,  34 

1  C.  diandrus  Torr.    (Fig.  1.)  Slender,  4—10' :  umbel  of  2— 5  very 
short  unequal  rays;  spikes  (Fig.  2)  flat,  oblong,  obtusish,  4—8", 
fascicled  ;  glumes  (Fig.  3)  12—24,  brown,  with  a  green  keel ;  stamens 
(Fig.  4)  mostly  2;  nut  dull.    ©August.    Pretty, 
p.  eaataneus.    Glumes  numerous,  and  of  a  dark  chestnut-brown. 
y.  pauciftorus.     Glumes  only  5 — 9,  edg<!d  with  yellow,  2 — 3",  crowded. 
€.  Nuttallil  Torr.    Culm  erect,  4—12';  rays  few  and  short ;  spike  lance-linear,  very 
acute,   QC-flwd.,  crowded;  glumes  acute,  yellowish-brown;   stamens  2;  ach.  dull.  (I) 
p.  minimut.    Very  slender,  3-4',  hds.  few  or  several,  2-5  flwd. ;  sta.  1.    N.  J.,  Pa. 


358  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

3  C  inicrodontus  Torr.    Calm  and  Ivs.  slender;  spk.  numerous,  crowded,  linear, 

acute  ;  glumes  acute,  close ;  stamens  2  ;  achenia  oblong,  grey^  dotted.    (J)  South. 
/3.  GateHi.    Culm  and  leaves  filiform  ;  spikes  fewer,  loose  in  the  umbel.    S-W. 

4  C.  flavescens  L.     Culm  and  leaves  4—10';    rays  2— i,  short,  the  linear  obtuse 

spikes  clustered  at  the  end ;  glumes  obtuse,  straw-yellow  ;  achenia  shining,    (i)  E. 

5  C.  flavlcomus  Mx.    Culm  1 — 3f;    involucre  3-5-leaved,  very  long;   umbel  some 

compound;  spikes  numerous,  linear,  13-30-flowered,  spreading;  glumes  very  obtuse, 
brownish-yellow,  3-veined,  white-edged;  achenia  obovate,  blackish.  Va.,  and  South. 

6  C.  artlciilatus  L.    Culm  2 — 6f,  the  joints  internal,  leaves  0  or  mere  sheaths  ; 

umbel  compound,  involucre  short ;  spk.  subulate ;  gls.  14 — 20,  scarious.    Swamps,  S. 

7  C  erytlirorliizos  Muhl.    Culm  2 — 3f;  umbel  compound,  each  ray  with  several 

sessile  clusters  ;  spikes  very  many,  6'',  teretish ;  glumes  15—30,  yellow-brown  ;  inner 
scales  very  narrow  ;  achenia  3-angled,  light  colored,  minute.    (T)  Pa.,  S.  and  W. 

8  C.  Inflexus  Muhl.    Culms  clustered,  1—3',  leaves  setaceous;  hds.  1— 3;  spk.  very 

short  (1 — 2"),  crowded  ;  gls.  8 — 10,  with  a  recurved  bristle-point.    ®  Shores.    Com. 

9  C  acnmlnatus  Torr.    Culm  filiform  or  slender.  3—12';  hds.  1—7,  each  of  Cc  flat 

obi. -ovate  obtuse  spikes  2 — 3"  long ;  glumes  whitish,  recurved  at  tip.    (T)  111.  to  La. 
IOC  virens  Mx.    Culm  sharply  rough-angled,  1 — 4f;  leaves  keeled,  1 — 3f;  heads  00, 
of  CO  ovate  15-flwd.  spikes ;  gls.  greenish,  merely  acute  ;  ach.  linear.    2f  Va.,  and  S. 
p.  regelua^  has  smooth  culms  and  spikes  xery  densely  packed.    S. 

11  C.  Drummondll  Torr.  Culm  very  rough, 6— 1.5',  obtuse-angled;  hds.  CO,  dense, 
spike  oblong-linear,  40-50-flowered,  yellowish  :  glumes  ovate,  acute.    Swamps.    Fla. 

12  C.  Haspau  L.  ^.  Upton.  Culm  1— 2f,  leaves  shorter,  involucre  2-leaved,  shorter 
than  the  compound  umbel ;  spikes  linear,  acute,  6'',  3—5  in  a  cluster ;  glumes  minute, 
20—40,  mncronate,  tawny-brown  ;  achenia  very  minute,  white,  tumid.    Swamps.    S. 

1  3  C.  dentatus  Torr.    Much  like  C.  Ilaspau,  but  the  involucre  is  3-  or  4-leaved,  and 

l07iger  than  the  umbel ;  glumes  fewer  (T— 20),  larger,  the  upper  often  long-pointed. 
14  C.  liecoiitil  Torr.    Culm  and  leaves  l—2f;  umbel  much  compounded,  with  about 

3  oblong,  obtuse,  flat  silvery  spikes  on  each  peduncle;  glumes  20—40,  obtuse,  very 

closely  imbricated.    V  Sandy  coasts,  Fla.    A  liandsome  sedge. 
1  5  C  fuscus  L.    Culms  3 — U',  leaves  flat ;  spk.  lance-linear,  1 — 3",  dark-red  or  brown, 

densely  fascicled  in  many  heads  ;  glumes  rouud-ovate,  closely  imbricate.    Pliila.    § 

16  C.  conipressus  L.  Culm  tumid  at  base,  4—10',  Ivs.  shorter;  spikes  lance-linear, 
in  loose  hds  ;  gls.  12 — 40,  ov.-acuminate.  acutely  keeled  and  close-pressed.  Pa.,  and  S. 

17  C.  €livergens  Kunth.  Tufts  2 — "i'.  leaves  longer;  spikes  lance-ovate,  flat,  acute, 
1",  C-flowered,  white,  all  in  a  single  somewhat  compound  head.    Fla. 

18  C  fillculinis  Vahl.  Culm  tuberous,  very  slender,  6—12';  leaves  very  narrow, 
keeled;  spk.  lancc-lin.,  in  1 — 4  dense  lids.  ;  gls.  loose,  3 — 8,  ovate  ;  ach.  gray.    2i  Dry. 

19  C.  Grayii  Torr.  Difi'ers  from  No.  18  only  in  the  looser  heads  of  6—8  linear  spikes, 
the  glumes  less  scarious  and  less  veiny,     y  Alass.  to  N.  J. 

20  C.  Sclitveinitzii  Torr.  Culm  roiigh-3-angled,  1— 2f;  leaves  shorter ;  umbel  sim- 
ple, rays  4 — 6,  erect ;  fls.  large,  in  little  spikes  arranged  close  into  cylindric-oblong 
compound  spikes,  with  setaceous  bractlets.     7i  Shores,  N.  Y.  to  Ark. 

21  C  rotikndus  L.  ^.  Uydra.  Nut  Grass.  Culm  6'— 2f,  the  leaves  shorter ;  umbel 
simple,  rays  3  or  4,  nearly  equaling  the  invol. ;  spikes  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis ; 
gls.  14—24,  veinless,  purple-brown,    n  Va.,  and  S.    A  rank  and  troublesome  weed. 

22  C  ESCULENTUS.  Root  producing  ovoid  tubers  as  large  as  chestnuts,  eatable  when 
roasted  (those  of  No.  2:3  very  small) ;  glumes  veiny,  yellow-brown.     2f  Eur.    C  ilt. 

23  C.  pliyiiiatodes  Muhl.  Culm  1— 2f,  with  long  Ivs.  and  invol. ;  umbel  simple  or 
compound  ;  spk.  linear,  obtuse  ;  gls.  veiny,  12—20,  yellowish,    -li  Root  creeping. 

24  C,  strigosiis  L.  Culm  1— Sf;  leaves  broad-linear  ;  umbel  dense,  large,  some  com- 
pound ;  rays  1—5';  spikes  crowded,  flattened,  acute;  glumes  8— IS,  tawny,  ovate, 
acute,  veined,  much  longer  than  the  achenia.     il  Damp.    Common. 

25  C.  stenoleyis  Torr.  Culm  1}— 3f,  smcoth  :  leaves  stiflf,  rough;  rays  3—8 ;  spikes 
ciowded,  0—7"  ;  glumes  5—8,  lance-linear,  spreading;  seed  slender,  dull.    ii  S. 


OiiDER  154— CYPERACE^.  359 

26  C  dissltiflorus  Tor.  Culm  slender,  1— 2f,  longer  than  the  narrow  leaves  ;  invol. 
3-leaved;  rays;3— 5;  spike  very  slender  and  pointed,  6—!)",  separate  on  the  rachis  ; 
glumes  5—7,  lance-oblong,  acute  ;  achenia  brown,  3-angled.     U  Tenn.  to  La. 

27  C  jTIieliauxIanus  Schlt.  Culm  sharply  3-angled,  6—20';  umbel  C-10-rayed, 
simple  or  compound  ;  spikes  crowded  in  oblong  clusters,  3",  tawny ;  glumes  5 — 10, 
oblong,  overlapping,  appressed  ;  achenia  ovoid,  3-angled.     it  Swamps,  M.  and  S. 

28  C  I<:ii<£elnianni  Stend.  Spikes  very  slender,  with  the  5 — 12  glumes  remote,  and 
the  achenia  oblong-lineai*.    Otherwise  lilce  No.  27.    7i  Sandy  swamps,  W.  and  S. 

5J9  C  tetragoiius  Ell.  Culm  acutely  rough-3-anglcd.  leaves  rough-edged;  spike 
4-angled,  oblong,  2 — 3"  ;  glumes  5 — 7,  ovate,  veiny  ;  rays  6—12,  slender.     U  Dry.    S. 

30  C  ecliliiatus  (Ell.)  Culm  10'— 2f,  the  leaves  still  longer,  involucre  5-6-leaved, 
very  long;  umbel  simple,  rays  8—12,  each  with  a  globular  cluster;  spikes  3",  about 
3-flowcred.  subulate,  radiant;  glumes  veiny,  oblong,  acute;  ach.  obovoid.   if.  Dry.  S. 

31  C.  ovularis  (Vahl.)  Culm  6— IG',  leaves  shorter  ;  nmbel  simple  ;  rays  3"— 3',  each 
with  a  dense  oval  head ;  spikes  IJ",  1-3-flowered,  very  many.     %  Bogs.    M.,  W.,  S. 

32  C.  I^aiicastriensis Porter.  Culm  1— 2if;  leaves  linear,  long;  heads  5— 9,  oval, 
on  as  many  slender  rays ;  spikes  subulate.  4—6'',  soon  deflexed ;  glumes  about  5, 
veiny,  obtuse,  tawny,  very  acute,  with  about  3  linear  achenia.     11  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa. 

33  C.  retrofractus  (Vahl.)  Culm  2— 3f,  leaves  shorter,  broad;  rays  1—6',  each  with 
1  obovate,  dens«  head  ;  spikes  3'',  subulale,  l-flowered,  soon  deflexed.  U  N.  J.,  and  S. 

34  C.  uniflorus  'J'orr.  &  Hook.  Has  hds.  oblong,  I'lung,  spks.  closely  deflexed.   La. 

35  C.  ALTERNiFoLirs.  Greenhousc  species  from  Madaga^fcar.  Culm,  and  leaves,  and 
many-leaved  involucre  striped  with  white  and  green,  like  Ribbon  Grass. 

3.  KYLLINGIA,  L.  Spikes  compressed.  Scales  about  4,  the  two  lowest 
short  and  eniptj',  the  thhxl  only  usually  with  a  fertile  flower.  Sta.  1 — 3. 
Style  long,  2-ck'ft.  Achenia  lenticular.  Culms  triangular,  leafy  at  base. 
Heads  sessile,  solitary  or  aggregated,  involucrate,  odorous.     Aug. 

1  K.  puinlla  Mx.    In  tufts,  2 — 12'  high,  very  slender;  heads  solitary,  rarely  triple, 

sessile,  oval  to  oblong;  invol.  .3-lvd.,  1 — 2';  spk.  very  00,  1-flwd.,  green,  (i)  W. and  S. 

2  K.  sesqulflora  Torr.    Koot  creeping;  culms  0—12' ;  heads  mostly  triple,  oval  to 

oblong,   the  lateral  quite  small ;  spk.  densely  packed,  ?oAife/ invol.  deflexed.    n  Fla. 

4.  FUIRENA,  Rotboll.  Clot-gr.\ss.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides 
into  a  spilvc,  awned  below  the  apex.  Petaloid  scales  3,  cordate,  awned, 
unguiculate,  investing  the  stipitate  achenium.  U  Stems  angular,  leafy. 
Spikes  solitary  or  in  heads,  pedunculate,  (brown). 

1  F.  squarrosa  Mx.    Culm  l—2f,  with  several  joints  and  sheathing  flat  Ivs. ;  spks. 

ovoid,  sqttarrous  with  the  long  recurved  awns,  4 — 7  together  in  each  head.    Bogs. 
(3.  hiapiila.    Taller,  with  sheaths  and  leaves,  hispid  with  white  spreading  hairs. 

2  F,  selriioidca  Mx.    Culm  slender,  l—2f,  leafless  but  with  several  sheaths  ;  spikes 

1—3,  ovoid,  3—5",  not  squarrous,  the  short  awns  erect.    Wet,  Ga.,  Fla. 

5.  ELEOCHARIS,  R.  Br.  Spiked  Rcsh.  Spikes  terete.  Glumes 
imbricated  all  around.  Bristles  of  the  perianth  (setse)  mostly  6  (3  to  12), 
rigid,  persistent.  Stj'le  2-3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  ov^aiy.  Achenium 
crowned  with  a  tubercle  which  is  the  persistent  bulbous  base  of  the  style. 
Mostly  y,  ^\    Stems  leafless.     Spike  solitaiy,  terminal. 

§  Spike  terete,  cylindrical,  not  thicker  than  the  tall  (2—41')  culm.,  .(a) 

%  Spike  terete  (glumes  spirally  imbricated),  thicker  than  the  culm. . .  [b) 

§  Spikes  flat,  glumes  few,  in  2  or  3  rows,  often  proliferous.    Culm  capillary. . .(;) 


360  Order  154— CYPERACE^. 

a  Glumes  many,  rounded,  coriaceous.    Culm  stout.    Spike  1—2' Nos.  1—3 

a  Glumes  few,  oblong,  thin.    Culm  slender.    Spike  \ — 1' Nos.  4,  5 

b  Spike  white  or  greenish -white,  ovoid,  2 — 3".    Ach.  blackish.    S. .  .Nos.  6,  7 
b  Spike  brown  or  the  glumes  with  tawny  sides,  white-edged. .  .(c) 

c  Tubercle  nearly  as  large  as  the  ribbed  and  dotted  achenium No.  8 

c  Tubercle  much  smaller  than  the  achenium..  .(t?) 
d  Achenium  3-angled  or  tumid,  style  always  3-cleft ...(«) 

d  Achenium  flattened,  smooth,  style  2-  (  —x  Spike  lance-shaped Nos.  9,  10 

cleft  (3-2-cleftin  No.  11.)  T—a;  Spike  globous  or  ovate. Nos.  11— 13 

e  Setifi  4—6,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than— y  dotted  achenium. .  .Nos.  14,  21 

— y  smooth  achenium... Nos.  1.5,  16 

e  Setse  0—2—6,  sraoothish,  shorter  than  the  achenium Nos.  17—20 

z  Culms  often  proliferous  (i.  e.,  bearing  young  culms  at  top) Nos.  21,  22 

z  Culms  never  proliferous,  only  2—6'  high Nos.  23,  24 

1  E.  equlsetoides  Torr.    Culm  terete,  many  jointed,  2— 3f,  as  thick  as  the  spike  ; 

sheath  at  base  obtuse;  spike  1',  acute,  glumes  very  obtuse;  setae  6;  style  3-cleft; 
ach.  smooth,  brown.    Bogs,  R.  I.,  W.  and  S. 

2  E.  quadrangulata  Br.    Culm  2— 4f,  joiutless,  acutely  4-angled  with  the  sides 

unequal;   spike  1—2';  glumes  obtuse;   ach.  dull  white,  obovoid,  tipped  with  the 
distinct  tubercle  ;  setEe  6.    Bogs,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Rare. 

3  E.  cellulosa  Torr.    Culm  2f,  obtusely  .3-angled  below,  jointless  ;  spike  1',  glumes 

round;  setie  6  ;  ach.  broad-obovate,  deeply  pitted.    Marshes,  Fla.  to  La. 

4  E.  Robbiiisii  Oakes.    Culms  slender,  0'— 2f,  sharply  3-angled,  many  of  them  abor- 

tive and  splitting  into  hair-like  fibres  iu  the  water  :  spikes  6—9",  spindle-form,  5-8- 
flowered  ;  ach.  1",  half  as  long  as  the  6  setoe.    Ponds.    Rare. 
6  E.  elongata  Chapm.    Culms  floating,  very  long  and  slender,  with  many  hair-like 
abortive  ones  ;  spike  12-20-flowered ;  ach.  and  setoe  as  in  No.  4.    Ponds,  S. 

6  E.  capitata  Br.    Culms  tufted,  3—6',  striate  ;  spike  ovate,  1—2" ;  glumes  10—15, 

whilish-scarious,  oblong,  deciduous  ;  ach.  black,  shining;  setiB  6.    Ga.,  Fla. 

7  E.  ttlbida  Torr.  Culm  and  w/u/fo/i  spike  much  like  E.  capitata,  but  the  glumes  be- 

come 10—20,  the  style  Z-cleft  and  achenium  tumid,  brown.    Ga.,  Fla.,  La. 

8  E.  tuberculosa  Br.    Culms  angular,  wiry,  10—15';  spike  3— 5",  lance-ovate  ;  gls. 

DO,  very  obtuse  ;  ach.  scarcely  larger  than  its  arrow-shaped  tubercle.    Swamps. 

9  E.  palttstris  Br.    Rhizome  creeping;  culms 9'— 2f,  with  a  long  sheath;  spike  lance- 

oblong,  3— 6— 9  ' ;  glumes  reddish-brown,  very  numerous,  oblong-ovate ;  with  a  broad 
scarious  margin;  ach.  obovate,  yellowish  ;  sette  4.    Common. 
(3.  cnlia.    Bristles  wanting  ;  cnlms  filiform.    Watertown,  N.  Y. 

10  E.  oonipressa  Sull.  Culms  tufted,  very  erect,  narrow-linear,  1— Hf;  spike 
oblong-ovoid,  3—5";  gls.  10—30,  ov.-lanceolate.  brown  ;  ach.  yellow;  setse  0.   M.,  W. 

HE.  obtijsa  Schultes.  Culm  6—16' ;  spike  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  2—4"  ;  gls.  ovate, 
very  many  and  close,  red-brown,  white-edged  ;  setse  6  ;  style  often  3-cleft.    Common. 

12  E.  ollvacea  Torr.  Culms  2—1',  densely  tufted,  spreading,  flattened  and  stri- 
ated ;  spike  ovate,  acutish,  2— ■>"  ;  glumes  2J— .30,  green-brown  ;  ach.  olive.    Sands. 

13  E.  ovata  Br.  Culms  tufted,  6—10',  finely  striate;  spike  exactly  ovoid,  2—3"; 
glumes  20—30,  rounded,  tawny,  with  2  white  stride  ;  ach.  ivory-white,  pyril'orm-com- 
presscd,  capped  with  a  brotvn  tubercle  ;  setse  7,  long.    E.  Penn.    (//.  Jackson.) 

14  E.  simplex  Torr.  Culm  acute-angled,  filiform,  12-lS';  spk.  2— 3",  ovoid  ;  glumes 
ovate,  white-edged,  few  ;  ach.  olive-green,  much  larger  than  its  tubercle.    Md.,  and  S. 

15  E.  rostellata  Torr.  Culm  12— 20',  sulcate,  rigid,  very  slender  ;  spike  lance-ovate, 
acute,  3—4" ;  glumes  12—20  ;  ach.  olive-brown,  tubercle  a  mere  beak.    E.  and  N. 

16  E.  intermedia  Schultes.  Wiry  setaceous  culms  3— 8',  spreading,  in  dense  tufts  ; 
spk.  oblong-ovate,  acute,  1—3"  ;  gls.  oblong,  obtuse,  12—25,  with  2  brown  lines  ;  ach. 
smooth,  obovoid.  light-brown,  with  a  distinct  conical  brown  tubercle.  In  wet  banks. 

17  E.  melaiiocirpa  Torr.    Culm  flat,  striate,  wiry,  erect,  12—18';   spike  lance- 


Order  154— CYPERACE^.  361 

oblono^,  4—6" ;  glumes  20—40,  ovate ;  ach.  blackish  when  ripe,  covered  by  a  broad 
tubercle  which  is  abruptly-pointed  ;  setae  3,  purple.    Sandy  bogs,  E.  and  S. 

18  E.  tenuis  Schultes.  Culms  filiform  or  wiry,  4-angled,  tufted,  8—18';  spk.  ellipti- 
cal or  oval,  2 — 3"  ;  gls.  dark-purple,  obtuse,  20  +;  ach.  roughish,  the  tubercle  broad- 
depressed,  setae  2  or  3,  very  short.  A  variety  has  the  culms  capillary.  Wet  places :  com. 

19  £.>  tricostata  Torr.  Culm  flattened,  slender,  1— 2f;  spike  oblong-cylindrical, 
6—9";  glumes  obtuse,  rusty-bron-n,  crowded;  setm  0;  ach.  sharply  3-angled,  roughish, 
tubercle  conical.    N.  J.,  and  S.    A  variety  has  smaller  spikes.    (Dr.  Feay.) 

20  E.  arenicola  Torr.  Culms  flattish,  erect,  6—12',  wiry;  spk,  ovate,  obtuse  ;  gls. 
dark-brown,  with  broad  white  margins  ;  ach.  yellowish,  tubercle  distinct.    Sands,  S. 

21  E.  Baldiriuii  Torr.  Culms  4— 14', capillary,  4-angled,  densely  tufted;  spike  1", 
ovate,  flat,  often  proliferous;  gls.  5—10,  in  2  rows;  ach.  strongly  3-angled.    Ga.,  Fla. 

22  E.  prolifera  Torr.  Culms  filiform,  flattened,  erect  or  difi'use,  10—20';  spike  3", 
lance-ov.,  acute,  often  proliferous  ;  gls.  10—15,  pale  ;  ach.  ribbed,  tubercle  distinct.  S. 

23  E.  aoicularls  Br.  Culms  hair-like,  2—0' ;  spike  elliptic-ovate,  1",  acute  ;  glumes 
4—8 ;  ach.  ovoid-triangular,  longitudinally  striate.    Muddy  places. 

24  E.  pu»lllus  (Yahl.)  Culms  bristleform,  1—5',  compressed  ;  spk.  ovate  ;  gls.  3—6, 
mostly  empty  ;  ach.  acutely  triangular,  smooth.    Coasts.    (E.  pigmaja.) 

6.  SCfRPUS,  L.  Cr.uB-uusn.  Bullrush.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all 
sides.  Perianth  of  3—6  setae,  persistent.  Sty.  2-3-oleft,  not  tnbcrculate  at 
base,  deciduous.  Aclienium  biconvex  or  triangular,  y  Stems  mostly  tri- 
quetrous, simple,  rarely  leafless.  Spikes  solitary,  conglomerated,  or  corym- 
bous,  usually  rust-colored. 

§  Tkicophouum.    Setie  6,  not  barbed,  lawny,  tortuous,  much  longer  than  the  ache- 

nium  and  exserted.    Culm  leafy.   Cyme  decompound  Nos.  19,  20 

§  SciRPUs.    Set*  downwardly  barbellatc,  about  equalling  the  acheniuni (*) 

*  Spike  single,  terminal.— a  luvolucral  bract  0  in  No.  1,  long  (1')  in No.  5 

—a  Involucral  bract  as  short  as  the  spike Nos.  2 4 

*  Spikes  several  or  many,  clustered— d>  laterally  on  the  culm (c) 

—b  terminally,  mostly  in  cymes {x) 

c  Culms  terete,  jointless,  leafless  or  with  a  few  short  Ivs  at  base. .  .Nos.  6—8 

c  Culms  triangular,  jointless.— c?  Spikes  in  a  single  cluster Nos.  9—11 

—il  Spikes  in  a  cyme,  bracted No.  12 

X  Spikes  large  (6—15"),  oblong,  with  cleft  gls.  Culm  jointed,  leafy.  Nos.  13,14 
X  Spikes  small  (1").  mostly  in  globular  heads.  Culm  jointed,  leafy.  Nos.1.5— 17 
X  Spikes  small  (2— 3"),  all  separate  and  pendulous.     South No.  18 

1  S.  paiieiflorus  Lightfoot.  Culm  flliform  or  capillary,  erect,  ."—8',  leafless  ;  involucre 

0 ;  spk.  oval,  1—2"  ;   gls.  brown,  5—9 ;  ach.  3-angled,  netted,  beaked  but  not  luberded. 
Otherwise  an  Eleocharis.    Western  N.  Y.  (Hankenson)  to  111.  {Porter). 

2  S.  csespitO!t>iis  L.     Culm  round,  wiry,  3— 10',  sheathed  below  with  rudiments  of 

leaves ;    spike  ovate,  2—3",  with  an  involucral  bract  same  length ;  setfe  6,  longer 
than  the  achenium.    High  Mountains,  N.  and  S.    In  tufts.  Leaves  3—6". 

3  S.  Cliiitoiiii  Gr.     Culm  acutely  3-angled,  If,  very  slender,  base  sheathed,  with 

short  bristle-shaped  leaves ;  bract  subulate,  shorter  than  the  ovate  chestnut-browa 
spike  (3—5") ;  glumes  pointless.    N.  Y.  (Clinton.    Porter.) 

4  S.  planlfolius   Muhl.    Culms  If,  3-angled,  threadform,   with   several  linear  flat 

leaves  ;  bract  as  long  as  the  oblong  (2")  spikes ;  gls.  pointed.    N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  to  Del. 

5  S.  subterniiiia.Iis  Torr.    Culm  1— 3f,  flliform,  with  several  long  capillary  floating 

leaves :  bract  1—2',  exceeding  the  oblong  (3")  spike,  continuous  with  the  culm.    N. 

6  S.  debllls  Ph.    Culm  roundish,  furrowed,  in  tufts,  9—16',  with  a  few  subulate  Ivs. 

at  base  or  0  ;  spk.  1—7,  ovoid,  crowded,  3",  tawny,  the  culm-leaf  above  them  2 — 4', 
at  length  reflexed ;  bristles  4—6,  inversely  barbed ;  ach.  smooth.  Muddy  shs.Ct.to  Car. 


362  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

7  S.  Smitlili  Gr.    Culm  slender,  3—12' ;  sheath  often  with  a  short  blade  ;  spk.  1-  3. 

ovoid,  greenish,  2—3",  sessile  about  halfway  up  ;  setse  0—1 ;  ach.  smooth,  lenticu- 
lar; culm-leaf  always  erect.    Shores,  Penn.  (Porter)  Sodus  Bay  (Hankenson.) 

8  S.  validus  Vahl.    Culm  cylindric,  smooth,  5-8f,  its  sheath  with  or  without  a  short 

blade  ;  panicle  cymous,  overtopping  the  short  pungent  culm-leaf;  spk.  ovoid,  brown, 
2",  numerous  ;  gls.  mucronatc,  ciliate  ;  setae  3  or  6.    Our  stoutest  Bullrush.    Shores. 

9  S.  pangens  Vahl.    Culm  1— 4f,   3-angled,  1-3-leaved ;    Ivs.    3—12',  also  3-ang!ed  ; 

spk.  1—6,  crowded,  sessile,  ovate,  obtuse,  3— -y  below  the  summit  ;  gls.  notched  and 
mucronate  ;  anth,  ciliolate  at  apex  ;  style  2-cleft ;  setse  2— G.  Ponds  and  marshes. 

1  O  S.  Torreyl  Olney.  Culm  2— 3f,  3-angled  ;  Ivs.  1—3  at  base,  1— l^f,  3-angled  ;  spk. 
]_4^  oblong,  sessile,  2^'  below  the  summit;  gls.  ovate ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  triq.- 
obovate,  pointed,  shorter  than  the  setfe.     Borders  of  ponds,  N.  E.  to  N.  J.,  and  W. 

lis.  Olneyi  Gr.  Culms  triquetrous-winged,  2— 7f,  leafless,  or  with  1  very  short  leaf 
at  base ;  spk.  (>— 12,  in  a  sessile  head  an  inch  or  so  below  the  summit ;  gls.  round- 
ovate,  mucronate ;  setse  6  ;  style  2-cleft.    Salt  marshes,  E.  and  S. 

12  S.  Icptolepis  Chapm.  Culms  3-angled,  2— of ;  leaves  1—3,  slender,  channelled, 
sheathing  at  base  ;  spikes  loosely  nmbelled,  single,  oblong,  4—6",  GO-flo\vered ; 
invol.  of  several  small  bracts  besides  the  long  culm-leaf;  gls.  lance-ovate,  acute; 
style  3-cleft;  setse  6,  equalling  the  3-sided  ach.    Md.  {Porter),  and  S.    (S.  Canbyi  Gi.) 

13  S.  maritlnins  L.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  leafy,  1— 3f;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  chan- 
nelled, 1— 3if;  spk.  3—12",  oblong,  6—10  in  each  cluster;  clusters  1—9,  sessile  and  on 
short  rays ;  invol.  of  2  or  3  very  long  leaves  ;  setse  1—4,  deciduous,  short  ;  achenium 
plano-convex.    Salt  marshes. 

14  S.  fluvlatllis  Gr.  Cnlm  triquetrous-winged,  leafy,  2— 4f;  Ivs.  as  in  No.  13;  spk. 
6—10",  oblong,  1—5  in  a  cluster ;  clusters  sessile  and  on  rays  ;  setse  6  ;  ach.  3-angled. 
Shores,  Eastern,  Middle,  and  Western  States. 

15  S.  atrovireiis  Muhl.  Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  U-afy,  2f;  invol.  of  3  long  leaves  ; 
spk.  ovate,  H",  10—20  iu  the  round  dense  heads  ;  hds.  4"  in  a  compound  cyme  ;  dark 
olive-gi-een  ;  setse  4,  as  long  as  the  smooth  white  ach.    Com.  in  swales.  N.,  M.,  &  W. 

16  S.  sylvaticus  L.  Cnlm  3f,  leafy;  invol.  of  3  leaves,  hardly  equalling  the  thrice 
compounded  cyme  ;  spk.  1",  olive-gren,  1-3—9  in  the  small  heads;  hds.  on  slender 
pedicels  ;  gls.  acute  ;  sette  6,  straight,  as  long  as  the  pale  3-anpled  ach.  Mts.N.  II.,  &  N. 

1  7  S.  polypiiyllits  Vahl.  Culm  2— 3f,  leafy  ;  invol.  of  3  leaves  ;  cyme  decompound  ; 
spk.  yellow-ferruginous,  1",  3—6  in  the  clusters;  gls.  obtuse  ;  ach.  yellowish-white, 
.3-angled,  twice  shorter  than  the  4—5  tortuous  setse.  Margins  of  waters.  Rare.  North. 

18  S.  divaricatii8  Ell.  Cnlm3-4f,  very  leafy;  cyme  large,  loose,  decompound; 
spk.  all  separate,  2—3",  oblong,  pendulous,  ferruginous;  sette  tortuous.  Wet  barrens. S. 

19  S.  Erloplioruiii  Mx.  Culm  teretifh,  3— 5f,  Ivs.  2f ;  invol.  4-5-Jvd.,  longer  than 
the  large  loose  decompound  cyme;  spk.  very  numerous,  1—3",  pedicellate;  setse  6, 
hair-like,  curled,  conspicuous,  5  or  6  times  longer  than  the  white  ach.  Swamps.  Com. 

20  S.  liitearis  Mx.  Culm  3-angled,  2— 3f,  very  leafy;  cymes  term,  and  axillary,  de- 
compound, at  length  nodding  ;  invol.  1-3-bracted,  much  shorter  than  the  cyme  ;  setse 
as  long  as  the  glumes,  hardly  at  maturity  exserted.    Swamps.  Common.  S. 

7.  ERIOPHORUM,  L.  Cotton  Grass.  Glumes  imbricated  all 
around  into  a  spike.  Ach.  invested  with  manj'  (rarely  but  6)  very  long-, 
woolly  or  cottony  hairs.  U  Culms  with  or  without  leaves.  Spikes  showy 
after  the  long  setse  have  grown.    June— August. 

§  Setae  6,  crisped,  woolly.    Spike  single.    Culms  scape-like,  naked No.  1 

§  Setse  numerous,  straight,  cottony.    Culm  jointed,  l-.3-lcaved (a) 

a  Spike  single.    Culm  bearing  2  sheaths  instead  of  leaves No.  2 

a  Spikes  several,  collected  into  a  snbsessile,  capitate  cluster No.  3 

a  Spikes  several,  separate,  in  umbel-like  cymes  Nos.  4,  5 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  363 

1  E.  alplnuiu  L.    Culms  jointleps,  slender,  S— 16',  form  a  creeping  rhizome;  Ivs. 

radical,  short,  subulate  ;  spk.  2",  the  white  hairs  at  length  7—9"  long.    Bogs,  N.,  M. 
S  E.  vaginatum  L.    Eigid,  tufted,  1— 2f,  culm  with  1  or  2  inflated  sheaths;  leaves 

radical,  filiform ;  spk.  6—8",  blackish,  hairs  1',  white,  glossy,  30 — 40  in  each  flower. 

N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  and  N.    PoconoMt.  in  Penn.  {Prof.  Porter.) 

3  E.  "Virgrinicum  L.    Culm    strict,  firm,  slender,  2— 3f,  Ivs.  shorter,  narrowly  lin- 

ear ;  invol.  2-4-lv(l. ;  spk.  ovoid,  3",  many,  glomerate  with  very  short  ped,  forming  a 
capitate  cluster ;  seta"  70 — 200,  pale-cinnamon,  6—8''  long.    Bogs, 
p.  eonfertiaaimutn.  Setie  white,  in  a  large  and  compact  tuft.    N.  H.,  N.  T.,  &Can. 

4  E.  polystacbion  L.     Culms  1 — 2f,  with  2  or  3  cauline  broad  linear  Ivs. ;  invol. 

2-leaved  ;    spk.  about  10,  on  long  drooping  peduncles  ;  selae  30 — 40  to  each  flower, 
6 — 8",  white.    Very  conspicuous  in  meadows  and  swamps. 

5  E.  graclle  Koch.    Culm  1  J- -2f;  Ivs.  triquetrous,  channelled  above,  scarce  1"  wide; 

spk.  3—8,  on  roughish  ped.  which  are  1" — 1'— 4'  long;  setse  white,  6-10".. 

8.  HEMICARPHA,  Necs.  Spike  many- flowered.  Glumes  imbri- 
cated all  around.  Interior  scale  1,  embracing  tlie  flower  and  fruit;  sctee  0. 
Sta.  1.  St}-le  2-cleft,  not  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous.  Ach.  compressed, 
oblong,  subterete.    (\)  Low,  tufted,  with  setaceous  culms  and  leaves. 

H.  siib»>quarrosa  Nees.  Culms  2—3',  curved,  the  Ivs.  shorter;  spk.  2  or  3,  nearly 
2",  ovoid,  sessile  together;  invol.  2-lvd.,  1  continuing  the  stem;  g\».  svbfquarrous. 
Sandy  shores.— (3.  nrummtfndii.  Sts.  1—2',  spk.  only  1.    Fulton  Co.  111.  (.7.  Wolf.) 

9.  LIPOCARPHA,  Brown.  Spikes  man^'-flowered ;  glumes  spatu- 
late,  imbricated  all  around  ;  interior  scales  2,  thin,  subequal,  involving  the 
flower  and  coating  the  fruit.  Perianth  none.  Sta.  1.  St\ie  2- or  3-fid ; 
aclienium  coated  Avith  the  scales.  @  Cidnis  leafy  at  base.  Spikes  numer- 
ous, collected  into  an  involucrate,  terminal  head. 

1..  luaciilata  Torr.  Culm  3— 8',  the  linear-filiform  Ivs.  shorter;  invol.  of  2  long  Ivs. 
and  1  short ;  spk.  3 — 4,  ovoid ;  glumes  very  CC,  scarious,  marked  with  red  dots 
and  a  green  midvein  ;  ach.  oblong.    Wet  grounds,  Phila.  (Leiclij),  and  S. 

10.  FIMBRfSTYLIS,  Vahl.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  ;  bristles 
0.  Style  compressed,  2-cleft,  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous,  ciliaie-frinffed  {a,s 
the  name  indicates.) — With  the  habit  of  Scirpus.     Lvs.  mostly  radical. 

1  F.  ^padfcea  Vahl.    Culms  1— 3f,  hard  and  rigid ;   lvs.   seraiterete,  rigid,  chan- 

nelled ;  rays  few,  exceeding  the  2  or  3  invol.  bracts  ;  spk.  ovate-oblong,  3—6"  by  2", 
rust-colored  to  brown  ;  sta.  2 — 3  ;  ach.  whitish,  minutely  netted,     ii  Salt  marshes. 

2  F.  Jaxa  Vahl.    Culm  3—12',  las,  flattened,  striate  ;  lvs.  flat,  linear,  glaucous,  rough- 

edged  ;  rays  few.  shorter  than  1  of  the  invol.  bracts  ;  spk.  ovoid,  3",  brown  ;  sta.  1  ; 
ach.  whitish,  with  6—8  prominent  ribs.    (T)  Clay  soils.  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S. 

3  F.  argentea  Vahl.    Glaucous,  tufted  ;  culms  2—6',  setaceous,  flattish,  like  the 

leaves  ;  spk.  straw-colored,  6—9  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  lvs.-4,  longer  than  the  culm; 
gls.  lance-ovate,  pointed;  sta.  1.    (I)  Philad.  (A.  R.  Smith),  andS.  (F.  congesta  Torr.) 

11.  TRICHELOSTYLIS,  Lestib.  Glumes  in  4  to  8  ranks,  carinate; 
bristles  none  ;  style  3-clefr,  deciduous  below  the  bulb  (if  any)  at  the  base ; 
aclienium  triangular,  (i)  y.  Sts.  leafy  at  the  base,  tufted.  Spikes  in  a 
terminal  head,  or  umbel,  or  solitar}'. 

§  Spikes  rusty-brown,  in  a  cymous  umbel,  the  ghimes  6 — 15,  in  4  rows Kos.  1 — 3 

§  Spikes  greenish — x  both  capitate  and  umbellate,  with  linear  Ivs.  and  bracts.  .No.  4 
—X  all  capitate  in  a  single  head  ;  bracts  dilated  at  base. .  .Nos.  5,  6 
— X  one  only  on  each  culm,  or  rarely  2  or  3,  bractcd Noe.  7,  8 


364 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 


1  T.  autumimlls  (L.)    (Fig.  5.)    Culm  flattened,  2-edged,  very  slender,  3—10';  IvB. 

narrow-linear,  flat,  much  shorter  ;  spikes  (Fig.  6)  lance-oblong,  very  acute,  4-ro\ved,' 
2",  1—3  together,  many  in  the  cyme ;  glumes  sharp- 
pointed,  brown  ;  stamens  2 ;  achenium  (Fig.  7)  white 
smooth.    (T)  Wet  banks,  &c. 

2  T.    cUiatlfolia   (Ell.)     Culm   setaceous,   angular, 

3—12' ;  leaves  setaceous,  ivith  long  brown  hairs  on  the 
sheaths :  cyme  5-9-rayed,  often  overtopped  by  1  bract ; 
spike  1—2",  mostly  single  ;  glumes  acute,  4-rovved, 
6—12  ;  stamens  2  ;  achenium  white.    (I)  Dry,  S. 

j3.  eoarctata.  Cyme  contracted;  spks  2— 3",  often 
2—3  clustered  together. 

3  T.  caitlllarts  (L.)    Culm  capillary,  angular,  3— S' ; 

leaves  setaceous,  much  shorter,  entirely  smooth  ;  spk. 
2 — 4  in  the  simple  cyme  ;  gls.  8—12,  strongly  keeled, 
4-rowed;  stamens  2;  ach.  white,  equally  3-sided,  tl) 
Sandy  fields.     (Fig.  8,  a  flower.) 

4  T.  borealls  Wood.    Culm  filiform,  angular,  2 — 4'; 

Ivs.  linear,  flat,  i — 2';  bracts  similar,  as  long  as  the 
leaves ;  spikes  capitate  and  in  cymes,  1 — 5  together, 
ovoid,  green,  1";  glumes  pointed;  sta.  1 ;  ach.  white, 
3-angled  ;  sty.  bulbous  at  base.  Ci)  111.  Banks  of  the 
Miss.  R.,  111.  (./.  Wo/f.)  Shores  of  Lake  Sup.,  Mich. 
(.1//-.  Perkins.) 

5  T.  stcsiopliylla  (Ell.)    Culm  setaceous,  grooved, 

2 — 4';  leaves  setaceous,  2—3';  bracts  many,  3 — 4  times 
longer  than  the  dense  head ;  ach.  (Fig.  9)  blackish.   S. 

6  T.  Warei  (Torr.)    Culm  filiform.  If,  3-angled ;  Ivs. 

and  bracts  setaceous,   silky-fringed  at  base,  the  latter  twice  longer  than  the  head  of 
8—12  ovate  spikes.    Fla. 

7  T.  carluata  (Hook,  and  Am.)    Culm  flattened-setaceous,  .3 — 6',  with  1  short  seta- 

ceous leaf  at  base  ;  spk.  ovoid,  near  the  top  ;  gls.  5 — 8,  broad-ovate,  acuminate.  S-W. 

8  T.  lept.Ilea  (Schnltes  ?)    Culms  filiform,  bright  green,  flaccid,  6 — 12",  sheathed  at 

base,  with  a  short  setaceous  leaf  or  0  ;    spk.  ovate,  whitish,  as  long  as  its  bract  (3") ; 
sta.  3  ;  ach.  3-ang!cd,  shining.    Cult,  in  conservatories.    From  S.  Eur. 

12.  PSILOCARYA,  Torr.  Fls.  5  .  Gls.  oo,  imbricated  all  around,  all 
fertile.  Setae  0.  Stain.  3,  long,  persistent.  Style  2-cleft,  dilated  or  tuber- 
culale  at  base.  Ach.  biconvex,  crowned  with  the  persistent  style.  Q) 
Culms  leafy.     Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  cynious,  brown. 

1  P.  sclrpoides  Torr.    Culm  3-sided,  slender,  5—9' ;  Ivs.  linear,  3—5',  about  2  on  the 

culm,  a  cyme  in  each  axil ;    spike  ovoid,  2— ;3"  ;    ach.  20—30,  smoothish  (slightly 
rugous),  tippid  with  the  long  2-cleft  style.    Ponds,  R.  I.,  and  N. 

2  P.  nitcus  (Vahl.)    Culm  IJ— 2f,  flattened,  with  several  long  linear  leaves ;  cymes 

loose,  spike  lance-ovoid,  2",  all  pedicellate  ;  ach.  8—10,  conspicuously  rugous,  tipped 
with  the  entire-part  of  the  style,  blackish  when  ripe.    S. 

13.  DICHROMENA,  Rich.  Spikes  flattened,  in  a  terminal  head. 
Gls.  imbricated  all  around,  many  empty.  Perianth  0.  Sta.  3.  Sty.  2-cleft. 
Ach.  lens-shaped,  crowned  with  the  broad  tubercular  base  of  the  style. 
Culms  leafy.    Bracts  discolored. 

1  D.  leucocepliala  Mx.  Culm  3-angled,  l—2f;  leaves  narrow-linear;  invol.  of  6— 3 
narrow  leaves,  which  are  whitened  at  base  as  well  as  the  spikes  ;  ach.  rugulous,  trun- 
cate, the  tubercle  not  decurrent.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE.iC, 


365 


2  I>.  latllolia  Baldw.    Culm  teretish,  2— 3f;  leaves  long,  liuear;  bracts  8—10,  lance- 

linear,  reddisli  white,  long-pointed;  ach.  roundish,  roughened,  dull,  the  tubercle 
decurrent  on  its  2  edges.    Ponds,  S. 

14.  RHYNCHOSPORA,  Vabl.  Fls.  2  or  5  5  S  ,  few 
iu  each  spike.  Glumes  flattish,  loosely  imbricated,  tlie 
lowest  small  and  empty.     Periauth.  of  6 — 12  setae.     Sta. 

3  to  12.     Style  bifid.     Achenium  lens-shaped  or  globular, 
crowned  with  a  tubercle — the  distinct,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style,     if  Stems  leafy,  3-sided.    luflor.  ter- 
minal and  axillary,  mostly  tawny  to  brown.  M    x 

§  SetsB  densely  plumous.    Achenium  roundish-ovoid      SMJ 

(not  flattened) Nos.  1—3      NJHf 

§  Setae  naked,  denticulate  or  hi.spid.    Achenium  more       ^^ 

or  less  flattened. .  .(*)  '¥ 

*  Ach.  transversely  wrinkled.   SctiE  upwardly  bearded .  («) 

*  Achenium  smooth  and  even. .  .(c) 

a  SetiB  shorter  than  the  achenium Nos.  4 — T 

a  Set*  equalling  or  exceeding  the  ach.  ..(b) 

b  Spikes  in  drooping  panicles.  Ach.  oblong  or  ohovate.  Nos. 8,9 

b  Spikes  iu  erect  or  spreading  panicles.  Ach.  roundish . .  10—12 

b  Spikes  corymbed  or  fascicled.— «  Ach.  round-obovate . .  13, 14 

—X  Achenium  oval. Nos.  15, 16 

c  Setse  retrorsely  hispid,  or  barbed  (under  a  magnifier) .  (d) 

c  Setije  upwardly  hispid  (or  almost  none  in  No.  29). .  .(e) 

c  SetiB   none.    Culm   and   leaves    setacious  or  filiform. 

South Nos.  17,  18 

d  Culm  and  leaves  very  slender,  setacious  or  filiform Nos 

d  Culm  wiry  and  firm,  leaves  linear.    Spikes  dark-brown 

e  Culms  stout,  2— 3f.    Setae  and  stamens  «— 12 

e  Culms  wiry  and  firm,  1 — 2f.    Stamens  3.    Setie  6,  .3,  or  0 Nos. 

€  Culm  and  leaves  very  slender,  setaceous  or  filiform Nos, 


30,  31 


1  R.  pluniosa  Ell.    Culm  and  leaves  filiform-wiry,  erect,  10—18';   spikelets 

1-flwd.,  1",  in  small  fascicles  forming  a  loose  spike  at  top,  often  another  below 
it  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  setfe  6,  as  long  as  the  tumid,  rugous  ach.  Dry,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
p.  minor.    Every  way  smaller,  5— 10':  fascicles  2  or  3 ;  setae  feathery  below.    S. 

2  K.  semipluniosa  Gr.    Culm  and  leaves  rigid,  wiry,  erect;    spike  1—2",  in  a 

capitate  corymb  at  top,  often  a  smaller  one  below;  ach.  solitary,  tumid,  rugous  with 
a  broad  tubercle  ;  seta  0,  feathery  below.    Barrens,  S.     1 — 2f. 

3  R.  oligantlia  Gr.    Culm  and  leaves  filiform-capillary,  erect,  8— 14';  spikes  1—3 

only,  fusiform,  3",  with  1  long  bract ;  ach.  obovoid;  setie  6,  densely  feathery.    S. 

4  R.  cyniosa  N.    Culm  acutely  3-angled,  1— 2f;   leaves  linear;   spike  fascicled,  in 

several  crowded  cymes ;  ach.  broad-obovate,  twice  longer  than  the  6  seL-e,  4  times 
longer  than  the  depressed-conical  tubercle.    N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  S. 

5  R.  Torreyana  Gr.   Culm  teretish,  IJ— 2f ;  leaves  setaceous  ;  cymes  small,  several, 

the  lateral  on  capillary  peduncles;  ach.  oblong-obovate,  twice  longer  than  the  eetfe, 
thrice  longer  than  the  broad  tubercle.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

6  R.  rariflora  Ell.    Culms  tufted,  6— 16',  filiform,  the  setaceous  leaves  much  shorter; 

epikes  2",  scattered  in  very  loose  paniculate  cymes ;  ach.  round-obovate,  strongly 
rugous,  tubercle  very  short.    Barrens,  S. 
8  R,  inexpansa   Vahl.      Culm  slender,  erect  H— 3f ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  flat ; 
spikes  lanceolate,  2-4-flowered,  3",  in  several  rather  large  recurved-drooping  panicles ; 
dch.  oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  setae  ;  tubercle  short.    Wet  barrens,  S. 


066  Ordeb  154.— CYPERACE^. 

9  R.  decurrens  Chapm.    Culm,  leave?,  and  cymes  as  iu  the  last;  spike  1";  ach. 

obovate,  as  long  as  the  sette,  the  tubercle  decurrent  on  its  2  edges.    Marshes,  Fla. 

10  K.  millacea  (Lam.)  Culm  slender,  3-angled,  3— 4f;  leaves  linear,  flat,  6— 8' by 
3 — J" :  spikes  obovate,  all  pedicellate,  in  dift'iisely  spreading  cymous  panicles  ;  ach. 
ronnd-obovate,  little  shorter  than  the  eetas.    Wet  barrens,  S. 

11  R.  caduca  Ell.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  1— 3f;  leaves  linear,  2—3"  broad;  spikes 
ovate,  large,  4—5",  sessile  or  stalked,  in  several  rather  close  erect  cymous  panicles ; 
glumes  caducous;  ach.  roundish,  J  as  long  as  the  seta3.    Wet,  S. 

12  R.  scUoenoides  (Ell.)  Culm  3-angled,  2— 3f;  leaves  linear,  2"  wide  ;  spikes  (2'0 
small  and  numerous,  subsessile,  clustered,  in  several  paniculate  cymes  ;  setae  twice  as 
long  as  the  obovate  flat  achenium  and  small  tubercle.    Bogs,  S. 

13  R.  patula  Gr.  Culm  3-angled,  thick  and  stout  at  base,  2— 3f;  leaves  linear, 
short ;  spikes  ovate,  2",  in  several  spreading  loose  panicles  ;  ach.  strongly  rugous, 
with  a  large  tubercle,  some  shorter  than  the  sette.    Ga.,  Fla. 

14  R.  Elliottil  Gr.  Culm  solitary,  2— 3f;  leaves  shining,  rigid;  corymbs  3  or  4, 
few-flowered,  snbsimple ;  spikes  large ;  ach.  minutely  rugous,  with  a  very  short 
tubercle,  little  slmrter  than  the  setaj.    Pine  barrens,  S.    (R.  distans  Ell.) 

15  R.  punctata  Ell.  Culm  3-angled,  1— 2f;  leaves  lance-linear;  corymbs  of  fasci- 
cles ;  ach.  rngous-nctted,  with  rows  of  impressed  dots.    Marshes,  Ga.,  Fla. 

16  R.  niiorocar|ja  Baldw.  Culm  2f,  teretish  ;  leaves  narrowly-linear,  setaceous  at 
end  ;  spike  turgid-ovate,  1—2"  ;  ach.  ovate,  flat,  minute.    Wet,  S. 

17  R.  pusilla  Chapm.  Corymbs  2— 3,  distant,  of  minute,  scattered  ovate,  3-flowered 
spikes  ;  ach.  lens-shaped,  oblong-ovate,  white.    Woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     If. 

18  R.  Chapmanii  Curtis.  Corymb  capitate,  terminal,  dense  ;  spikes  with  5  scales 
and  1  flower:  ach.  oval,  polished  ;  stamens  1  or 2.    S.  Car.  to  Fla.    IJf. 

19  R.  alba  Valil.  (Fig.  10.)  Culm  10—20',  very  slender;  leaves  linear-setaceous; 
spikes  (Fig.  11)  whitish,  lanceolate,  in  stalked,  corymbons  fascicles;  setae  9—12,  as 
long  as  the  ach.  ^Fig.  1-3)  and  tubercle.    Common  in  wet  shady  grounds.    July— Sep. 

20  R.  KnieskeriiU  Carey.  In  tufts  G— 10',  filiform;  spikes  1",  brown,  in  3—5 
dense,  sessile,  remote  fascicles  ;  setse  6,  as  long  as  the  ach.    Iron  soils,  N.  J. :  rare. 

21  R.  caplllacea  Torr.  In  tufts,  0—10',  setaceous,  3-angled;  clusters  of  brown 
spikes  mostly  2,  few-flowered  ;  setre  6,  much  longer  than  the  ach.    Swamps,  M.,  W. 

22  R.  glonierata  Vahl.  Culms  If,  leaves  linear;  fascicles  brown,  remote,  iu  sev- 
eral pairs ;  spikes  lanceolate,  2"  ;  ach.  ol>ovate,  as  long  as  its  tubercle,  which  equals 
the  0  setiE.    In  bogs.  Can.  tu  Fla.    July,  Aug. 

23  R.  ceptialantlia  Torr.  Culms  2— 3f,  stout:  leaves  linear;  heads  globular, 
dense,  remote,  sessile,  solitary  in  the  axil  or  terminal,  dark-brown ;  ach.  round- 
ovoid,  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  6  setie.    Barrens,  N.  J. 

24  R.  Baldvvinil  Gray.  Culms  slender,  2— 3f;  leaves  linear ;  spikes  ovate,  in  a 
dense  terminal  corymb  of  fascicles  ;  setie  12 ;  stamens  6.    Pine  barrens,  Ga. 

25  It.  dodecandra  Baldw.  Culms  rigid,  stout,  1— 3f;  leaves  rigid,  linear,  erect; 
spikes  4",  ovate,  in  4  or  5  loose,  stalked  cymes;  stamens  12;  setse  0—12,  long  as  the 
large  (\Y'},  roiindish,  smooth  achenium.    Bogs,  S.    (R.  megalocarpa.) 

26  R.  rasclcularls  Nutt.  Culm  teretish,  wiry,  1— 2f ;  leaves  short,  narrowly 
linear;  spikes  small  {W)  in  several  dense  fascicles  mostly  terminal;  setse  4 — 1>, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  obovoid  brown  ach.    M''et,  S. 

27  R.  distaus  N.  Like  No.  20,  but  every  way  smaller;  spikes  K'long,  in  a  dense 
terminal  and  often  a  distant  lateral  fascicle ;  setse  about  equalling  the  ach.    S. 

28  R.  ciliata  Vahl.  Glaucous,  8'— 2f ;  leaves  short,  linear,  obtuse,  ciliate  on  the 
edges  ;  spikes  all  iji  a  dense  terminal  fascicle  ;  sette  0,  half  the  length  of  the  ach.    S. 

29  R.  pallida  M.  A.  Curtis.  Culm  firmly  erect,  1— 2f,  3-angled  ;  spikes  pale-tawny, 
(like  R.  alba)  iu  a  dense  terminal  head  with  often  a  lateral  head  on  a  long  peduncle; 
ach.  roundish,  tubercle  minute,  sette  0—3,  minute.    Bogs,  N.  J.  to  N.  C. 

30  R.  fusca  R.  &S.    Culm  (fi- 12')  and  leaves  setaceous;   spikes  ovate-oblong,  2", 


Ordek  154.— CYPERACE^.  367 

dark-brown,  in  1  or  2  small  fascicles  ;   ach.  half  the  length  of  the  setK  which  equal 
the  pointed  serrulate  tubercle.    Maine  to  N.  J.,  and  W.    Rare.    Europe. 
31  R.  S'^at-iUeiita  Gr.    Tufts  1— 2f;   culm  and  leaves  threadform,  curved  ;  spikes 
1",  brown,  in  2—3  fascicles;  ach.  oval,  as  long  as  its  awl-shaped,  serrulate  tubercle, 
shorter  than  the  6  setsB.    Low  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.    (R.  fllifolia  Torr.) 

15.  CERATOSCHCENUS,  Nees.  Spikelets  3-5-flwd.,  one  flower  5, 
the  rest  $  .  Glumes  loosely  imbricated,  somewhat  in  3  ]-ows,  lower  ones 
empt3^  Perianth  of  5  or  6  rigid,  hispid,  or  scabrous  setfe.  Stamens  3. 
Style  simple,  very  long,  persistent  as  a  beak  on  the  smooth,  compressed 
achenium.     71  Stems  leafy,  3-angled,  2 — 4f.     Cymes  compound,  brown. 

1  C.  longirostris  (Ell.)     3— of;  leaves  flat,  4—6";  spikes  in  loose  fascicles,  9"; 

ach.  2",  beak  7",  set;e  5" ;  cymes  diffuse,  terminal  and  axillary.    Penn.,  "W.  and  S. 

2  C  macrostacliya  Torr.    Leaves  2 — 4"  wide;  spikes  1",  in  dense  fascicles;  ach. 

and  beak  8",  setie  2-3",  culm  2— 3f    Hardly  distinct.    Mass.,  and  South. 

3  C.  capitatiis  Chapm.    Spikes  densely  clustered  in  a  few  heads ;   beak  only  2", 

ach.  1",  set;o  2'',  culm  tcrctish,  2— 3f,  leaves  2—4"  wide.    W.  Fla. 

16.  CLADIUM,  Browne.  Flowers  5  5?.  Glumes  imbricated  some- 
what in  o  rows,  lower  ones  empty.  Setse  0.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft, 
deciduous.  Achenium  subglobous,  the  pericarp  hard,  thickened  and  corky 
above.     Zf  Stem  leaf3^     Cymes  terminal  and  axillary,  brown. 

1  €.  inarlscoides  (Muhl.)    Bog  Rush.    Culm  terete,  rigid,  20— 30' ;  leaves  narrowly 

linear,  much  shorter  than  culm  ;  spikes  3",  in  pedunculate  or  sessile  heads,  forming 
small  cymes  ;  ach.  ovoid,  scarcely  beaked.    Bogs,  N.  Eng.,  and  West. 

2  C.  eflTusuni  (Swtz.)    Saiu    Grass.    Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  6— lOf,  leaves  3— lOfl 

sharply  serrate-barbed  on  the  edges ;   cymes  difl'use,  decompound,  forming  a  large 
panicle.    A  coarse,  rank  Sedge  in  ponds,  N.  Car.  to  I^. 

17.  SCIiERIA,  L.  Nut  Sedge.  Flowers  <? ,  staminate  spikes  inter- 
mixed, fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  glumes  fasciculate.  Perianth  cup-sliaped 
or  0.  Achenium  globous,  ovoid  or  triangular,  with  a  thick,  bony  pericarp. 
Style  o-cleft,  deciduous.  U  Culms  3-angled,  leafy.  Spikes  in  fiiscicles. 
Nuts  white.     In  bogs.     Summer. 

§  ScLERiA.    Achenium  ovoid  or  globous,  base  invested  with  a  short  perigyniam. .  .(*) 

*  Achenium  smooth,  ovoid.    Perianth  annular,  subentire.    Stamens  3.. Nos.  1,  2 

*  Achenium  rugous- warty,  globular.    Perianth  6-  or  .3-lobed Nos.  3,  4 

*  Achenium  reticulated  or  hispid-rugous,  globular.    Perianth  3-lobed Nos.  5,  6 

§  IItpoporum.    Achenium  ovoid-triangular,  base  fluted.    Perigynium  none...(a) 

a  Fascicles  4  to  7,  interruptedly  spiked.    Achenium  smooth  or  rugous.. Nos.  7,  8 
a  Fascicles  single,  terminal.    Achenium  ribbed  or  smooth Nos.  9, 10 

1  S.  triglomerata  Mx.     Wdp   Grass.     Culm  erect,  rough,  .3-^f;    leaves  broad- 

linear,  rough  edged;  fascicles  few,  composed  of  triple  clusters  of  green-brown  (5") 
spikes ;  ach.  white  and  polished,  more  than  1"  in  diameter.    Common. 

2  S.  leptoci^iIniLs  W.    Culm  very  slender,  2f,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  smooth,  narrowly 

linear  ;  compound  spikes  loose,  the  lateral  on  a  long  filiform  peduncle  ;  spikes  3—4"; 
ach.  polished,  ovoid,  minutely  corrugated.    S.    (S.  oligantha  Ell.  ?) 

3  S.  oillata    Mx.     Culm  scabrous   above,  2f;    leaves  2,  pubescent,  bracts    ciliate- 

fringed  ;  ach.  beset  with  unequal  warts,  disk  3-lobed.    Pine  barrens,  S. 

4  S.  panclflora  Muhl.    Smoothish  or  hairy ;  leaves  and  bracts  exceeding  the  culm; 


368 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 


fascicles  few-flowered,  the  lateral,  if  any,  pedunculate  ;  ach.  small,  rough,  the  disk 
6-lobed.    Rare  northward,  common  South.    10—16'. 

j3.  g-labra,    Smoothish,  slender.  If;  lateral  fascicles  1-flowered,  or  0.  Ms.  to  Ohio. 

y.  Caroliniana,    Scabrous-hirsute,  slender ;  leaves  much  exceeding  the  culm.    S. 

S.  JSlUollii.     Stout,  2— 3f,  denticulate-ciliate ;  lateral  spikes  pedunculate.    S. 

5  S.  reticularis  Mx.    Slender,  If,  leaves  shorter  than  culm ;  fascicles  2—5,  distant, 

subsessile  ;  ach.  dead-white,  J^',  conspicuously  netted  and  pitted.    R.  I.  to  Fla. 

6  S.  laxa  Torr.   Slender,  weak,  diffuse,  1— 2f ;  Ivs.  flat,  2"  wide  ;  fascicles  very  remote, 

spks.  distant,  in  pairs  ;  ach.  1",  with  transverse  ridges  and  brown  pits.    N.  J.  to  Fla. 

7  S.  verticillata  Muhl.    Glabrous,  6—12',  slender;  fascicles  4—6,  smooth,  purple, 

sessile,  8"— 1'  apart ;  ach.  globular,  about  i",  rugous.    N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  and  South. 

8  S.  interritpta   Mx.    Sparingly  hirsute,  12—30';  leaves  2"  wide;   fascicles  5—7, 

rusty-brown,  sessile,  ciliate,  4—9"  apart ;  ach.  smooth,  i"  diameter.    South. 

9  S.  gracilis  Ell.    Filiform,  smooth,  1— 2f;  spikes  few  (1—5  pairs),  3",  in  a  terminal 

fascicle;  bract  erect;  ach.  ovid-triangular,  ribbed  lengthwise.    South. 

10  S.  Baldwinii  (Torr.)  Culm  scape-like,  2— 3f,  leaves  all  radical,  long ;  spikes  5" 
long,  3—5  pairs  in  a  terminal  fascicle,  brown-purple,  with  3  bracts,  middle  bract  erect ; 
ach.  dull-white,  2"  long,  even.    In  Georgia  and  Florida. 

18.  CHAETOSPORA,  R.  Br.  Spikes  1-5-floweiecl,  fls.  5  ,  glumes  iu  two 
rows,  the  lower  empty.     Setaj  3—6.     Stam.  3. 

Style  3-fid,  deciduous.     Achenium  triangular. 

If    Culm  leafy  only  at  base.    Fls.   capitate, 

cluslnul-brown. 

C  nigricans  K.    Culm  If,  erect,  teretish,  longer 

than  the  narrow  erect  leaves ;  spikes  4"  long,  in 

one    fascicle,    bract    erect,    1—3' ;    achenium   J" 

diamet'-'r,  white.    Fla.,  Eur. 

19.  CAREX,  L.  Flowers  diclinous.  Spks. 
1  or  more,  either  with  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  (androgynous),  or  with  the 
two  kinds  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  plant 
{moiioicioys),  or  rarely  on  separate  plants  {dioi- 
cioim).   Glumes  single,  imbricated,  each  1-flwd. 

S  Stamens  3.  2  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Nut  {aclic- 
rdum)  2-cdgcd  or  3-angled,  enclosed  in  a  sac 
{perigynium)  composed  of  2  united  glumes. 
Z[  Culms  triangular,  in  tufts,  with  grass-like 
leaves  and  usually  with  axillary  as  well  as 
terminal  spikes. 

The  following  enumeration  of  our  Carices 
is  reduced  from  the  excellent  monograph  by 
the  lamented  Prof.  C.  Dewej'',  contained  in  the 
Class-book  of  Botany,  and  revised  with  the 
assistance  of  friends  before  mentioned,  and 
whose  names  appear  below. 

Fig.  13,  C.  flava.  14,  One  of  its  perigynia 
(magnified) :  15,  a  glume.  Fig.  16,  C.  rosea. 
17,  A  perigynium :  18,  a  glume. 


Okder  154.— CYPERACE^.  369 

§  I.  Spike  solitarj',  one  (rarely  more)  borne  on  each  culm..  .(§) 
§  II.  Spikes  two  or  more.    Stigmas  2.    Achenium  lens-shaped. .  .(§§) 
§  in.  Spikes  two  or  more.    Stigmas  3.    Achenium  triangular. .  .(§§§) 
§  Stigmas  2.    Achenium  lens-shaped  or  flattened. .  .(a) 
§  Stigmas  3.    Achenium  triquetrous  or  3-angled. .  .(6) 

a  Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit No.  1 

a  Spike  dioecious,  or  the  ?  spike  staminate  at  the  base Nos.  2,  3 

b  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Glumes  colored. .  .Nos.  4 — 6 

b  Leaves  linear,  longer  than  the  culms. — Glumes  colored No.  7 

—Glumes  green Nos.  8—10 

b  Leaves  very  broad,  flat,  with  no  midvein.    Glumes  scarious  No.  11 

§§  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  (androgynous)  spike. .  .(c) 

§§  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  difi'erent  spikes— on  the  same  culm. .  .(i) 

—on  diflferent  culms No.  12 

c  i  Flowers  variously  situated  in  the  approximate  spikes Nos.  (12  and)  13—15 

c  ?,  Flowers  at  the  summit  of  the  spikes. .  .{d) 
c  i  Flowers  at  the  base  of  the  spikes. . .(/) 

d  Spikes  CO,  paniculate,  brown;  perigynia  corky,  not  rostrate Nos.  16,  17 

d  Spikes  (or  spikelets)  8 —  Qo,  approximate  in  a  compound  spike. . .(«) 

e  Perigynium  rostrate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  glume Nos.  18—21 

e  Perigynium  long-rostrate,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  gl Nos.  22,  23 

d  Spikes  3—6,  approximate  into  one— ovoid  spike Nos.  24—26 

— cylindric  spike  a  little  loose.  .Nos.  27, 28 

d  Spikes  3—8,  remote.    Perigynia  erect  in  No.  32,  radiating  in Nos.  29—31 

/  Perigynia  radiating  in  the  3—6  separated  spikes.    Glumes  green Nos.  33,  34 

/  Perig.  suberect,  few  (2—20)  in  each  spikelet.    Glumes  hyaline  white.  ..(g) 
f  Perig.  suberect,  winged,  30 — GO  in  each  oblong  to  obovoid  spikelet. .  .(h) 

g  Spkl.  separate  or  remote,  2-3-flowered  in  No.  35,  5-20-flwd.  in  Nos.  36—39 

g  Spikelets  closely  contiguous,  2-12-flowered Nos.  40,  41 

A  Perigynia  lance-linear,  long-beakcd,  3—4".  Spikelets  close.  Nos.  42^4 
/(  Perigynia  lanceolate,  short-beaked.  Spikelets  S— 20,  club-ovoid. No.  45 
h  Perigynia  ovate,  spreading.  Spikelets  round-ovoid,  close.  .Nos.  46,  47 
h  Perigynia  round-obovate,  short-beaked,  broadly -winged.    Five 

nominal  species  closely  related  and  intermixed Nos.  48 — 52 

i  Staminate  spike  single.    Pistillate  spikes  sessile Nos.  53 — 56 

t  Staminate  spike  single.     Pistillate  spikes  pedunculate Nos.  57,  58 

i  Staminate  spikes  1  or  more,  and  the  s  spikes  often  S  at  the  apex. . .  (k) 

k  Glumes  obtuse,  not  exceeding  the  perigynia.    Spikes  sessile Nos.  59,  60 

k  Gl.  acute,  little  longer  or  shorter  than  perig.    Lower  spikes  stalked.  .61 — 64 
k  Gl,  long-awned,  much  exceeding  the  perig.    Spikes  all  stalked. .Nos.  65 — 67 

§§§  Spikes  androgynous,  both  kinds  of  fls.  in  each,—  j  at  the  apex Nos.  68,  69 

—  5  at  the  base No.  70 

§§§  Spikes— the  terminal  ?  at  top,  the  rest  all  pistillate.  ..(I) 

§§§  Spikes— the  terminal  one  wholly  i  ,  the  rest  all  pistillate. .  .(*) 

g§§  Staminate  spikes  habitually  more  than  one.  ..(**) 

I  Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so,  green,  hairy  in  Nos.  71,  72,  glabrous  iu. . .  .Nos.  72 — 74 

I  Spikes  erect,  pedunculate,  tawny  in  maturity,  glabrous Nos.  75,  76 

I  Spikes  erect  (some  nodding  in  No.  79)  with  black-purple  glumes Nos.  77—79 

I  Spikes  drooping  on  filiform  stalks,  green  or  some  rusty Nos.  80—83 

*  Pistillate  spikes  sessile,  or  solitary  on  radical  peduncles.    Perig.  with 

a  short  abrupt  beak,  not  inflated,  pubescent.    Culm  slender. . .  (m) 

*  Pistillate  spikes  with  enclosed  or  nearly  enclosed  peduncles.    Perig. 

inflated,  beaked,  glabrous,  bicuspidate  at  apex.    Spikes  turgid, 
often  quite  large,  their  leafy  bracts  longer. . .(;() 

*  Pistillate  spikes  on  exserted  peduncles  (exserted  from  the  sheaths  of 

24 


370  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

the  bracts).  Perigynia  3-anp;led,  scarce  inflated,  not  much  beaked, 
and  (as  well  as  the  glumes)  more  or  less  colored. . .  {p) 
*  Pistillate  spikes  with  peduncles  Gong  or  short)  scarcely  sheathed  at 

all,  or  only  the  lowest  bract  on  a  short  sheath. .  .{x) 
m  Pistillate  spikes  oblong,  brown  or  hairy,  Ihe  lovrest  scarcely  sessile. Nos.  84—87 
m  Pistillate  spikes  ovoid,— all  or  mostly  solitary  on  radical  peduncles. Nos.  88,  89 

—all  sessile  and  crowded  on  the  culm Nos.  90,  91 

—all  sessile  and  remote  on  the  culm Nos.  92,  9.3 

n   ?  Spikes  small  (.3—6"),  yellowish  ;  perig.  with  a  short  recurved  beak.  .94, 95 
n  ?  Spikes  large ;  perigynia  much  inflated,  with  a  long  straight  beak. .  .(o) 

o  Spikes  very  short.— Perigynia  .3—4"  long Nos.  96—93 

—Perigynia  6—8"  long Nos.  99-10-* 

o  Spikes  oblong-cylindiic— Perigynia  ascending Nos.  103, 104 

— Perigynia  spreading Nos.  105, 106 

p  Leaves  radical,  very  broad  (0 — 10"), — triple-veined,     i  Spikes  clavate.  .107—109 
— oue-veined.    i  Spikes  linear.  .No.  110,  j3.  y, 
p  Leaves  linear  or  setaceous,  1 — 2",  rarely  3 — 1"  wide. . .  {f) 
r  Perigynia  smootli  and  not  rostrate. .  .{s) 
r  Perigynia  smooth  (scabrous  in  No.  1.30)  and  rostrate. .  .(v) 

r  Perigynia  hairy,  veined,  conical-beaked.    South Nos.  137 — 139 

J5  Bracts  leaf-like,  exceeding  the  spikes  or  culm. .  .{t) 
f  Bracts  shorter  than  the  spikes  or  culm. .  .(u) 

t  Perigynia  triangular,  oblique  at  the  point Nos.  110 — 112 

t  Perigynia  subterete,  straight.— i  Spikes  pedunculate.. Nos.  113, 114 

—  i  Spike  sessile Noa.  115—118 

u  Fertile  spikes  white  in  No.  119,  tawny  In No.  120 

M  Fertile  spikes  green,  the  sterile  pedunculate Nos.  121^123 

V  Bracts  leaf-like,  exceeding  the  spikes  or  culm Nos.  125—127 

v  Bracts  not  exceeding  the  spikes  or  culm. .  .{w) 

w  Spikes  linear,  slender,  very  loose-flowered Nos.  128,  129 

w  Spikes  cylindric,  suberect,  rather  dense Nos.  130,  131 

w  Spikes  oblong,- about  ti-flowered,  dense Nos.  132, 133 

—many-flowered,  rather  dense Nos.  134-136 

X  Perigynia  beakless  or  nearly  so. — Spikes  suberect,  short-ped Nos.  140—142 

—Spikes  drooping  on  slender  ped.Nos.  143—145 

X  Perigynia  evidently  beaked,— diverging  in  the  spike Nos.  140—143 

— deflexed  in  the  spike Nos.  149,  150 

**  Perigynium  clothed  with  wool,  hairs,  or  mealiness. .  .(y) 

**  Perigynium  glabrous,  short-beaked,  or  evidently  longer  than  its  beak. .  .{z) 

**  Perigynium  glabrous,  long-beaked,  or  not  longer  than  its  beak. .  .{zz} 

y  Perigynia  long-beaked,  hispid-pubescent,  green No.  151 

y  Perigynia  short-beaked, — mealy-glaucous,  chocolate  color No.  152 

— densely  woolly,  greenish Nos.  153,  154 

—hispid-pubescent,  brown Nos.  15.5, 156 

z  Spikes,  or  at  least  the  glumes,  dark-purple  or  brown Nos.  157—159 

2  Spikes  green  or  straw-colored.— Bracts  shorter  than  the  culm No.  160 

—Bracts  exceeding  the  culm. .  .(yy) 

yy  ?  Spikes  long,  densely  very  many(150  +  )-flowered No.  161 

yy  ?  Spikes  not  dense.  Perigynia  much  inflated,— 30  to  50.  .Nos.  162—164 

—3  to  12 No.  165 

zz  Perigynia  3-nerved  ornerveless,  iu  drooping  spikes No.  166 

zz  Perigynia  many-nerved, — ascending.    Peduncles  very  short Nos,  167 — 170 

— horizontal  or  deflexed Nos.  171, 172 

1  C.  capitata  L.    Spike  capitate  or  nearly  globous  ;  perigynium  roundish-ovate,  con- 
vex-concave, glabrous,  pointed,  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  glume.  6—10'.  Wht.Mts. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  371 

2  C.  gynoorates   Wormesk.     ?  Spike  oblong,  rather  looge-flowered  ;  perigyniam 

oblong,  short-beaked,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute,  colored  glume.    N.  Y.,  Mich. 

3  C.  exills  Dew.    Spk.  cylindrical,  1',  dense,  i  below,  or  wholly  i  or  ?  ;   perig.  ser- 

rnlate  on  the  margin,  some  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume.    Culm  and  leaves 
filiform,  stiffly  erect,  12—20'.    Ms.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 
/3.  androg-pna.    One  or  more  small   9  spikes  below  the  terminal.    N.  Y. 

4  C.  scirpoidea  Mx.    Spk.  oblong-cylindric  (9—12") ;  perig.  oval,  pubescent,  longer 

than  the  ovate  dark-purple  glume.    Leaves  ilat.    4 — 10'.    N.  H.  to  Mich. 

5  C.  polj'trlchoides  Muhl.    Spk.  oblong,  small  (3") ;  perig.  3—8,  erect,  smooth, 

twice  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  glume.    Setaceous,  4 — 20'.    Ms.  to  Wis. 

6  C.  pauclflora  Ltf.    Spk.  with  about  4  slender  reflexed  ?  ils.  and  1  or  2  ^  above, 

twice  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume.    Erect,  3—8'.    N.  England,  New  York. 

7  C.  Boottiana  Benth.     Culm  0—12' ;  spk.  oblong-cylindric,  dioecious  ;  perig.  hairy, 

obovate,  smaller  than  the  dark-purple  glume.    Ala.  to  La. 

8  C.  ^Villdeiiovii  Schk.    Peduncles  radical,  filiform,  2—6' ;  spk.  small,  «gls.  above, 

4—8,  9  perig.  5— 9,  scabrous,  pointed,  the  glumes  oftener  long  and  bract-like,  Leaves 
1 — 2f,  grassy.     Dry  grounds  :    common. 

9  C.  Steudelil  K.    Peduncle  radical,  1—8' ;  spk.  with  10—15   i  glumes  above  and  2 

or  3  inflated  pointed  perigynia  with  long  leafy  glumes.    N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 
IOC.  Backil  Boott.    Ped.  radical,  i— 3f,  stiflf ;   i  fls.  about  3,  above.  ?  perig.  2-^, 

glabrous,  round-ovate,  enclosed  in  the  long  leafy  glumes.    N.  Y.,  O.,  and  N. 
11  C.  Fraseri  Sims.    Culm  4—10',   Ivs.   6—12'  by  1',  flat  and  thick;  spk.  oblong, 

00 -flowered,  perig.  ovoid,  longer  than  the  hyaline,  obtuse  glume.    Wytheville,  Va. 

{Slu'ivei')  and  Mts.  of  N.  C.   A  curious  and  peculiar  Cares:.    Leaves  very  large. 


12  C.  stcrilis  Willd.  Culm  (and  Ivs.)  slender,  erect,  l—2f;  oftener  dioecious;  gpks. 
3—6,  roundish,  approximate,  i  spikes  oblong;  perig.  radiating,  ovate,  subrostrate, 
2-toothed,  about  equaling  the  ovate  acutish  glume.    Common  in  wet  places. 

13  C.  bromoides  Schk.  Slender,  weak,  1— 2f;  spikes  4—6,  distinct,  lanceolate; 
perig.  lanceolate,  erect,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  gls.    Bogs  :  common. 

14  C.  siccata  Dew.  Erect,  1— 2f ;  spks.  3—7,  oval  to  oblong,  i  above,  or  the  middle 
all  i  ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  beaked,  as  long  as  the  brownish  gls.    Sands,  N.  Eng.  to  111. 

15  C.  disticha  Uuds.  (C.  Sartwellii  Dew.)  Erect,  2— 3f;  spks.  12-20,  the  lower 
some  remote,  all  ovoid  and  compact,  stam.  mostly  above  ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate, 
pointed,  equaling  the  ovate  pointed  glume.    Seneca  Co.,  N.  Y.  {Sa?iwell),  and  VV. 

16  C.  decomposita  Muhl.  Culm  erect,  18—36';  spikes  very  many,  in  a  large 
crowded  panicle  ;  perig.  round-obovate  with  a  very  short  beak,  biconvex,  about 
equaling  the  ovate  glume.    N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  S. 

17  C.  prairea  Dew.  Culm2— 3f;  spikes  many,  in  a  dense  short  (3—4')  panicle; 
perig.  erect,  lance-ovate,  smaller  than  the  glume.    N.  Eug.,  and  W. 

18  C.  teretiascula  Good.  Spikelets  roundish,  dense,  in  a  cylindrical  componnd 
spike  1—2' ;  perig.  brown,  corky,  ovate,  biconvex,  short-beaked,  diverging  ;  culm 
1^ — 3f ;  leaves  narrowly  linear.    Common  in  wet  places,  northward. 

19  C.  vulplnoidea  Mx.  Spikelets  very  many,  dense,  ovoid,  in  a  large  (2—3')  com- 
pound spike  ;  perig.  yellowish,  very  small  (i"),  ovate,  acuminate,  diverging,  scarcely 
as  long  as  the  pointed  glume  ;  culms  stout,  2— 3f.    Common. 

p.  aetacea.     Perig.  narrower,  erect,  in  a  more  slender  compound  spike. 

7.  setibrior  (Sartwell).    Spikes  distinct  or  remote,  glume  strongly  serrulate. 

20  C.  conjuiicta  Boott.  Spikelets  in  a  long  (3')  subsimple  spike;  perig.  ovate, 
subcordate  and  corky  at  base,  short-beaked  ;  style  bulbous  at  base  ;  nut  orbicular ; 
culm  weak,  1— 2f,  flattened.    Ohio,  and  westward.    (C.  vulpina  C-B.) 

21c.  alopecoidea  Tuckm.    Spikelets  8 — 12,  in  an  oblong  1 — 2'  spike  ;  perig.  ovate, 

nerveless,  brown,  1",  subrostrate  ;  culm  .3-angled,  2— 3f.    N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 
22  C  stipata  Muhl.    Spike  often  decompound,  3— Ij',  spikelets   go,   oijlong;  perig. 


372  Okder  154— CYPERACE^. 

lance-ovate,  1^",  twice  longer  than  the  glume  ;    culm  acutely  3-aiigled  with  concave 
sides,  leaves  nearly  as  long  (2— 3f).    Marshes  :  common. 

23  C.  Crus-Corvl  Shuttl.  Spike  decompound  or  sub-panicled,  3—6';  perig.  short- 
ovate,  very  long-beaked  (3"),  spreading;  glume  1"  ;  culm  2— 3f;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  many 
and  long.    River  swamps,  Wis.  to  O.,  and  Fla. 

24  C.  ceplialophora  Willd.  Head 6— 12"  long,  dense;  perig.  broad-ovate,  short- 
beaked,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate-acuminate  glume  ;  style  very  short,  bulbous  at 
the  base  ;  Ivs.  copious,  equaling  the  slender  culm  (If).    (C.  Leavenworthii  Dew.) 

25  C.  Mulileiibergli  Schk.  Head  ovoid-oblong,  1';  perig.  broad-ovate,  Bhort- 
beaked,  strongly  nerved,  twice  larger  (H")  than  in  No.  24;  nut  orbicular,  style  short, 
bulbous  ;  culm  1— 2f,  Ivs.  shorter,  bracts  setaceous.    In  fields,  not  abundant. 

26  C  cliordorhiza  Ehrh.  Head  ovoid,  9—15",  perig.  ovate,  nerved,  turgid,  at 
length  brown,  few  and  large  (2"),  beakless  but  minutely  pointed;  rhizome  creeping; 
leaves  shorr  and  narrow,  culms  9—15'.    Marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  and  N. 

27  C.  ceplialoidea  Dew.  Spikelets  very  short,  spike  1—1^' ;  perig.  brown  (at  ma 
turity),  acuminate,  nerveless,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  thin  cuspidate  glume.  Culm  2— 4f. 
Leaves  elongated.    Fields,  hedges,  N.  Y.  (Penn  Yan,  Sa7'tweir)y  and  W. 

28  C.  inurlcata  L.  Spikelets  ovoid,  often  a  little  remote  ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate, 
nerveless,  wingless,  some  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  gl.  Ms.  to  N.  J.,  and  W.  § 

29  C  sparganioides  Muhl.  Spikelets  7— 10,  ovate  ;  perig.  ovate-acuminate,  nearly 
twice  longer  than  the  glumes,  all  green.    Culm  and  leaves  2f.    In  fields  :  common. 

/3.  rhmea,  is  a  luxuriant  form,  with  the  spike  large  (.3—4'),  panicled. 
y.  minor^  is  a  small  and  delicate  form,  with  the  spike  1—2'  long. 

30  C.  rosea  Schk.  (Fig.  10)  Spkl.  5— 8,  remote,  8-IO-flwd.;  perig.  (Fig.  17)  lance-oblong, 
diverging  or  reflexed,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  glume  (Fig.  IS).   8 — 16'.  Com. 

p.  ttitnvr,   Spkl.  4—0,  quite  remote  ;  perig.  fewer  and  snberect. 

y,  radidla.    Spkl.  about  3-tiwd.,  perig.  oblong,  acute.     Stem  and  leaves  setaceous. 

31  C.  retroflexa  Muhl.  Spkl.  3—5,  bracteate,  stellate  at  maturity;  perig.  3—6, 
ovate,  acutish.  spreading  or  refiexed,  about  equaling  the  acute  glume.    Woods.  If. 

32  C.  teuella  Schk.  Spkl.  3  or  4,  near,  erect;  perig.  1—3,  mostly  2,  ovate-obtuse, 
minutely  pointed,  brown,  smooth,  little  exceeding  the  hyaline,  ovate,  acute  gl.  In 
tufts,  very  blender  and  flexile,  5-12'.  Woods,  N.Filng.  to  Pa.,  and  VV.  (C.dispermaDew.) 

33  C.  stelliilata  L.  Culm  stiffly  erect,  8—24';  spikelets  4—6,  ovate,  sessile,  the 
tpike  nearly  2',  turning  biown  ;  perig.  broad-ovate,  short-beaked,  a  little  longer  than 
the  ovate,  ub'.use  glume.    Wet  places,  N. 

34  C.  scirpoidc.*!  Schk.  Culm  very  slender,  6—12' ;  spkl.  3 — 4,  contiguous,  spk.  1', 
light  green  ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  near  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  glume.     Wot.    Common.    Stam.  mostly  below  the  upper  spikelet. 

35  €.  tri.speriua  Dew.  Very  slender.  If;  spikelets  1—3,  with  long  setaceous  bracts, 
about  3-flwd. ;   perig.  oblong,  pointed,  little  longer  than  the  glume.    Pa.,  N.  and  W. 

36  C.  Dewcyi  Schk.  Slender,  leafy,  1— 2f;  spikelets  .3- 5,  ;^9-flwd.,  the  upper  ap- 
l>roximate;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  rostrate,  2-toothed,  mostly  longer  than  the 
ovate-lanceolate  awned  hyaline  glume.    Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  and  Canada. 

37  C.  caiiescen.s  L.  Erect,  2f,  glaucous;  spkl.  5— 7,  ovate-oblong,  remote  below, 
12-20-flwd.;  perig.  round-ovate,  toothless,  eq.  the  glume.  Wet.  Com.  (C.  curta  Good.) 

38  C.  vitiliiii  Fries.  Slender,  flexuous,  l—3f;  spkl.  3— 5,  separate,  short-ovoid,  5-10- 
flwd. ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  glume.    N.  Eng.,  W.  and  N. 

3 'J  C.  Norveglca  Schk.  Yellowish,  6—12',  erect;  spkl.  about  3,  5-12-flwd.,  the  up- 
per often  all  i  ;  perig.  oval,  biconvex,  veiny,  brown,  eq.  the  obtuse  glume.  Me.  {Blake.) 

40  C  Liiddoiii  Boott.  Spike  1—2',  of  5— 7  oblong  spikelets;  perig.  and  gl.  lance- 
ovate,  brownish,  equal,  the  latter  white-edged  ;  culm  strict,  1— 2f.  Alich.  {Cooley),  &  N. 

41  C.  tcniiiflora  Wahl.  Spike  capitate,  i',  of  2  or  3  roundish,  about  5-flwd.  spkls  ; 
peiig.  oblong-ovate,  plano-convex,  acute,  equaling  the  oblong  glume.    Swamps,  N. 

42  C  sycliuocepliala  Carey.  Spkl.  ovoid,  in  a  dense  head  with  long  leafy  bracts  ; 
perig.  2i",  lance-linear,  gradually  long-beaked,  the  gl.  nearly  as  long.    N.  Y. :  rare. 


Order  154— CYPERACE^.  373 

43  C  arida  Schw.  and  Torr.  Spkl.  oblong-oval,  large,  close  and  dense,  dry  and 
cliaff-like  in  aspect ;  perig.  lance-linear,  4',  clearly  bidentate,  gl.  i  as  long.    W.  com. 

44  €.  scoparla  Schk.  Spkl.  5—8,  ovate,  approximate,  or  often  crowded  in  a  head; 
perig.  3",  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume ;  culm  18—24'  high,  leafy  be- 
low.   A  very  common  sedge,  in  meadows  everywhere. 

45  C  lagopodioides  Schk.  Spkl.  8—20,  ovoid-clavate  or  globular  with  a  club- 
shaped  base,  approximate  or  crowded ;  perig.  lanceolate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovate-lanceolate  glume.    Plant  2f,  light  green.    Common. 

46  C  cristata.  Schw.  Spkl.  6—12,  ovoid-globular,  crowded  into  an  oblong  head; 
perig.  spreading,  lance-ovate,  pointed  both  ways,  twice  longer  than  the  small  lanceo- 
late glume.    Culm  2— 3f,  stout.    Fields  and  meadows  :  common. 

47  C.  niirabllis  Dew.  Spkl.  as  in  C.  cristata;  perig.  broadly  ovate, rounded  at  base, 
acuminate  at  top,  a  little  longer  and  broader  than  the  gl.  Rigid,  2f.  Borders  of  fields. 
(C.  festucacea  /3.  Carey.    C.  straminea  p.  Tuckra.    C.  cristata  Boott.) 

48  C  straminea  Schk.  Spkl.  about  6  (3—12),  ovoid  to  oval  or  clavate-ovate,  re- 
mote or  contiguous  ;  perig.  oval  or  round-ovate,  very  flat,  broadly  winged,  abruptly 
beaked,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  much  narrower  glume.    Common  and  variable. 

".  tffpica,   Spkl.  3—6,  roundish  ;  perig.  spreading,  brownish  ;  gl.  much  smaller. 
fi.  tinera.    Slender,  with  3 — 6  ovate  brownish  remote  spikes  attenuate  below. 
V.  apirta,    Spkl.  4—8,  tawny,  drooping;  perig.  long-beaked,  thrice  longer  than  gl. 
5.  fextticarea,    Spkl.  5 — 8,  club-obovate,  longer  beaked,  prominent,  brownish. 
F.  hifalina,    Spkl.  about  6,  large,  pale  ;  perig.  twice  longer  than  the  glume.    W. 
?.  moniltforntia.  Slender;  spkl.  about  4,  remote,  whitii?h,  acute  at  both  ends.  E. 

49  C  silicca  Olney.  Spkl.  2 — 10,  pale  or  silvery-yellow,  distant,  ovate;  perig.  or- 
bicular, broadly  winged  all  around,  short-beaked,  usually  longer  and  broader  than  the 
lanceolate  glume.    Lvs.  involute.    8—20'.    Sea  shore,  Maine  to  Delaware  (Ca«&y). 

50  C.  aduiiita  Boott.  Spkl.  globular  with  an  acute  base,  large,  silvery-green,  close 
or  remote ;  perig.  ovate  to  oval,  veined,  narrowly  winged,  acuminate,  equaling  the 
glume  in  length  and  breadth.    N.  J.,  Penn.  and  N.  (C.  argyrantha,  more  delicate.) 

51  C.  foena  Willd.  Spkl.  4— 8,  pale,  oval-oblong,  acute,  approximate;  perig.  oval  to 
obovate,  appressed,  broadly-winged,  short-beaked,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume.    Plant  glaucous,  2— 3f.    Marshes,  R.  I.  to  Pa. 

52  C.  alata  Torr.  Spkl.  4— 8,  ovate,  large,  close;  perig.  roundish  or  obovate,  close, 
abruptly  short-beaked,  3-veined  on  the  back,  broad-winged,  some  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  white  glume.    Pale  green,  3— 4f.    N.  Y.  toFla. 

53  C.  Waslilngtonia  Dew.  Culm  6— 18';  lvs.  flat;  9  spk.  1— 4,  oblong-cylindric, 
6" — 1',  the  lowest  stalked;  gls.  black,  oval,  covering  the  oval apiculate  nerved  perig.; 
l«wer  bract  often  elongated.    White  Mts.,  and  N.   (C.  rigida  ^.  ?  Bigelovii  Gr.) 

54  C.  rotundata  Wahl.  Culm  If,  slender;  lvs.  channeled;  9  spk.  1—2,  oval  or 
roundish  ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  equaling  the  lanceolate  brownish  gl.;  bracts  sur- 
passing the  culm  ;    i  spk.  very  slender,  1'.    Moosehead  L.,  Me.  (Smith). 

55  C.  Floridana  Schw.  Culms  2 — 10',  slender,  lvs.  often  longer;  i  spk.  short, 
sessile,  9  spk.  ovoid,  1—3,  crowded;  glumes  oval,  acute,  edged  ivith  brown^  covering 
the  obovate,  short-beaked  perig.  Often  with  solitary  9  spikes  on  radical  ped.  S. 

56  C.  lenticularis  Mx.  Culm  8— 18';  lvs.  flat;  i  spk.  1',  ?  spk.  2— 5,  f-1',  with 
long  bracts ;  perig.  ovate-oval,  yellowish,  nerved,  longer  than  the  obtuse  glume. 
Spikes  cylindric.    Gravelly  shores.  Me.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  and  northward. 

57  C  aurea  Nutt.  i  Spk.  short  (6"),  9  spk.  3  or  4,  i—1',  loose-flowered,  spreading  ; 
perig.  oval,  obtuse,  yellow-brown,  separate,  exceeding  the  hyaline  gl.  Culm  slender, 
8— 16';  leaves  flat,  bracts  exserted,  leafy.    Wet.     N.  Eng.,  and  W. 

58  C.  I^itclielliana  Curtis,  i  Spk.  often  9  in  the  middle  ;  9  spk.  2— 3,  cylindric, 
slender,  loose;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  short-beaked,  eq.  the  gl.  15 — 20'.  Wet.  N.  Car. 

59  C.  torta  Boott.  Spikes  cylindric,  slender,  2—5';  spikelets  2  or  3,  loose  below,  re- 
curved ;  perig.  lanceolate,  the  beak  recurved  or  contorted,  equaling  the  black-banded 
obtuse  lanceolate  glume.    Very  smooth,  2— 3f.    Wet  places. 


374  OiiDER  154.-CYPERACE^. 

60  C.  vulgaris  Fries,  i  Spikes  cylindric,  1—2',  ?  C3'lind.-oblong,  1',  i  at  top  ;  rIs, 
black,  ovale,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  oval,  obtuse  perig. ;  culm  slender.  6—14' ;  Ivs. 
flat,  bract  equaling  the  culm.    Wet,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  N.    (C.  csespitosa  C-B.) 

61  C.  stricta  Lam.  Spk.  cylindric,  IJ— 2',  erect ;  glumes  lanceolate,  acutish,  striped, 
some  longer  than  the  ovate-acute  perigynia.    2f.    Bogs  ;  common. 

;8.  stricttor.    Glumes,  especially  the  upper,  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

62  C.  xerocarpa  S.  H.  Wright.  Differs  from  C.  stricta  in  its  extremely  slender 
habit ;  Ivs.  rolled  and  rush-like  ;  i  spk.  almost  filiform  ;  gl.  shorter  than  perig.   N.  Y. 

63  C.  aperta  Boott.  Spk.  cylindric,  erect,  12 — 15" ;  perig.  brown,  round-ovate, 
shorter  than  the  lance-acuminate  glume;  culm  1 — 2f,  rough-edged  above;  Ivs.  chan- 
neled, bracts  leafy.    Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  N. 

64  C!.  aquatilis  Wahl.  Spk.  2 — 3',  dense,  erect,  acute,  subclavate,  the  ;?  2  or  3, 
?  3— 5,  with  bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  gl.  lanceolate,  usually  longer  than  the 

roundish,  nerveless,  reddish,  apiculate  perigynia.    2— 3f.    Shores,  N. 

65  C  crinita  Lam.   Spk.  pedunculate,  long  (2 — l^,  nodding,  i  mostly  but  1,  9  about 

4  ;  perig.  round-ovate,  apiculate,  glume  with  its  long  serrulate  awn  thrice  longer — all 
light  brown.    Wet  meadows  :  common.    2 — 3f.  Leafy. 

p.  g-yuandra.  Spk.  shorter  (1 — 2'),  9  about  3,  perig.  inflated,  awns  spreading,  &c. 

66  C.  inaritinia  Vahl.    Spk.  1—2' long,  pendulous  or  spreading,  on  peduncles,  the 

5  3—5 ;  perig.   orbicular,  much  shorter  than  the    long-awned  green  glume ;  culm 
10—20',  erect,  with  broad,  flat,  smooth  U-aves.     Salt  marshes,  Mass.,  and  N. 

67  C.  salina  Wahl.  Spk.  cylindric,  erect  on  included  stalks,  the  9  2—4;  bracts 
long;  perig.  elliptical,  apiculate,  little  shorter  than  the  dark-brown,  short-awned 
glume;  culm 8 — l(i',  rough  above.    Salt  marshes.  Mass.,  and  X. 


68  C  peduuculata  Muhl.  Spk.  3-7,  remote,  on  filiform  stalks ;  perig.  obovate, 
triquetrous,  recurved  at  tip,  few,  equaling  the  brown,  oblong,  obovate  glume.  Culm 
4—12'.  leaves  longer,  glabrous.    Woods.    Flowers  in  early  spring. 

69  C.  Baltzellii  Chapm.  Spk.  cylindric,  1—2',  $  1—4,  i  at  top,  on  long  canline  or 
subradical peduncles;  perig.  and  gl.  oblong-obovate.  snbequal,  the  perig.  veiny  and 
puberulent.    Culm  6 — 10',  leaves  flat,  thrice  longer.    Florida. 

70  C  squarrosa  L.  Spk.  2—4,  cylindric-oblong,  thick  (1'  by  6"),  straw-color, 
stalked,  sgvarrous  with  the  long  beaks  of  the  globous  perig.  which  conceal  the  short 
glumes.    Wet  places  :  common.    Large  und  fine,  spike  showy. 

71  C.  irlrescens  Muhl.  Spk.  2—4,  erect,  (>— 12" ;  perig.  ovate,  pubescent,  ribbed, 
longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  ghime  or  about  equal  to  it.  Culm  slender,  1 — 2f,  bracts 
exceeding  the  culm.    Whole  plant  pubescent  and  light  green.    Copses. 

72  C  liirsiita  Willd.  Spk.  oval-r)blong,  4—9",  erect,  near,  dense;  perig.  ovoid-tri- 
quetroiis.  downy,  at  length  only  scabrous,  longer  than  the  glumes.  Culm  1 — 2f, 
bracts  exceeding  it,  all  pubescent  ur  scabrous.    Upland  Meadows.    (C.  Triceps  Mx.) 

73  C— Nov.  Sp.  yet  unpublished. 

7-1  C,  aestivalis  Curtis.  Spk.  .3—5,  slender,  1—2',  loose,  suberect  on  short  stalks; 
perig.  elliptic,  pointed  both  ways,  longer  than  the  glume.  Tufts  16—24'  high,  with 
flat  downy  leaves,  and  bracts  exceeding  the  culm.    Mts..  Mass.  to  N.  Car. 

75  C.  Sliortiana  Dew.  Spk.  4  or  5,  cylindric,  dense,  1',  erect  on  naked  stalks, 
tawny  in  maturity;  perig.  round-obovate,  scarce  longer  than  the  ovate  glume.  Erect, 
12— :;0'.  leafy,  smooth,  handsome.    Wet  grounds,  Peun.  to  111.,  and  S. 

76  C.  oxylepis  Torr.  Spk.  3— 6,  cylindric,  1—2',  erect  on  naked  ped. ;  perig.  oblong, 
pointed  both  ways,  little  longer  than  the  cuspidate  white-edged  glume.   Fla.  to  La. 

7  7  r.  Biixbaiimii  Wahl.  Spk.  4,  ovoid,  sessile,  near;  lower  bract  equaling  the 
culm  ;  perig.  elliptic,  nerveless,  rounded  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  pointed  black- 
banded  glume.    Culm  10—18'.    Common  in  wet  places. 


Ordeu  154.— CYPERACE.E.  375 

78  C.  alpina  Swtz.  Spk.  3  or  4,  small,  oval,  close;  bract  longer  than  the  culm; 
perig.  roiiiid-obovat«,  longer  than  the  black  glume.    Leaves  radical.    L.  Superior. 

79  C.  atrata  L.  Spk.  8—6,  oblong-ovate,  nodding,  the  lower  stalked;  perig. 
round-ovato,  shorter  than  the  dark  oval  glume.    Bract  long.    White  Mountains. 

80  C.  ifracglllma  Schw.  Spk.  3 — i.  slender,  12— 20",  rather  loose,  drooping  on  long 
filiform  remote  stalks;  bract  short;  perig.  oblong,  longer  than  the  oblong  short- 
awned  glume.    2f.    Meadows. 

81  C.  forinbsa  Dew.  Spk.  3-^,  oblong,  8— 12",  on  long,  distant  recurred  pedun- 
cles; perig.  oblong,  intlated,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  glume.  Culm  2— 3f, 
bract  shorter  than  the  culm.    Wet  meadows. 

82  C  glabra  Boott.  ?  Spk.  short-cylindric  (10,  spreading  on  capillary  peduncles; 
perig.  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  nerved,  twice  longer  (2")  than  the  ovate 
bro\TO-edged  glume.    Very  slender,  erect,  18'.     N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  Penn. 

83  €.  Davisti  Torr.  Spk.  4,  10—15"  long,  rather  loose,  long-stalked,  drooping  when 
ripe  ;  bracts  much  longer ;  perig.  oblong-ovate,  nerved,  acute,  scarce  equaling  the 
awned  glume.    Mass.  to  Wis.,  and  S. 

84  C,  prajcox  Jacq.  $  Spk.  clavate,  erect;  ¥  spk.  about  2,  ovate-oblong,  6—9"; 
perig.  6—12,  round-ovate,  downy,  nearly  equal  to  the  ovate  colored  glume  (which  is 
brown,  edged  with  white).    Culm  3—6',  leafy  at  base.    Rocky  hills,  E.  Mass. 

85  C  Riolinrdsonii  R.  Br.  i  Spk.  clavate-oblong,  erect :  $  about  2,  oblong,  near, 
subsessile  ;  glumes  wholly  brown ;  perig.  ovoid-triquetrous,  obtuse,  nearly  beak- 
less,  shorter  than  the  greeu-midveined  glume.    4 — 10'.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  N. 

86  C,  vestita  Willd.  Spk.  all  sessile,  9",  i  cylindric,  ?  2,  ovoid-oblong;  perig. 
ovate,  short-beaked,  hairy,  exceeding  the  rusty  acutish  glume.  Culm  12—30',  sharp- 
angled,  leafy  below.    Common  in  we:  places. 

87  C.  pubcseens  Muhl.  Spk.  oblong,  8—12",  rather  loose,  the  lowest  on  a  short 
stalk;  perig.  lance-ovate,  beaked,  hairy,  exceeding  the  carinate,  mucronate  glume. 
Culm  10—20' ;  leaves  downy,  flat,  5—10'.    Meadows. 

88  C  nig-ro-inavgliiata  Schw.  is  probably  a  mere  variety  of  No.  53,  having  the 
glumes  more  extensively  colored  and  the  stigmas  oftener  3.    Hills,  Pa.,  and  S. 

89  C.  uinbcllata  Schk.  Dwarf;  i  spk.  erect,  2— .3",  ?  ovoid,  2— 4,  each  on  a  sub- 
radical  peduncle,  green  ;  perig.  5—8,  round-ovate,  beaked,  nearly  equaling  the  lance- 
acuminate  glume.    Tvcaves  3—5',  far  longer  than  the  spike.    North. 

90  C.  Eiuiiioiisii  Dew.  Spikes  all  sessile,  green,  i  4—5",  ?  2— 3,  ovoid :  perig. 
about  5,  globous,  beaked,  equal  to  the  pointed  glumes.  Culm  filiform,  6—12',  with 
very  narrow  leaves.    Fields  and  hills  :   common. 

91  C.  Fennsylvanica  Lam.  Spikes  tawny-red,  i  1'  long,  pedunculate,  the  * 
small,  round,  sessile,  crowded,  about  2  ;  perig.  round-ovoid,  5—?,  downy,  short- 
beaked,  equaling  the  acuminate  glume.    Culm  4 — 12',  erect,  leaves  long.    Copses. 

92  C.  IVovae-Angliae  Schw.  Spk.  purplish,  sessile,  $  3—4",  ?  2—4,  small,  near, 
(except  the  lowest),  with  bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  perig.  3 — 7,  pyriform,  short- 
beaked,  larger  than  the  ovate  glume.    Slender,  4—12'.    Open  woods. 

93  C.  varia  Muhl.  Spikes  rusty-green,  sessile,  oval,  1—3,  separated,  the  2  slender, 
(10")  and  stalked,  bracts  very  short ;  perig.  about  7,  round-oval,  abruptly  beaked, 
about  equaling  the  pointed  rusty-edged  glume.  Erect,  S — 18,  leafy  at  base.  Dry 
woods. 

94  C.  flava  L.  ?  Spk.  oval,  approximate,  2—4;  perig.  crowded,  ovate,  ribbed,  re- 
flexed  with  a  long  curved  beak,  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  glume.  Plant  10—20', 
yellowish  green.    Cold,  wet  soils  :  common. 

95  C.  ffideri  Ehrh.  ?  Spk.  3—5,  oblong,  small  (3—5"),  close,  nearly  sessile ;  perig. 
globous,  diverging  with  a  short  abrupt  beak  ;  plant  yellowish,  8—16',  leaves  and 
bracts  erect.    Shores,  N.  Eng.,  and  West.    (C.  viridula  Mx.) 

9G  C.  folliciilata  L.  ?  Spk.  2—4,  capitate,  dense,  distant,  the  lower  peduncle 
exserted;  perigynia  4",  lanceolate,  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  diverging, 
twice  longer  than  the  long-awned  glumes  ;  leaves  lance-linear.    Wet. 


376  Order  154.— CyPERACE^. 

97  C  rostrata  Mx.  ?  Spikes  1— 3,  capitf.te,  near;  perigynia  3",  suberect,  lance- 
olate, long-rostrate,  twice  longer  than  the  acutish  glume ;  leaves  few,  rolled,  subu- 
late ;  culm  If.    Mountain  bogs,  N.  Y.,  N.  H.,  and  North. 

98  C.  Elli&ttii  Schw.  i  Spike  slender,  1';  ?  2  or  3,  globous  to  oval,  distant; 
perigynia  10—20,  ovoid,  veined,  rostrate,  3";  glume  ovate,  1";  culm  slender,  rigid, 
1— 2f,  the  narrow  leaves  longer.    N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

99  C.  siibul^ta  Mx.  i  Spike  short,  subsessile;  9  spikes  3—5,  capitate,  distant, 
3-7-flowered ;  perigynia  subulate,  6",  long-rostrate,  divaricate  and  with  3  divaricate 
teeth.    Slender,  smooth,  light-green,  1— 2f.    Can.  to  N.  J. 

100  C.  turgesceiis  Torr.  i  Spike  slender,  IJ';  ?  spikes  2  to  3,  capitate  to  oval, 
loose,  the  lowest  pednnculate,  exserted;  perigynia  9—12,  inflated,  striate,  conic- 
rostrate,  0";  glume  ovale,  acute,  3".    Culm  2— 3f,  slender;  leaves  long.    Swamps,  S. 

101  C.  Iiitumescens  Rudge.  i  Spike  long-stalked,  slender;  ?  1—3,  on  very 
short  stalks,  capitate ;  perigynia  5—8,  very  large  ((i — 7"),  acuminate-beaked  ;  glume 
ovate-cuspidate,  2"  ;  culm  If ;  bracts  very  long.    Wet. 

102  C  Grayil  Carey.  ?  Spikes  1  or  2,  large,  capitate,  dense;  perigynia  15—30, 
radiating,  very  large  (7—8"),  with  a  long,  slender,  smooth  beak ;  glume  inconspicuous. 
R  ver  bottoms,  N.  Y.,  and  West. 

103  C  Inpulina  Muhl.  ?  Spikes  2—4,  large,  1—2'  by  9—12",  the  lower  on  exserted 
stalks  ;  perigynia  ascending,  6J— 7",  ovoid  and  long-beaked,  bicuspidate ;  glume  3", 
lance-acuminate.    Plant  stout,  leafy,  2— 3f.    Wet  grounds. 

/3.  peduHculhJa,    Spikes  all  on  long  peduncles,     i  Glumes  linear-awned  as  in  a. 
y.  iiiidrog-f/na.     ?  Spikes  staminate  at  apex.    Approaching  No.  172. 

104  C.  lupullforinis  Sartwell.  ?  Spikes  4—5,  very  large  (2—3');  perigynia 
ascending,  7—8",  the  long  beak  roughish,  bicuspidate ;  glumes  long-awned,  ovate, 
3"  ;  nut  as  broad  as  long,  the  angles  knobbed.    Swamps  :   common, 

105  C.  teiitaculata  Muhl.  ¥  Spikes  2  or  3,  dense,  U— 2'  by  7  or  8",  near,  on  short 
peduncles;  perigynia  4",  ovate,  long-beaked,  diverging,  orifice  obliquely  2-toothed; 
glumes  linear-awned,  2".    Stout,  leafy,  l—2f.    Bogs:  common. 

p.  altior.     $  Spikes  3^,  larger  (10"  thick),  beak  subequally  toothed.    2f. 

106  C  steiiolepls  Torr.  i  Spike  small  (1')  rarely  0;  ?  1 — 5,  very  dense,  1 — IJ', 
often  ,3  at  base  ;  perigynia  globous,  abruptly  beaked,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  long 
slendur-awned  glumes.     Related  to  C.  squarrosa.     Peun.  to  111.,  and  South. 

107  C.  plantaginea  Lam.  i  Spike  clavate,  glumes  acute ;  ?  spikes  3— 5,  erect, 
remote,  loose  ;  perigynium  .5 — 10,  the  point  recurved,  twice  longer  than  the  glume ; 
bracts  purple,  shorter  than  the  spikes  ;  leaves  6 — 10"  broad.    Woods.     March— May. 

108  O.  Careyana  Torr.  i  Spike  oblong,  erect;  glumes  obtuse;  ?  spikes  2—3, 
remote,  loose;  perigyniura  3 — 7,  large  (2i"),  the  point  oblique,  twice  longer  than 
the  glume;  bracts  green,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  leaves  &— 12"  wide. 
Woods,  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 

109  C  platypliylla  Carey,  i  Spike  clavate,  glume  acute;  ?  spikes  2— 3,  very  re- 
mote, small ;  perigynia  3 — 6,  small  (H") ;  glume  cuspidate,  1";  bracts  as  in  C.  Carey- 
ana  ;  leaves  6—10"  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culms.    Shades,  N.  States. 

110  <'.  laxiflora  Lam.  i,  Spike  linear,  glumes  lance-oblong,  acute;  ¥  spikes  3, 
slender,  1',  loose,  remote;  perigynia  10 — 15,  elliptic-triq.,  t",  the  point  oblique;  gl. 
oblong,  mucronate,  \i"  ;  leaves  1-veined,  2— 4"  wide,  bracts  long.   Shades:  common. 

|3.  patuli folia.    Root  leaves  6—12"  wide,  bracts  also  wide.    Olherwise  as  in  oc. 

y.  lalifhlia.    Leaves  and  bracts  very  broad  ;  perigynia  broad,  point  conspicuous. 

5.  hlanda.    Bracts  very  long,  i  spike  small;   ?  spikes  dense;   perigynia  obovoid. 

E.  inlerihi.'lia.    Leaves  narrow,  i  spike  on  a  slender  stalk;  perigynia  as  in  a. 

C-  f-ti/loH/jca.    Slender,  1 — 2f,  spike  small,  on  long  filiform  peduncles,  4-6-flowered. 

inc.  retrocurva  Dew.     Spikes   small   (5—8"),  all  on  long  capillary  peduncles, 

the  ¥  3,  loose  ;  perigynia  broad-ovate-triquetrous,  scarcely  oblique-pointed  ;  glumes 

awncd  ;  culms  weak.  If,  leaves  radical,  wide  (4"),  flat,  glaucous.     Open  woods  :  rare. 

112  C.  digitalis  Willd.     ^  Spike  slender,  1',  stalked;   ?  spikes  3,  loose,  C— 72",  re- 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^E.  377 

mote,  recurved ;  perigynia  4—10,  ovoid-triqnetrons,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  lance- 
ovate  glume  ;  leaves  and  bracts  1—2"  wide,  exceeding  the  4—12'  culm.    Open  woods. 

113  C.  xanthospernia  Dew.  i  Spike  small,  sessile ;  ?  spikes  4,  distant,  cylia- 
diic,  1',  dense,  on  long  slender  peduncles ;  perigynia  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  2", 
striate,  yellowish  when  ripe  ;  glumes  1",  pointed.    Yellowish,  If.    N.  J.,  and  South. 

H4  €.  conoidea  Schk.  Spikes  all  short-peduncled,  ?  2  or  3,  oblong,  dense,  erect. 
6—10" ;  perigynia  oblong-conic,  obtusish  ;  glumes  ovate,  awned.    If.    Uplands  :  com. 

115  C.  grisea  Wahl.  £  Spike  sessile;  $  spikes  4,  oblong,  remote,  6";  perigynia 
oblong,  some  longer  than  the  ovate,  awned  gl.imes  m",  glumes  2") ;  leaves  light- 
green,  2—3"  broad.    Culm  lif.    Woods  and  meadows. 

116  O.  glaucodea  Tuckm.  Spikes  short-stalked,  0—12",  i  clavate,  $  3—4,  cylin- 
dric,  dense  ;  perigynia  10—20,  ovoid,  obtuse,  twice  longer  than  the  cuspidate  glumes. 
Plant  glaucous,  6—10' ;  leaves  2—4"  wide.    Mass.  to  Pa. 

117  C.  graiiularis  Muhl.  5  Spike  linear,  sessile,  1';  $  2—4,  cylindric,  i— IJ',  the 
lower  peduncle  long;  perigynia  close,  round-ovate,  the  point  oblique,  much  longer 
than  the  ovate-acuminate  glumes.    Glaucous,  8 — ^(y.    Moist  soils :  common. 

/3.  reel  a  ^  has  the  perigynia  ovoid,  and  with  a  straight  point.    111.  to  La. 

118  C.  j  uiicea  Willd.  Spikes  slender,  on  filiform  stalks,  glumes  obtuse ;  i  short ; 
9  spikes  2—3,  loose;  perigynia  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  glumes;  culm  1— IJf, 
slender,  longer  than  the  slender  rush-like  leaves.    Roan  Mt.,  N.  C. 

1 19  C,  ebui-nea  P.oott.  Delicate,  erect,  4—10',  ihe  setaceous  leaves  much  shorter; 
spikes  2—3,  very  small  (2—3"),  with  white,  leafless  sheaths,  the  $  higher  than  the  t ; 
perigynia  3—6,  obovoid,  beaked,  nerveless,  J".    Rocks,  Vt.,  and  West. 

120  C.  panicea  L.  Spikes  2—4,  1',  oblong-cyllndric,  stalked,  tawny;  perigynia 
turgid-ovoid,  the  very  short  point  oblique,  longer  than  the  obtuse  glume.  Light 
green.  If;  bracts  short.    Mass.  (Oakes).    Wis.  (Lapham).    Pa.  (Poi'ter). 

121  C.  livida  Willd.  Spikes  2—4,  oblong-cylindric,  pale,  8—10",  the  s  and  lower  ? 
stalked ;  bracts  short ;  perigynia  oval,  straight  at  the  obtuse  end,  longer  than  the 
obtuse  glumes.    Glaucous,  6—16'.    Swamps,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  North. 

122  C  tetaiiica  Schk.  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong-cylindric,  loose,  1',  the  i  and  lower  ? 
long-pedunculale ;  perigynia  ovoid  to  obovoid,  apex  oblique,  longer  than  the  snb- 
mncronate  glumes.    Light  green,  cj—l(/;  bracts  rather  short.    Wet  uplands:  rare. 

ft.   Ifoodii,    9  spikes  about  2,  very  loose;  glumes  with  broad  scarious  mai-gins. 

123  C.  i?Teadii  Dew.  i  Spike  slender,  1',  ?  oblong-cylindric,  loose,  8—10",  all 
pedunculate  ;  perigynia  oval,  scarce  equaling  the  tawny-edged,  ovate-acuminate 
glumes.    Pale,  erect,  S— 16',  the  leaves  and  bracts  short.    Wet,  O.  to  111.,  and  North. 

124  C.  Crawei  Dew.  Spikes  dense,  8—10",  erect,  i  stalked,  compound  at  base,  j 
2—5.  remote,  the  lowest  often  long-stalked ;  perigynia  ovoid,  acute,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate  glumes.    Erect,  6—15'.    Spikes  dusky  green.    N.  Y.,  and  West.    Rare. 

12.1  C.  olig-ocarpa  Schk.  i  Spike  erect,  9",  linear,  stalked ;  9  3,  remote,  short- 
stalked.  3- or  4-llowered  ;  perigynium  obovoid,  short-beaked,  brown,  equaling  the  awn 
of  the  pale  glume.    Pale,  6 — 12',  bracts  long.    Open  woods  and  hedges  :  rare. 

126  C.  Hitclicockiana  Dew.  $  Spike  erect,  linear,  stalked;  9  3,  remote,  short- 
stalked,  5-10-flowered  ;  perigynia  oval,  brown,  acute  below,  the  beak  bent  back,  scarce 
equaling  the  awn  of  the  whitish  glume.    Subpubescent,  1— 2f.    N.  Eng.,  and  West. 

127  O.  exten$>a  Good.  $  Spike  subsessile,  6— 9"  ;  s  3,  oval  to  oblong,  very  dense, 
the  lower  remote,  stalked ;  perigynia  spreading,  the  short  straight  beak  2-toothcd, 
gl.  much  shorter.    Rush-like,  1— 2f,  leaves  and  bracts  rolled.    Sands,  L.  I.,  Staten  I. 

128  C.  del>ili«i  Mx.  Spikes  about  2',  very  slender;  9  3—5,  nodding;  perigynia 
12—20,  lance-linear,  acuminate-beaked,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong  silvery  glumes. 
Bright  green,  1— 2f ;  bracts  equal  the  culm.    Moist  woods  and  meadows  :  common. 

p.':  pUbera.   Perig.  pubescent,  strongly  veined,  slightly  bent.  Pa.  {Porter),  and  S. 

129  C.  arctata  Boott.  Like  C.  debilis,  but  with  shorter  bracts,  longer  stalks,  the 
perigynium  ovoid,  taper-beaked,  i  longer  than  the  ovate-pointed  glume.    Common. 

130  C.  Snlllvaiitii  Boott.    Spikes  cylindric,  9— 15",  erect,  4  approximate,  or  a  5th, 


378  Order  154.— CYPERACEiE. 

if  any,  remote;  perigynium  elliptic,  rough-hairy,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate-cuspi- 
date glume.    Borders  of  woods,  Columbiip,  Ohio.    2f. 

131  C.  Kneiskernli  Dew.  Spikes  rather  loose,  1—1  J',  with  recurved  peduncles ; 
perigynia  ovate-oblong,  glabrous,  nerved.  Otherwise  as  in  C.  SuUivantii.  Woods, 
Oriskany  and  Rome,  N.  Y.,  and  Cleveland.  O. 

132  C.  vaglnata  Tausch.  i  Spike  nodding  in  flower,  stalked;  ¥  2  or  3,  remote, 
loose;  bracts  short  with  long  sheaths;  perig.  5— 10,  brown-black,  globular-ovate,  the 
beak  terete,  short,  bent,  exceeding  the  obtuse  gl.    Weak,  1— 2f.    N.  Y.  (rare),  L.  Sup. 

133  C.  capillaris  L.  Spikes  minute,  3—4,  oblong,  tawny,  peduncle  capillary; 
perigynia  4 — (i,  oval,  iieiveless,  the  short  beak  exceeding  the  obtuse  rusty  glume. 
Pale,  delicate,  4—7',  leaves  long,  bracts  short.    White  Mis.,  N,  H. 

134  C.  flexilis  Rudge.  Spikes  3—5,  i  clavate,  ?  oblong,  on  flexile  nodding  pe- 
duncles ;  bracts  bristle-  or  scale-form ;  perigynia  ovoid-lanceolate,  2-toothed,  scarce 
longer  than  the  obtusish  rusty  glumes.    Sofl-hairy.    \—\\t.    Ct.,  N.  Y. :  rare. 

135  C.  laevigata  Sm.  Like  C.  flexilis,  but  with  perigynia  nerved,  bicuspidate,  the 
glumes  awn-pointed,  and  tiie  whole  plant  smooth.    Near  Boston.    § 

136  C  fiilva  Good.  Culm  If,  rough;  spikes  3 — 4,  all  erect,  s  ovoid-oblong;  perig. 
ovoid,  twice  longer  than  the  dark-brown  acutish  glumes.    Near  Boston.    § 

137  C.  venusta  Dew.  Spikes  3  or  4,  t,  linear,  V — lU",  rusty,  stalked;  ?  loose, 
(i — IG",  brown-green ;  perigynia  lancc-oblong,  2i^",  conic-beaked,  nerved,  rough- 
hairy,  twice  longer  than  the  glumes  ;  leaves  If,  culm  2— 3f.    S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

138  C.  tenax  Chapm.  Spikes  2— 4,  i  slender,  1',  ?  oblong,  i—1',  dense,  subsessile  ; 
bracts  longer;  perigynia  oval,  short-beaked,  finely-veined,  pubescent,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate  glumes  ;  culm  If;  leaves  rolled.    Ga.,  Fla. 

139  C  dasyciiri>a  Muhl.  Spikes  3—1,  subsessile,  U— 10",  j  linear,  ?  oblong, 
hoary,  bracts  exserted ;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  tomentous,  short-beaked,  longer  than 
the  ovate-acuminate  glumes.     If.    Dry  fields,  South. 

1  40  C.  Tarreyl  Tuckm.  Spikes  subsessile,  erect,  the  t  oblong,  the  ?  ovoid,  2  or  3; 
perigynia  obovoid,  very  obtuse,  scarcely  beaked,  strongly  nerved,  longer  than  the 
ovate  glumes  ;  culm,  leaves,  and  short  bracts  downy.    Penn.,  and  North.    Rare. 

141  C.  Barrattii  Schw.  &  Torr.  Spikes  cylindric,  6—12",  dark-purple,  short-pe- 
(Vinculate,  the  ?  2  or  3  ;  perigynium  ovoid,  little  exceeding  the  ovate  glume ;  culm  1 — 2f, 
sharp-angled,  leaves  much  shorter,  bracts  short.    Marshes,  N.  J.  to  Car. 

142  C.  iialleseeiis'L.  Spikes  approximate,  3  or  4,  short-stalked,  pale,  ^  oblong,  6"; 
9  ovoid,  4—5",  bract  a  little  exserted;  perigynia  ovoid,  nerveless,  scarce  longer 
than  the  glumes.    Plant  pale,  6—15',  leaves  as  long.    Dry  meadows. 

J3.  uinUilala,    Lower  bracts  wavy-rugonn  at  base  ;  leaves  longer. 

143  C.  liniosa  L.  Spikes  pedunculate,  with  dark-purple  glumes.  S  linear,  erect ;  ? 
1—2,  oblong,  drooping;  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm;  perigynia  ovate,  scarce  equal- 
ing the  broad,  mucronate  glumes.    Glaucous,  8— 16'.    Marshes:  common. 

144  C.  rariflora  Sm.  Like  C.  limosa,  but  smaller  (4—10'),  s  spikes  1—2.  linear, 
loosely  5-10-flwd. ;  perig.  involved  in  the  glume.    Mountains,  N.  II.,  Me.,  and  N. 

145  C.  Irrigua  Sm.  $  Spk.  2— 4,  ovoid-oblong  ;  bract  exceeding  the  culm;  perig. 
oval,  much  shorter  than  the  long-pointed  dark-purple  glume,  8—20'.  Leaves  linear, 
flat.    Spikes  drooping  as  in  C.  limosa.    Bogs,  Pa.  to  Wis.,  and  N. 

146  C  niiliacea  Muhl.  Spikes  cylindric,  slender,  H— 2',  S  erect,  ?  nodding,  loose 
below;  perig.  ovoid-triquetrous,  short-beaked,  as  long  as  the  white-edged  awned 
glume.    Culm  1— 2f,  leaves  rather  broad.    Wet  meadows  :  common. 

1 47  C.  scabrata  Schw.  Spikes  3—6,  cylindric,  1*- 2',  suberect,  dense,  the  lower  on 
long  peduncles;  bracts  long;  perig.  ovoid-triquetrous,  7-ough,the  slender  beak  equal- 
ing the  acuminate  glume.    Culm  1— 2f,  leaves  broad.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 

148  C.  liisti-lcina  Willd.  i  Spk.  linear,  stalked,  1',  $  3,  oblong-cylindric,  dense, 
12-18",  near,  nodding ;  perig.  ovoid,  inflated,  nerved,  diverging,  the  long  slender 
beak  bifid,  longer  than  the  awned  glume.    l—2f,  very  leafy.    Swales:   common 

j3.  Cooleyi.     Slender;   9  spikes  ovoid,  the  lowest  long-pedunculate. 


Ordeu  154— CYPERACE^.  379 

149  O.  pseudo-cyperus  L.  i  Spk.  linear,  IJ',  $  3—5,  cylindnc,  thick,  1—2',  pe- 
diiiiculate,  recurved  ;  perig.  horizontal  or  deflesed,  lanceolate,  with  2  suberect  teeth, 
equaling  tlie  lance-aristate  glume.    Ponds  and  ditches.  Can.  to  Pa. 

150  C  comosa  Boott.  i  Spike  lin.-cylindric,  2— a';  ?  3,  long  (2— 3'),  cylindnc, 
thick,  dense-curved,  on  recurved  ped. ;  perig.  lance-linear,  deflexed,  the  slender  beak 
with  9  long  spreading  cusps.    Stout,  2— 3f.    Wet. 

151  C.  trlcliocarpa  Muhl.  Spikes  erect,  i  a  bout  3,  clustered,  $  3,  oblong-cylindric, 
thick  but  rather  loose,  Ij — 2';  perig.  conic-ovoid,  4",  ascending,  veined,  the  beak 
slender,  forked,  exceeding  the  hyaline  gl.    Puberulent,  15— 30'.    Marshes  :  common. 

p.  turbintita,     Spk.  ?  ovoid-oblong,  dense  ;  perig.  more  diverging. 

152  C,  verrucosa  Ell.  i  Spk.  9,  often  1,  erect,  ?  3— 7,  remote,  all  cylindric,  dense, 
heavy,  2—3',  bracts  long,  on  long  sheaths  ;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  shorter  than  the 
awn  of  the  oblong  glume.    Culm  and  leaves  2 — 3f.    Wet  grounds,  S, 

)3.  g-lauc^scf>is.     s  Single,  ?  sterile  at  apex  ;  perig.  broader  or  obovoid.    South. 

153  C.  lanuginosa  Mx.  $  Spk.  1—3,  linear,  1—2',  the  upper  stalked,  ?  mostly  2, 
nearly  sessile,  oblong-cylindric,  9—15"  ;  leaves  and  bracts  flat;  perig.  ovoid,  with  2 
sharp  teeth,  equaling  the  lanceolate  awned  glume.    1— 2r.    Wet  places :  common. 

1  54  C.  filiforniis  L.  Much  like  the  last,  but  the  leaves  and  bracts  are  convolute  and 
rush-like,  and  the  ?  glumes  ovate,  acute.    Pale.    Marshes  :  common. 

155  C.  striata  Mx.  i  Spk.  1—1,  erect,  the  lower  sessile;  ?  1—2,  remote,  cylindnc, 
erect,  dense;  perigynia  ovoid,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  glumes.    Stiffly  erect,  1 — Hf,  leaves  and  bracts  rolled  at  the  ends.    Pa.,  and  S. 

156  C.  Hoiiglitonii  Torr.  i  Spikes  1—3,  9  2—3,  cylindric,  thick  (12— 15"  x  4"), 
near,  subsessile,  erect ;  perigynia  ovoid-inflated,  bifurcate,  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  cuspidate  glume.    Stout,  2 — 3f,  leaves  and  bracts  flat.    Me.  to  Wis. 

157  C.  polj'inorplia  Muhl.  Spikes  oblong,  erect;  glume  obtuse;  ?  1—2,  1',  the 
lower  remote,  exsert-pedunculate ;  bracts  and  leaves  short;  perigynia  oval-ovate, 
beak  short,  purple,  exceeding  the  ovate  purplish  gl.  Erect,  5 — 20'.   Sands,  Pa.,  and  N. 

158  C.  paludosa  Good.  Spikes  erect,  cylindric,  15—20",  dense,  near;  glume  cus- 
pidate;  2  spikes  about  3;  bracts  long,  sheathless;  perigynia  ovate,  short-beaked, 
equaling  the  narrow  glumes.    Erect,  H— 2f ;  leaves  channeled.    Marshes,  Mass. 

159  €.  rlparia  Curtis.  Spikes  erect,  cylindric,  2—3',  S  2—5,  ?  2—3,  nearly  ses- 
sile; bracts  and  leaves  long;  perigynia  conic-lanceolate,  with  2  slender  teeth,  some 
longer  than  the  narrow-awned  glumes.    Stout,  2— If.    Shores.    (U.  lacustris.) 

160  C.  Clierokeensis  Schw.  s  Spikes  lance-linear,  6—12",  9  cylindric,  1— U', 
2— T,  the  lower  nodding,  on  exserted  peduncles  ;  perigynia  lance-ovate,  much  Inuger 
than  the  ovate  glume.    Slender,  2f,  light  green.    Ga.,  Fla.,  and  West. 

161  C.  ampullacca  Good.  S  Spikes  often  bracted,  linear;  9  3—4,  cylindric, 
thick,  2—3'  by  J',  very  dense,  near,  suberect;  perigynia  ovoid,  more  or  less  abruptly 
beaked,  bifurcate,  larger  than  the  pointed  glumes.  Stout,  2— 3f,  the  flat  leaves  longer. 
Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  West.    (C.  utriculata,  Bt.) 

16a  C.  nionile  Tuckm.  i  Spikes  slender,  2—4;  9  2,  rarely  1  or  3,  cyl.,  1—2',  rather 
loose,  suberect,  short-ped. ;  perig.  ovoid,  polished,  2—3",  the  short  slender  beak  bifur- 
cate, twice  longer  than  the  lance-oblong  glume.  Bright  green,  2f.  N.  Eng.  to  HI. 
(^CVaseyi  Dew.  is  the  same  plant,  as  shown  by  specimens  from  Dr.  S.  II.  Wright.) 

16J  C.  Tuclceriiiani  Boott.  s  Spikes  very  remote,  short-stalked,  cylindric-oblong, 
ihick,  6—15"  by  6— T" ;  perigynia  very  large  (5''  by  SJ"),  globous-ovoid,  shining; 
bc-ak  short,  slender  ;  glumes  much  shorter.    2f.    Wet:  common. 

164  C.  Olneyi  Boott.  i  Spikes  2—3,  like  those  of  C.  bullata;  9  spk.  oftener  but  1, 
1'— 38"  by  5";  ped.  short;  perig.  50—80,  2J— 3"  long,  10-veined,  turgid-ovoid,  the 
short  beak  and  2  cusps  rough-serrulate  ;  ach.  like  C.  utriculata.  Culm  1— IJf;  Ivs. 
taller,  1"  wide.    Wet  grounds,  R.  I. 

165  C.  oligospernia  Mx.  5  Spikes  1—2,  slender;  9  1 — 2.  Globular  or  oblong, 
Kubsossile ;  perigynia  4—12,  turgid-ovoid,  2^",  beak  short,  2-lobed,  scarce  exceeding 
the  ovate  glumes.    Slender,  2f ;  leaves  and  bracts  rolled.    Pa.,  and  North. 


380  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

166  C.  longlrostrls  Torr.  i  Spikes  mostly  3;  9  mostly  3,  cylindric,  1',  loose, 
stalks  filiform,  recurved;  perigynia  roundish,  the  very  slender  beak  2-toothed, 
longer  than  the  scarious  glumes.    2f.    Kocky  woods,  North. 

167  C.  aristata  R.Br,  t  Spikes  2,  very  slender,  remote ;  $  2— 4,  cylindric,  1—2', 
erect ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  conspicuously  nerved,  glabrous,  2-awned ;  glumes 
awncd,  much  shorter.    2f.    Shores,  N.  Y.,  West  and  North.    Akin  to  No.  151. 

168  C.  Scliweinitzli  Dew.  S  Spikes  2—4,  near,  ascending,  cylindric,  1—2',  more  or 
less  dense,  straw-yellow ;  perigj'nia  50—150,  ovoid,  the  long  beak  2-toothed,  much 
exceeding  the  subulate  glumes.    Very  leafy.  If.    N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  Eng. 

169  C.  biillata  Schk.  i  Spikes  1—3,  linear,  with  lance-oblong,  close  glumes ;  ? 
spikes  1—2,  oblong,  1'  by  8",  short-stalked ;  perigynia  turgid-ovoid,  5",  beak  2-cus- 
pidate,  thrice  longer  than  the  oblusish  glumes.     1— 2f.   Swamps,  N.  E.,  and  S. :   com. 

170  C,  pliysema  Dew.?  Resembles  the  last,  but  has  very  long  leafy  bracts,  5  spk. 
3  with  loose  glumes,  and  the  single  large  oblong  ¥  spike  loose-flowered ;  perigynia 
radiating,  brownish.    A  variety?    Newark,  N.  Y.  (Hankemon). 

171  C.  {^igantea  Rudge.  i  Spikes  1—3,  glumes  pointed;  S  2—4,  18—30",  loose, 
pedunculate,  suberect,  brownish  ;  perigynium  ovoid-acuminate,  many(18)-nerved,  the 
very  long  beak  forked,  two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  lanceolate-awned  glume. 
Stout,  -i- 3f ;  leaves  6"  broad.    Del.  to  Ky.,  and  South.    Allied  to  No.  103. 

172  C.  retrorsa  Schw.  i Spikes  1—3,  often  partly  fertile;  s  4— ti,  cylindric,  thick, 
near,  1—2'  by  7",  spreading;  perigynium  ovoid,  inflated,  few(10)nerved,  the  long 
beak  forked,  deflexed,  far  exceeding  the  glume.    BiigUt  green,  2f.    Pools  :  common. 

^.  Uartil,     $  Spikes  loose,  distant,  the  lower  long-stalked.    N.  Y.  {S.  U.  Wright). 
y.  ?  Itipulus,     i   Spikes  2 ;   $  very  large,  short-stalked,  straw-yellow ;    perigynia 

horizontal,   much  inflated,  10-nerved ;    glumes  pointed.    A  fine  Carex ;  2— 3f; 

allied  both  to  Nos.  103,  171,  and  172.    N.  Y.  (E.  L.  Uanlcemon.,  II.  B.  Ixyrd). 

Order  CLV.    GEAMINE^.    The  Grasses. 

Herbs  (the  Canes  and  Bamboos  are  woody  and  tree-like)  with  culms 
mostly  hollow  and  jointed.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  2-ranked,  on  tubular 
sheaths  split  down  to  the  base,  and  bearing  a  membranous  li^ule  (of  the 
nature  of  stipules)  Avhere  the  sheath  and  blade  meet.  Floicers  in  little 
spikelets  of  1  or  several,  with  the  glumes  in  2  rows,  collected  into  spikes, 
racemes,  or  panicles.  Glumes  (the  lower  pair  of  scales  in  the  spikelet)  al- 
ternate, enclosing  the  flowers.  Pales  (or  palse,  the  outer  pair  of  scales  of 
each  particular  flower)  alternate  and  unequal.  Perianth  0  or  represented 
by  2  minute  hypogynous  scales.  Stamens  1 — 6,  commonly  3,  antJiers  versa- 
tile, 2-celled,  bifid  at  both  ends.  Ovary  simple,  1-ovuled,  1-styled,  with  2 
feathery  stigmas.    Fruit  a  caryopsis,  with  mealy  albumen. 

A  vast  and  important  Order,  contributing  largely  to  the  sustenance  of  man  and  beast. 
Both  herbage  and  seed  are  rich  in  sweet  and  nutritious  matter.  lu  temperate  regions, 
the  Grasses  form  a  turf,  soft,  gieen,  and  compact,  clothing  the  hills  and  plains,  pastures 
and  meadows.  But  in  tropical  regions  this  beautiful  turf-carpet  is  unknown,  the  Grasses 
becoming  larger,  even  trees  (as  the  stately  Bamboo),  and  stand  more  isolated,  with 
broader  leaves  and  larger  panicles.  To  this  Order  belong  the  Cereal  Grains,  as  the  Indian- 
Corn,  Wheat,  liye,  Oats,  Barley,  Bice,  &c.,  as  well  as  the  Hay-grasses— Titnothy,  Bed-top, 
Blue-grass,  Spear-grass,  &c.    Also  the  Sugar-Carie,  and  various  kinds  of  Sorghum. 

§  Spikelet  1-flowered  with  no  apparent  rudiment  of  a  second  flower. .  .(2) 
§  Spikelet  2-flowered,  one  of  the  flowers  sterile  or  rudimentary. .  .(7) 

%  Spikelet  3-flowered,  the  two  lower  (lateral)  flowers  sterile  or  rudimentary. .  .(i) Tribe  6 

S  Spikelet  2-  00-  flowered,  two  or  more  of  the  flowers  perfect,  or  all  imperfect  (  j  J  ). .  .(9) 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^.  381 

2  Inflorescence  paniculate.. .(3) 

2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicate,  spikes  equilateral... (5) 

2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicate,  spikes  unilateral... (6) 

3  Glumes  none  (or  minute  and  the  stamens  6) ...  (o) Tribe    1 

3  Glumes  present,  at  least  1  conspicuous. .  .(4) 

i  Pales  of  the  flower  thin  and  soft,  often  awned...(5) Tribe    2 

i  Pales  of  the  flower  coriaceous,—*  tipped  with  awns...(/) Tribe   4 

— *  awnless...t9) Tribe    5 

5  Spikes  cylindric,  the  spikelets  condensed  all  around... (e) Tribe    3 

6  Spikes  prismatic,  spikelets  sessile  in  rows.  ..(i') .'. Txibe   9 

6  Spikelets  rounded  on  the  back,  appressed  to  the  rachis...f9) Tribo    5 

6  Spikelets  acutely  keeled  on  the  back,  imbricated  on  each  other... (x) )  T    b    10 

7  Upper  fls.  of  the  spikelet  abortive.—*  Fls.  in  unilateral  spikes... (x) ' 

— •  Flowers  paniculate... (7i.) Tribe    7 

7  Lower  flower  of  the  spikelet  abortive. .  .(8) 

8  Pales  coriaceous,  firmer  in  texture  than  the  glumes.     Paniculate. .  .(.7) Tribe    5 

8  Pales  membranous,  thinner  than  the  glumes.     Spicate.  ..(ii) Tribe  II 

9  Flowers  in  2-  or  4-rowed,— *  equilateral  spikes.  ..(i) Tribe    9 

— *  unilateral  spikes.  ..(x) Tribe  10 

9  Flowers  in  panicles  more  or  less  diffuse. .  .(10) 

10  Pale  awned  at  the  tip  or  a\vnless...(H) Tribe    8 

10  Pale  awned  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip... (A) Tribe    7 

1.  ORYZE..E.     (Spikeltts  l-jk>icereJ,  panided.     Glumes  obsolete.     Stamens  1—6.) 

a  Flowers  perfect,  flattened  laterally,  awnless.— Glumes  0.     Stam.  2  or  3.     Cut  Gra.?s Leersia.  1 

— Glumes  minute.     Stamens  6.    Eice Oryza.  2 

a  Flowers  monoecious,  both  kinds  in  the  same  panicle.    Stamens  6.    Indian  Rice Zizania.  3 

a  Flowers  monoecious,  each  kind  in  separate  panicles.    Stamens  5 — 12.     S Luziola.  4 

8.  AGROSTIDE.E.     (SpilceUts  \-jlowered,  panided.     Glumes  and  pales  thin.     Grain/iee.) 

b  Flowers  surrounded  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  long,  silky  hairs Calamagrostis.  10 

b  Flowers  naked  or  thinly  bearded  at  base. .  .(c) 

c  Glumes  both  long-awned  and  longer  than  the  awned  pales Polypogon.  9 

c  Glumes  both  awn-pointed  (or  minute  and  the  pale  awned) Muhlenbergia.  8 

e  Glumes  awnless,  conspicuous.  ..(</) 

d  Pale  stalked  in  the  glumes,  awned  on  the  back,  monandrous.    Siceet  Heed Cinna.  7 

d  Pale  sess.  in  the  glumes,  3-androus,— acute,  awnless.    Glume?  shorter Sporoboi.us.  6 

—obtuse,  often  awned  on  back.    Bent  (r.  .Agrostis.  5 

3.  PHLEOIDE.E— e  Glumes  united  at  base,  awnless.     Pale  1,  awned Alopeccrus.  II 

—e  Glumes  distinct,  mucronate.     Pales  2,  awnless.     Timothy Phlehm.  12 

— e  Glumes  distinct,  pointless.     Pales  2,  awnless Crtpsis.  13 

4.  STIPACEjE.— /  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  straight,  deciduous Okyzopsis.  16 

— /  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  twisted,  very  long Stipa.  15 

— /  Awn  of  the  flower  triple  or  3-parted.    Poverty  Grass Aristida.  14 

6.  FANICE^.     {SpiJcelets  2-Jlwd.,  lower  flower  abortive.    Glumes  very  unequal,    g  Pale  coriaceoui.) 
g  Spikelet  apparently  l-flowered,  the  lower  glume  wanting  and  the  single  abortive  pale 

suppljing  its  place.— Flowers  spicate,  unilateral Paspalum.  17 

—Flowers  diffusely  panicled,  all  alike.     Millet  Grass Miliu.m.    18 

— Flowers  paniculate,  2  sorts,  one  under  ground Amphicabpum.  19 

g  Spikelet  evidently  2-flowered,  both  glumes  present,  abortive  flower  neutral  or^  ...(h) 

h  Flowers  paniculate,— without  awns  or  spines.     Pale  cartilaginous.    Panic  G Panicum.  20 

—without  awns  or  spines.     Pales  herbaceous Penicillaria.  21 

—with  the  glumes  and  pale  coarsely  awned.     Cocli-spur Oplismenus.  22 

h  Flowers  spike-panicled,— each  with  an  invol.  of  awned  pedicels.    Fox-tail Setaria.-23 

—each  with  a  hardened,  burr-like  invol.    Burr  Grass. .  .Cenchrus.  24 

6.  PHALARIDE^E.- 1  Sterile  flowers  2  minute  rudiments.     Panicle  spicate Phalaris.  25 

— t  Sterilo  flowers  2  awued  pales.    Paiiicle  6picate_  „  „ .AATnoxATrnruM.  26 

—i  Sterile  flowers  both  2-valved,  J.     Panicle  open Hierocbloa.  27 

7.  AVENEtE.     (,SpiI;elels2- CD-Jloicered,  panicled.     Glumes  large.     Pale  aicncd  below  the  tip.) 

k  Spikelet  with  1  perfect  flower  and  1  awned  staminate  flower— above.    Sojl  Grass HOLCUS.  28 

—below §  Arbhenatherdm.  31 

k  Spikelet  with  definitely  2  perfect  flowers.    Pale  subentire,  awn  dorsal Aira.  29 

k  Spikelet  with  2  or  more  perfect  flowers.    Pale  2-toothed  at  apex. .  .(m) 


382  Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 

m  Awn  between  the  two  teeth,  twisted  ;  glnmes  very  large  Danthonia.  30 

m  Awn  dorsal  below  the  middle  (except  in  the  cultivated  Oat).     Oat AvEiVA.  31 

m  Awn  dorsal  above  the  middle.— Flowers  2—5.    Teeth  cuspidate Tbisetum.  33 

—Flowers  5— GO.    Teeth  acutish.    Brome BROMua.  33 

8.  FESTUCACE.*;.     (Spil-elets  2-00  -ftoicered,  panicled,  aicnless,  or  the  lower  pah  tipped 

icith  a  straight  bristle  or  aicn.     Glumes  2.) 
n  Glumes  definitely  2,  all  the  lower  flowers  of  the  spikelet  perfect. . . (o) 
n  Glumes  several,  indefinite,  the  lower  flowers  abortive  and  glume-like... (p) 
o  Flowers  fringe-bearded  at  the  base.     Pales  3-cuspidate  or  entire... (?) 
o  Flowers  beardless.    Lower  pale  mucronate  or  awn-pointed  (except  in  one  Fostuca). .  .(r) 
o  Flowers  beardless.    Lower  pale  obtuse  or  acute,  not  at  all  awned...(s) 

q  Lower  pale  2-  or  3-cuspidate  and  1-2-awned.    Upper  pale  entire Tkiccspis.  34 

q  Lower  pale  2-cuspidate  and  1-awned.     Upper  pale  entire.    8 — 12f Abundo.  35 

q  Lower  and  upper  pale  both  entire  and  pointless  at  apex Gbapbephobom.  36 

q  Lower  pale  long-pointed,  white  as  well  as  the  glumes  and  hair.     Pampas  Grass Gynebiu.v.  37 

r  Glumes  and  pales  keeled,— herbaceous,  5-veined.     Flowers  glomerate Dactylis.  38 

-membranous,  3-veined.    Panicle  spicate K(eleeia.  39 

r  Glumes  and  pales  rounded  on  the  back,— both  coriaceous.     Grain  free Diarrhena.  40 

—pale  papery,  grain  adherent.    Fescue Festuca.  41 

«  Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  with  some  abortive  terminal  flowers.     Pale  papery,  not  keeled. . .(() 

t  Upper  glume  broad-obovate,  shorter  than  the  flower Eatonia.  42 

t  Upper  glume  oblong,  7-9-veined,  longer  than  the  flowers.    Melic Melica.  43 

«  Spikelets  2-60-flowered,  all  perfect.     Pales  nsu.ally  thin . . .(«) 

u  Lower  pale  keeled,  3-veined,  membranous  like  the  glumes Eragrostis.  44 

u  Lower  pale  keeled,  5veined,  usually  cobwebbed  at  base.    Spear  Grass Poa.  45 

u  Lower  pale  convex-keeled,  obscurely  9-veined.     Panicle  spiked BrIzopyrum.  46 

u  Lower  pale  convex,  7-(— 5)-veined,  never  webbed  at  base.    Marina Glyceria.  47 

u  Lower  pale  con  vex- ventricous,  cordate,  obscurely  veined.     Quake Bbiza.  48 

p  Uerbaceous.— Flowers  glabrous,  awnless,  falcate-pointed Uniola.  49 

—Flowers  silky-villous  at  base.    Tall,  stout.    Heed Phbag-mites.  50 

p  Woody,  tall  (the  flowering  branches  low).     Flowers  short-awned .\rundin auia.  51 

9.  HOFDEACE^.     {Spikelets  1-10-floicered,  sessile,  ahf.rnate  in  a  spike.     Rackis  jointed.) 

V  Spikes  several.     Spikelet  solitary  at  each  joint,  1-flowered Leptcrus.  52 

V  Spike  Eingle.-Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint.    Barloj Hobdeum.  53 

— Spikelet32-  oo-flowered,- several  at  each  joint.    Hedgehog Elymus.  54 

— 1  at  e.:ch  joint. . .(«) 

«7  Glume  1,  in  front  of  the  spikelet  wlijcii  i.s  eciy^>^•l^e  to  tbu  rachis.     D.Trnel Loi.IU.\I.  55 

U!  Glumes  2,  opposite.— Spikelet  3- C»- flowered.     Witch  G.     W/ieat  Triticum.  56 

—Spikelet  2-flowered.     Hi/e Secale.  57 

la  CHLORIDE.E.     (Spikelets  in  1-sided  jointless  spike's,  1  -  (Xi  flowered.     Uppei  flower  abortive.) 
X  Spikes  very  slender,  many,  in  an  equilateral  raceme... (y) 

y  Spikes  raceme-like.     Spikelets  with  several  perfect  flowers Leptochloa.  53 

y  Sjiikes  with  sessile,  2-flowered  spikelets,  one  flower  a  rudiment Gymnopogon.  59 

X  Spikes  slender,  several,  digitately  arranged  above,  or,  in  No.  60,  axillary... (;) 

z  Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower,— awnless,  globular,  no  rudiment Manisdrus.  60 

—awnless,  oblong,  with  a  rudiment Cynodon.  61 

— awned,  glume  3-lobed Eustachys.  62 

— awned,  glume  acute Chloris.  63 

z  Spikelets  with  several  perfect  flowers.— Flowers  awnless Eleusine.  64 

—Flowers  awned Dactyloctenicv.  65 

I  Spikes  thick  and  dense,  1  —  CO .     Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower... (oa) 

aa  Spikes  several  or  many.     Flower  with  no  rudiment Spartina.  66 

aa  Spikes  1,  few,  or  many.     Flower  with  a  terminal  rudiment Bouteloua.  67 

aa  Spike  solitary,  recurved.    Awns  terminal  and  dorsal CiiiNicrii.  68 

IL  SACOHARIE^.     (Spikelets  iu  pairs  or 'i's,  2-flwered,  the  lower  flower  abo  live.    Fertilepales 
thinner  than  the  glumes,  exrept  in  No.  72.) 
bb  Flowers  (the  fertile)  imbedded  in  the  cavities  of  glabrous,  jointed  spikes ...  (cc) 

cc  Spikes  monoecious,  i  abortive,  ?  below,  both  naked.    Sesame Tripsacum.  69 

ec  Spikes  monoecious  i  above  panicled,  J  below  enveloped  in  husks,    ilaize Zea.  70 

cc  Spikes  uniform,— terete.     The  pedunculate  spikelet  abortive Rottbcellia.  71 

—compressed.     Both  spikelets  fertile Ste.notaphbum.  72 


OitDER  155.— GRAMINE^. 


383 


66  Flowers  not  imbedded,  spicate  or  panicled,  mostly  long-bearded.  ..(dd) 

dd  Both  spikclets  of  eacli  pair  fertile.— Lower  flower  nwned.     riume  G liRiAXTHUS.  73 

—Flowers  awnless.     Sugar-cane Saccharum.  74 

dd  Only  one  spikelet  of  each  pair  fertile.— Fls.  and  racliis  hairy.    Begird  G Andkopogos.  75 

—Flowers  and  rachis  smoothish Sorghum.  76 

dd  The  lower  spikelet  on  each  spike  fertile,  in  a  bony  shell.    Job's-tears Coil.  77 

1.  LEERSIA,  Sol.  Cut  Grass.  False  Rice. 
Spikelets  1-flwd.,  flat,  fls.  5  .  Glumes  0.  Pales 
hoat-form,  nearly  equal,  awnless,  ciliate,  enclos- 
ing the  free  flat  grain  (car3'opsis).  if  Swampy- 
grasses.  Lvs.  very  rough  bRckward.  Fl.  in 
secund  panicled  racemes.  June,  Aug. 
*  Panicle   compound,  large,  diffuse.    Spike- 

lefs  nearly  .3"  long Nos.  1,  2 

»  Panicle  simple  or  nearly  so.     Spikelets 

scarce  more  than  1" Nos.  .3,  4 

1  li.  oryzoides  Swtz.  (a)    Spikelets  narrowly  ellip- 

tic, spreading,  white,  close  (b) ;  stamens  3 ;  culm 
o— of,  retrorsely  rough,  lvs.  broad.    By  streams.    Aug. 

2  li.  leiiticHlaris  M.k.    Catch-fly  Orass.  Spkl.  round- 

oval  (c)  when  closed,  closely  imbricated  ;  stam.  2  {d)  \  ovary  ovate  (e) ;  plant  smooth- 
is'...    Ponds  and  low  grounds.  III.  to  Va.,  and  S.:  rare.    Fls.  said  to  close  on  flies. 

3  Ii.  Vlrginica  Willd.     Spkl.  small,  closely  appressed  to  the  branchlet;  stam.  2, 

pales  white,  with  green  veins,  slightly  ciliate.    Wet  shades.  Aug. 

4  Ij.  Iiexaudra  Swtz.    Panicle  erect,  narrow,  exserted,  2 — 4';  spkl.  loosely  imbri- 

cated, lance-oblong  ;  stam.  G.    Culms  branched,  1 — 5f.    Water.    Fla. 

2.  ORYZA,  L.  Rice.  Spikelets  1-flwd.,  5  Glumes  minute  or  obsolete, 
pales  compressed-boat-shaped,  the  lower  larger  and  usually  awncd.  Sta- 
mens 6.     Grain  oblong,  smooth,  free  in  the  pales.     (T)  Fls.  paniculate. 

O.  SATivA.  Culm  2— 4f,  lvs.  broadly  linear,  the  ligule  1'  long.  A  most  important  cereal, 
cultivated  South  in  meadows  and  inundated  grounds. 

3.  ZIZANIA,  Gron.  Indian  Rice.  Stout 
water-grtisses,  with  large  mono3cious  panicles, 
filumes  0.  Pales  2,  thin,  narrow,  the  lower  one 
with  a  straight  awn  in  the  5  .  Stam.  6  in  the  3  (6). 

1  Z.  aquatica    L.    Panicle  ample,   1— 2f,  the  lower 

Itranches  spreading,  sterile  (a),  upper  fertile  ;  awns 
(d)  long  iXV) ;  grain  slender,  6—8",  very  caducous,  fa- 
rinaceous.   Marshes,  Aug.    Culm  5— 8f.    Lvs.  broad. 

2  Z.  niiliacea  Ms.    Sterile  and  fertile  fls.  intermixed 

in  the  ample  panicle  ;  pales  with  short  (1—3")  awns. 
Culm  6— lOf.    Leaves  narrow.    Ohio,  and  S. 

4.  LUZiOLA,  Juss.     Spikelets  and  fls.  as  in 
Zizania,  but  the  >J  and  5  in  separate  panicles  on 
the  same  root.    Sta.  5—11,  anth.  very  long.   Grain  ovoid.    IT  Aquatic,  with 
long  narrow  leaves. 

li.  Alabameusis  Chapm.  Culms  4—6',  1-lvd.,  the  leaf  l—2f  long,  its  pnrple  sheath 
enclosing  the  bract  and  peduncle;  panicle  few-flowered;  spikelet  lance-ovate,  on 
erect  jointed  pedicels.    Alabama  :  rare. 


384 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


5.  AGROSTIS,  L.  Bent  Grass.  Spikelets 
1-flwd.  Glumes  2,  subequal,  awnless,  usually 
longer  than  the  flower.  Pales  2,  thin,  pointless, 
naked,  the  lower  3-5-veined,  sometimes  awned 
on  the  back,  the  upper  often  minute  or  wanting. 
Grain  free.  Mostly  Of,  coespitous,  with  slender 
culms  and  open  panicles. 

§  Agrostis.    Upper  pale  conspicuous.    Panicle 

rather  dense Nos.  1,  2 

§  Tr.iCHODiuM.    Upper  pale  minute  or  wanting. 

Panicle  thin,  capillarj'. . .  (*) 

*  Lower  palea  with  a  long  exserted  awn  on  the  back Nos.  3,  4 

*  Lower  palca  awnless,  or  bearing  a  very  short  awn Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  vulgaris  With.    Red-top  (a).     Culm  erect,   1— 2f;  pan.  purple,  oblong,  with 

short  branches ;  ligules  very  short ;  lower  pale  (6)  3-veined,  twice  longer  than  the 
upper,  nearly  awnless.    A  valuable  grass  :  common. 

2  A.  alba  L.    Flo?  in  G.    Culm  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  then  as- 

cending 1—31",  stoloniferous  ;  ligules  long  (3—4") :  pan.  greenish-white,  or  purplish, 
contracted  ;  pale  5-veined,  awned  or  not.    Common. 

3  A,  caiiiua  L.    Dog's  or  Brown  B.    Decumbent  and  rooting  at  base,  1 — 2f;  leaves 

setaceous-rolled ;  pan.  brownish  ;  lower  pale  and  awn  exserted.  Wet  meadows.  E.  § 
p.  alpiua.    Culms  low,  in  tufts,  with  wide  panicles,  and  twisted  awns.    Mts. 

4  A.  araclinoides  Ell.    Erect,  5— 8',  pan.  i  its  length;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous  ;  lower 

pale,  i",  its  awn  as  fine  as  a  gossamer,  twisted,  3—4"  long.    S.  C,  Ga.,  and  W.   Apr. 

5  A.  sea  bra  Willd.    Bough  Hair  G.    Erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  1— 2f,  very  slen- 

der, all  scabrous-hispid  ;  pan.  large,  capillary,  spkl.  purplish,  (c,  glumes,  d,  flower). 
The  thiu,  airy  panicles  are  at  length  driven  before  the  wind.  Fields  and  pastures. 
June — Aug. 

/3.  pertnnariK,    Panicle  pale-green,  the  branches  shorter.    In  damp  shades. 

y.  ot-edphila.    Pan.  less  diffuse ;  lower  pale  with  a  short  twisted  awn.    Mts. 

6  A.  clita  Trin.    Culms  stoutish,  simple,  erect,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  broadly  linear ;  pan.  pur- 

ple, with  long  suberect  whorled  branches  dense-flowered  half  their  length ;  gls.  H" 
long,  lower  pale  5-veined,  1".    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    Sept.,  Oct. 

6.  SPOROBOLUS,  Br.  Drop-seed  Grass.  Spikelets 
1-flwd.  Gls.  2,  the  lower  smaller.  Fls.  sessile.  Pales  2, 
awnless,  usually  longer  than  the  glumes.  Sta.  2  or  3.  Grain 
deciduous,  free.  U  Tough,  wiry,  with  rolled  rigid  leaves 
and  contracted  panicles  often  half-enclosed  in  the  sheath. 

§  ViLFA.    Grain  (caryopsis)  linear.    Glumes  and  pales  all 

sub-equal.    Panicle  contracted Nos.  1—3 

§  Spobobolus.    Grain  oval  or  globous,  its  pericarp  often 

loose  on  the  seed... (a)  ''  - 

a  Glumes  very  unequal,  one  of  them  as  long  as  the  purplish  pales Nos.  4—8 

a  Glumes  equal  or  unequal,  both  shorter  than  the  pales.    Sheaths  beardless..  .(6) 

b  Panicle  contracted,  spikeform,  sheathed  or  exserted.    Lvs.  Involute. .  .Nos.  7,  8 

b  Panicle  capillary,  open.     Often  a  2d  flower  or  rudiment.     Lvs.  flat. .  .Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  vaglnseflorus  Torr.  (a.)    Culms  in  tufts,  simple,  ascending,  6—12' ;  lvs.  2—4' ; 

panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  mostly  concealed  in  the  tumid  sheaths ;  grain  \  shorter 

than  the  2"  pales.    (Tj  Dry  gravel.    More  common  W.  and  S. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


385 


2  S.  Virginicus  (L.)  Like  No.  t,  but  the  root  is  ■y,  the  culms  branched,  often  de- 
cumbent, and  the  spikelets  very  small  (1")  and  many.    Coast,  S.    Sept.,  Oct. 

S  S.  cuspidata,  (Torr.)  Glumes  very  acute,  the  lower  pale  cM«pj(Za<e,*  pan.  terminal, 
slender,  few-flowered ;  epikelet  nearly  2".     7i  Maine,  and  Canada. 

4  S.  cryptandrus  (Torr.)    Culm  2— 3f;   sheaths  strongly  bearded  at  the  throat; 

terminal  panicle  pyramidal,  exserted,  the  lateral  concealed ;  pales  equaling  the  upper 
glume  (1"),  twice  longer  than  the  lower.     2[  Sandy  coasts  and  shores.    Aug. 

5  S.  junceus  (Mx.)    Glaucous,  erect,   1— 2f;  leaves  erect,  2—6'  by  1";  pan.  open, 

stalked,  narrow,  loose ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  ly,  lower  f",  anth.  and 
stig.  white,    if  Common  in  dry  barrens,  Penn.,  W.,  and  S.  No  lateral  pan.    Aug.-Oct. 

6  S.  lieterolepis  (Gr.)    Lowest  Ivs.  as  long  as  the  culm,  1— 2f ;  upper  gl.  3",  subu- 

late, longer,  lower  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  pales ;  panicle  very  thin,  stalked, 
open;  grain  globular,  1".    Dry  places.  Conn,  to  Wis.    Aug. 

7  S.  aspcr   Kunth.  (c)    Lowest  Ivs.  very  long  (1— 3f ),  involute-filiform  ;  culms  1— 2f ; 

panicle  contracted,  partly  or  wholly  enclosed ;  glumes  unequal,  white,  much  shorter 
than  the  oblong  obtuse  pales  (3") ;  grain  oval.    Sands.    Sept. 

8  S.  Indicus  Br.    Erect,  3— 3f;  pan.  long  (If),  very  narrow,  its  short  branches  ap- 

pressed  ;  glumes  unequal;  grain  oval.    Dry  grounds,  S.:  common.    May — Sept. 

9  S.  conipressiis   Kunth.    Culm  erect,  1 — 2f,  leafj'.  much  compressed,  branched  at 

base;  pan.  thin,  6—10' ;  gl.  acute,  J";  pales  1",  obtuse.    Sandy  bogs,  N.  J.    Sept. 

10  S.  serotiuus  (Torr.)  Culm  filiform,  compressed,  10 — 18',  few-lvd. ;  pan.  capil- 
lary, difluse ;  glumes  i",  ovate,  obtuse ;  pales  i".    Wet  sands,  Maine  to  X.  J.    Sept. 

7.  CINNA,  L.  Sweet  Reed-grass.  Spkl.  1-flwd.,  flat. 
Gl.  2,  subequal,  awnless,  the  upper  a  little  loiiger  than 
the  subequal  pales,  which  are  short-stiped.  Lower  pale 
with  a  short  awn  ou  the  back.  Sta.  1.  Grain  oblong, 
free.  If  Erect,  tall  and  simple,  with  a  large  panicle* 
green  or  slightly  purplish.    Jul}',  Aug. 

1  C.  peudiila   Trin.  (a)    Culm  .3—51;    Ivs.  broad-liuear,  with  conspicuous  ligules; 

pan.  pale-green.  If,  nodding,  with  its  drooping  branches  iu  whorls  of  4's  or  5's  ;  awn 
exserted.    A  fine  grass  in  damp  woods,  much  sought  by  cattle. 

2  O.  arundinacea  Willd.   Bright  green,  3— 6f;  pan.  erect,  green-purple,  10' ;  lower 

pale  obtuse,  its  awn  not  exceeding  its  obtuse  point.    Handsomer  than  No.  1,  its 
spikelets  twice  larger  m").    Shady  woods. 

8.  MUHLENBERGIA,  Schr.  Drop-seed 
Grass.  Spkl.  1-flwd.  Glumes  persistent,  bristle- 
pointed  or  acute,  rarely  obtuse.  Pales  sessile, 
usually  hairy  at  base,  deciduous  with  the  en- 
closed grain,  green,  the  lower  awned  or  mucro- 
nate  at  apex.  Sta.  2—3.  Culms  often  branched. 
July — Sept. 

§  Brachtelttbum.  Glumes  minute,  the  lower 

obsolete.    Panicle  narrow Nos.  1,  2 

§  Trichochloa.    Glumes    small.    Lower  pale 

3- veined.    Panicle  capillary Nos.  3,  4 

§  MuHLENBERGiA.    Gl.  manifest.    Pale  3-veined,     Pan.  terminal  and  axillary.,  .(a) 

a  Glumes  awned  and  twice  longer  than  the  awnless  pale No.  5 

a  Glumes  pointed,  not  longer  than— the  mucronate  pale Nos.  6,  7 

—the  long-awned  pale Nos.  8,  9 

1  IW.  arlstata  Pers.    Erect,  simple,  1— 2f;  Ivs.  broad-linear;  pan.  terminal,  simple, 
25 


386 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


3-4' ;  i\ik\.  large,  few ;  lower  pale  6"  (12—18"  with  its  awn),  5-veinecI ;  npper  pale, 
with  an  abortive  pedicel  in  the  groove  of  its  back  ;  sta.  2.    if  Rocky  hill?. 

2  Itt.  diffusa  Schr.  (d)    Decumbent,  diffuse,  branching-,  S— 18',  Ivs.  2—3' ;  panicles 

very  slender,  terminal  and  lateral ;  ppikelets  2"  (4"  with  its  awn),  white  with  green 
spots :  glumes  (g)  extremely  minute,  white.  Shady  places  :  frequent. 

3  M.  capilla-i-is  Kunth.    Hair  G.    Erect,  very  slender,  li— 3f,  simple  ;  pan.  purple, 

large,  diffuse,  branches  1—4',  as  iine  as  hairs  ;  pales  long-awned.    Dry  soils. 

4  M.  iricliopodes  (Ell.)   Panicle  erect,  oblong,  not  difl'use,  green  ;  lower  pale  tip- 

ped with  a  short  awn.    Culms  3f,  leaves  flat.    Pine  barrens,  S.    (Agrostis,  El!.) 

5  OT.  glonierAta  Trin.  Glaucous,  erect,  subsimple,  H— 3f,  Ivs.  3—5' ;  pan.  spike-like, 

dense,  interrupted,  2—3';  glumes  2",  pales  1".    Bogs,  northward. 

6  M.  MexIcAiia  Trin.  (a)    Culms  much  branched,  ascending  2—3— 5f;  leaves  lance- 

linear;  pan.  many,  1  he  lateral  half-sheathed,  dense,  and  narrow;  glumes  and  palea 
subequal  (1")  or  one  glume  longer.    Damp  shades  :  common, 
p.  purpurea.    Culms  wiry,  branched  only  at  base  ;  panicle  purple.    111.    J.  Wolf. 

7  in.  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  (b)  Like  the  last,  but  the  panicles  are  more  slender,  or  fili- 

form, and  the  glumes  shorter  than  the  pales.     Hardly  distinct.    Woods. 

8  M.  sylvatica  T.  &  G.  (s)    Culms  ascending,  branched,  diffuse,  2— 3f;   pan.   slen- 

der, rather  dense ;  glumes  subequal,  scarce  shorter  than 

the  lower  pale  (1"),  whose  awn  is  2—4".   Rocky  shades, 

J^.  England  to  N.  J.,  and  W.    (Agrostis,  Muhl.) 
p.?  tulpina.  Very  glaucous  ;  pan.  very  dense,  raceme- 
like  ;  glumes  abruptly  short-awned  ;  pale  about  as 
long  as  its  awn.    N.  Y.    //.  B.  Lord. 

9  M.  Willdenovli  Trin.  (w)    Culm  and  leaves  as  in 

the  la?t;  pan.  very  slender,  loose-flowered;  glume 
bristle-pointed,  J  shorter  than  the  pale,  whose  awn  is 
3—4  times  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Rocky  woods  :  com. 

9.  POLYPOGON,  Desf.     Polypog  G.     Spkl. 
l-flwd.,  densely  panicled.    Glumes  subequal,  sim- 
ilarly awned,  much  longer  than  the  flower  (c).   Lower  pale  usually  awned 
near  the  tip.     Stam.  3.     Grain  free. 

p.  Monspcllensis  Desf.  (a)    Culm  simple.  If  or  more;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  2—5';  pan. 
gpike-like,  2—3',  pale  ;  gl.  (b)  1",  their  awns  2".    N.  England,  and  S. 

10.  OALAMAGROSTIS,  Adans.  Spkl.  1- 
flwd.  Glumes  subequal,  acute  or  pointed.  Pales 
bearded  at  the  base,  lower  one  mucrouate,  mostly 
awned  below  the  tip,  upper  often  with  an  abor- 
tive rudiment  of  a  second  flower.  U  Culms 
simple,  tall,  paniculate,  from  creeping  rhizomes. 

§  CALAMAGr.6sTis.    No  rudiment.    Panicle  ex- 
panding, loose.    Pales  awnless Nos.  1,  2 

§  Deteuxia.  Rudiment  a  hairy  ped' eel.  Lower 

pale  awned.    Spikelet  2— .3" ...  (a) 
§  AsjmCphila.     Rudiment  plumous.      Panicle 

spike-form.    Spikelet  6" No.  10 

a  Beard  nearly  equaling  the  pales.  Panicle  rather  open Nos.  3,  4 

a  Beard  nearly  equaling  the  pales.   Pan.  contracted 

a  Beard  much  shorter  than  the  pales.    Awn  from  near  the  base . . . 
1  C.  brevipills  (Torr.)    Slender,  .3— 4f;  leaves  broad-linear,  flat;  pan.  purple,  with 


Nos.  5-T 
Nos.  8.  9 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


387 


capillary  branches;  gl.  unequal,  shorter  than  the  pales;  beard  very  short,  not  half 
the  length  of  the  pales,    n  Sandy  swamps,  N.  J. :  rare.    Sept. 

2  C.  longifolia  Hook.  Stout,  2 — 4f;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute,  long-filiform-pointed ;  upper 

glume  as  long  as  the  pales  ;  hairs  half  as  long.    Shores  of  the  great  lakes.    Aug. 

3  C.  Canadensis  Beauv.  (c)    Blue-joint.    Rigidly  erect,  3— of;  leaves  flat;  panicle 

oblong,  its  branches  in  4's  and  5's  ;  gl.  longer  (IJ")  than  the  pales,  purplish ;  awn  from 
the  middle  of  the  pale,  as  fine  as  the  long  beard.    A  good  grass  :  common  N.    July. 

4  C.  Eiaiigsdorfil  Trin.    Spikelets  2i"  long  ;  awn  stouter  than  the  soft  beard.  Other- 

wise like  No.  3.    White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Isle  Royal,  L.  Sup.  (Porter).   August. 
6  C.  coiifinis    Nutt.    (a)     Lvs.  flat,  panicle  narrow,  denser,  reddish;  gl.  ovate,  2", 
equaling  the  flower  (b) ;  beard  i  shorter  than  the  pales  ;  awn  from  below  the  middle, 
not  esserted.    Culm  2— 5f.    Penn.  (Jackson),  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell).    July. 

6  C.  strieta    Trin.    Difters  from  No.  .")  only  in  its  rigid  leaves  rolled  at  the  point,  its 

awn  from  below  the  middle,  its  beard  as  long  as  the  pales.    Lakes,  N.    Aug. 

7  C.  Niittalllana    Steud.    Lvs.  flat;  pan.  dense;  glumes  3",  long-pointed,  J  longer 

than  the  pales  ;  awn  from  near  the  tip  of  the  pale  ;  beard  some  shorter  than  the  pale. 
Swamps,  Mass.  to  N.  Car.    (C.  coarctata  Torr.)    Aug. 

8  C.  ptirpurascens  I5r.    Culm  1— l^f;  pan.  spike-like,  3— 7',  purplish;  gls.  rather 

obtuse,  less  than  2"  ;  beard  scanty,  short,  i  as  long  as  the  rudiment,  i  as  long  as  the 
pales  ;  awn  short,  straight.    White  Mountains. 

9  C.  Perteri  Gr.     Slender,  2^1f;  lvs.  flat;  pan.  very  narrow,  4—6';  glumes  fully  2", 

exceeding  the  pales  ;  hairs  few,  short,  almost  none  at  the  base  of  the  lower  pale  ;  awn 
contorted.    Huntingdon  Co.,  Penn.  (Porter).    July. 
IOC.  arcuaria  Roth.    Sand  Reed.    Rhizomes  creeping  extensively,  culms  stout, 
erect,  2— 4t';  lvs.  rolled  and  rush-like;  pan.  spike-form,  with  erect  appressed  branches 
6—10' ;  spkl.  very  flat.    Sandy  beaches,  northward.    August. 

11.  ALOPECURUS,  L.  Fox-tail  G.  Spike-     '^VV-'^ 
lets  1-flwd.  Gl.  tiat-keeled,  connate  at  base,  sub- 
equal.     Upper  pale  0,  lower  flat-keeled,  awned 
on  the  back  below  the  middle.     Sla.  8.     Panicle 
contracted  into  a  cylindric  dense  spike. 

1  A.  arlstulatus  Mx.   Wild  F.    Ascending  from  a  bent  base,  1— 2f,  glaucous  ;  spike 

slender,  1—2'  by  2i",  grayish ;  glumes  (a)  and  pale  obtuse,  equal ;  awn  (6)  scarcely 
exserted  (c,  ovary  and  stigmas).    In  wet  places.    June— August. 

2  A.  geuiculatus  L.    Bent  F.    Ascending  from  a  bent  base,  I— 2f;  spike  2— 2J' ; 

upper  leaf  scarce  longer  than  its  sheath  ;  glumes  pubescent,  obtuse  ;  awn  geniculate, 
far  surpassing  the  culm.    Wet  meadows.  East.  § 

3  A.  pratense  L.    Meadow  F.    Erect,  stout,  Ij — 2if;  spike  about  2';    upper  leaf 

shorter  than  its  sheath  ;  gl.  ciliate  ;  awn  twisted,  nearly  thrice  longer  than  its  pale. 
Fields  and  pastures.  Northern  States.    A  good  grass.    § 

12.  PHLEUM,  L.  Cat-tail  G.  Glumes  equal, 
flat-keeled,  mucronate  or  rostrate,  longer  than  the 
truncate  awnless  pales.  Compound  spike  cylindric 
and  very  dense.     June,  July. 

1  P.  pratense  L.     Timothy.    Herd's  G.  (a)    Erect,   rigid, 

2 — If;  lvs.  broad-linear,  flat ;  glumes  alike  cuspidate,  in  a 

long  dense  terete  green  spike.    A  grass  of  the  highest  value  _  _ 

for  hay  in  the  North,  but  will  not  flourish  South. 

2  P.  alpinnm  L.    Erect,  If;  lvs.  shorter  than  the  sheaths;  spike  oblong-ovoid, 4— 5' 

long  ;  awns  as  long  as  their  glumes.    White  Mountains,  and  Arctic  Am. 

13.  CRYPSIS,  Ait.  Compound  spk.  oblong,  many-bracted  and  sheathed 


388 


Order  155.— GKAMINE^. 


at  base.     Glumes  and  pales  awnless,  subequal,  of  similar 

texture.    Grain  glabrous,  free.   Turfy  grasses,  none  native. 

C  sclienoides  Lam.    Tufted,  glaucous,  3—12' ;  Ivs.  2—3',  long- 

pntd. ;  spk.  oblong,     (i)  Waste  ground,  E.  Penn.,  Del.,  etc.  §Eur. 

14.  ORYZOPSIS,  Mx.  Mountain  Rice.  Spkl.  l-flwd. 
in  a  slender  spicate  panicle.  Gl.  membranous  at  edge, 
subequal,  about  equaling  the  oblong,  terete,  short-stiped 
flower.  Lower  pale  coriaceous,  involute,  enclosing  the 
grain,  and  tipped  with  a  simple,  jointed  awn.    if 

1  O.  melanocarpa  Muhl.    Culm  leafy  to  the  top,  1— Iff ;  leaves 

lance-linear;  rachis  flexuous ;  few-flwd. ;  gl.  5 — 6";  awn  thrice 
longer  (!')  than  its  blackish  pale,  n  Rocky  woods  and  hills,  Mid- 
dle States,  and  northward.    Aug. 

2  O.  asperefolia  Mx.  (a)    Culm  10—20',  its  sheaths  leafless  ;  Ivs.  1  or  2,  subradical, 

erect,  rigid,  pungent,  If;  the  simple  pan.  2—4'  long;  gl.  (b)  whitish,  3";  awn  crooked, 
6"  long,  its  pale  and  grain  whitish.    Ti  Woods,  N.  States  and  Canada.    May. 

3  O.  Canadensis  (Poir.)    Calm  slender,  9—18',  naked 

above ;  lower  sheaths  bearing  rigid,  involute-filiform 
leaves  ;  pan.  1 — 2' ;  awn  short  or  0.    Rocks,  N.    May. 

15.  STIPA,  L.  Feather  G.  The  flower  de- 
ciduous from  the  glumes  with  its  sharp  and 
bearded  stipe.  Pales  coriaceous,  short,  the  lower 
embrachig  the  upper  and  the  slender  grain,  and 
bearing  a  long  twisted  or  bent  awn.  U  Leaves 
narrow.     Pan.  loose. 

1  S.  avenacea  L.  Black  Oal-G.  (c)  Culm  naked  above, 

2— 3f;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  setaceous;  pan.  4— C  long, 
the  capillary  branches  at  length  diffuse  ;  gl.  (a)  equal- 
ing the  blackish  fruit;  awn  (6)  2—3'  long,  twisted  be- 
low, bent :  common.    July. 

2  S.  juncea  Piirsh.    Weather  G.    Culm  2— 3f;  leaves  rolled-threadform,  long;  glume 

slender-pointed,  twice  longer  than  the  fruit;  awn  contorted,  bent,  4—6'  long.    The 
pungent  stipe  adheres  like  tick-seed.    Prairies,  111.,  Mo.,  and  N.    May— July. 

3  S.  PENNATA.    Feather  G.    From  Europe.    Culm  2f;  Ivs.  rolled  threadform  at  apes ; 

gl.   awn-poiutcd,  V ;  awn  8—16'  long,  twisted  below,  softly  plumous  above,  and 
"  worn  (says  Gerard)  by  sundry  ladies  instead  of  feathers.' 

16.  ARISTIDA,  L.  Beard  G.  Poverty  G. 
Panicle  contracted  and  racemous.  The  flower 
stiped  in  the  unequal  glumes.  LoAver  pale  with 
3  awns  at  the  tip  variously  contorted. — Culms 
branching.  Leaves  narrow,  often  rolled.  In 
sterile  soils.     Aug. — Oct. 

§  Awns  twisted  and  united  below,  jointed  to 

the  pale,  very  long No.  1 

§  Awns  distinct  to  the  base  and  not  jointed  to 
the  pale... (a) 
a  Awns  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  4  times 

shorter  (2")  and  erect Nos.  2,  3 

a  Awns  unequal,  the  2  lateral  twice  shorter 

(6'0  and  suberect No.  4 


Cultivated. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


389 


a  Awns  about  equal,  spreading,— Lower  gl.  longer  than  the  upper Nos.  5— r 

—Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  shorter.  ...Nos.  8,  9 

1  A.  tuberculosa  N.  Culm  rigid,  8—20',  with  tubercles  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous 

branches ;  pan.  large  and  loose ;  glume  linear,  awned,  V ;    triple  awn  {d)  2',  united 
half-way  up,  thence  iavolved  and  spreading.    (J)  Mountains,  N.  J.,  and  W. 

2  A.  dlchotoma  Mx.  {a)    Culm  8—12',  dichatomously  branched;  gl.  3—4";  lateral 

awns  erect,  minute,  the  middle  awn  {h)  as  long  as  the  pale  (3"),  twice  bent  to  the 
form  of  a  bayonet.    (T)  Dry  sandy  fields  :  common. 

3  A.  ramosisslnia  Engelm.    Culms  diffusely  branched;  gl.  9— 10",  awn-pointed ; 

lateral  awns  2",  middle  awn  1',  spreading,     (i)  Sands,  111.,  Ky. 

4  A.  gracilis  Ell.    Very  slender,  i^— Hf;  pan.  virgate,  4—8';  glume  and  flower  equal, 

(2^-3");  middle  awn  9—10",  horizontal,  the  lateral  erect.    (T)  Sandy  places. 
i3.  vir^'ata.    Taller  (2-3f),  pan.  If ;  gl.  and  fl.  shorter  (2").    S.  {Chapman). 

5  A.  lanata  Poir.    Culms ^—4f,  stout,  branched  from  base;    Ivs.  flat,  with  woolly 

sheaths  ;  pan.  1— 2f,  woolly  in  its  axils  ;  upper  glume,  lower  (purplish)  pale  and  lat- 
eral awns  each  4— 5",  middle  awn  some  longer,    n  Sandy  soils,  S. 

6  A.  spiclftfrmls  Ell.     Culms  l—3f,  rigid,  simple;  Ivs.  rolled,   rigid,  smooth;  pan. 

spike-form,  dense  ;  flower  1'  long,  awns  as  long,  gl.  much  shorter,    n  Wet  sands,  S. 

7  A.    purpurascens    Poir.    (c)  Culms  slender,    2— 3f;  Ivs.  scarcely  rolled ;  pan.  If 

long,  loosely  spicate  ;  glume  and  fl.  4—5",  purplish  ;  awns  1',  spreadin;;.  n  Sandy. 

8  A.  stricta  Mx.    Culms  2— 3f,  strictly  erect,  with  long  rigid  rolled  Ivs.;  pan.  loosely 

racemous.  If;  gl.  6—7",  fl.  6",  lateral  awns  7—9",  central  9—15".    n  Va.,  and  S. 

9  A.  ollgantlia  Mx.    Culms  1— Uf,  in  tufts;  raceme  few-flowered;  glume  and  fl.  9", 

very  slender,  awns  capillary,  divaricate,  18—30"  long.    Prairies,  W.  and  S. 
17.  PASPALUM,    L.     Spikelets  plauo-cou- 
Yt'x,  ill  onesided  spilies.     Glumes   (apparently) 
2,  membranous,  equal,  ovate  or  oi-bicular,  closely 
applied  to  the  fertile  flower.     Grain  coated  with     q  ly. 
the  smooth  coriaceous  pales.    (But  theoretically,     ^  t^,      ^9"^   /\ 
the  lower  glume  is  obsolete,  and  its  place  sup-      y  J!^     /b      jl  I 
plied  by  the  empty  pale  of  an  abortive  flower.      ^  ^^V^  \0e 

In  Nos.  15 — 17  the  lower  glume  appears,  under  a 
lens,  as  a  mere  rudiment.) — Spikes  linear,  the      ^  c©,     mi,  / 
flowers  in  2 — 4  rows.  ^  "^     ^  '^ 

§  Paspalum.    Spikelets  round  or  round-oval,  obtuse. 

Spikes  alternate. .  .(*) 
§  DiGiTARiA.    Spikelets  ovate   to  lanceolate,  acute.       J/p  \^d 

Spikes  often  digitate.  ..(**) 

*  Terminal  spike  mostly  solitary,  rarely  2,  1"  wide,  long-stalked No.  1 

*  Terminal  spikes  mostly  3  or  4,  2"  wide.    Spikelets  in  2  rows Nos.  2,  3 

*  Terminal  spikes  mostly  4  or  5.— Spikelets  close,  in  3  or  4  rows Nos.  4—6 

—Spikelets  in  remote  pairs No.  7 

**  Rachis  le'>,f-like,  broader  than  the  spikelets.    Spikes  alternate Nos.  8,  9 

**  Eachis  narrower  than  the  spikelets.    Spikes  digitate. .  .(a) 

a  Glumes  (gl.  and  pale)  about  equal,  as  long  as  the  flower. .  .(6) 

a  Gls.  (both  conspicuous)  one  or  both  very  short.  Spks.  4—9. Nos.  16,  17 

b  Spikes  spreading,  always  two  in  Nos.  10,  11 ;  two— six  in. No.  12 

b  Spikes  erect.— Rachis  flat,  spikelets  by  I's  or2's,  close Nos.  13,  14 

—Rachis  filiform,  spikelets  by  3"8,  loose No.  15 

1  P.  setaceum  Mx.    Culm  slender,  ascending,  1— 2f,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat, 
2—3"  wide,  soft,  hairy;   spikes  very  slender,  2—4',  1  or  2  on  the  long  peduncle,  often 


390  Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 

a  f  heaUied  axillary  one  below  ;   spikelets  small,  J",  in  pairs,  but  seeming  2-rovved, 
very  smooth,     u  Dry  or  wet,  Mass.  to  111.,  and  S.    Aug. 

2  P.  laevo  Mx.  (p)  Culm  erect,  H— 3f;   Ivs.  broad-linear,  haiiy  at  base  or  smooth; 

spikes  3—5 ;  spikelets  (a,  b)  single,  contiguous,  in  2  rows  on  the  narrow  straightish 
rachis,  round  and  smooth,  IJ".     it  Grassy  banks,  Ct.  to  Ind.,  and  S.    Aug. 
p.  alttstitnum.  Strict,  tall ;  sheaths  flattened  close  on  the  spikes. 

3  P.  angustifolium  Le  Cont.    Culm  wiry,  2— .3f;  Ivs.  linear-filiform,  compresscd- 

carinate  ;  spilics  2  or  3,  1—2"  ;  rachis  narrow,  flexuous  ;  spikelets  round-oval,  brown, 

1",  in  2  rows,    Whole  plant  glabrous.     Of  Wet  places.    Ga.,  Fla.,  La.  [and  S. 

/3.  tome.    Spikes  4  or  5,  very  slender,  3-rowed;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  ciliate.    N.  J., 

4  P.  praccox  Walt.    Culm  erect,  3— 4f;  Ivs.  long,  narrow,  smooth;   sheaths  purple, 

smooth  or  hairy  ;  spikes  .3—6,  bearded  at  base,  dense  ;  rachis  straight  and  flat ;  spkl. 
orbicular,  in  3  rows,  often  brown,    y.  Swamps,  S.    May,  June. 

5  P.  dasypUyllnm  Ell.    Culm  rigid,  erect,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  linear,  and  with  the  sheatha 

hairy  all  over;  spikes  2—5,  large,  2 — 4'  ;  spkl.  orbicular-oval,  near  2",  in  2  or  3  rows 
under  the  very  flexuous  rachis.     if  Dry  fields,  S.    July— Oct. 
|8.  FloriiVanum,    Lvs.  long  and  narrow  ;  spikelets  in  3  rows.    Damp,  S. 

6  P.  Tirgatum  L.    Culm  IJ- .3f;  lvs.  broad-linear,  ciliate  near  the  base;    spikes 

3—12,  2—4' ;  rachis  broad,  but  nan-ower  than  the  .3—4  rows  of  small  (1")  roundish 
s^pikelets  ;  glume  3-veined.    (I)  Moist  soils,  S.    July — Oct. 

p.  tindiilaliiii:.    Upper  glume  (pale)  undulate-rugous  at  edge. 

y.  latifolium,     Lvs.  very  broad  (6 — 9");  spikelets  larger  (IJ"). 

7  P.  raceniiilosum  N.    Culm  erect,  firm,  2 — 3f;  lvs.  long,  linear,  soft-hairy;  spikes 

3 — 4,  raceme-like,  2 — 6';  spkl.  oval,  in  remote  pairs,  1}",  the  glume  5-veined,  tawny. 
n  Dry  soils,  S.     (P.  interruptum  C-B.)    Aug.,  Sept. 

8  P.  flultans  K.     Culms  floating  or  ascending,  12— CO' ;   lvs.  lance-linear,  on  open 

sheaths;  spikes  20—50,  1—2}',  rachis  1"  wide,  flat,  pointed,  out-running  the  minute 
white  spikelets  beneath  them.    @  River  swamps.  111.  to  Va.,  and  S.    Oct. 

9  P.  \¥alteriaiiuiii  Schlt.     Culm  and  lvs.  as  in  P.  Jluitans.     Spikes  3—5,  2—3', 

partly  sheathed ;  rachis  not  out-running  the  white  (1")  spkl.  Wet,  N.  J.,  and  S.  Jl.  ■¥ 

10  P.  Digitaria  Poir.  Assiirgent,  1— 2}f;  lvs.  broad-linear,  flat,  on  long  sheaths; 
spikes  slender,  3—5',  a  pair  at  top  of  the  long  ped.  and  Fome  axillary  sheathed  be- 
low ;  spkl.  lanceolate,  rachis  flattened  vertically.     2i  Woods,  Va.,  and  S.    Jl.— Sept. 

11  P.  coiijugatum  Berg.  Erect,  l—2f;  lvs.  short  (2 — 4');  spikes  a  pair  at  top, 
(rarely  axillary),  very  slender,  3' ;  spikelets  minute,  white,  ovate.    ®  N.  Orl.    § 

12  P.  glabruin  (Gaud.)  Culms  decumbent,  spreading,  8—15';  lvs.  short;  spikes 
2—4,  spreading,  1 — 2',  slender;  spkl.  ovate,  purple,  |",  2-rowed ;  upper  gl.  equaling 
the  fl.,  lower  minute.    (I)  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.,  and  S.  §    (P.  ambiguum,  DC.)    Aug.  + 

13  P.  distlclium  L.  Culms  assurgent,  12—18';  lvs.  broad-linear;  spikes  2  or  3, 
erect,  near  the  top,  H— 2J' ;  rachis  linear,  narrower  than  the  2  or  3  rows  of  whitish 
ovate  ]J"  spikelets.     2;  Wet  grounds,  S.  States.    Plant  smoothish.    July,  Aug. 

1-4  P.  tristiclmni  Le  C.  Culm  ascending,  l—2f;  peduncles  from  the  upper  joint, 
1—3,  filiform,  each  bearing  3  filiform  suberect  spikes  ;  spkl.  whitish,  lance-ovatc,  mi- 
nute ;  rachis  flexuous.    Wet  places,    li  Ga.,  Fla.,  to  La.    Aug. 

15  P.  flliforinc  Swtz.  Culm  filiform,  erect,  1— IJf;  lvs.  short;  spikes  2— G,  filiform, 
erect ;  rachis  filiform ;  spkl.  oblong,  i",  in  3's  ;  lower  glnme  obsolete,  upper  as  long, 
as  the  flower.    Dry  soils,  ®  Ms.  to  Ky.,  and  S. 

16  P.  serotlnum  Flgg.  Decumbent,  rooting,  hairy-villous ;  lvs.  short  (1—2)', 
lance-linear;  branches  each  with  3— 5  filiform  digitate  spikes;  rachis  straight;  spkl. 
lance-ovate,  striate,  minute,     n  Sandy  fields,  S.  C.  to  La.    Sept.,  Oct. 

17  P.  saiigulnale  Lam.  Cmb  or  Finger  G.  (d)  Ei-ect,  1— 2f,  lvs.  and  sheaths 
oftener  hairy ;  spikes  5—9,  digitate,  spreading,  4—6' ;  rachis  flexuous ;  spkl.  (c) 
oblong-lanceolate,  IJ",  upper  gl.  (c)  i  as  long  as  the  flower,  («)  lower  one  minute.  (T; 
Waste  grounds.    Aug.— Oct.    § 


Okdeh  loo.— GRAMINE^. 


391 


18.  MILLIUM,  L.  Millet  G.  Spikelets  awu- 
less,  consisting  of  2  coriaceous  pales  enclosed  in 
apparently  3  glumes,  which  are  longer.  (But  the- 
oretically the  glumes  are  as  in  Paspalum.)  Sta.  3. 
Grain  coated  by  the  pales.    Panicle  open. 

M.  cffiisum  L.  (a)  Calm  erect,  3— 8f;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth; 
paiu  difl'iise,  6—9'  long ;  spkl.  oblong,  (c)  scattered,  acute, 
1".    Woods,  Can.  to  111.  and  Pa.    Summer. 

19.  AMPHICARPUM,  Kunth.  Spilcelets  appar- 
ently 1-flwd.,  and  perfect  as  in  Millium,  but  of  two  kinds ; 
the  terminal  deciduous  and  sterile,  the  radical  under 
ground,  and  fertile.  Gl.  and  pales  sub-equal,  lanceolate, 
acute.  Panicle  strict,  erect.  Kadical  fls.  larger,  solitary. 
A,  PisrsUIi  K.  (/)  Culm  If,  erect;    Ivs.  erect,  hairy;    sheaths 

hairy,  the  upper  leafless  ;  pan.  on  a  long  exserted  ped. ;  i  spike- 
lets  H"  long,  the  $  radical,  2^",  the  grain  terete,  same  length. 
Barrens.  N'.  J.,  and  S.    Aug. 

20.  PANICUM,  L.     Panic  G.      Glumes  3,  unequal, 
awnlcss,  the  lower  much  smaller.     Fls.  2,  dissimilar,  the 
lower  of  1  or  3  pales,  neutral  or  s  ;    the  upper  5  of  3 
equal  cartilaginous  polished,    concave,    awnless  pales  coatin, 
Sta.  3.      Stig.  3,  plumous,  purple.      Spikelets   in 
simple  or  compound  panicles. 

§  Spikelets  acute,  or  acuminate,  very  numerous,  racemed 

in  large  panicles. .. (*) 
§  Spikelets  obtuse,  or  barely  acute,  solitary,  pedicillate, 

not  numerous. .  .(**) 

*  Abortive  fl.  neutral,  consisting  of  one  pale.,  .(a) 

*  Abortive  flower  neutral,  of  2  pales... (&) 

*  Abortive  flower  ^  ,  of  2  pales.    Culms  erect, 

terete,  with  one  panicle Nos.  10,  11 

a  Panicle  ample,  capillary,  spikelets  single 

on  capillary  pedicels Nos. 

a  Panicle  not  capillary,  dense-flowered No.  3 

b  Lower  glume  as  long  as  the  upper,  2",  both 

3-veined 

b  Lower  gl.  very  short,  the  upper  3-5-veined,  1"  or  1 
b  Lower  gl.  very  short,— upper  7-9-veined,  not  tumid. 

-upper  11-veined,  tumid  at  base,  2" 

**  Abortive  flower  neutral,  consisting  of  a  single  pale Nos.  12,  13 

**  Abortive  flower  of  2  pales,  the  upper  small  and  scarious. .  .(c) 
c  Leaves  narrow  (1 — 5"  wide),  obscurely  veined... (<^ 
c  Leaves  broad,  5— -20"  wide,  conspicuously  veined.,  .(a;) 

d  Spikelets  silky-fringed.    Lower  glume  obsolete,     s  Fl.  colored No.  14 

d  Spikelets  glabrous,  or  merely  pubescent.    Lower  glume  small. . .  (e) 

e  Spikelets  less  than  1"  long,  round-oval.    Glume  5-veined No?.  15,  16 

e  Spikelets  1 -U"  long.  oval.     Glume  9- veined. Nos.  17,  IS 


392  Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 

X  Abortive  fl.  usually  staminate.    Spikelets  obovate,  \\" Nos.  19,  20 

X  Abortive  flower  neutral,  never  with  stamens. . .  (y) 

y  Plant  stout,  soft-downy,  except  the  smooth  noder No.  21 

y  Plant  emoothish,  or  rough-hairy,  branched  or  simple Nos.  22,  23 

Exotic,  cultivated No.  24 

1  P.  capillare  L.    Culms  thick  at  base,  1 — 2f ;  Ive.  broad-linear,  and  with  the  sheaths 

bristly-hairy;    panicle  ample,  pyramidal,  capillarj',  loose;    spkl.  lance-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, i",  purple.    (T)  Fields  and  waysides.    Aug. 

2  P.  autuinuale  Bosc.    Culm  slender,  10—20' ;  Ivs.  short,  soon  rolled,  and  with  the 

long  sheaths  glabrous  ;  pan.  diflfuse,  beaded  in  the  axils  ;  ped.  long  (2^')i  capillary; 
spkl.  lance-oblong;  lower  gl.  minute.    111.  to  Car. 

3  P.  proliferum  Lam.    Glabrous,  2— .Sf;    Ivs.  broad-linear,  on  tumid  sheaths ;  pan. 

terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  ped.  sheathed  ;    spkl.  elliptic,  1" ;    lower  gl.  Vi  or 
Vs  as  long  as  the  upper  ;    s  fl.  pointed.    Rich  shady  soils.    Aug.,  Sept. 
jS.  grenicttlhttim.    Culm  thick,  geniculate  below  ;  pan.  dense.    Marshes. 

4  P.  gymnocarpum  Ell.    Culms  2— 3f,  stout,  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  1'  wide;  pau. 

largi',  expanding  ;  spkl.  lanceolate,  2",   in  clusters  of  3—5 ;  glumes  and  neutral  pales 
twice  longer  than  the  naked  fertile  fl.    Banks,  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  W. 

5  P.  liians  Ell.    Slender,  glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  2f;  Ivs.  narrow;  pan.  of  slen- 

der racemes ;  spkl.  f ",  lower  gl.  i—}  as  long  as  the  upper ;   both  fls.  coriaceous,  di- 
vergent or  gaping  at  apex.    Damp  barrens,  S.    Aug. — Oct. 

6  Po  agrostoides   Muhl.   (a)    Culm  U— 3f,  compressed;    Ivs.  long,  rough-edged; 

pan.  term,   and  lateral,  pyramidal,  purplish,  of  dense  racemes;   spkl.  (6)  1",  lance 
ovate;  upper  gl.  3-veined,  i  longer  than  the  lower;  neutral  pales  sub-equal.     Jl.  h 

7  P.  anceps  Mx.    Culm  and  Ivs.  as  in  No.  6.     Pan.  very  large  and  open;  spkl.  IJ", 

forked  when  ripe  ;  upper  gl.  5-veined,  twice  longer  than  the  lower,  shorter  than  the 
lower  neutral  pale,  which  is  twice  longer  than  the  other  pales.  N.  J.,  and  S.    Aug.  + 

8  P.  vilftforine  Wood.    Very  glabrous ;  pan.  at  each  joint,  and  term,  of  loose  ra- 

cemes ;  spkl.  lance-ovate ;  up.  gl.  9-veined,  H",  lower  neutral  pale  a  little  longer,  the 
other  3  pales  a  little  shorter,  lower  gl.  J  as  long.    Meadows,  E.  Tenn.    Aug. 

9  P.  glbbuin  Ell.    Culm  2— 3f,  assurgent;    Ivs.  broad-linear,  glabrous;   pan.  5—6', 

dense,  spindlc-form ;  spkl.  tumid,  near  2"  ;   lower  gl.  very  small,  upper  very  large, 
11-veined,  g^j66o«s  at  base;  sterile  fl.  (J,  C/ta^;m.)  neutral.    Wet.    S.    Jl.— Sept. 

10  P.  am  Arum  Ell.  Culm  terete,  strict,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  rolled  and  rigid  {bitter  to  taste) ; 
pan.  6—10',  contracted,  its  smooth  branches  appressed-erect ;  spkl.  lance-ovate; 
glumes  pointed,  the  lower  1",  upper  nearly  2";  sterile  fl.  H",  anth.  orange.    Sands. 

IIP.  virgatum  L.    Culm  3—51',  Ivs.  flat ;  pan.  large,  thin,  at  length  diff'use,  10—20' 
long;  spkl.  scattered,  ovate,  pointed,  purplish;  upper  gl.  2",  sterile  fl.  li",  fertile  fl. 
and  lower  gl.  1",  all  divergent  when  ripe  ;  anth.  purple.    N.  Y.,  S.,  and  W.    Aug. 
p.  obtusum.    Panicle  contracted  ;  spikelets  smaller,  not  pointed,  obtusish.    N.  J. 

12  P.  verriicosum  Muhl.  Slender,  weak,  decumbent  below,  10—20';  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  short ;  pan.  few-flowered;  spikelets  obovate,  bluish,  i— 4",  beset  with  fine 
■warty  {verrucmis)  points.   (T)  Thickets  and  swamps,  not  rare.    Aug. 

13  P.  vlllosum  Ell.  Villous  with  soft  white  hairs  throughout,  10—20';  Ivs.  flat, 
short;  pan.  small  (2—3'  long),  oblong,  loose;  spkl.  oval,  1",  green;  upper  gl.  and  2 
fls.  equal,  lower  glume  i  as  long.    Evergreen,  damp.    S.    Apr.,  May. 

14  P.  ciliatifloriim  Wood.  Fringed  G.  Erect,  strict,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  narrow,  rigid, 
flat,  ciliate  ;  pan.  slender,  strict,  3—4';  spkl.  ^",  oblong,  silky-villous ;  glume  soli- 
tary, equaling  the  lower  staminate  pale,  5-veined.    Barrens,  S.    Sept. 

/3.  rttfum.    Lvs.  glabrous,  erect;  sterile  fl.  neutral,  hairs  purple. 

15  P.  dlfliotomum  L.  Culm  at  first  simple  with  one  panicle,  soon  branched, 
slender,  8—20';  lvs.  lance-linear,  short,  1—4'  by  2—4";  terminal  pan.  oval,  small 
(1—2'),  stalked  ;  spkl.  few  and.small,  i",  round-oval;  lower  gl.  i— i  as  long  as  the  up- 
per.   Common  in  fields.    June— Sept. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^.  393 

fi.  tiitidtmi.    Smooth,  shining;  Ivs.  narrow;  ped.  long;  spkl.  oval. 

y.  sphtrrocdrpum.    Hairy;  peduncle  long ;  spkl.  rounded,  dark-pnrple. 

6.  barbulattim.    Taller;  nodes  with  a  ring  of  deflexed  hairs. 

E.  laHUg-inb»t€m,    Woolly;  Ivs.  larger;  spikelets  green;  pan.  larger. 

^.  gpathticeum.    Hairy  and  leafy  to  the  top ;  panicles  sessile. 

16  P.  depauperatam  Muhl.  Culm  simple,  strict,  tufted,  6—12';  Ivs.  linear, 
erect,  the  upper  elongated;  pan.  simple,  sessile  or  becoming  long-stalked;  spkl. 
oval,  f— 1" ;  lower  gl.  J  as  long  as  the  upper  7-veined  one.  Hills  and  woods,  com- 
mon.   June.    Varies  with  Ivs.  hairy  or  smoothish,  and 

p.  I'm-olii/tim,  with  Ivs.  involute,  ending  in  a  long  stiff  point. 

17  1*.  pauciflorum  Ell.  (c)  Culm  assurgent,  1— 2f;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  3— 5' by  5—7", 
hirsute  below  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  faintly  9-veined;  pan.  open  ;  spkl.  {d,  e)  few, 
large  (1— IJ^"),  oval ;  lower  gl.  \  as  long  as  the  upper,    {x,  neutral  fl.)    Damp  shades. 

1  8  P.  pubescenfs  Lam.  Culm  slender,  branched,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  3—6'  by 
3—5",  9-veined,  retrorsely  hirsute  as  well  as  the  open  sheaths  ;  spkl.  oval,  IJ",  pubes. 
cent,  outer  glume  lanceolate,  1",  inner  9-veined.    Dry  fields.    June. 

19  P.  latirolium  L.  Erect,  1—af;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  dilated  and  cordate-clasping  at 
base,  3— 5' by  1',  smoothish,  11-13-veined ;  pan.  exserted,  3'  long;  spkl.  obovate, 
li"  ;  lower  gl.  ovate,  i",  upper  gl.  9-veined  ;  neutral  pales  sub-equal,  usually  with  3 
stamens.    In  moist  shady  places  :   common.    June,  July. 

20  P.  xanthophysum  Gr.  Culm  simple  or  branched  below,  9—15' ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, 3— G'  by  5— V,  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate  clasping  base ;  pan.  long-stalked, 
raceme-like ;  spkl.  few,  round-obovate,  U" ;  lower  gl.  ovate,  \  as  long  as  the  upper 
9-nerved  one;  sterile  fl.  often  i  .    Dry.    N.  Eng.  to  Wis.    June. 

21  P.  visciduin  Ell.  Hoary  with  a  dense  vi?cid  pubescence,  2^f.  stout;  joints 
with  a  smooth  brown  ring ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  3 — 6'  by  6—10"  ;  pan.  4 — 6',  loose  ;  spkl. 
pale,  oval,  1"  ;  lower  gl.  and  upper  pale  minute.    Wet.    N.  J.,  and  S.    Aug. 

22  P.  clandestiiiuni  L.  Culm  rigid,  leafy,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  3— G'  by  V,  dilated  and  cor- 
date at  base;  sheaths  scabrous  or  rough-hairy,  enclosing  the  lateral  and  often  the 
terminal  dense  panicle  ;  spkl.  elliptical,  IJ".     Moist  woods.    July,  Aug. 

23  P.  microcarpoii  Muhl.  Erect,  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  broad  and 
clasping  at  base,  veiny,  6—10"  wide  ;  pan.  long-stalked,  diffuse  ;  spkl.  small  (}),  oval, 
numerous,  purple  ;  lower  gl.  minute.    Pa.,  AV.,  and  S.    July — Sept. 

24  P.  MiLiACEUM.  Millet.  Lvs.  lance-linear  and  sheaths  hairy ;  pan.  large,  open,  nod- 
ding ;  spkl.  ovate,  solitary ;  glumes  pointed,  sub-equal.    Turkey. 

21.  PENICILLARIA  spicata.  Erect,  4f,  branching,  with  broad, 
flat  leaves.  Panicle  cyliudric-oblong,  If  in  length,  compact,  consisting  of  innumerable 
simple  branches,  each  with  2  or  1  spikelets  at  the  end,  and  clothed  with  spreading  hairs. 
Each  spikelet  bears  at  length  a  white  ripened  grain.    (I)  E.  India. 

22.  OPLISMENUS,     Beauv.      Cock-spur  G. 

Spikelets  in  dense,  spike-like,  panicled  racemes. 
Glumes  and  lower  pale  of  the  sterile  fl.  rough- 
pointed  or  awned.     Otherwise  as  in  Panicum. 

1  O.  crus-galli  L.  (a)  Culm  terete,  3— 4f ;  lvs.  lance- ' 
linear,  rough-edged,  ligule  none;  pan.  with  its  spike- 
form  branches  alternate  or  in  pairs  ;  rachis  rough-haii-y  ; 
glumes  bristly,  scarcely  awned;  awn  of  the  pale  (fi) 
6—18"  long,  veiy  rough.  Sheaths  generally  smooth. 
Waste  grounds  :  com.  Aug.,  Sept.  §  [merely  pointed. 
/S.  miiUcns.  (c)  Awns  very  short,  or  the  hispid  pale 
/.  hisptaua.    Sheaths  very  bristly ;  awns  very  long.    A  very  ooarse  variety. 


394 


Ordku  155.— GRAMINE^. 


2  O.  "%Valteri  (Ell).    Culms  slender,  2f;  Ivs.  narrow  and  sheaths  glabrous;  spikes 

one-sided,  J— 1'  long,  alternate;  glumes  hispid,  pointed;  the  fis.  somewhat  pointed, 
the  sterile  with  3  stamens.    Low  grounds.  Car.  to  Fla.,  and  La.    July. 

3  O.  Itirtellus    R.  &  S.      Decumbent,  branched,  ciliate ;   Ivs.  lanceolate,  1—2'  by 

4 — G" ;  spikes  erect,  remote,  one-sided,  J' long,  few  in  the  perfectly  simple  panicle; 
pale  long-awned,  glumes  short-awned.    Woods,  South.    Aug. — Oct. 

23.  SETARIA,  Beauv.  Bristly  Foxtail.  Fls. 
ill  cylindiic  spikes  or  spike-lil^e  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  each  subtended  by  a  cluster  of  awn-like  bris- 
tles (abortive  pedicels)  forming  a  bristly  involucre. 
Otherwise  as  in  Panicum.    July,  Aug. 

§  Bristles  rough  backward,  in  pairs,  short No.  1 

§  Bristles  rough  upward (a) 

a  4 — 10  in  each  involucre No?.  2—4 

a  1— .3    in  each  involucre Nos.  5—7 

1  S.  vertlcillata  Beauv.  Spicate  pan.  2— 3',  composed 
of  short  divided  branchlets  seeming  in  many  verticils  ; 
bristles  little  longer  than  the  spikelets :  fruit-pales 
rough-punctate.    Culm  2f.  (T)  N.  Eng.  to  Car.,  and  W.  § 

2  S.  Klawca  Beauv.    Bottle  G.     Spike  cylindric,  yellowish,  2— 4',  nearly  simple;  iu- 

vol.  of  6-10  bristles  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  fruit  rugous  crosswise,  some- 
what triquetrous,  blackish.    Culm  2— 3f.    (i)  Fields,  gardens :   common.    § 

3  S.  viridls  Beauv.      Wild  Timothy,  (a)     Spike  cylindric,  1—3',  compound,  green  ; 

invol.  of  4—10  bristles  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  (d,  c) :  fruit-pales  striate  length- 
wise and  dotted  (under  a  lens).    Culm  1— 2f.    (T)  Cultivated  grounds,  N.    § 

4  S.  Gerniaiiica    Beauv.      Millet.     Bengal   G.      Spike  iiattcned,  oblong-cylindric, 

compound,  3—5'  by  9"  ;  rachis  bristly;  invol.  of  4—8  bristles,  little  longer  than  the 
spikelets,  yellowish  ;   s  pales  dull-rugous.    Culm  3 — 4f.    (i)  Fields.    § 

5  S.  Italiea  K.    Spicate  pan.  6—18'  long  by  1—2'  thick;  invol.  yellowish,  of  2  or  3 

bristles  8—10  times  longer  than  the  spikelets  and  half-concealing  them;    S  pales 
smooth,  polished,  shining.    Culm  4— 6f.    (i)  Swamps,  S. 

6  S,  corrugata  Schul.    Spicate  pan.  3— (!',  cylindric,  dense  above  ;  bristles  1  to  each 

spikelet  and  thrice  as  long;  8  pales  strongly  corrugated.    Fla.,  Ga. 

7  S.  composlta  K.    Spicate  pan.  loose,  its  lower  clusters  separated ;  bristles  1  or  2 

under  each  spkl.  and  5  times  longer  ;  S  flower  acute,  smoothish.    Fla. 

24.  CENCHRUS  L.  Burr  G.  Fls.  racemed  or 
spicate.  Involucre  a  burr  (a)  beset  with  spines,  be- 
coming hard  and  pungent  in  fruit,  and  enclosing 
several  (1 — 3)  spikelets  ib).  Glumes  and  flowers  as  in 
Panicum,  the  sterile  flower  $  .  Culms  branched.  Aug. 

C.  trlbiiloades  L.  Culms  1— 2f,  tufted,  decumbent,  spreading;  Ivs.  as  short  as 
their  open  compressed  sheaths;  spikes  several,  1—2' long ;  burrs  adhering  by  their 
rough  spines  to  everything  passing.    Sandy  shores,  N.  J.  to  III.,  and  N. 

25.  PHALARIS,  L.  Canary  G.  Spikelets  l-(thcoretically  3)-flow- 
ered.  Gl.  2,  subequal,  carinate,  longer  than  the  two  shining  pales  of  the 
S  fl.,  all  awuless.  Ncutr.al  rudiments  at  base  of  the  2  fl.  merely  2  single 
pales  or  hairy  pedicels  (5,  c).  Grain  coated.  Handsome  flat-leaved  grasses. 
1  P.  arundluacea  L.    Ribbon   G.     A  showy  but  not  valuable  grass,  2— 5f;  Ivs. 

lance-linear  ;    pan.  contracted,  dense,  3—6'  long  ;  glumes  (a)  2i  ",  pointed  ;  mdimente 


OiiDEu  155.— GRAMINE^. 


395 


Spkl 


2,  hairy,  at  the  base  of  the  ovate  pales  (5).      ij  Ditches 

and  swamps,  Can.  to  Car.,  and  Ky.    Jnly,  August.  ' 

p.  picta.    Striixd  G.     Lvs.  endlessly  variegated  with 

white  and  green.    Cultivated. 

2  P.  Caiiariensis  L.      Canary    G.      Bird-seed.      Culm 

terete,  erect,  l—2f;  lvs.  lance-linear  ;  pan.  spicate,  ovoid, 

1 — 2' ;  gl.  winged  on  the  keel  (c) ;  rudiments  smooth,    (i) 

Introduced  into  fields  and  gardens  from  Isle  Fortunatus. 

26.  ANTHOXANTHUM,  L.  St\-eet  Vernal 
G.  Spikelets  {d)  3-flowered,  the  central  fl.  5  ,  the 
two  lateral  neuter,  each  of  1  bearded  pale.  01.  2, 
unequal.     Pales  2,  short,  awnless.    Sta.  2. 

A.  cdoratum  L.  Slender,  erect,  10—18';  lvs.  short;  pan- 
icle spicate,  1  j — 3' ;  neutral  pales  ciliate  («),  one  with  a 
bent  awn  from  near  the  base,  the  other  with  a  straight  awn 
from  the  back  above.  Fls.  in  May  and  June  ill-scented, 
but  when  cut  as  hay  it  is  very  fragrant.    §  (a;,  the  8  fl.) 

HIEROCHLOA,  Gmel.    Sexeca  G. 

3-flwd.  Gl.  2,  scarious.  Lateral  fls.  5 
triandrous,  central  fl.  5  ,  with  3  (or  3)  sta- 
mens. Inflor.  paniculate.  Sweet-scented. 
1  H.  borcalis  R.  &  S.  (/)  Very  smooth ; 
simple,  erect,  15—30' ;  root  lvs.  as  long  as  the 
culm,  cauline  lvs.  lanceolate,  short ;  pan.  open, 

few-flwd.,  2— 3';  spkl.  (j/)  broad,  subcordate,  colored,  awnless.  U  Wet 
meadows,  Va.,  and  Xorth.  May. 
EI.  alpina  R.  &  S.  Smooth;  culm  erect, 
6—8',  stout;  lvs.  lance-lincar ;  pan.  ovoid, 
1—2' ;  spkl.  purple,  longer  than  their  branch- 
lets;  lower  fl.  with  an  awn  on  the  back  as  long  as  the 
pales,    li  High  Mts.,  N.  Eng.,  X.  Y.    June. 

28.  HOLCUS,  L.  Soft  G.  Spkl.  2-flwd.,  pan- 
iculate. Gl.  herbaceous,  boat-shaped,  mucronate. 
Fls.  pedicellate,  the  lower  5  ,  awnless  ;  the  upper 
5  or  neutral,  awued  on  the  back.     July. 

H.  lanatns  L.  Qi)  Hoarj-- 
pubesceut,  li— 2f ;  lvs.  lance- 
linear;  pan.  oblong,  dense,  purplish-white;  fls.  (i) 
shorter  than  the  glumes  (k) ;  awn  of  the  sterile  fl. 
curved,  included,    n  Wet  meadows.    A  beautiful  grass. 

29.  AIRA,  L.  Spkl.  2-flwd.  without  abortive 
or  sterile  ones.  Gl.  2,  thin,  shining,  sube([ual. 
One  of  the  fls.  pedicellate.  Pales  subequal,  hairy 
at  base,  the  lower  truncate  at  apex,  and  awued  on 
the  back.    Fls.  in  an  open  pan.,  silverj^-purplish. 

§  Glumes  longer  than  the  fls.    Pale  entire No.  1 

§  Gl.  about  equaling  the  fls.    Pale  lacerated.. Nos.  2,  3 


396 


Obdeb  155.— GRAMINE^. 


1  A.  atropurpurea  Wahl.    In  tufts,  If,  very  slender;  Ivs.  flat;  pan.  thin;   awn 

stout,  twice  as  lon^  as  the  pale,    n  High  Mts.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  T.    August. 

2  A.  flexuosa  L.  (?)    In  large  tufts,  smooth,  1— 2f;    Ivs.  setaceous,  mostly  radical; 

pan.  loose,  with  long  flexuous  spreading  branches ;  awn  geniculate,  twice  longer 
than  the  pale  (m).    V  Dry  hills  :  common.    June. 

3  A.  caespitosa  L.  (n)     Tufted,  glabrous,  18—30';  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  flat ;  pan.  ob- 

long, finally  diffuse  ;    awn  straight,  as  long  as  the  pale,  which  is  longer  than  the  blu- 
ish glumes.  (0,  spikelet,  p,  fl.)    U  Swamps,  northward.    May. 

30.  DANTHONIA,  DC.  Spkl.  2-7-flwd.  Gl.  2,  subequal, 
cuspidate,  lonirer  than  the  whole  spikelet  of  fls.  Pales  hairy  at 
base,  lower  one  bidentate  and  awned  at  apex,  upper  obtuse,  en- 
tiro.    Awn  flattened  and  twisted  at  base.     U  Fls.  raceraous. 

1  D.  spicata    R.  &  S.    (a)     Lvs.  narrowly-linear,  shorter  than  the  inter- 

nodes;  culm  1— 2f,  slender;  spkl.  few  (about  6),  in  a  subsimple  raceme; 
gl.  4—5" ;  fls.  (b)  about  7,  pubescent.    Lvs.  mostly  radi- 
cal, ill  little  tufts.    Dry  hills  :  com.    June— Aug. 

/3.  comprtima.  Lvs.  longer  than  the  internode^  ;  spkl. 
about  4  in  the  simple  raceme;  gl.  twice  longer  than  the 
spikelet.  Onondaga  Co.,  "N.  Y.  {S.  N.  Coivles).  (D.  com- 
pressa,  Austin  ?)     These  characters  are  not  constant. 

2  I>.  sericea  Nutt.     Taller  (2— Sj-f) ;    lvs.   and  sheaths 

silky-hirsute ;  spkl.  9—17,  evidently  paniculate  ;  gl.  8—9";  ( 

fls.   about  7,  densely  clothed  with  silvery-silky  hairs ;   awns  brown  at  base  (as  in 
No.  1),  very  long.    Rare  N.,  common  S.    June. 

31.  AVENA,  L.  Oat.  Oat  G.  Spkl.  2-5-flwd. 
Gl.  2,  loose,  thin,  awnless,  large.  Pales  2,  becom- 
ing coriaceous,  the  lower  bifid,  bearing  (mostly)  a 
bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back ;  upper  pale  coat- 
ing the  oblong  grain.     Fls.  paniculate. 

§  ARRiiENATHEnuM.   Glumcs  unequal,  2-flowered, 

with  a  rudiment  of  a  third ;    lower  flower 

staminatc  and  awned.     Tall No.  1 

§  AiROPSis.  Gl.  subequal,  2-flwd.,  both  flowers  8  , 

no  rudiment.     Dwarf Nos.  2, 

§  A  VENA.      Gl.  equal,  longer  than  the    2  perfect 

flowers,  strongly  striate Nos.  4,  5 

1  A.  elatior  L.  («. /)    Culm  erect,  2 — 4f;  lvs.  lance-linear;  pan.  narrow, 

ding;  upper  gl.  {g)  and  pales  4",  lower  gl.  2"  ;  awn  bent,  twice  longer  than  the  pale. 
n  A  tall  handsome  gi-ass.    §  Eur.    (Arrhenatherum  avenaceum  Br.)    May— July. 

2  A.  i»raecox  Beauv.  {d)      Culms  tufted,  erect,  2—5' ;   lvs.  setaceous ;  2^011.  dense,  ob- 

long, \ — 1' ;  gl.  (6)  equaling  the  fls.  (c) ;  awns  bent,  twice  longer,  n  N.  Y.  to  Va.    Jn. 

3  A.  caryopliylla  L.    Culms  5— 10';    lvs.  very  narrow ;   jmn.  loose,  open;  glumes 

silvery-purple,  scarce  1",  pales  shorter,  awns  exserted.    Dry  fields,  M.    §  Eur. 

4  A.  SATivA.     Common  Oat.    Culm  terete,  erect,  2— 4f;    lvs.  lance-linear;   pan.  loose, 

pyramidal;  spkl.  large,  pendulous ;    both  fls.  c,  7",  the  lower  mostly  awned ;  both 
pales  coating  the  nutritious  grain.    Cultivated,  common.    June. 

p.  nig-ra.    Black  Oats.    Pales  dark  brown,  almost  black,  without  awns. 

y.  aecuada.    Horse-fuane  Oat.    Panicle  one-sided,  nodding;  awns  short. 
6  A.  STERiLis.    Animated  0.    Spkl.  5-flwd,,  2  lower  fls.  each  with    hairy  pales   and  a 
long  bent  awn  which  is  so  sensitive  to  moisture  as  to  be  kept  in  motion  by  the  ordi- 
nary changes  in  the  air.    From  Europe.    Cult,  as  a  curiosity.    ®  4f.    July,  August. 


Ordeu  155.— GRAMINE^. 


397 


32.  TRISE3TUM,  L.  Spkl.  2-5-flwd.  Glumes 
?,  shorter  tliau  the  fls.  Lower  pale  with  two  bris- 
tles at  the  apex  and  a  soft  flexuous  awn  from  above 
the  middle  of  the  back.  Grain  coated,  furrowed. 
U  Fls.  paniculate. 

1  T.    purpurascens   Torr.    Spkl.  (p)    about  4-flwd., 

6— S",  few  (6—9)  in  the  very  simple  purple  panicle  ;  fl?. 
(rf)  separate,  bearded  at  base  ;  gl.  (g)  unequal;  Ivs.  nar- 
row-linear; culm  erect,  2— 3f.    Mountain  bogs,  N.    June., 

2  T.  palitstre  (Mx.)  Spkl.  (a,  b)  3-flwd.  2i",  the  upper  fl. 

abortive ;  middle  fl.  with  a  bent  awn  its  own  length ;  pan. 
narrow,  4—6' ;  Ivs.  very  short  (2—3') ;  culm  slender,  2f. 
Plant  smooth.    Wet  meadows.    May— July,    (c,  pale.) 

3  T.  niollc  (Mx.)  Spikelets  2-fl\vd.,  3"  ;  upper  fl.  with  a  bent  awn  its  own  length  ;  gl. 

lance-linear;    panicle  as  in  No.   2;    Ivs.  broader   and  longer;    plant  2f,  minutely 
downy.    Kooky  hills,  N.    July. 

33.  BROMUS,  L.  Brome  G.  Spikelets 
5-ao-flwd.  Gl.  unequally  veined.  Lower  pale 
5-9-veined,  awned  from  below  the  mostly  bifid 
tip.  Upper  pale  ciliate  on  its  3  keels,  adhering  to 
the  linear  grain.  Coarse  grasses,  with  flat  leaves, 
and  large,  nodding,  panicled  spikelets.  June,  July. 

§  Glumes  narrow,  the   lower  1-veined,  upper  .3-veined. 

Lower  pale  keeled. . .  (b) 
§  Glumes  veiny,  the  lower  3—5,  upper  5 — 7-veined.  Lower 
pale  convex.,  .(a) 
a  Awn  much  shorter  than  its  pale.    Pan- 
icle spreading Nos.  1,  2 

a  Awn   as  long  as  its   pale.      Panicle  erect,  contracted  in  fruit Nos.  3,  4 

b  Lower  pale  compressed-carinate,  awn  very  short No.  5 

b  Lower  pale  rounded  on  the  back,  the  awn  conspicuous Nos.  6,  7 

1  B.  Kiiliiili  Gr.      Wild  Chess.    More  or  less  hairy,  H— 3f ;   spkl.  drooping,  closely 

7-12-flwd.,  densely  silky;  lower  pale  much  the  larger;  pan.  small.     ii  Dry. 

2  B.  secalinus  L.     Cheat  or  Chess,  (.s)    Nearly  glabrous,  2— 4f ;  spkl.  ovate,  turgid, 

glabrous,  T-lO-flwd.,  fls.  {a)  soon  diverging,  blunt,  awned  or  not;   panicle  nearly  sim- 
ple, 4— S'  long,  spikelets  8—10"  long,  drooping,    (i)  Fields.    §  Eur. 

3  B.  raceinosus  L.    Erect  Chess.    Spkl.  ovate-oblong,  glabrous ;  closely  8-12-flwd., 

awns  straight,  4";  pan.  simple;  plant  slender,  some  hairy,    (i)  Fields.    §  Eur. 

4  B.  mollis  L.     Downy  Chess.     Plant  downy,  with  spreading  hairs;    spkl.  ovate, 

about  6-flwd.,  fls.  closely  imbricated;  awns  straight,  3—1".    ®  ®  Fields  :  rare. 

5  B.  unioloides  H.  &  K.     Eescue  G.      Culm  erect,  IJ— 3f,  smoothish ;    pan.  nar- 

row, 6—10',  nodding ;  spkl.  lance-oblong,  compressed,  1',  8-12-flwd.    ®  Cult.  South. 

6  B.  clliatus  L.    Pan.  compound,  5—8',  soon  nodding ;  spkl.  at  first  lance-fusiform 

(6),  7-11-flwd.,  the  fls.  soon  separating;   pale  (c)  compressed-carinate  above,  silky- 
haired  at  edge,  twice  longer  than  its  straight  awn;  culm  2— 4f ;   Ivs.  some  hairy,     n 
Shady  banks  :  common.    July,  August. 
/3.  pursrans.    Plant  finely  and  closely  pubescent  all  over. 

7  B.  sterilis  L.    Pan.  compound,  soon  1-sided  and  nodding;   ped.  capillary;   spkl. 

linear-oblong,  about  5-flwd.,  puberulent ;  fls.  linear-subulate,  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
awn.    (I)  Banks,  Pa.,  and  N.    Rare.    § 

8  B.  ERizoiDES.    Culm  If,  erect ;    Ivs.  narrow,  conduplicate,  rigid  ;   pan.  erect,  with  a 

few  large,  hanging,  ovate,  awned  spikelets  ;   pale  dilated,  ear-shaped  above.    Cult. 


598 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


34.  TRICUSPIS,     Beauv.      Spkl.  terete,    or    tumid,    3-9-flwcl. 
Glumes  unequal,  awnless.      Lower  pale  {n,  c)  conspicuously  fringe- 
bearded  on  the  3  strong  veins,  tipped  with  3  or  3 
teeth,  and  1  or  3  short  awns  or  cusps ;  upper  pale 
much    shorter,    2-toothed    {}i).       Fls.    paniculate. 
Sheaths  hairy  at  throat.    Aug.,  Sept. 

§  WiNDSORiA.    Culm  erect,  simple.    Lower  pale 

.3-ciif=ped Nos,  1,  2 

§  Ur.ALEPis.    Culm  spreading,  branched.    Lower 

pale  1-ousped Kos.  3,  4 

1  T.  seslcrloidcs  (Ms).  False  Jied-top.  {a,  a,  n,  m)  Cnlm 

3— ")f;  Ivs.  linear,  involute  when  dry;    pan.  open,  loose, 
8— 12',  the  slender  branches  at  length  spreading;    spkl. 
(a)  oblong,  3",  5-  or  6-fl\vd.,  purple,  shining.  7i  Beautiful. 
p.  1lexuo»a,    Branches  of  the  panicle  flesuous  ;  spkl.  3-.5-flwd.,  2".    Pa. 

2  T.  ambigua  (Ell.)    Culm  2— 3f,  wiry;  Ivs.  narrow  and  rolled;   pan.  small  (3—5'), 

few-llwd. ;  spkl.  ovate,  the  5—7  fls.  divaricate,     y.  Pine-barrens,  S. 

3  T.  purpurea  (Walt.)  (i)    Culm  bearded  at  the  nodes,  10—18';  Ivs.  subulate,  short ; 

panicles  more  or  less  sheathed  ;  spkl.  {b)  .3-flwd.,  awn  scarcely  exceeding  the  eroded 
segments  of  its  pale.    (I)  Coast  sands,  Mass.  to  Fla.    (c,  lower  pale.) 

4  T.  corniita  (Ell.)    Culm  2f ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  hairj';  awn  of  the  lower  pale  plu- 

mous,  much  longer  than  the  lateral  teeth,  recurved.        Dry  sands,  S. 

35.  ARUNDO  Donax.  A  gigantic  ornamental  grass  from  Italy, 
where  it  is  cult,  for  vine-poles,  fence-wood,  fishing  rods,  etc.  Culm  10— ISf  high  ;  Ivs. 
broad,  flat,  smooth,  and  shining;  pan.  difi'usely  branched  ;  gl.  as  long  as  the  3  fls. ;  rachis 
beset  with  long  hairs  ;  lower  pale  mth  a  short  awn  in  the  cleft  at  apex,  u 

p.  VERSICOLOR.     Gardener's  Garters.    Leave*  striped  with  white. 

36.  GRAPHEPHORUM,  Desv.  Spkl.  of  2—5  remote  fls.  with  sub- 
equal  glumes.  Fls.  bearded  at  base.  Gls.  and  pales  thin,  lanceolate,  awn- 
less,  conve.Y,  not  keeled,  if  Erect,  glabrous.  Lvs.  flat.  Panicle  simple. 
G.  nielicoides  Beauv.    Culm  slender,  1 — 2f,  with  2  or  3  short  erect  linear  lvs. ;   pan. 

loose,  3—4'  long;  spkl.  2-3-flwd.,  Z-^"  long.  Upper  Mich.    (C.  E.  and  A.  11.  Smith). 
p.?  triflhrum  (.\ira  trif.  Ell.)  "Fls.  somewhat  woolly  at  base,  not  villous."  Ga. 

37.  GYNERIUM  argenteum.  Pampas  Grass.  A  magnificent  reed 
from  S.  Am.,  becoming  common.  @  Leaves  in  a  dense,  radical  cluster,  recurved,  nar- 
row, channeled.  Culms  10— 18f,  clustered,  bearing  dense,  hain,-  panicles,  which  are 
l^_2f^  silvery  white,  with  innumerable  flowers  and  their  long,  silky 
hairs.    Some  of  the  panicles  are  fruitful  ( s ),  others  barren  ( t ). 

38.  DACTTLIS,  L.  Orchard  G.  Spkl.  3-5-flwd.' 
compressed.  Glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  fls 
Pales  subequal,  lance-acuminate,  the  lower  (and  glumes) 
carinate,  awn-pointed.  Lvs.  channeled.  Panicle  com- 
posed of  dense  1-sided  clusters.  June. 
D.  gloiuerata  L.  Culm  2— 4f  high:  lvs.  broad,  glaucous;  stipules 

lacerate  ;  spkl.  loose-flwd. ;  gl.  veiy  unequal.    Zf  Shady  fields.    A 
good  grass  for  hay  or  pasturage.    § 

39.  KCELERIA,  Pers.  Spkl.  2-7-flwd.,  compressed;  gl.  subequal, 
acute,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  fls. ;    upper  fl.  pedicellate ;    lower   pale 


Order  155.— GRAMINEuE. 


399 


(and  gl.)  carinate,  often  bristle-pointed.      U  Culms  tufted,  erect, 

simple,  witli  dense,  narrow  panicles. 

K.  crlstata  Sni.  Culm  20— SiV,  \o.afy  below;  Iv*.  flat,  erect,  pubes- 
cent, narrow,  2— .3'  by  1—2"  ;  pan.  spike-like,  3—5';  spkl.  (a)  2",  silvery, 
about  2-flwd.,  with  an  abortive  pedicel,  {b,  a  flower.)  Mid.,  W.,  and  N. 
/3.  g-riicilis.      Slender  and  delicate,  with  a  simple  pan.    (K.  nitida,  N.) 

40.  DIARRHENA,  Raf.     Panicle  simple,  racemous.  Glumes 

^  ^'  /?  ii\  '^'  ^^^y  imequal,  rigid,  acuminate-mucronate,  2-5- 
^''i''/'  1  Gi^Vflwd.  (cT)  Pales  [e)  cartilaginous,  lower  cuspidate, 
3",  upper  much  smallei-,  emarginate.  Grain  large, 
/  loose  in  its  pericarp.  Stam.  2.  if  Culm  rigidly 
15 — 30'.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  broad-linear. 
D.  Americana  Beauv.— Woods  and  river-banks,  O.  to  111.    Auj.     (Festuca,  Mx.) 

41.  FESTUCA,  L.  Fescue  G.  Spkl.  3-oo-flwd.  Glumes  unequal, 
mostly  carinate.  Pales  firm,  the  lower  rounded 
(not  carinate)  on  the  back,  obscurely  veined,  awned 
from  the  tip,  or  awnless.  Sta.  1 — 3.  Grain  mostly 
adhering  to  the  upper  pale.  Spkl.  panicled  or  ra- 
cemed,  the  fls.  remote,  not  webbed  at  base. 

§  Flowers  lanceolate  to  oblong,  awnless.    Culms 

tall,  leaves  flat Nos.  5—7 

§  Flowers  subulate,  awned  at  the  tip.     Leaves 
mostly  involute. .  .(a') 
X  Awn  much  shorter  than  the  flower,  n  . .  .  .Xos.  3,  4 
X  Awn  as  long  as  the  fl.  or  much  longer.  ©..Nos.  1,  2 

1  F.    Mytirus    L.      Cului  5—12';    lvs.    subulate,  2—3'; 

glumes  minute,  equal,  4-6-flwd. ;    awn  6",  twice  longer 
tlian  the  pale  ;  panicle  slender.    M.,  S.    § 

2  F.  tenella  Willd.    Slender  F.  (a,b)    Culm  wirj--fiIiform,  often  in  tufts,  6- 

liuear-setaceous ;   pan.  simple,  narrow,  2—3';    spkl.  6-9-flwd.,  4—6"  long;    flowers 
pubenilent,  brown ;    awn  about  as   long  (2").    Sandy.    June,  July. 

3  F.  ovina.  L.      Sheep's  F.     Culm  erect,  G— 10';    lvs.  numerous  below,  very  nar- 

row, 2—4' ;  pan.  simple,  narrow,  2—4' ;    spkl.  ovate,  3-5-flwd. ;   fls.  lance-oblong,  li", 
the  awn  J-i  as  long,      if  Pastures  and  flelds.    A  valuable  grass.    June.    Europe, 
p.  viviparn.     Spikeli'ts  transformed  to  leafy  tufts.     Mountains,  N. 

4  F.  durlusciila  L.    Hard  F.    Culm  erect,  12— 18' ;  lvs.  linear,  flatfish;  pan.  ob- 

long, spreading,  3—5' ;    spkl.  5-8-flvvd.,  teretish  before  flowering  ;    fls.  lance-subulate, 
2i",  the  awn  1"  or  less  ;  pales  equal,    v  Valuable.    Common.    June,  July. 
p.  rubra,    Spikelets  7-9-flwd.,  fls.  pubescent ;   the  herbage  reddish.    N. 

5  F.  pratensls  Huds.    Meadow  F.    Culm  erect,  2— 3f;  lvs.  lance-linear ;   pan.  4—6' 

long,  narrow,  with  short  branches  ;  spkl.  few  (10—25)  and  large,  teretish  before  flow- 
ering, 6—9"  long,  (i-9-flwd. ;  pales  3",  barely  pointed,     n  A  fine  grass.    June. 

6  F.  elAlior  L.     Culm  2— 4f,  erect;    lvs.  lance-linear;   pan.  diffuse,  nodding,  com- 

pound, branches  branched,  and  floriferous  above,  naked  below ;    spkl.  numerous, 
3-5-flwd.,  2—3"  long  ;  fls.  oblong,  ]}",  acute  ;  lower  gl.  3-veined.     n  Fields.    § 

7  F.  nutans  Willd.    Nodding  F.  {c,  d)    Culm  slender,  2— 4f,  about  2-jointed;   lvs. 

linear ;    pan.  very  open,  with  few  long  drooping  branches  floriferous  at  the  end ; 
Bpkl.  3",  lance-ovate  (c)  4-6-flwd. ;  fls.  ((/)  smooth,  nearly  veinless. 
/3.  palusiris.    Panicle  less  diffuse,  spkl.  3-5-flwd. 


U  Kocks 
Between  Nos.  6  and  7. 


400 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


42.  EATONIA,  Raf.  Spkl.  mostly  2-flowered, 
numerous,  panicled,  silvery.  Glumes  unlike,  the 
lower  linear,  1-veined,  the  upper  broadly  obovate, 
rounded  and  3-veined  on  the  back.  Pales  obtuse, 
chartaceous,  awnless.  Grain  oblong.  y  Deli- 
cate grasses  with  simple  culms. 

1  Fi.  obtusata  (Mx.)    Panicle  narrow,  dense,  3— 5' by  J— 1';  branches  short,  ap- 

pressed  ;  epkl.  (a,  b)  1}"  long,  2-flwd..  tumid  ;  pales  (c)  scarious  at  tip,  a  little  longer 
than  the  very  obtuse  upper  glume.    Dry.    Penn.  to  Wis.,  and  S.    June,  July.    2f. 

2  E.  Pennsylvanlea  (DC.)     Panicle  5—10',  slender,  open  and  loose ;   spkl.  li" ; 

upper gl.  abruptly  short-pointed,  or  obtuse;  upper  flower  exserted  half  its  length. 
Shady  rocks  and  meadows.    Elegant.    Summer.    2f. 

43.  MELICA,  L.      Melic  G.      Glumes   unequal,   ob- 
tuse, 2-5-flowered.    Fls.  exserted,  the  upper  incomplete. 
Pales  truncate,  veiny  as  well  as  the  glumes.     Grain  free. 
y  Lvs.  flat ;  spkl.  pedicellate,  in  a  subsimple  panicle.  -'~g  -^ 
OT.  inutica  Walt.    Culm  .3— 4f ;  lvs.  linear,  flat;  pan.  few-flwd.,  inclined  to  one  side; 

spkl.  (e)  4—6"  long,  with  2  fertile  fls.,  and  the  third  upper  one  contorted;  pales  (/) 
unequal,  veined.    Penn.  to  Wis.,  and  S. 

44.  ERAGROSTIS,  Beauv.  Spkl.  2-oo  -flwd.,  membranous.  Lower 
pale  carinate,  3-veined,  never  webby  at  base,  upper  pale 
persistent  on  the  flexuous  racliis  after  the  free  grain  and 
lower  pale  have  fallen.  Culm  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  often  rolled,  bearded  at  the  throat.  Panicle  with 
liairj'  axils. 

§  Culms  branched,  prostrate;  spikelets  sub-sessile No.  1 

§  Culms    branched,  ascending;  panicles  1—3 Nos.  2— 7' 

§  Culms  simple,  erect,  shorter  than  its  loose  pan. .  .Nos.  8—11 

1  E.  reptans  Nees.    Culms  creeping  and  rooting,  (I — 12' ;  lvs. 

subulate,  1 — 2';    panicles  many,  small,  dense  ;   spkl.  lance-lin- 
ear;   fls.  10— 30,  very  acute.    (T)  Banks.    August. 

2  E.  poa^oides  Beauv.  («)  Culms  ascending,  l-2f;  lvs.  linear,  flat;  panicles  oblong, 

dense,  2 — 6',  compound ;   spkl.  (b)  ovate-oblong,  3 — 5",  8-50-flwd.,   turning  white; 
fls.  (c)  obtuse,  3-veined  ;  (d.  grain),    (i)  Handsome,  but  ill-scented.    Fields.    § 

3  E.  pilosa  L.    Culms  in  tufls.  ascending,  4— 12';  lvs.  linear,  flat,  tender;  panicles 

oblong,  loose  ;  spkl.  linear,  bluish,  about  as  long  (2—4")  as  their  pedicels  ;   flowers 
4—12,  obtuse,  with  only  the  midvein  apparent,    (i)  Dry,  sandy  places.    July.    § 

4  E.  Pursliii  Schr.    Culms  ascending,  6— 12— 20';  lvs.  1—3',  very  narrow;  panicles 

long  and  loose  ;  ped.  capillary  ;  spkl.  linear-oblong.  2—4" ;  fls.  5—12,  acute  or  acutish, 
3-veined.  purplish.    (T)  Dry  fields,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  and  S.    Common.    July,  August. 

5  E.  erytlir6gona  Nees.    (E.  Frankii  Meyer.)     Culms  in  tufts,  much  branched, 

ascending.  G— IS',  joints  red  ;  pan.  narrow,  beardless,  2—4' ;  spkl.  about  1",  their  ped, 
much  longer ;  gls.  and  pales  very  acute,  obscurely  3-veined.   (T)  Dry.  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S. 

6  E.    ciliarls    (L.)      Culms    decumbent    and  ascending,    0—12' ;    pan.  cylindrical, 

branches  appressed.  covered  with  the  minute  d")  ovate  spikelets;  fls.  5— T,  mucro- 
n;ite.  upper  pale  ciliate-fringed.    ®  Waste  grounds.  South. 

7  E.  conferta    Trin.    Cnlm  stout,  erect,  2— 3f;  lvs.  broad-linear;  pan.  long  (5— 12'), 

narrow,  branches  erect,  covered  with  innumerable  small  (1— IJ")  spikelets ;  fls.  7—11, 
hyaline,  obtuse,  3-veined,  whitish.    (J)  River  banks,  S.    Aug.,  Sept. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


401 


8  E.  tenuis  (Ell.    Poa  trichodes  N.)     Plant  1— 8f  high;  pan.  long  (8—24'),  loose, 

capillary,  bearded  in  the  lower  axils;    spikelets  3(2-6)-flwd.   (sometimes  7-9-flwd. 
Gray)  ;  pales  and  glumes  lanceolate,  hyaline,  3-veined,  IJ"  long,     n  111.,  and  S. 

9  E.  capillaris  (L.)    Like  E.  tenuis,  but  the  spikelets  are  minute  (1— IJ"),  the  fls. 

•2—4,  acute,  scabrous,  with  only  the  midvein  apparent,     n  Sandy  fields.    Aug. 

1  0  E.  iiitlda  (Ell.)  Plant  2— 4f,  glabrous  and  polished  (except  the  bearded  throat  of 
tlie  long,  rolled  Ivs.) ;  pan.  IJ — 3f  long,  narrow,  branches  some  whorled ;  spkl.  lance- 
linear,  3—4",  5-12-flwd.,  on  capillary  divaricate  pedicels;  gl.  and  pales  acute, 
3-veined,  often  purplish,  1"  long.     ii  Marshes,  111.  {J.  Wolf),  and  South. 

HE.  pectliiacea  (Mx.)  Gr.  (E.  liirsuta  [Ell.  etc.]).  Culm  1— 3f,  rigid;  sheaths 
some  hairy;  pan.  very  large,  branches  rigid,  the  lower  deflexed  in  fruit ;  spkl.  («,/) 
oblong,  purple,  2—3"  ;  fls.  5—15,  oval,  acutish,  strongly  3-veined.  n  Sandy  fields. 
July,  Aug,    (Poa  spectabilis  Ph.)    A  showy  grass,  sport  of  the  winds  when  dry. 

'     45.  POA,  L.     Spear    G.    Meadow    G.     Spike-        ,^^^  ^ 

lets  2-5(mre]y -9)-flwcl.,  compressed.     Glumes  sub-     j^  (A^    * 
equal,  pointless,  shorter   than    the    contiguous  fls.  J^       ^^wiyiw^a 
Pales    herbaceous,   soft,   awnless,   the  lowei"  com-  f         "^^^^ 
pressed-carinate,  5-veined,   usually  clothed  at  base  "  f* 

■with    a  cobweb-like  wool.      Grain   free.      Smooth 
grasses,  with  soft  flat  leaves,  and  panicled  flowers. 

§  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  2"s,  3"s,  or  often  single.  .(*) 

§  Brancbes  of  the  panicle  in  about  5's,  half-whorled. .  (**)        j , 

*  Fls.  not  webbed,  merely  pubescent  on  the  back. . . (a)  '^<^^^-.  "        Id 

*  Flowers  webbed  together  at  the  base  with  gossamer-like  wool.,  .(b) 

a  Annual  or  bitnnial.    Panicle  dense,  spikelets  subsessile No.  1 

a  Perennial.    Panicle  loose,  spikelets  long-pedicelled Nos.  2,  3 

b  Spikelets  2-  or  3-flowered,  on  slender  pedicels Nos.  4—7 

b  Spikelets  mostly  5flowered,  ovate,  short-pedicelled Nos.  8,  9 

**  Spikelets  2^-flowered,  loosely  pedicelled.    Panicle  large Nos.  10—12 

**  Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  subsessile,  panicles  rather  dense Nos.  13,  14 

1  P.  annua  L.  Low  (3—8'),  tender,  spreading;  culms  flattened;  Ivs.  2—4'  by  1—2"; 
pan.  2—3',  dent^e  ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  nei.rly  sessile,  loosely  5-7-flwd.,  2— 2J";  fls. 
lanceolate,  acutish.    (T)  ®  Fields  and  lawns,  forming  a  soft,  dense  turf.    Com.    Eur. 

2  P.  flexuosa  Muhl.     Culms  erect,  12—20';    Ivs.  linear,  2—5';   pan.  very  thin  and 

open  :  branches  filiform,  often  flexuous,  long  (2—3'),  bearing  the  spikelets  near  the 
end  ;    fls.  3—6,  lance-linear,  2i",  3-vcined,  remote.      2i  Woods,  A'a.,  Ky.,  and  S. 

3  P.  liexantlia  Wood.    Weakly  erect,  IJ— 2f,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  branches  of  the  thin 

panicle  filiform,  suberect,  straight,  2 — 4' ;  spkl.  few,  terminal,  oblong,  3—4"  ;  Jis.  six 
(3—7),  oblong,  H",  5-veined,  very  obtuse,     ii  Meadows,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

4  P.  Ijrevlfolla  Muhl.    Culm  compressed,  1— 2f,  its  Ivs.  generally  short  (J— 2'),  ab- 

ruptly cuspidate,  root  Ivs.  long,  pointed  ;   pan.  loose,  branches  filiform,  spreading; 
spikelet  ovate,  purplish  ;  fls.  3  or  4,  2}",  lanceolate,  5-veined,  webbed.     2i  Pa.  to  111. 

5  P.  debills  Torr.    (d)    Culms  terete,  weak,  Ij — 2f;    pan.  loose,  some  spreading, 

branches  capillary,  in  2's  and  3's  ;  spkl.  (e)  few,  ovate  ;  fls.  (/)  3(2—4),  broadly  oblong, 
very  obtuse,  ly,  the  glumes  ovate,  1" ;  ligule  oblong,  acute,  u  Woods,  R.  I.,  and  W. 

6  P.  dinantlia  Wood,  (a)    Culm  compressed,  very  slender,  U— 2f ;     Ivs.  long,  1" 

wide  ;  ligule  short,  truncate  ;  pan.  slender,  branches  in  I's  and  2's,  suberect ;  spkl.  (6) 
ovate;  fls.  (c)  2(1—3),  linear  oblong,  acute,  IJ"  ;  gl.  i  as  long.  7i  Fields,  Ala.  May. 
t  P.  laxa  Hoenke.  Culms  tufted,  C— 8';  Ivs.  erect,  1—3',  very  narrow;  pan.  open, 
1—2' long;  spkl.  few,  2i"  long;  glumes  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  (3)  purplish  fls. 
(H") ;  lower  pale  villous  on  the  keel.    7i  Mountains,  N. 

26 


402 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


8  P.  alpina  L.  Culms  erect,  6—12';  Ivs.  broad-linear,  1—2'  by  2— 3";  panicle  equal, 

ovoid-oblong,  loose,  with  rather  large  (3")  ovate  spikelets ;    flowers  about  5(4—9), 
ovate.    U  Isle  Ro3-al,  L.  Superior  (Porte)-),  C.  W.,  and  North. 

9  P.  compressa  L.    Blue  G.    Plant  bluish  green  ;  culm  compressed,  decumbent  at 

base,  rigid,  12-18' ;    pan.  contracted,  ?>'  by  1',  or  less  ;    spikelets  glomerate,  ovate 
oblong;  fls.  3—7,  1"  long,    n  Pastures,  etc. :   common.    May,  June. 

10  P.  sylvestris  Gr.  Culm  compressed,  erect,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  linear,  soft;  pan.  oblong 
pyramidal,  thin;  branches  flexuous,  the  middle  longest;  spkl.  oval,  1^"  ;  fls.  about 
3,  lance-oblong,  1",  obtuse,     if  Woods,  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  NV. 

1 1  P.  oaesia  Sm.  (P.  nemoralis  Torr.  P.  al-odes  Gr.  P.  Guadini  K.)  Culm  com- 
pressed, 18— 30',  sheathed  to  near  the  top;  pan.  large  (0—12' long),  loose,  roughish; 
spkl.  lance-ovate,  2 — 2i-" ;  fls.  2  or  3,  lance-linear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  very  acute 
glumes  (H— li") ;  pales  obscurely  veined,     n  Woods,  N.  H.  to  Penn.,  and  Wis. 

12  P.  serotiiia  Ehrh.  Foul  Meadoiv.  False  Red-top.  Culms  erect,  weak,  3— 3f; 
Ivs.  narrow,  flat,  long;  ligules  elongated,  torn  ;  pan.  large,  open,  capillary;  spkl.  2-^ 
or  3-flwd.,  U— 2"  long,  often  tawny  ;  gls.  and  fls.  acute,  narrow,     n  Wet,  N.  July. 

13  P.  trivialis  L.  Rough  Meadow  G.  Culms  roughish  backward,  20—30';  Ivs. 
rough-edged,  the  lower  elongated  ;  ligules  long,  pointed  ;  pan.  dense,  lance-shaped, 
3—5',  spkl.  snbsessile,  2-3-flwd.,  fls.  oblong,  acute,  strongly  5-veined.    li  N.  Jn.,  Jl. 

14  P.  pratensis  L.  Spear  G.  June  G.  Smooth;  culm  1— 2f,  terete;  ligules 
short,  truncate ;  pan.  open,  egg-shaped,  3—10';  spkl.  ovate,  subsessile,  2",  about 
4-flowered ;  fls.  ovate,  acute,  close,     n  Abundant  and  valuable.    April,  May. 

46.  BRYZOPYRUM,  Link.  Spikelets  OO-flfAV-  ^ 
ered,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  spikelike  panicle.       %u     .t^-  »     ■-Mm.c^ 
Glumes  unequal.      Pales  awnless,  sub-coriaceous, 
not  carinate,  obsoletely  many-veined.       U  Leaves     |{^ 
mostly  rolled,  smooth  and  rigid.     Fls.  dioecious. 
B.    spicatiim    Hook,  (a)      Culm   rigid,   erect,   10—20', 

branched  at  base,  beset  with  many  bayonet-shaped  Ivs., 
1—3',  the  highest  exceeding  the  short,  spikelike  panicle 
(a) ;  spkl.  (b,  c)  7-9-flwd.  (d,  pistillate  flower,  e,  a  sta- 
men.)   Salt  marshes.  Conn,  to  Car.    July. 

47.  GLYCERIA,  Br.     Manna  G.      Spikelets 
CO-flwd.,  teretish  or  turgid,  rachis  jointed.  Glume      b 

subequal,  pointless.    Pales  awnless,  webless,  her- 
baceous, the  lower  mostly  7-veined,  rounded  on  the  back,  not  carinate. 
Grain  free.    U  Smooth  grasses  in  wet  places,  with  .  o 

creeping  rhizomes  and  simple  panicles.     Slieaths       [  ""v,  '   .        J\, 
mostly  fistular  (not  split). 

$  Salt  marsh  grasses.      Lower   pale    5-veined. 

Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plumed Nos.  1,  2       ^J^\/ 

5  In  fresh  swamps,  etc.     Lower  pale  7-veiued. 
Stigmas  doubly  plumous. . .  («) 
a  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  in  a  very  sim- 
ple panicle Nos.  3,  4 

a  Spikelets    linear-oblong,    in    compound, 

spreading  panicles Nos.  5,  6  ^^W  W^i 

a  Spikelets  ovate,  short,  turgid... (6)  y*  ^a^     ^^ 

b  In  slender  appressed  panicles Nos.  7,  8  [ 

if  In  an  open,  recurved  panicle Nos.  9,  10 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


403 


1  G.  maritima  Wahl.    Culm  1— lil',  terete;   Ivs.  rolled;    pan.  erect,  dense,  the 

branches  in  pairs  ;  spkl.  terete,  about  5-flwd.,  fls.  obtuse.     2i  Mass.    June. 

2  G.  distans  Wahl.    Culm  1— 2f,  terete,  firm;  Ivs.  flat;  pan.  spreading,  the  branches 

fascicled  in  3's— 5's ;  spkl.  oblong,  sessile,  3(-3-6)-flowered.    u  N.  Y. 

3  G.  fliiltans  (L.)  Culm  flattened,  3— 5f;   Ivs.  broad-linear;   ligule  very  large;  pan. 

secund,  virgate;  spkl.  linear,  8—10"  ;  fls.  7—12,  obtuse.    Wet.    June. 

4  G.  acutiflora  Torr.    Culm  flattened,  l—2f;  Ivs.  narrow;  pan.  long,  raceme-like: 

spkl.  linear,  9—1-2"  ;  fls.  4—6,  distant,  acute,    y.  Wet  places,  Penn.,  and  N.    June. 

5  G.  aquatica  (L.)  (g)  Stout,  leafy,  3— 5f;  Ivs.  broad,  soft;  pan.  diflfuse,  with  spread- 

ing, flexuous  branches  in  3's— 5's ;  spikelets  (h)  purple,  2—3",  with  6—8  ovate,  obtuse 
flowers  (k).    U  Wet  places,  Pa.,  and  N.    A  handsome  grass. 

6  G.  pallida  Trin.    Weak,  ascending,  1— 2if;  Ivs.  flat,  with  longligules;  pan.  capil- 

lary,  spreading;    spkl.  few,  3";    fls.  5—9;    lower  pale  5-toothed  at  apex,  upper 
2-toothed  ;  the  veins  conspicuous.     2i  Swamps,  Va.,  and  N.    June. 

7  G.  nervata  Trln.    Culm  3 — 4f ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  ligules  torn ;   pan.  large,  diffuse, 

hrancbes  in  3's  and  3's,  capillary,  pendulous  in  fruit;   fls.  about  5,  in  the  ovate- 
oblong  spikelet,  conspicuously  veined.     2{  Wet,  N.    June. 

8  G.  elongata  Trin.    Culm  terete,  erect,  3f;  Ivs.  narrow,  ligule  very  short;    pan.  ra- 

ceme-like, nodding,  8— 10';  branches  solitary  or  in  2's,  appressed;  spkl.  tumid,  of 
about  2  obtuse,  5-veined  fls.    Meadows,  N.,  M.,  and  W.    July. 

9  G.  obtiisa  (Muhl.)     Pan.  dense,  oblong,  erect,  3—4';   spkl.  ovate,  acute,  thick,  of 

5— ~  ovate,  obtuse  fls.  ;  lower  pale  obscurely  7-veined;  cuhu  2— 3f,  Ivs.  often  longer, 
dark  green,     n  Swamps,  Penn.,  and  N.    Aug.,  Sept. 

10  G.  Canadensis  Trin.  {m)  Panicle  large,  6—8'  long,  branches  flexuous,  in  half- 
whorls,  spreading  or  recurved  ;  spkl.  («)  broad-ovate,  6-8-flwd. ;  upper  pale  (o)  very 
obtuse,  lower  acute  and  longer.    Tf  3— 4r.    Shady,  N.    July. 

48.  BRIZA,  L.  QuAKI^•G  G.  Spikelets  cordate, 
6-9-flowerecl.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  rouudish.  Pales 
ventricous,  lower  one  cordate,  embracing  the  shorter , 
roundish  upper  one.  Grain  beaked.  Paniculate, 
spkl.  large,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels. 

1  B.  media  L.    Pan.  eiect,  spreading;  spkl.  soon  cordate, 

of  5— 9  flowers;  gl.  smaller  than  the  greenish-purple  vein- 
less  flowers,    n  Meadows,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.    May.  (b.  c) 

2  B.  MAXIMA.    Pan.  nodding  at  top ;  spikelets  oblong-cordate,  of  13—17  flowers. 

Gardens.    Cultivated  for  the  curious  spikes,  which  are  light-brown,  hyaline,  }' 
length.    From  Europe. 

3  B.  MINOR.    Pan.  erect,  diffuse:  spkl.  triangular,  5-7-flwd. 

flowers.    3)  From  Europe.    Small  and  pretty. 

49.  UNIOLA,  L.  Union  G.  Spkl.  compressed, 
and  two-edged,  3-20-flwd.  Lower  fi.  or  fls.  neutral, 
of  1  pale,  similar  to  the  2  carinate  gls.  Pales  awn- 
leps,  the  lower  wing-keeled,  upper  doubly  so.  Sta.  1 
or  8.   Grain  free.    U  Smooth,  erect,  often  branchiug. 

§  Spikelets  6—16"  long,  in  large  open  panicles, 

drooping Nos.  1,  2 

§  Spikelets  2—6",  subsessile,  in  slender,  spikelike  .^ 

panicles Nos.  3,4  V^^ 

1  U.  latifolia  Mx.  («)  Culm  2-4f ;  Ivs.  very  broad,  i—V 
wide;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  9—12",  flat,  9-1.3- flowered, 
drooping  on  slender  pedicels;  glumes  (c)  unequal,  much 
smaller  than  the  fls.  (fi)    Sta.  1.    n  Dry  woods.  M.,  W.    Elegant.    August. 


glumes  larger  than  the 


404 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


2  XJ.  panlculata  L.    Sea-side  Oats.    Culm  4— Sf ;  Ivs.  long,  narrow,  rolled,  fringed 

at  throat ;  spikelets  ovate,  short-pedicelled,  12-20-flwd.  ;  lower  pale  obtuse,  9-veined  ; 
stamens  3.    V  Sand-hills,  coastward,  Va.  to  Fla.    July. 

3  V.  nttida  Baldw.    Culm  wiry,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  narrow,  flat;  pan.  simple;  spkl.  enbses- 

sile,  broad,  with  about  7  long-pointed  fls.    Sta.  1.     2f  Ga.  to  La. 

4  U.  gracilis  Mx.  (d)    Slender,  3 — 4f;   Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat;   pan.  long,  simple, 

branches  solitary,  appressed;  spld.  (e)  2",  S^flwd.    Sea-coast,  N.  Y.,  and  South. 

50.  PHRAGMITES,  Trin.     Reed.    Fls.  3—6,  the 
lowest  sterile  and  monandrous;   rachis  beset  with  long  ./j^ 
silky  hairs.     Gl.  acute,  keeled,  very  unequal.      Lowerl/j 
pale  subulate,  silky  villous  at  base.     Sta.  3.     Grain  free.  I 
U  Tall ;  Ivs.  broad  and  flat ;  panicle  diffuse. 
P.  coniinunis  Trin.    Culm  erect,  6— 12f,  near  1'  thick;    Ivs. 

1—jl'  broad;   pan.  eff"use,  spkl.  (a)  4-5-flwd.,  erect;    fls.  (6)  col- 
ored, as  long  as  the  white  hairs.    Ponds.    July. 

51.  ARUNDINARIA,   Rich.      Cane.      Spkl.    flat- 
tened, 5-12-flwd.,  fls.  all  5  ,  trian- 

'drous,  remote.  Gl.  (a)  small.  Lower  pale  lance- 
ovate,  rounded,  awn-pointed.  Stigmas  {b)  3.  Grain 
{c)  free.  +>  J)  Tall,  branching,  leafy.  Flowers  in 
spikes  or  panicles. 

A.  macroisperiua  Mx.  (a)  Culm  woody,  from  strong 
running  root-stocks,  10— 25f  high,  with  fascicled  branches ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate.  If  and  less  ;  spkl.  1—2^'  long,  subsessilo 
on  leafless  axillary  or  radical  branches  (from  the  rhizome). 
Swamps,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.,  forming  the  brakes. 
/3.  tecta.  Culm2— lOf;  Ivs.  lance-linear;  spikes  mostly 
radical. 

52.  LEPTURUS,  Br.  Spikelet  1  on  each  joint  of  the  fili- 
form rachis  impressed  into  a  cavity,  1-  or  2-flwd.  Gl.  coriace- 
ous, acute,  subulate.  Pales  acute,  subequal.  Stara.  3.  Grain 
linear,  free.     Q  Culm  branching,  leaves  very  narrow.      Spikes 

)!•  pauicled. 

li.  panlculatus  N.  (c)  Culm  ascend- 
ing, 10—18' ;  Ivs.  near  the  base,  fili- 
form-subulate, short ;  rachis  |  of  the" 
culm,  the  slender  spikes  2',  alternate, 
remote;  spkl.  2",  gls.  lateral,  shortei' 
than  the  pales.    Illinois  to  Louisiana. 

53.  HORDEUM,  L.     Barley.    Spkl. 
at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2-flowered,  the  -^^^ 
lateral   imperfect  or   abortive.       Gl.   2,   subulate, 
awned,   collateral,  all   6   in   front  of  the  cluster 
Lower  pale  long-awned,  both  adhering  to  grain. 
Sqvirrel-taU   G.  (a)     Culm   terete,  2f;    Ivs.  broad-linear;  spike 
2—3'  long ;  spkl.  (6)  with  the  lateral  fls.  neuter,  the  7  awi 
the  flowers,    f^  Marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  and  N.    June. 


jiibatum  L. 


(2')  as  long  as 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


40i 


2  I*,  pusillum  N.    Culm  ascending,  4— 12';  lateral  fls.  awnless;   central  fl.  s,wlth 

3  subequal  awns  (7") ;  spike  linear,  1 — 2'  long.    (3)  Ohio,  and  W.    May. 

3  H.  V0LGAEE.    Four-rowed  B.    Culm  2 — If;  Ivs.  broad,  auricled  at  base  ;  spike  thick, 

2—4' ;  fls.  all  fertile,  fruit  in  4  rows.    (I)  Cultivated,    May. 

4  H.  DisTicHUM.     Two-rmjoed  B.    Culm  and  leaves  as  above.     Lateral  fls.  abortive ; 

fruit  arranged  in  two  rows.    (I)  More  common  in  cultivation.    June. 

54.  ELYMUS,  L.    Lyme    G.      Wild    Rye.      Spikelets 
2 — 4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2-6-flwd.     Gl.  2,  subulate, 
placed  ou  the  outer  side  of  their  spikelet,  forming  an  invo- 
lucre to  the  group,  sometimes  minute,  or  obsolete. 
Pales  coriaceous,  involving  the   grain,  the  lower 
acute  or  awned. 


§  Eltmus  proper.     Involucre   present,  cocsii^t- 

ing  of  the  conspicuous  glumes. . .  (a) 
§  Gtmnostichum.    Invol.  glumes  small  or  mi- 
nute, or  obsolete No. 

a  Spikelets     5-8-flowered,     soft-pubescent, 

without  awns No.  5 

a  Spikelets  1-5-flowercd,  hard,  rough,  with  conspicuous  awns.  ..(6) 

h  Spikelets  glabrous,  merely  rough,  2-  or  3-flowered Nos.  1,  2 

b  Spikelets  hispid  with  hairs,  1-.3-  or  2-5-flowered Nos.  3,  4 

1  E.  Virginicus  L.    Culm  erect,  .3^f,  smooth ;   Ivs.  broad,  flat,  scabrous ;   spike 

3— 5' long,  thick,  erect,  often  sheathed  at  base;   gl.   lance-linear,   strongly  veined, 
tipped  (as  well  as  the  2  or  3  fls.)  with  short  (6—10")  awns,     n  Banks.    August. 
^.  aretC.tng.  {a)    Glumes  thickened  and  connate-arcuate  at  the  base.    S. 

2  E.  Euvopaeus  L.    Culm  erect,  3— 5f;   Ivs.   broad,  flat,  scabrous;   spike  suberect, 

6—8',  esserted;  spkl.  in  3's,  2-flowered,  scabrous,  each  with  4  long  (M—2')  straight 
awns  ;  glumes  linear,  5-veined.     n  River  banks.  South. 

3  E.  Canadensis  L.   (6)     Spikes  4— S'  long,  rather  loose,  nodding,  hairy ;  spike- 

lets (b)  in  2's  and  .3"s,  3-6-flwd. ;  awns  of  the  flowers  (c)  usually  curved,  longer  than 
(7— 1.3")  those  of  the  lance-linear  glumes;  culm  3— 5f.    2;  Banks.    August. 

4  E.  striatHS  Willd.    Spike  3—4'  long,  dense,  suberect ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  1-3-flwd., 

hispid-pubescent ;  awns  subequal,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  flowers.    7i  Banks 
and  rocky  woods.    Culm  slender,  2— 3f.    August. 
p.  tillbsiig.    Culm  3— 4f,  sheaths  villous,  and  the  glumes  very  hairy. 

5  E.  mollis  Trin.    Culm  2— 4f,  stout,  soft-pubescent  above,  as  well  as  the  erect  5—8' 

spike  ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  about  T-flwd.  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth.    Shores,  N-W. 

6  E.  Histrix  L.    Hedgehog  O.    Glabrous,  tall  (3— 4f) ;  spike  erect,  4—6' ;  spikelets 

remote  on  the  flexuous  rachis,  widely  divergent,  2-  or  3-flwd.  ;  fls.  subulate,  \'  long, 
their  awns  straight,  1'  or  more  ;   glumes  commonly  ru- 
dimentary.   Mr.  J.  Wolf  sends  specimen  from  Illinois 
with  awn-like  glumes  4—8"  long.    2;  Woods.    July. 

55.  LOLIUM,  L.  Darnel  G.  Spkl.  oo 
flvvd.,  sessile,  remote,  placed  edgewise  to  the 
axis,  the  terminal  one  with  2  glumes,  the  lateral 
with  but  1.  Pales  herbaceous,  the  lower  awned 
or  mucronate. 
1  li.  perenne   L.    Bay  Darnel,  (a)     Smooth,  simple, 

1— 2f ;  spike  5—8' ;  spkl.  15—20,  oblong,  5—6",  awnless, 

7-13-flowered,  flowers  exceeding  the  glume.    2f  Fields. 

May,  June.    § 


406 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


2  Ij.  temuleiitum  L.    Poisonous  D.     Smooth, 2f,  simple;   lv9.  rough-edged;  spkl. 
5-7-flwd.,  remote  on  the  scabrou?  rachis,  shorter  or  not  longer  than  their  glume;  fls, 
twice  shorter  than  their  awn.    ©Fields.    Pa.,  and  N.    Grain /JOi«o?i.  (b,  c) 
j3.  Canaitinse  (Mx.)    Fls.  awnless  1  or  some  of  them  short-avvned ;  glume  I'long, 
much  exceeding  the  flowers.    Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.    E.  L.  Hankenson. 

56.  TRITIOUM,  L.  Wheat.  Bpikelets  sessile  in  2 
rows  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  and  sidewise  to  it,  its  upper 
fls.  abortive.  Gl.  2,  equal,  opposite,  raucronate.  Pales  2,  the 
lower  awned  or  mucronate.     Spike  simple,  rarely  branched. 

§  AGR0PYRU3I.    Glumes  lanceolate,  acute  or  awn-pointed  .Nos.  1,  2 
§  Triticum.    Glumes  ovate-oval,  obtuse  or  truncate Nos.  3,  4 

1  T.  repens  L.     Couch  G.     Quick  G.  (a)    Culms  trailing  at  base, 

then  erect,  1— 2f,  from  long  creeping  rhizomes  (Fig.  257,  p.  78) ; 
spike  (a)  erect,  3—5' ;  spikelet  remote,  lance-oblong,  5-7-flowered  ; 
awns  short  or  0.    if  A  vile  weed,  in  gardens,  etc.     June,  July.  (6,  a  flower.) 
/3.  iiaaystdchtium.    Glaucous  ;  spikelets  hoary-pubescent.    Lake  shores,  N-W. 

2  T.  violaceiim  Hornm.    Erect,  2— 3f;  root  fibrous;  spike  slender,  dense,  2—4' ; 

spkl.  closely  imbricated,  3-5-flwd.  ;  awns  1—3"  long,  straight.  Mts.,  Pa.  {Porter),  &  N. 

3  T.  eaniiiuiu  L.    Dog's  Couch  G.    Ascending,  2— 3f;  rt.  fibrous  ;  sp.  dense;  spkl. 

5-7-flwd.  ;  awns  (6")  twice  longer  than  the  pale,  some  recurved.  %  Fields,  Del.  to  Wis. 

4  T.  VTJLGARE.       Common  Wheat.     Culm  firm,  3— 5f;  leaves  broad-linear;  spike  some- 

what 4-sided  ;  spkl.  crowded,  broad,  4-fl\vd.  ;  gl.  blunt,  round-convex  ;  flowers  often 
awned  ;  grain  free.  (T)  @  Varies  as  Summer  Wheat,  with  awns,  and  sown  in  spring  ; 
and  Winter  Wheat,  without  awns,  sown  in  autumn. 

57.  SECALE,  L.  Rye.  Spilielets  single  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis 
2-3-flwd.,  the  2  lower  fls.  fertile,  sessile  opposite,  the  upper  one  abortive. 
Gl.  2,  opposite,  subulate.     Pales  2,  herbaceous,  the  lower  awned. 

S.  CEREALE.  Culmfirm,  4— 6f  high;  Ivs.  glaucous  ;  spike  linear,  flattened,  3—0',  nod- 
ding ;  lower  pale  and  its  long  straight  awn  ciliate-scabrous.  (i)  @  Said  to  be  native 
in  the  steppes  of  Caucasus.    Cultivated  from  earliest  times. 

58.  LEPTOCHLOA,  Beauv.  Spkl.  3-  co-flwd.,  subsessile,  in  one- 
sided, slender  spilces.  Gl.  2,  keeled,  awnless.  Pales  membranous,  awn- 
less or  awned,  the  lower  keeled,  3-veined.  Lvs.  flat  and  soft.  Pan.  com- 
posed of  many  long,  slender  spikes.   Aug.,  Sept. 

§  Spikelets  2-4-flowered.    Lower  pale  simply 

acute Nos.  1,  2 

§  Spikelets  6-10-flowered.  Lower  pale  mu- 
cronate and  notched Nos.  3,  4 

1  Ij.  niucronata  K.     Culm  ascending,  2— 3f ;  leaves 

broad-linear  ;  pan.  If  or  more  ;  spikes  filiform,  3—4', 
floriferous  from  base ;  spikelet  of  fls.  minute,  shorter 
than  the  mucronate  glumes.    iT)  Fields,  Va.  to  111.,  &  S. 

2  L..  filiiormis  R.  &  S.  (6)    Tall,  stout;  pan.  1— 2f; 

spikes  filiform,  straight,  suberect,  5— S',  very  many  ; 
spkl.  of  fls.  (d)  exceeding  the  acute  glumes.   (T)?  S-W. 

3  L..  fasclciilaris  (Lam.)    (a)    Tall,  stout;   pan.    ob- 

long, dense,  9—15' ;  spikes  2—3' ;  spkl.  (c)  lance-oblong 

pale   strongly  3-veined,  the  veins   excurrent   into  2  teeth  and 

Marshes,  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W. 


2-3" 


short-pedicelled  ;  lo^rer 
cusp  between. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


407 


4  L.  Doniing^nsls  Link.    Culms  Pimple,  slender;  Ivs.  linoar-filiform ;  spikes  few 
(G— 12),  distant ;  spikclets  nearly  as  in  No.  3.    S.F\a.  {Chapman).    Oct. 

59.  GYMNOPOGON,  Beauv.     Spikes  setaceous,  coiymbously  pani- 
cled.     ypkl.  remote,  1-fiwd.,  with  an  awu-like  radi- 
ment.     G I.  2,  keeled,  lance-linear.     Lower  pale  with 
a  straight  awn  near  the  tip.     if  Low,  reed-like. 

1  G.  raceniosuin  B.   (a)     Culm  ascending,   1}— 2f;    Ivs. 

lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  short ;  spikes  erect  but  soon 
spreading,  thread-form,  5—8',  floriferous  from  base  ;  gl.  (b) 
pungent ;  fertile  flower  and  abortive  rudiment  (c),  both 
loiig-awned.    Sands,  N.  J.,  and  S. 

2  G.  brevifoliiim  Trin.    (<^)     Culm   S— 16' ;    Ivs.   1—2'; 

spikes  bristle-form,  4—6',  flower-bearing  only  above  the 
middle  ;  fertile  fl.  awned  (e),  rudiment  not.    INId.,  and  S. 

60.  MANISURUS,  L.    Lizard-t.\il  G.     Spikes 
terminal  ana  lateral,  their  short  stalks  involved  in 
sheatlis.     Spkl.  in  pairs,  1-flwd.,  the  lower  g  ,  the 
upper  neutral,  consisting  merely  of  2  empt}^  subeqiial  glumes.      §  Glumes 
coriaceous,  the  lower  rounded,  concave.     Pales  hj-aline,  thin.  ® 

M.  graiittl^ris  Swtz.    Culm  2— 3f,  branching;   sheaths  hairy;   leaves  flat;  spikes 
i—l\  colored  ;  spkl.  minute,  the  perfect  globular,  its  gl.  tessellated.    Waysides,  S.  § 


Sp.  digitate,  one-sided.     Spkl. 
persistent.  , 

Rudiment 


61.  CYNODON,  Rich.  Bermuda  G. 
l-flwd.  {<■),  with  a  rudiment.  Gl.  2  {d), 
Pales  2,  membranous,  the  lower  keeled, 
an  awn-like  pedicel. 

C.  dactylon  Pers.  (a)  Biflusely  creeping,  sending  up 
short  branches  ;  narrow  Ivs.  and  sheaths  hairy;  spikes  (b) 
4  or  5,  2—3'  long,  spreading,  u  Waste  grounds.  Ever- 
green.   Pa.,  and  S.    § 

62.  CHLORIS,  Swtz.  (Eustachys,  Desv.)  Spikes 
digitate-fasciculate,  rarely  few.  Spkl.  sessile  along 
one  side  of  the  rachis,  2-8-flwd.,  the  lower  1  or  2  fls. 

^  ,  the  rest  neutral  or  $  .     Gl.  2,  persistent,  acute  or 
short-awned.     Lower  pale  keeled,  mucronate  or  awmed  below  the  tip. 
Culms  flattened,  often  branched.    Leaves  obtuse. 

1  C.  petraja  (Thnub.)    Culms  1— 2f ;  Ivs.  linear,  2—4',  flat,  on  carinate  sheaths  ;  spikes 

3— (i.  straight,  erect ;  spkl.  2-flwd.,  browu,  ciliate,  bearded  at  base.     2f  Brackish.    S. 

2  C.  glauca  (Chapm.)     Glaucous,  stout,  3— 5f;   leaves  18-24'  byi-';  spikes  about  20; 

spkl.  roundish,  upper  flower  obovate  ;  pales  brown.    ®  Marshes,  Fla.    Aug.  + 

3  C.  Floridana  (Chapm.)    Slender,  2f ;  Ivs.  glaucous,  2—4' ;  spikes  1  or  2 :  spkl.  3- 

flwd..  light  brown,  middle  flower  i  ,  upper  neutral,  both  smooth.    Barrens,  Fla.,  Jl.  + 

4  C.  UADiATA.    From  E.  Ind.    Cultivated  for  ornament.    Culms  leafy  at  base,  scape- 

like, bearing  at  top  numerous  long,  slender,  radiating  spikes  ;  spikelets  2-flowered, 
with  2  long  awns,  the  fertile  flower  bearded  at  base,  the  sterile  club-shaped. 

63.  ELEUSINE,  Gaert.     Crab   G.      Yard   G.     Spikes  digitate,  uni- 
lateral.    Spikelet  5-7-flwd.,  sessile.     Gl.  obtuse,  the  lower  smaller.     Pales 


408 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


awnless,  lower  carinate,  upper  bicarinate.     Graia 
ovate-triquetrons,  free,  loose  in  its  pericarp.  Lvs.  flat. 

E.  indica  L.  Culms  clusterecl,  ascending,  3—6—12';  leaves 
linear;  ppikes  («)  2—4,  rarely  1,  linear,  straight,  spreading, 
2—4'  by  2" ;  spkl,  (b)  closely  imbricated  on  the  under  side 
of  the  rachis,  smooth;  fruit  brown.  (T)  Waysides:  com- 
mon.   M.,  S-W.    August. 


64.  DACTYLOCTENIUM,  Willd.  Egyptian  G.  Spikes  several, 
digitate,  unilateral.  Spkl.  2-  CO-flwd.  Gl.  compressed-carinate,  the  upper 
awncd.     Pales  boat-sliaped,  acute-mucrouate.     Grain  roundish,  free. 

K.  Egypticiim  Wilkl.    Culms  creeping  and  ascending,  1— IJf;  lvs.  ciliate  at  base  ; 
spikes  comn>only  4  (cruciate),  pointed ;   spkl.3-flwd.    (T)  Fields :  com.    Va.  toFla. 

65.  SPARTINA,  Schreb.  Marsh  G.  Cord  G. 

Sf  kl.  flat,  l-ll\vd.,  closely  imbricated  in  a  double 
row  on  one  side  of  tlie  triquetrous  rachis,  forming 
dense  spikes.  Glumes  keeled,  coriaceous.  Pales 
awnless.  Style  very  long.   U  lligid  marsh  grasses. 

*  Upper  glume  decidedly  awned.    Lower  pale  rough- 

hispid  on  the  keel No, 

*  Glumes  merely  pointed. . .  (a) 

a  Lower  pale  rough-hispid  on  the  keel No; 

a  Lower  pale  smooth.    Spikes  1—12 .Noi 

1  S.  cyjiosuroides  Willd.     Culm  2— 4f,  slender  but 

firm  :  lvs.  long,  narrow,  involute-tiliform  above  ;  spikes  5 — 15,  in  a  raceme-like  pani- 
i-le.  each  2 — i'  long;  upper  glume  with  its  awn  8-10'',  lower  glume  and  subequal 
5)alcs  4—5".    Brackish  soils.    August. 

2  S.  polystacliia  Willd.    Culm4— 8f,  i— 1'  in  diameter  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  flat ; 

spikes  20— .50,  in  a  dense  panicle,  and  3—4' ;  upper  pointed  gl.  6",  lower  gl.  2—3", 
half  as  long  as  the  equal  pales.     Salt  marshes,  chiefly  southward.    Aug.,  +(a,b,c) 

3  S.  graciJi.s  Hook.  Culml— 2f;  lvs.  rolled,  rigid,  rush-like  ;  spikes  15— 30,  very  short 

(Y).  closely  imbricated  into  a  spike-form  panicle.    Swamps,  Fla.    July,  August. 

4  S.  juMfea  Willd.    Culm  1— 2f,  slender;  leaves  rolled  and  rush-like  or  setaceous; 

spikes  l—d,  subsessile,  1— ]}' long ;  upper  glume  4",  lower  H",  pales  3i^"  ;  whole 
plant  glaln-ons  except  the  rough-keeled  upper  glume.    Marshes  along  the  coast. 

5  S.  altes-iiil'olia  Lois.    Soft  Marsh  G.    Culm  3— 5f,  juicy;  leaves  channeled,  long; 

spikes  3—12,  sessile,  appressed,  their  rachis  produced  and 
pointed  ;  upper  gl.  lin.,  obtuse,  smooth  as  well  as  the  en- 
tire pluit;  lower  J  as  long.    Salt  marshes.    August. 

66.  BOUTELOUA,  Lagasca.  Musket  G.  Spkl. 
sessile  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  form- 
ing dense  spikes.  Glumes  keeled,  the  lower  larger. 
Flowers  several,  the  lowest  «  ,  the  rest  abortive.  5 
Lower  pale  3-toothed,  upper  2-toothed.  Abortive 
flowers  awned. 
§  Atiieuopogon.    Spikes  numerous  and  short,  forming  an 

erect,  virgate.  one-sided  raceme ;  spikelets  4—8 No.  1 

S  Chondkosium.    Spikes  1  or  few,  dense  ;  spkl.  CO  . .  Nos.  2,  3 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


409 


1  B.  cui-tipendiila  (Ms.)  (c)     Culm  ascending,  l—2f;  leaves  lance-linear;  spikes 

20 — 40,  near  i'  long,  deflexed ;  ppkl.  (a)  2-flwd.,  abortive  fl.  1-awned.    y.  M.,  W.   Jl. 

2  B.  lilrsiita  Lag.      Culms  tufted,  If;   leaves  at  base  lance-linear,  flat ;    spikes  1—3; 

glumes  (b)  glandular-hispid,  shorter  than  the  3  awns  of  the  smooth  (d)  sterile  flower. 
(T  Sandy  soils,  Wis.,  and  S. 

3  B,  oligostacliya  (N.)    Culm  filiform,  6—12';  Ivs.  at  base  subulate-setaceous;  gl. 

and  lower  pale  downy,  equaling  the  3  awns  of  the  villous  ster.  fl.    U  Wis.,  and  W. 

67.  CTENIUM,  Fanner.  Tooth-ache  G- 
Spkl.  (b)  4-5-flwcl.,  closely  imbricated  on  one  side 
of  a  flat  rachis,  middle  fl.  2  ,  the  upper  and  lower 
sterile.  Upper  gl.  exterior,  with  an  awned  tubercle 
on  the  back.  Lower  2  pale  awned  near  the  apex, 
silkj-'friuged  below.  Spike  solitary,  recurved. 
C.  aromaticiini  (Ell.)    Culm  rigidly  erect,  3— 5f;  leaves? 

involute-setaceous  above  ;  scorpoid  spike  (a)  4 — 6',  very  dense,  the  short,  stout,  di- 
var.  awns  arranged  in  3  rows,     n  Sandy  swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    Curious.  Herb.  pung. 

68.  TRIPSACUM,  L.     Sesame  G.     Spikes    5    above,    ? ' 
below.     Gl.  coriaceous.      <J  Spkl.  2-flwd.,  inner  fl.  neuter,      s 
Spkl.  2-flwd.,  the  lower  abortive.     Outer  gl.  covering  the 
in  a  cavit}'  of  the  thick-jointed  rachis,  with  an  aperture  eaci 
side  at  base. 


T.  dactyloides  L.    Culm  solid  with  pith,  ■!— 6f,  stout ;  Ivs.  broad  and 
flat ;  spikes  (5—8')  2  or  3  together  at  top,  and  solitary  in  the   sheaths, 
sometimes,  in 
p.    tnonoatiichyoit,  solitary  at  the  top  also,     if   Banks  and  shores, 

Penn.  to  111. 

\         ,       f  ^^-  ZEA,  L.     Indian  Coex.     8   Fls.  awnless. 

\  T'  ill  /'  /  /  ^  ^^^"  ^^  ^  terminal  panicle  of  racemes  ;  spkl.  {n) 

t4   //!i  2-flwd.      s    Fls.  embedded  in  the  thick  axillary 

spadix  (cob),  which  is  enveloped  in  many  bracts 
(husks) ;  spikelets  (b)  2-flowered,  1  fertile.  Glumes 
roundish.  Pistil  thread-form  (silk),  very  long, 
green,    (i)  Culm  solid. 

Z.  Mays  L.    Culm  stout,  erect.  5— 15f,  smooth,  witii  many 

ample  lin. -lanceolate  Ivs.    Native  of  S.  Am.    Cultivated 

in  many  varieties.    Grain  always  in  even  8—24  rows  iu 

the  ear,  golden  yellow,  varying  to  br. -purple  or  pearl-wh. 

p.    jap6nica.       Leaves    variegated  with 

stripes  of  white  and  green.    Gardens. 

70.  ROTTBCELLIA,  Br.     Rat- tail  G.     Spkl.  in  pairs  atB 
each  joint  of  a  terete  spike,  one  sessile  in  a  cavity  of  the  rachis, 
2-flwd.,  the  other  pedicelled,  abortive.    Lower  fl.  of  the  sessile  gsffli^ 
spkl.  abortive.     Gl.  2,  subequal,  the  outer  concave,  coriaceous.   Pales 
hyaline,     u  Spikes  pedunculate.     Culm  solid.  ^ 

1  B.  cylindrica  (Ms.)    Pedicellate  spkl.  a  minute  rudiment ;   »  glume  ovate 
acute,  obscurely  impressed-dotted  in  lines ;  spikes  cylindric,  slender,  single 


410 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


culm  lerete,  slender,  2— 4f,  with  very  narrow  involute-setaceous   leaves.      Diy  bar- 
rens,  Fla.  to  La.    July.  +     (R.  campestris  N.) 

2  R.    ruKOsa    (N.)    Pedicellate  spkl.  neutral ;   5   gl.  lanceolate,  transversely  raj'OM*; 

spike*  2— :j',  terminal  and  axillary ;  culm  compressed,  2-^f.    Swamps,  S.    Sept.  + 

3  K.  corrugata  Baldw.  (a)    Pedicellate  spkl.  {d)  staminate  ;  a  gl.  (c)  ovate,  deeply 

rcticulately  pitted;  spikes  3— 6',  colored  ;  culm  compressed,  2— 4f.    Lowlands.    S. 

71.  STENOTAPHRUM,  Triu.  Spike  flat- 
Iciied.  Spkl.  2-fl\vd.,  iu  pairs  at  each  joiat,  em- 
bedded, one  pedicelled  and  sterile,  tlie  other  ses- 
sile and  constructed  like  Panicum  (p.  391).  U 
Culm  branched. 

S.  dlmidl^tiim  (Thunb.)   (a)     Smooth,   leafy,   decum- 
bent, 2— 3f ;  leaves  [b)  lance-linear,  flat;  spikes  single,  lateral 
joints  ;ic<  separating.    Low  lands,  S.    Juuc.-i- 

72.  ERIANTHUS,  Rich.  Plume  G.  Spkl 
all  fertile,  2-flwd.,  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  the  slen- 
der rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicelled,  both 
involucrate  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Gl.  sub- 
equal,  exceeding  the  fls.  Lower  fl.  neutral,  of  1 
hyaline  pale,  upper  of  3,  1-awned.  U  Stout,  erect 
grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  tawny  silky  panicles 

§  Hairs  of  the  iuvol.  much  longer  than  the  spkl.  .Nos.  1,  2 
§  Hairs  of  the  involucre  short  or  none Nos.  3,  4^ 

1  E.  alopecuruides  £11.  Culm  (6— lOf!)  and  broad Ivs 

silky-hirsute;  panicle  dense,  oblong.  12—20';   hairs  of 

the  invol.  twice  longer  than  the  (2J")  spkl.,  thrice  shorter  than  the  straight  awn  which 

is  terminal  on  its  pale.    M^et  pine-barrens,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  (a,  b; 

2  E.  cout6rtU8  Ell.    Culm  (4— 6f),  and  broad-linear  leaves  glabrous  ;  panicle  oblong, 

6—10' ;  hairs  of  the  invol.  thrice  longer  than  the  (3")  spkl.,  twice  shorter  than  the 
contorted  awn  issuing  from  the  base  of  the  2-clcft  pale.    Wet  grounds,  S. 

3  E.  brevibarbis  Mx.    Culm  and  leaves  as  in  the  last ;  panicle  dense,  8—14' ;  hairs 

shorter  than  the  (4")  spkl. ;  awn  some  twisted,  8—10"  ;  pale  bifid.  Low  grounds,  S.  (c) 

4  E.  strictus  Bald.      Culm  (4— 7f )  and  long,  narrow  (3—5")  leaves  glabrous  ;  panicle 

gtrict,  spike-form,  10—20',  reddish  brown  ;  awn  straight ;  invol.  almost  0.  Banks,  S. 

73.  SACCHARUM,  L.  Sugar-cane.  Spkl.  all  fertile,  awnless,  in 
pairs,  one  sessile;  the  other  pedicellate,  2-flwd.,  lower  fl.  neuter,  of  a  single 
pale,  upper  fl.  5  of  2  pales.  Gl.  2,  subequal.  Pales  2,  hyaline.  Sta.  1—3. 
U  Gigantic  tropical  grasses  with  branching  panicles.  Spikelets  cinctured 
at  base  with  long  silky  hairs. 

S.  OFFiciNARU.M.  Culm  Solid,  short-jointed,  erect,  8— 20f;  Ivs.  many,  broad  and  flat; 
pan.  ]— 2f,  of  numerous  racemes,  richly  clothed  with  the  long,  white,  silky,  involu- 
crate hairs.    Native  of  S.  Asia.    Cultivated  far  South. 

74.  ANDROPOGON,  L.  Beard  G.  Spkl.  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of 
a  slendL'r  rachis  (a),  one  on  a  plumous-bearded  pedicel  {d)  imperfect,  the 
other  (t)  sessile,  2-flwd.  Lower  flower  of  1  empty  pale,  upper  flower  5 
of  2  hyaline  pales,  the  lower  tipped  with  an  awn.  Sta.  1 — 3.  U  Culms 
erect,  branched,  coarse.    Flowers  spiked. 


OuDEii  155.— GRAMINE^. 


411 


§  riaiiv  copious  silky,  longer  than  the  gl.    Sta.  1  Nos.  1—3  ■ 

§  Hairs  shorter  than  the  glumes.    Sta.  3  (1  in  No.  4). . .  (a) 

a  Spikes  digitate,  2 — i  together  at  summits Nos.  4,  5 

a  Spikes  single,  one  at  the  top  of  each  branch Nos.  6—8 

a  Spikes  clustered,  paniculate;  awns  very  long No. 

1  A.  macroiiriis  Mx.  Culm  erect,  2— 3f,  much  branched ; 

spkl.  very  delicate,  in  pairs,  with  a  spathe,  very  many, 

forming  a  dense  leafy,  silky  panicle  ;  sterile  spikelet  only 

a  pedicel ;  s  awn  a   straight  bristle,  8",  hairs  4".      Wet      ..^   , , 

grounds,  N.  Y.,  and  S.    Sept.  +  iXriw'^'i        lh[\l\% 

2  A.  Vlrginlcus    L.      Culm  triangular,  tall  (3— 5f),  the^"''''"''^  -^JiM/.kU 

upper  half  loosely  paniculate  and  nodding;  spikes  (like  S 

No.  1,  light  and  feathery,  1',  two  from  each  spathe)  scat-  ^/^'  * 

tered  ;  sterile  spikelet  a  mere  pedicel ;  awns  9"  ;  spathe  2'.    Dry  soils.    Sept.,  Oct. 

3  A.  arg-enteus  Ell.    Culm  purplish,  slender,  1— 3f;  branches  1  or  2  at  each  upper 

node,  each  with  a  pair  of  spikes  12—15"  long  at  top ;  fls.  concealed  by  the  silvery- 
white  hairs  ;  awn  7—8".    No  spathe.    Dry  soils,  Va.,  and  S.    Sept.,  Oct. 

4  A.  tctrastycUtis  Ell.    Culm  erect,  2— 3f;  leaves  and  sheaths  very  hairy;  branches 

1  or  2  at  each  node,  each  with  4  (rarely  2)  spikes  at  top  ;  sterile  spikelet  an  awnlike 
glume  only ;  glume  serrulate  ;  awn  4  times  its  length.    Low  lands,  S.     Sept. 

5  A.  furcatus  Muhl.    Forked  spike.      Culm  erect,  4— Tf;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  glabrous; 

spikes  purplish,  digitate,  in  2's— 5's,  3—5'  long ;  spkl.  appressed,  the  stalked  one  i  ; 
awn  of  the  s  flower  bent,  8—10"  long.    Meadows  and  prairies  :  common.    August. 

6  A.  tener  (Nees).    Culms  2— 3f,  slender,  rigid  ;  leaves  narrow,  rigid;  spikes  erect,  2, 

slender;  spkl.  appressed  ;  pedicellate  fl.  neuter ;   5  awn  bent,  4— 6".    Dry  barrens. 

1  A.  ciliatus  (Nutt.)  Culms  3— 4f,  with  long  linear  Ivs. ;  spikes  3—6',  on  long  ped- 
icels ;  hairs  close-pressed,  white;  spkl.  awnless,  the  stalked  one  6  .    Damp,  S. 

8  A.  sooparius  Mx.  Broom  G.  (a)  Culm  3f,  erect,  with  erect,  often  fascicled 
branches;  Ivs.  more  or  less  hairy;  spikes  sirgle  on  the  filiform  pedicels,  loose,  6-12- 
flowered,  hairs  spreading  nearly  as  long  as  the  fls. ;  B  awns  6"  long,  twisted  ;  stalked 
flower  (6)  neuter,  or  (in  p.  Halei)  (d)  staminate.    In  dry  fields,  forming  tufLs. 

0  A.  mclaiiocarpus  (Muhl.)    Culms  4— 8f;  Ivs.  glabrous;  spikes  numerous,  clus- 

tered ;  spkl.  many,  large,  each  from  a  subulate  spathe,  the  2  lower  spathes  longest, 
glume-like  ?  awn  3— 4'  long,  twisted.    Fields,  Ga.,  Fl.     Sept. + 

75.  SORGHUM,  Pers.  Broom  Corn.  Spkl.  in  2's  and  3's,  pauicled ; 
the  middle  spkl.  complete,  2-fl\vd.,  lower  fl.  abortive.  Lateral  or  lower 
spkl.  sterile.  Glumes  coriaceous,  pales  membranous.  Sta.  3.  Otherwise 
like  Andropogon.     Culms  simple. 

1  S.  nutans  (L.)    Indian  G.     Wood  G.    Culm  2— 4f;  pan.  elongated,  10— 20',  narrow, 

nodding;  spkl.  all  tawny,  the  sterile  reduced  to  mere  pedicels  in  contact  with  the  S  , 
all  bristly  ciliate  ;  awn  contorted,  longer  than  the  flower,     n  Dry:  common. 

2  S.  SACCHARATUM.    BroOTti  Com.    Culm  thick,  solid,  6— lOf;  leaves  broad,  downy  at 

base  ;  panicle  large,  difi'use,  with  the  slender  branches  whorled  ;  5  glumes  hairy, 
persistent.    (5  E.  Indies. 

3  S.  vuLOARK.    Indian  Millet.    Culm  erect,  6— 12f,  round,  solid  ;  leaves  broad,  keeled 

pan.  compact,  erect,  oval ;  glumes  and  pales  caducous,  fruit  naked.    (1)  E.  lud.— The 
Sugar  Sorghmn>  is  regarded  as  a  variety  of  this  species. 

76,  COIX  LACRYMA.  Job's  Tears.  Culm  1 — 2f,  solid,  with  erect, 
slender  branches  clustered  in  the  upper  sheaths  ;  leaves  lanceolate.  Spikelets  few  in  the 
short  spikes,  awnless,  the  lowest  enclosed  in  an  involucre  which  becomes  ovoid,  bony, 
polished,  and  bluish-white,  likened  to  a  falling  tear.    (T)  Gardens.    From  E.  Indies. 


412  Order  156.— MARSILEACE^. 


SuBKiKGDOM,  CRYPTOGAMIA, 

Ok  Flowerless  Plants.  Vegetables  destitute  of  true  stamens 
and  pistils,  gradually  descending  to  a  mere  cellular  structure, 
with  reproductive  organs  of  1  or  2  kinds,  producing,  instead  of 
seeds,  minute,  dust-like  bodies  (spores)  having  neither  integu- 
ments nor  embryo. 

Provijs^ce,  ACROGENS.  Flowerless  plants,  having  a  regular 
stem  or  axis  Avhich  grows  by  the  extension  of  the  apex  only, 
without  increasing  in  diameter,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform  ducts.  (Ferns, 
Mosses,  Club-mosses,  Horsetails,  &c,) 

Order  CLVI.    MAESILIACE^.     Pepperwouts. 

Herbs  creeping  or  floating,  with  the  leaves  petiolate  or  sessile,  circinate  in 
vernation.  Fruit  (sporocarps)  situated  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  or  leaf- 
stalks, containing  the  capsular  sporanges  of  one  kind  with  3  kinds  of  spores, 
or  of  2  kinds  with  the  different  spores  separated. 

*  Leaves  compound,  on  slender  petioles,  with  4  leaflets.     Stems  creeping Marsilia.  1 

»  Leaves  simple,  grass-like,  radical.     Stem  a  corra Isoktes.     2 

•  Leaves  minute,  lobed,  imbricated.     Stem  filiform,  floating  free Azclla.      3 

1.  MARSILIA,  L.  Sporocarps  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks,  of  one 
kind,  2-celled,  cells  transversely  many-celled,  separating  into  two  lobes  at 
maturity.  Sporangia  inserted  on  each  horizontal  partition,  of  2  kinds, 
some  1-spored,  others  oo-spored.  U  Stems  creeping  and  rooting.  Leaves 
petiolate,  apparently  radical,  of  4  lohorled  leaflets,  resembling  clover. 

1  M.  quadrifolia  L.    Lfts.  round-cnneifomi,  as  broad  as  long,  glabrous  ;  sporocarps 

oblong,  smoothish,  1,  2,  or  3  on  each  short  peduncle,  as  large  as  a  peppercorn.    ii  Pet- 
ioles 3 -5' high.    Margin  of  pond,  Litchfield,  Conn.  (Prof.  Eaton).    Leaves  floating. 

2  m.  vcstita  Hook  &  Grev.   Lfts.  cuneiform-obovate,  longer  than  broad,  glab. ;  sporo- 

carps glob.-ova),  2i",  hisp.,  1  only  on  each  short  (3")  peduncle,  2-toothedon  back.  S-W. 

3  la.  iinclnata  Braun.    Lfts.  cuneiform-obovate,  hispid,  petioles  1—2' high;  sporo- 

carps 2",  subsessile  at  the  base  of  the  petioles,  clothed  with  rust-colored  wool.   Iowa. 

2.  IS6eTE3S,  L.  Quili-w-ort.  Sporocarps  oval,  1-celled,  of  2  kinds, 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  radica.  xvs.  and  adhering  to  them.  Spores  in  the 
outer  sporangia  larger,  globular;  in  the  inner  minute,  powdery.  y»:7 
Li'aves  linear,  grass-like,  clustered  on  the  short  corm. 

*  Species  growing  under  water,  generally  wholly  submersed,  in  ponds,  &c.  .Nos.  1—3 

*  Species  growing  in  shallow  water,  or  in  damp  grounds,  emersed Nos.  i—1 

1  I.  lacustrisL.    Lvs.  2— 6',  subulate,  rigid,  erect-spreading  :  sporocarps  round-ovate. 

unspotted,  the  larger  spores  with  crested  ridges.    Varies  with  the  leaves  setaceous- 
eubulate  and  recurved,  the  sporocarps  rarely  a  little  spotted.    N. 


Order  157.— LYCOPODIACE.E. 


413 


2  I.  ecliinospora  Diir.    Lvs.  subulate,  3—10',  red  at  base,  15— ;iO  m  number;  sporo- 

carps  round-ovate,  spotted,  larger  spores  echinate  with  minute  point?.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  &  N. 

3  I.  flaocida  Shutt.    Lys.Jlaccid,  1— 2f  long,  almost  filiform,  yellowish  green  ;  sporo- 

carps  oblong-ovate  ;  spores  not  netted,  minutely  roughened.    Ponds  and  lakes.    Fla. 

4  I.  riparia  Eng.  Lys.  10-30  in  number,  4-S',lin. ;  sporocarps  oblong,  si>otted  ;  spores 

with  a  band  of  crested  ridges,  ash-colored  ;  leaves  cmersed.    Del.  E.  (Porter),  and  N. 

5  I.  saccliarata.  Eng.    Leaves  few  (7—15),  subulate-filiform,  2—3',  recurved  ;  sporo- 

carps ovate,  spotless  ;  spores  minutely  tubercled.  Wicomico  R.,  Md.  (Canby,  Porter). 

6  I.  nielaiiopoda  J.  Gay.   Leaves  very  slender,  8—10',  carinate  on  the  back,  brown  at 

base  ;  sporocarps  brown ;  spores  smooth,  smaller  than  in  No.  5.    El.  (Prof.  Porter). 

7  I.  Engelmaniii  Braun.    Leaves  25— 100, 10—20'  long,  filiform-linear,  weak  :  sporo- 

carp.s  oblong,  spotle.ss  ;  spores  honeycombed  all  over.    Shallow  waters,  E.  and  W. 
/3.  gracilis.    Leaves  about  10,  very  flaccid.  If.    N.  E.  to  111.  (J.  Wolf), 
•y.  rdlida.    Lvs.  very  numerous,  2f,  from  a  stock  G"— 1'  thick.    Del.  &  Pa.  (Porter). 
/ 
3.  AZOIjIjA,  Lam.     Small  floating  plants,  with  filiform  stem.?  and  mi- 
nute imbricated  leaves  or  fronds.     Sporocarps  of  2  kinds,  sessile  on  the 
under  side  of  the  branches,  the  smaller  sterile,  filled  with  antheridui,  the 
larger  fertile,  thin,  containing  sporangia  on  stalks,  each  with  several  spores. 
A,  Caroliulana  Willd.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  fleshy,  J",  reddish  beneath ;  ster- 
ile fruits  1  or  2  at  the  base  of  the  fertile,  and  many  times  smaller.  Still  waters,  N.  &  W. 

OitDER  CLVII.    LYCOPODIACE.55.    Club  Mosses. 

These  are  interesting  evergreen  creep-     J\^ 
crs  or  runners,  rarely  erect,  branching,  '^^i. 
abounding  in  ducts,  with  the  ?eai-es small,  ^^^iV-gW;       V. 
numerous,  crowded,  entire,  lanceolate  or  %i*>'/>^ 
subulate,  1-nerved.     Fruits  sessile,  ax-      _  j., 
illary  or  crowded  into  a  spike,  2-valved,     ""^^    ^    fe^/Y/    ^. 
containing  few  rather  large  spores,  or  ^ 

numerous  minute  ones  appearing  like  wif^'^^^l' 

powder. 

551,  Lycopodiiim  dendroideom.  552,  A  single  spike. 
553,  A  scale  with  its  axillary  sporange  bursting.  554, 
Spores. 

1,  LTCOPODIUM,  L.  Club  Moss. 
Spore-cases  all  of  one  kind,  1-celled,  reni- 

form,   opening  transversely,   2-valved;  iwi/,2  «  551 

spores  numerous,  minute,  sulphur-yel- 
low.— Leaves  in  4,  8,  or  16  ranks. 

§  Fruit  in  pedunculated  spikes  (the  fertile  branches  nearly  leafless).,  .(c) 
§  Fruit  in  sessile  spikes  (the  branches  leafy  throughout)  ...(&) 

§  Fruit  scattered,  axillary,  forming  no  distinct  spike Nos.  1,  2 

b  Leaves  of  the  spike  bract-like,  discolored Nos.  3,  4 

b  Leaves  of  the  spikes  and  stems  all  alike Nos.  5,  6 

c  Spikes  several  (2—6)  on  each  peduncle Nos.  7,  8 

c  Spike  solitary  on  each  peduncle Nos.  9,  10 

1  Ij.  Selago  L.    Fir  Club  Moss .    Erect,  2—6',  fastigiately  branched  ;  lvs.  covering  the 
branches,  all  alike,  entire,  acute  and  pungent,  awuless.    Top»  of  high  mountains,  N. 


414  Okdek  157.— LYCOPODIACE^. 

a  l"  liicidtilum  Ms.  Shining  C.  Ascendiiifc,  forking,  8—16' ;  Ivs.  in  8  rows,  linear- 
,  lanceolate,  denticulate,  shining,  spreading  or  reflexed,  pointed,  large  for  the  genus 
y  (3 — 4"),  the  fruitful  ones  like  the  rest,  as  in  No.  1.  Damp  woods. 
S  Ij.  inundatuni  L.  Harsh  C.  Stem  creeping,  often  submersed,  tire  simple  soli- 
tary pcd.  1—3'  (Conn.,  Mr.  Bowles)  or  4—7'  (Mass.,  Dr.  Kicard) ;  leaves  soft  and  fine, 
curving  upward  :  spike  solitary,  \—\V  long,  leafy.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 

4  Li.  alopecuroides  L.    Sterile  branches  deenmbent,  shorter  than  the  tall  (7—20') 
jj-     erect    fertile  ones;    leaves    crowded,   subulate,   awned ;    spikes  leafy,   2— .3'  long. 

Sv>-amps  in  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

5  \a,  anitotinuni  L.    Creeping,  branches  twice  forked,  ascending  6—8';  leaves  in 

5  roNvs,  lance-linear,  spreading,  denticulate  ;  spikes  solitary.    Woods,  N. 

6  li.  deiidroideum  Mx.     Tree  C.     Ground  Pine.    Erect,  about  8',  with  its  erect 

branches  spirally  an-anged,  forked  and  crowded  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  in  6  equal  rows  ; 
spikes  several  but  solitary,  IJ',  yellow-brown.    Woods.    Very  elegant. 
j8.  obaeurum.    Branches  spreading  ;  spikes  1  or  2,  greenish  brown. 

7  li.  Caroliniaiium  L.    Stem  and  branches  creeping  and  rooting  ;  Ivs.  appearing  2- 

ranked,  the  lateral  spreading  while  the  others  are  appressed,  lanceolate  ;  peduncles 
simple,  2—4',  bearing  each  a  single  spike.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S. 

8  L.  sabliijclolium  Willd.     Ground  Mr.    Long,  creeping;  branches  erect,  short, 

with  f:i!<tiiiiate  branchlets  ;  Ivs.  terete-subulate  ;  ped.  short.    White  Mts.,  and  N. 

9  Li.  compIa.tia,tiini  L.    Fesioon  Ground  Pine.    Long,  trailing;  branches  repeat- 

edly forking,  fan-shaped,  spreading ;  leaves  4-ranked,  the  marginal  connate,  diverg- 
ing, the  others  distinct,  appressed  ;  peduncles  long,  with  4 — 6  spikes.    Woods. 

10  Ij.  clavatiiin  L.  Common  C.  Extensively  creeping,  branches  ascending;  leaves 
scattered,  incurved,  bristl3--acuminate  ;  peduncles  erect,  remotely  bracted,  3—5',  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  straight  spikes  2'  long.    In  shades  :  common. 

2.  SELAGINELLA,  Spr.  Dwakp  Club  Moss.  Fruits  of  two  kinds, 
viz.,  antlierkUa, v,hich  are  l-celled,  opening  at  apex;  and  oophoridia,  larger, 
containing  1 — 4  (rarely  6)  globous-angular  grains. — A  large  genus.  The 
species  are  cultivated  in  everj^  greenhouse.  Spikes  quadrangular,  bracts 
in  4  rows.    (Lycopodium  L.) 

§  Leaves  all  alike  and  similarly  imbricated  all  around.    Native Nop.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  of  2  kinds,  in  4  rows,  those  of  the  2  lateral  rows  larger  and  spread- 
ing, of  the  2  intermediate  rows  superficial,  small,  appressed. .  .(a) 
a  Slender  rootlets  produced  along  the  stems.- a;  Leaves  unequal-sided.  .Nos.  3 — 5 
—X  Leaves  equal-sided  — Nos.  6—8 
No  rootlets,  &c.— y  Stems  erect,  frond-like,  simple,  stalk-like  below.  .Nos.  9—11 
—y  Stems  diftuse,  branched  from  the  base Nos.  12,  13 

1  S.  rupestre  (L).  Sts.  ascending,  2 — 4',  divided  into  numerous  tufted,  mossy  branches ; 

leaves  crowded,  fine,  blue-green,  ciliate  ;  spike  indistinct,  6".    Eocks. 

2  S.  selaginoidcs  (L).    Stem  filiform,  creeping,  branches  suborect,  3—6',  the  fertile 

simple,  1-spikcd  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  yellow-green,  ciliate.    Woods,  N. 

3  S.  apus  Spr.    Stem  weak,  loosely  branched,  with  hair-like  rootlets  near  the  base  ; 

leaves  ovate,  slightly  oblique,  aculish,  the  smaller  ones  pointed.    Damp,    t 

4  S.  STOLONiFERA.   Sts.  producing  long  threadform  rootlets  below,  .3^-pinnately  branch- 

ed ;  branchlets  2—4"  broad  ;  Ivs.  imbricated,  ovate,  entire,  obtQse,the  smaller  ones  with 
a  filiform  straight  point.  The  older  stems  become  zigzag.  6-10'.  Cora.  (S.  Mertensii.) 

5  S.  DENTicuLATA  (or  Kraussiana).    Prostrate,  delicate,  remotely  and  somewhat  .3-pin- 

nately  branched  ;  leaves  1",  oblong-ovate,  minutely  denticulate,  acute,  distant  on  the 

stem,  crowded  on  the  branchlets  ;  smaller  leaves  with  reflexed  points.  Very  common. 

p.  VAKIEGATA.    Ends  of  the  branchlcts  with  their  Icaves  whitc.  Rootlets  hair-like. 

6  S.  UNCiNATA  (orcwsia).   Long-creeping,  with  hair-like  rootlets,  2-3-pinnately  branched, 


Order  158.— EQUISETACE.E. 


415 


branchlets  crowded,  short,  2"  wide;   leaves  crowded,  oblong,  entire,  obtuse,  the 
smaller  ones  with  an  uncinate  (reflexed)  slender  point. 
1  S.  SEHPEXs.   Stems  prostrate,  with  hair-like  rootlets,  2-.?-p!nnate ;  branchlets  short  and 
crowded,  1"  wide  ;  Ivs.  crowded,  round-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  entire,  the  smaller  acute. 

8  S.  DELicATissiMA.    Sts.  Creeping,  5 — 8',  rooting,  filiform,  loosely  2-.3-pinnate,  1"  wide  ; 

leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate,  not  crowded,  the  middle  ones  scarcely  smaller,  acute. 

9  S.  CAULESCENS.    Glabrous,  suberect,  12—18',  3-4-pinnately  branched,  fern-like,  and  lan- 

ceolate in  outline  ;  branchlets  close,  1}"  wide  ;  leaves  close,  ovate,  entire,  very  acute, 
the  points  turned  upward  ;  smaller  leaves  mucronate  ;  stem  straw-colored. 

10  S.  WiLLDENovii.  Like  the  last  as  to  stems  and  branches,  but  they  are  finely  pubes- 
cent, and  the  leaves  are  less  crowded,  ovate,  and  obtuse.    6—12',  ovate  in  outline. 

lis.  EKTTHEOPrs.  Stcms  red,  with  scattered,  appressed  leaves ;  frond  wide-spread, 
somewhat  palmate,  with  crowded  branchlets  and  leaves,  branchlets  IJ"  wide  ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  oblique,  obtuse,  ciliate,  the  smaller  with  long  straight  points. 

12  S.  cuspiDATA.  Stem  or  frond  3—6',  densely  and  somewhat  dichotomously  branched  ; 
branchlets  1"  wide ;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  all  nearly  alike,  elliptical,  ciliate, 
bristle-pointed,  with  the  point  inclined  upward.— A  variety  (perhaps  the  fertile  stems) 
are  lanceolate  in  outline,  2-3-pinnately  branched. 

13  S.  LEPiDOPHYLLA,  EesuTTection  Moss,  is  a  roundish  ball  when  dry.  In  a  cup  of  water 
it  soon  expands  into  a  dense  circle  of  dark-green,  densely  2-3-pinuate  fronds,  with 
innumerable  oval,  obtuse,  entire  leaves.    From  Lower  California. 

3.  PSILOTUM,  R.  Br.  Sporangia  sessile,  3-celled,  imperfectly  .-3-valved 
by  terminal  chinks,  filled  with  farinaceous  spores. — Stem  fork-branched, 
with  alternate,  minute  leaves,  as  if  leafless. 

P.  triquetrum  Swtz.  Stem  erect,  8—10',  many  times  forked,  and,  with  the  branches, 
3-angled  ;  leaves  remote,  f"  ;  fruit  3-lobcd,  sessile  along  the  branches.    E.  Fla. 


Order  CLVIII.    EQUISETACE^.    Horsetails. 

Plants  leafless  simple  stems,  or  with  whorled  branches.  Stcms  striate- 
sulcate,  jointed,  fistular  between,  and  separable  at,  the  joints.  Sheaths 
dentate,  crowning  each  internode.  Fructification  a  dense,  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  terminal,  and  cone-like  spike,  composed  of  6-sided,  peltate  scales, 
arranged  spirally,  bearing  beneath  4 — 7  spore-cases,  which  open  laterally. 
Spores  globular,  each  with  4  elaiers  attached,  involving  them  spirally,  or 
open  when  discharged.     (See  Figure 

EQUISETUM,  L.  Scouring 
Rush.  Character  the  same  as 
that  of  the  order. — The  sheaths 
may  be  regarded  as  a  whorl  of 
united  Ivs.  The  cuticle  abounds 
in  silex. 

555,  Equisetum  arvense.  556,  E.  sylvati- 
cum.  557,  Section  of  the  spike,  enlarged.  558, 
A  peltate  scale  with  7  sporanges  beneath  (or 
one  compound  sporange),  magnified.  559,  A 
spore  with  its  elaters  highly  magnified. 

§  Species  fruiting  in  Spring  and  decaying  before  the  following  Winter. .  .(a) 
§  Species  fruiting  in  Summer  and  lasting  through  the  following  Winter. , .  0) 


416 


OuDEU  139.— FILICES. 


a  Fertile  stemfe  never  branching,  the  sterile  with  simple,  whorled  branches..No8. 1,  3 
a  Fertile  stems  at  length,  like  the  sterile,  with  compound,  whorled  branches.  .Nos.  3, 4 

6  Stems  with  whorls  of  simple  branches  from  the  middle  joints Nos.  5,  6 

b  Stems  mostly  simple,  large,  20-40-furrowed Nos.  7—9 

b  Stems  always  simple,  very  slender,  3-9-furrowed Nos.  10,  11 

1  E.  arvense  L.    Fertile  stems  erect,  6—8',  simple  ;  sterile  12-14-furrowed,  with  sim- 

ple, ascending,  4-angled  branches ;  sheath  cut  into  long  dark-brown  teeth ;  spike 
C— 12",  oblong.    Can.  to  Va.  and  Ky.    The  sterile  stems  appear  after  the  fertile. 
p.  serotintim.    Sterile  plant  also  producing  a  late  spike  of  fruit.    Pa.  (Porter). 

2  E.  Telmateia  Ehr.    Ivory  H.    Sterile  stem  2— 5f,  white,  about  30-furrowed,  its  30 

branches  4-angled  ;  fertile  stems  simple  ;  sheaths  with  subulate  teeth.    L.  Superior. 

3  E.  sylvaticuin  L.    Stems  12-  or  13-furrowed,  both  kinds  with  comjyowid,  deflexed, 

angular  branches,  9 — IG'.    Woods  and  low  grounds.    North. 

4  E.  pratense  Ehr.    Stems  10-12-furrowed,  both  kinds  soon  producing  sit»2)le,  straight 

branches,  in  several  whorls  ;  branches  3-angled.    N.  W. 

5  E.  liniosum  L.    Fijyes.    Stems  2— 3f,  smooth,  erect,  15-20-striatc,  mostly  with  a 

few  irregular,  simple,  5-sided  branches  near  the  middle  ;  sheaths  white  above,  with 
15 — 20  teeth,  tipped  with  black.    Shores  and  swamps. 

6  E.  palustreL.    Sts.  1—Hf,  erect,  with  6— 8  prominent  strioo  ;  branches  few,  sheaths 

with  as  many  pointed  teeth  as  strite.    Marshes,  N.    Rare  in  the  United  States. 

7  E.  Jaevigatum  Brann.    Stems  2— 3f,  erect,  simple  or  some  branched  ;  sheaths  long 

(6—7''),  close,  green,  with  20—25  black  teeth ;  branch  sheaths  S-toothed.  Miss.  River. 

8  E.  robustuni  Braun.    Sts.  3— 4f,  very  stout,  some  branched  above  ;  sheaths  shoit 

(3^"),  close,  with  40  (in  the  branches  11)  deciduous  teeth,  and  a  black  band  near  the 
base,  rarely  with  another  above.    River  banks,  W.  States  to  California  ! 

9  E.  Iiyeinale  L.    Scouring  Rush.    Stems  all  simple,  erect,  2f,  very  rough  with  sili- 

cious  points  ;  sheaths  ashy- white,  black  at  base  and  summit,  short  (2—3"),  with  about 
20  subulate,  awned,  deciduous  teeth.    Con- 
spicuous in  wet  shades. 
'a&\Pl  ^"%7  iO  E.  varlegatum  Schleicher.    Simple 

1      )  ^^^^  (branched  from   base),   slender,   straight, 

^^  f^^"^^  6—12',  5-9-furrowed  ;  sheaths  very  short, 

O    /ss  ]\Si  I  ^?r^^  with  brown  bristle-tipped  teeth.  N.  Rare. 

11  E.  scorploidesMx.  Sts.  tufted,  fili- 
form, 4-8',  recurved,  3-4-turrowed  ;  sheaths 
black,  teeth  3  or  4,  scarious  and  bristle- 
3  ~  -==^  y:^^\i^&S^       tipped.    Woods,  Penn.,  and  N. 

Ordeu  CLIX.    FILICES.    Ferns. 

1 1^^^^^    ^^>^^>:j?''^^^^-^^        "^'^"^  ^  perennial,  creeping,  horizon- 

^^      tal  rhizome,  or  sometimes  erect  and 

tree-like.  Fronds  (fruit-bearing  leaves) 

variously  divided,  rarely  entire,  -with 

\   II    //  mostly  forked    veins    and    circinate 

^J  I  II    II  vernation.    i'VwzY  occupying  the  back 

or  margin  of  the  fronds  arising  from 

''      560  the  veins.    Sporangia  (spore-cases)  of 

II    i~~^  /\    ^^^  kind,  scattered,  or  clustered  in 

^-^  ^^    sort,   1-celled,  containing  numerous 

j^i^^  minute  spores. 

Fig.  560,  Polypodium  vulpare,  frond  pinnate.  561, 
A  leaflet  of  the  frond  enlarwd,  showing  the  sori.  562,  One  of  the  sori  enlarged,  showing  the  sporan- 
gia. 563,  One  sporange  furtlier  magnified,  bursting  and  discharging  its  spores.  564,  A  sorus  of 
Aspidium  marginale  covered  with  tUe  indusium.     565,  Side  view  of  the  same. 


Order  159.— FILICES.  417 

A  large  and  interesting  Order,  distinguished  for  their  elegant,  plume- 
like foliage.  They  are  usually  a  few  inches  to  a  few  feet  high,  but -some 
of  the  Tropical  species,  as  the  Cyathese,  are  15  to  25  feet,  vieing  with  the 
Palms  m  size  and  beauty. 

^~  The  stipe  is  the  stalk  of  the  frond,  and  the  rachis  its  continuation  through  it.  Tlie 
pinuLt  {or  pn.)  are  the  first  divisions  of  a  divided  frond  (often  called  leaflets).  Pinnulce 
(or  pnl.)  are  the  first  divisions  of  the  pinnai  when  further  divided.  Segments  {seg.)  are 
the  final  divisions,  and  the  partial  divisions  of  the  segments  are  lobes,  &c.  The  sori  (fruit- 
dots)  are  either  naked,  or  covered  with  an  indusiuin  (see  cut). 
§  POLYPODIACE.E.    The  Tkue  Pkrns,  with  fronds  mostly  radical,  circinate  in  bud.     Fporangia  in 

sori,  pedicellate,  with  a  vertical,  elastic  ring,  opening  transversely. . .{/) 
§  CYATHEACE.E.    The  Tree  Ferns,  with  fronds  on  an  erect  trunk.     Sporangia  as  in  §  l...(e) 
§  HYMENOPHYLLACE/E.    Pellucid  Ferns  ;  sporangia  in  a  cup  and  on  a  thread. ..(rf)      ' 
§  SCHIZ.ECE^E.     Very  slender  vines  or  fronds.     Sporangia  with  a  ring-crown  at  apex. .  .(c) 
g  OSMUXDI.ACE.E.     Fronds  stout,  radical.     Sporangia  with  no  ring,  2-valved... (6) 
§  OPHIOGLOSSACExE.  Frond  single  (in  our  species),  on  an  erect  stem.    Sporangia  with  no  ring. .  .(a) 

a  Fruit  in  a  spike.     Frond  entire,  reticulate-veined Ophioglosscm.  1 

a  Fruit  in  a  panicle.     Frond  divided,  fork-veined ..  Botrvchium.  2 

6  Fronds  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  with  straight,  forked  veins Osmuxda.  3 

c  Fronds  palmately  lobed.     Stems  climbing,  3 — If Ltgodium.  4 

c  Fronds  linear-filiform,  undivided,  a  few  inches  high Schiz.5Ea.  5 

c  Fronds 3-parted,  middle  division  sterile,  the  lateral  paniculate Aneimia.  6 

d  Fronds  pellucid  or  opaque.     Sporangia  with  a  transverse  ring Trichomanes.  7 

e  Fruit-dots  in  little  round  cups.     Trunk  and  leaves  smooth Ctathea.  8 

e  Fruit-dots  becoming  entirely  naked.     Fronds  prickly  or  hairy Alsophila.  i 

«  Fruit-dots  enclosed  in  the  reflexed  tip  of  the  lobe,  with  two  valves §  Balantium.  22 

/  Sporangia  scattered  singly  all  over  the  surface  (not  in  sori),  naked. .  .(.7) 
/  Sporangia  collected  in  dots  (sori)  growing  from  the  veins... (/i) 

q  Fronds  simple  or  pinnate.     PinniE  on  short  petiolules Acrostichum.  19 

g  Fronds  forked  at  the  summit,  entire  below,  the  sterile  different Platvcerhim.  H 

h  Sori  (fruit-dots)  naked,  having  no  covering  of  any  kind...(/i) 

h  Sori  involved  (at  first)  in  the  rolled  segments  of  the  panicled  fertile  frond.  ..(in) 

h  Sori  not  involved,  but  iuvestedwith  special  coverings  (called  indasia) . .  .(n) 

k  Fronds  smooth  or  scaly,  never  powdery.    Sori  distinct,  roundish Poly  podium.  12 

k  Fronds  covered  with  powder  on  the  back.     Sori  in  many  dorsal  lines Gtmnogra.mm.4.  13 

k  Fronds  powdery  or  scaly  on  the  back  (bipinnate).     Sori  in  a  marginal  line Nothol.-ena.  14 

k  Fronds  linear,  simple.     Sori  in  a  continuous  line  on  the  split  margin.     Fla Vittakia  lineata. 

m  Fertile  frond  bipinnate,  segments  berry-like.     Veins  reticulated Onoclea.  15 

m  Fertile  frond  pinnate,  pinnie  moniliform.     Veins  forking Struthiopteris.  16 

m  Fertile  fronds  bipinnate,  segments  oblong,  soon  opening Allosorus.  17 

n  Sori  marginal,  indusia  only  the  reflexed  altered  margin  of  the  frond.  ..(o) 
n  Sori  marginal,  indusiura  double— a  scale  combined  with  the  margin...  (p) 
n  Sori  dorsal,  oblong  or  linear,  indusium  attached  to  the  side  of  a  vein.  ..(q) 
n  Sori  dorsal,  round  or  roundish,  indusium  on  the  back  or  the  tip  of  a  vein...(.r) 

o  Fronds  of  2  kinds,  the  fertile  contracted.     Sori  continuous  to  apex Lev  aria.  18 

o  Fronds  all  similar,  smooth.    Indusia  continuous  all  around.    Stipe  green  or  brown..  Pteris.  19 

o  Fronds  woolly,  <tc.     Sori  separate  or  continuous.     Stipe  brown,  hairy Cheilanthes.  20 

o  Fronds  smooth.     Sori  separate.     Stipe  black  and  polished Adiantum.  21 

p  Indusium  a  2-lipped  cup  at  the  edge  of  the  segments Dicksonia.  22 

p  Indusium  an  entire  cap  or  goblet  at  the  edge  of  the  segments Davallia  .  23 

q  Sori  parallel  to  the  mid-vein,  the  indusia  opening  toward  lt...(j-) 
q  Sori  obhque  to  the  mid-vein,  borne  laterally  on  the  veinlets...(«) 

r  Sori  linear,  nearly  contmuous,  in  2  rows,  sunk  in  the  frond Woodwardia.  24 

r  Sori  oblong,  remote,  in  two  rows  and  superficial.     Stipes  black Doodia.  25 

r  Sori  linear,  in  1  double  row,  the  whole  length  of  the  segment Blechxum.  26 

r  Sori  oblong,  in  1  short  double  central  row.     Frond  finely  clelt O.n'vciiium.  27 

«  Indusia  single,  regularly  arranged,  in  2  rows Asple.nicm.  2S 

»  Indusia  single,  scattered  irregularly.     Frond  simple  or  lobed Camptosorus.  29 

«  Indusia  double,  regularly  arranged.     Frond  simple ScoLOPENDKlua.  30 


418  Oeder  159.— FILICES. 

X  Indusium  cupform,  fringed,  fixed  beneath  all  around  the  sorus WooCSlA.  31 

a;  Indusium  hoodforin,  fixed  by  the  base  and  2  sides Cistoptekis.  33 

X  Indusium  reuiform,  opening  only  toward  the  margin  of  the  segm.     Fla...NEPHROLKPis  exaltata. 
X  Indusium  round-reniform,  fixed  in  the  midst,  open  all  around Aspidium.  33 

1.  OPHIOGLOSSUM,  L.  Adder's  Tokgtje.  Sporangia  roundish,  na- 
ked, opening  transversely,  arranged  in  two  rows  along  the  margins  of  tlie 
fertile,  contracted,  spilve-like  frond.    Veins  reticulated. 

1  O.  -vulgatiiin  L.    Root  of  thick  fibres ;  gtem  simple,  bearing  1  oblong-ovate,  en- 

tire, smooth  frond,  2—3',  with  no  mid-vein,  and  a  terminal  spike,  t— 2'.    A  ciirione 
little  plant,  in  low  grounds.    Vernation  straight,  as  in  all  this  section,— not  circinate. 

2  O.  bulbosumi  L.  Root  a  globular  corm  ;  frond  ovate  to  reniform.  on  the  stem  close 

to  the  ground.    Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    Often  2  stems  from  1  corm. 

2.  BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz.  Moonwort.  Grape  Fern.  Sporangia 
subglobous,  1-cellcd,  3-valved,  distinct,  coriaceous,  smooth,  adnate  to  the 
compound  rachis  of  a  racemous  panicle.    Valves  opening  transversely. 

§  Frond  ternately  divided,  segments  palmately  veined Nos.  1,  2 

§  Frond  pinnately  divided,  segments  pinnately  veined Nos.  3 — 5 

1  B.  lunarloidcs  Swtz.    Scape  8— 12',  bearing  a  stalked  frond  near  the  base  and  a 

panicle  of  numerous  little  2-ranked  spikes  at  the  top ;  frond  in  3  bipinnatifid  divi-' 
sions  ;  segment  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenulate.    Shady  pastures  and  woods. 
j3.  diss^ctum.    Frond  more  numerously  dissected,  almost  tripinnatifid. 

2  B.    simplex  Hitchcock.    Frond  simple,  or  3-lobed  or  parted,  segm.  broad-wedge- 

obovate,  small,  incised  or  subentire,  unequal;  spike  compound,  interrupted,  small. 
Dry  hills,  Vt.,  Mass.    Whole  plant  3—6'.    Frond  0—12",  short-stalked,  near  the  base. 

3  B.  neglectiun  W^ood.    Frond  1—2',  simply  pinnate,  with  oval  or  ovate  incised  pin- 

na;, short-stalked,  on  upper  part  of  stem,  which  is  5— S'  high.   Pan.  1—2'.  N.  H.,  Vt.,  to 
Ph.— Prof.  Porter  regards  both  this  and  No.  2  as  var.  of  B.  matricar;£efolium  Braun 

4  B.  lanceolatiim   Angst.    Frond  bipinnatifid,  closely  sessile,  triangular  in  outline 

with  lanceolate,  incised  segments  ;  panicle  2-  or  3-pinnate.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  to  L.  Sup.  (O.  B. 
Wheeler).    Certainly  distinct  from  No.  3. 

5  B.  Vlrginicum  L.  Puittlesnake  Fern.   Stem  l—2f,  Avith  the  large  (5— S')  tripin.,  tri- 

angular frond  sess.  at  or  above  the  middle  ;  ultimate  segm.  obtuse,  3-5-toothed ;  pan. 
decompound,  3—6',  reddish  br.  A  beautiful  Fern,  in  damp  woods,  not  uncom.  Jn.,  Jl. 

3.  OSMUNDA,  L.  Flowering  Fern.  Sporangia  globular,  half  2- 
valved,  roughened  on  the  surface  somewhat  in  lines,  pedicellate  and  clus- 
tered on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of  it,  which  is  more  or 
less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle.  Spores  green.  Tall,  hand- 
some Ferns.    Veins  forked,  straight.    June. 

§  Frond  bipinnate  with  distinct  pinnae,  the  upper  part  contracted  and  fertile.... No.  1 
§  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatifld  pinuse,  partially  or  separately  fertile Nc.<.  2,  3 

1  O.  regalis  Ms.    A  large  and  beautiful  Fern  in  meadows  and  swamps;  fronds  3 — 4f, 

glabrous,  bipinnate,  fruiting  above  in  an  ample  panicle  ;  pinnse  with  6—9  pa  ts  of 
distinct,  oblong,  serrulate,  subsessile  leaflets ;  fruit  rust-colored. 

2  O.  cliinanionie  L.    Sterile  fronds  pinnate,  in  clumps  3— 5f;  pinnje  pinnatifld  with 

ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire  segments ;  fertile  frond  bipinnate,  pinnre  all  contracted, 
panicled,  clothed  with  cinnamon-colored  wool. 

3  O.  Ciaytoiilana  L.    Fronds  ample,  2— 3f,  smooth,  pinnate,  the  pinnte  lance-linear. 

pinnatifld,  some  of  the  intermediate  ones  fertile,  contracted  and  raceme-like. 

4.  LYGODIUM,  Swartz.  Climbing  Fern.  Sporangia  sessile,  arranged 
in  2-ranked  spikelets  issuing  from  the  margin  of  the  contracted  frond,  open- 


Ordek  159.— FILICES.  419 

ing  on  the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the  summit.    Indusium  a  scale-lilce 

veil  covering  each  sporange.    (Fig.  310.) 

li.  palniatuni  Swtz.  Smooth  throughout;  stem  flexuous,  thread-like  or  wire-like, 
climbing  3— 5f ;  fronds  palmately  5-7-lobed,  2  on  each  short  stipe,  lobes  entire,  obtuse  ; 
upper  fronds  contracted,  fertile,  each  a  cluster  of  spikelets.  Abundant  in  a  swamp  in 
Windsor,  Conn.  (Dr.  Wm.  Wood) ;  also  rarely  found  in  N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  S. 

5.  SOHIZiEA,  Sm.  Sporangia  oval,  crowned  with  a  ring  at  top,  sessile, 
opening  laterally.  Indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  infiexed  margins  of 
the  Ifts.,  -which  are  contracted,  spike-like,  crowded  at  the  top  of  the  frond. 
S.    pnsilla  Ph.    Fronds  clustered,  simple,  linear-filiform,  tortuous,  .3—6',  the  fertile 

bearing  a  few  little  spikelets  at  top  in  two  rows.    Barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  N.  J.  Aug. 

6.  ANEIMIA,  Swtz.  Sporangia  sessile,  crowned  with  a  ring,  in  1-sided 
panicled  spikes,  in  partially  or  wholl}'  fertile  fronds.  Indusium  none. 
Fronds  erect. 

1  A.  adiantlfolla  Sw.  Fronds  6—12'.  on  a  slender  stipe,  .3-parted,  the  middle  division 

sterile,  2-  or  3-pinnate,  the  lateral  ones  fertile  panicles  on  long  stalks.    S.  Fla.  + 

2  A.  Mandioccana.    Fronds  12—15',  long-stiped,  3-parted  like  the  other,  but  the  sterile 

division  simply  pinnate  with  lance-oblong  serrulate  pinnoe.    S.  America. 

7.  TRICHOMANES,  L.  Sporangia  with  a  transverse  complete  ring, 
and  arranged  on  the  base  of  a  thread-like  receptacle,  which  is  in  and  ex- 
serted  from  a  cup  at  the  edge  of  the  pellucid  frond. 

1  T.  radlcaiis  Sw.    Fronds  thin  and  delicate,  C,  lance-ovate,  bipiimatifid,  pinnae 

triangular,  obtuse,  very  oblique  at  base  ;  receptacle  asserted.    South.    Rare. 

2  T.  ELEGANS.    Sterile  frond  pinnate,  fertile,  long-linear,  edged  and  fringed  all  around 

with  the  thread-like  receptacles  and  their  cups.    From  S.  America. 

8.  CYATHEA,  Sm.  Sori  globular,  on  the  veins,  wholly  enclosed  in  an  in- 
dusium, which  soon  opens  and  remains  cupform.  Sporangia  subsessile  on 
an  elevated  receptacle.     J)  With  cylindrical  trunks. 

C.  AEBOREA.  Trunk  10— 20f,  unanned,  simple,  crowned  with  a  spreading  tuft  of  bipiu- 
nato  fronds  6— Sf  long,  gracefully  arched  ;  pinnuls  again  pinnatifid  or  lobed,  cups  in 
2  rows,  smooth,  round,  entire.    Grows  near  Panama  !    + 

9.  ALSOPHILA  aspera.  Another  Tree  Fern,  from  W.  Indies,  cult,  by 
Mr.  Buchanan,  at  Astoria,  N.  T.,  under  the  name  of  Hemateiia  Iwrrida.  Trunk  6 — lOf, 
bearing  a  splendid  crown  of  fronds  4— 5f  long,  arched  and  spreading,  tripinnate.  Piul. 
deeply  lobed,  lobes  obtuse,  each  \vith  a  double  row  of  fruit-dots,  which  at  first  are  covered 
with  jagged  scales,  but  finally  naked.  Stipe  and  rachis  prickly.— A,  pruinata,  very  ele- 
gant, with  a  trunk  near  If,  clothed  with  light-brown  woolly  hairs,  and  a  crov.-n  of  light- 
green  bipinnate  fronds,  .3f  long,  is  growing  with  the  other. 

10.  ACROSTICHUM,  L.  Fronds  simple  or  pinnate.  Sporangia 
scattered  (not  in  sori),  occupying  the  under  surface  of  the  whole  or  a  part 
of  the  frond.    Veins  netted. 

A.  aiireuni  L.  A  noble  Fern,  3 — 6f  high,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  pinnate,  with  alter- 
nate, lance-oblong,  entire  pinnre.    Swamps,  Fla.,  and  in  conservatories. 

11.  PLATYCERIUM,  Desv.  Stag-horn  Fern.  Fronds  coriaceous, 
net- veined,  forking  at  the  summit.  Sporangia  in  large  patches  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  frond.    From  Africa,  &c. 


420  Order  159.— FILICES. 

p.  ALcicoRNE.    Sterile  fronds  ronndish,  lobed,  spreading;   fertile  erect,  10—16',  dark- 
green  above,  pale  beneath,  fruiting  on  its  2—4  lanceolate  segments.    Curious. 

12.  POLYPODIUM,  L.  Polypody.  Sori  roundish,  scattered  on  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond,  with  no  indusium  (cover  or  in- 
volucre).— Fems  of  various  habit. 

*  Fronds  simple  and  entire,  pinni-veined,  with  cross  veinulets Xos.  1,  2 

*  Fronds  piunatifid  or  pinnate,  with  forking  veinlets Xos.  3—6 

*  Fronds  bipinnatifid,  the  veinlets  forked  (Phlegopteris) Nos.  7—9 

1  P.  Phyllitidis  L.    Fronds  lance-linear,  1— 2f,  pointed,  thin  and  papery,  with  the 

fruit-dots  arranged  in  a  double  row  between  the  veinlets.    Fla.,  and  W.  Indies,    t 

2  P.  LiXGCA.    Fronds  lance-ovate,  6—12',  obtuse,  smooth  above,  rusty-downy  beneath, 

and  there  covered  with  the  innumerable  sori,  in  rows.    China. 

3  P.  incanum    Ph.      Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  3— 6^,  thick,  clothed  with  whitish 

scales  beneath  ;  pinnae  oblong-linear,  the  upper  fniitful ;  sori  distinct  and  separate  ; 
veins  invisible.    Grows  on  the  mossy  bark  of  trees,  W.  and  S. 

4  p.  viilgare  L.    Frondsdeeply  pinnatifid,  smooth,  6 — 12',  pinnse  linear-oblong,  alter- 

nate, sori  large,  in  2  rows,  distinct,  yellow-brown.    On  shady  rocks. 

5  P.  PLUJirLA  Willd.  Fronds  lance-linear.  If  xlj';  pinnae  linear-oblong,  very  numerous, 

attached  to  the  hairy  rachis  by  a  broad  base.    Fla.,  and  cultivated. 

6  P.  ANGCSTiFOLiA.    Frouds  lin. -lanceolate,  IS'  x  2',  bright  green  ;  pn.  oblong,  attached 

to  the  chaffy  rachis  by  the  mid-vein  only,  the  base  auriculed  on  the  upper  side. 

7  p.  Plilegopterls  L.    Beech  P.    Frond  bipinnatifid,  longer  than  wide  (3—6'),  the 

lower  pinnae  curved,  but  scarcely  larger  than  the  middle  ones ;  sori  all  marginal, 
about  four  on  each  segment ;  stipe  hairy.    Woods,  Can.  to  Penn.,  and  W. 

8  P.  liexagonopteruin  >Ix.    Frond  bipinnatifid,  broader  than  long,  rachis  pecu- 

liarly winged ;  lower  panicle  much  enlarged,  deflexed  ;  sori  partly  marginal,  many  on 
each  segment ;  stipe  smooth.    Woods.    Eather  common. 

9  p.  Dryopteris  L.    Ternate  P.  Frond  ternate,  the  divisions  stalked  and  bipinnate, 

light  green,  thin  and  delicate  ;  sori  marginal.    Woods,  Penn.,  and  N. 
p.  calc'areum.    Divisions  of  the  frond  more  rigid,  erect.    Northward. 

13.  GYMNOGRAMMA,  Desv.  Fronds  2-3-p innate,  covered  beneatl) 
with  a  white  or  yellow  farinaceous  powder.  Sori  arranjijed  in  rows  along 
the  veins.    A  beautiful  genus,  much  cultivated.    Tropical  America. 

*  Golden  Ferns,— t\ie  fronds  yellow-powdery  beneath Nos.  1—3 

*  SiUer  Ferns,— i\ie  fronds  white-powdery  beneath,  2-pinnatc No.  4 

1  G.  TRiANGCi-iKis.    Stipcs  clustered,  slender,  3— 12',  polished,  ebony-brown  ;  frond  5- 

angled,  1—3',  pedately  pinnate ;  pinnre  triangular-oblong,  finally  the  fertile  covered 
with  the  russet  sori  beneath.    Common  in  California.    Very  fine. 

2  G.  scLPUUREA.    Stipe  and  rachis  brown,  at  first  powdery ;  frond  6—10',  lanceolate, 

bipinnate ;  pinnas  lanceolate ;  segments  cuneate,  cut-lobed,  crenate  at  the  obtuse 
apes.    From  Jamaica  (Rev.  E.  Wilson),  and  cultivated.    Very  delicate. 

3  G.  CHRTSOPHYLLA.    Frond  triangular-lanceolate,  bipinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  nearly 

contiguous ;  pinnte  cut-crenate-lobed.    Golden  yellow  beneath, 
p.  Mertensii.    Pinn»  rather  remote,  narrow  lanceolate,  long-pointed. 

4  G.  CALOitELANos.     Frond  2— 3f,  lance-ovate,  stipe  and  rachis  brown,  polished ;  seg- 

ments entii-e  or  with  a  single  tooth,  cream-white  beneath. 
^.  Peruviajsa  has  the  lower  segment  hastate-lobed  and  very  rich  green. 

14.  NOTHOLffiNA,  Br.  Frond  1-2-ptnnate,  scattered,  coriaceous, 
chafFj',  or  powdeiy  beneath.  Sori  marginal,  linear,  continuous,  naked. 
Sporangia  short-stalked. 


Order  159.— FILICES.  421 

1  N.  NirEA.    Very  delicate,  6 — 12',  bright  green  above,  covered  with  a  dense  white  pow- 

der beneath  ;  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnse  roundish,  top  one  lobed:  stipe  black.    Mex. 

2  N.  EcKLOxiANA.    Rare  and  beautiful,  clothed  in  white  wool-like  scales,  bipinnate, 

pinnjE  ovate,  remote,  pinnute  pinnatifid,  oblong,  segments  roundish.    South  Africa. 

15.  ONOCLEA,  L.  Sensitive  Fekn.  Fronds  scattered,  net- veined, 
the  sterile  broad,  the  fertile  contracted  and  panicled,its  convolute  segments 
beriy-like,  enclosing  the  sori,  which  are  otherwise  nearly  naked. 

O.  sensibilis  L.    Fronds  1— 2f,  common  in  low  grounds,  very  sensitive  to  frost.    The 
fertile  dark-brown  in  color.    Sterile  fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  few  oblong  entire 
or  lobed  piunre,  the  upper  confluent.    July. 
/3.  obtusiloba.    Fertile  frond  partially  metamorphosed,  the  segments  partly  revo- 
lute  on  the  fruit.    Wendell,  Mass.  (Mrs.  Piper),  to  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 

16.  STRUTHIOPTERIS,  Willd.  Ostkich  Ferx.  Fronds  clustered, 
the  sterile  bipinuatitid,  fork-veined,  fertile  much  contracted,  brown,  with 
the  pinnoe  revolute  into  a  necklace  form,  enclosing  the  sori,  which  are 
otherwise  destitute  of  an  indusium. 

S.  Gerinanica  Willd.  Sterile  fronds  in  a  circular  clump,  3— 5f ;  pinnae  numerous, 
long  and  crowded,  with  numerous  oblong  segments ;  fertile  fronds  much  smaller, 
their  crowded  pinnse  1—2'  long,  appearing  later  in  the  season. 

17.  ALLOSORUS,  Bernh.  Fronds  small,  2-3-pinnate,  fork-veined ; 
the  fertile  some  contracted,  margins  of  the  leaflets  reflexed  and  meeting 
over  the  confluent  sori,  but  soon  opening. 

A.  acrostiohoides  Spr.  Fronds  in  tufts,  bipinnate,  3—6',  pale  green  with  whitish 
stipes  ;  seg.  oblong,  the  sterile  crenate,  the  fertile  entire,  petiolulate,  2 — 3"  long.  Isle 
Royal,  in  L.  Superior  (Prof.  Porter),  W.  to  Washington  Terr.  (Rev.  Mr.  Gray). 

18.  LOMARIA,  Willd.  Fronds  clustered,  of  2  forms,  the  fruitful  con- 
tracted. Sori  marginal,  linear,  continuous ;  indusium  linear,  scarious,  the 
reflexed  edge  of  the  frond,  opening  toward  the  mid-vein. 

1  Ij.  bpicant.    Fronds  pinnate,  long,  and  narrow,  the  fertile  nearly  solitary  in  the  midst 

of  the  numero«s  sterile  ones,  and  twice  as  tall  (2— 3f)  as  they  ;  stipe  purple,  polished. 
Europe,  Oregon.    Very  elegant.    (Blechnum  boreale.) 

2  li.  oiBBA.    Fronds  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate,  pinnfe  linear-falcate,  1—3',  their  broad 

bases  almost  confluent. 

3  li.  ciLiATELLA.     Frouds  oval  to  oblong;  pinnae  oblong,  slightly  lobed,  truncate  at 

apex,  ciliolate-spinescent  with  the  projecting  veins. 

19.  PTERIS,  L.  Brake.  Sori  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins  forming 
a  marginal  line  or  band,  covered  with  the  membranous,  reflected  edge  of 
the  frond.    Fronds  once  to  thrice  pinnate,  or  decompound. 

^VT'EKIQ  proper.    Sori  a  mere  line.    Stipes  greenish  or  pale. .  .(:c) 

^  PELL.EA.    Sori  forming  a  broad  band.    Stipes  purple  or  brown. . .  (y) 

X  Frond  triangular,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  lowest  pinnte  long-stalked Xo.  1 

X  Frond  pcdately  pinnate,  the  pinncefewaud  long Nos.  2,  3 

X  Frond  pedately  bipinnatifld,  the  pinnoe  numerous Ko.  4 

X  Frond  simply  pinnate,  with  numerous  long  piunre No.  5 

y  Frond  pedate  and  piunatifld,  as  broad  as  long,  5-angled.     t Ko.  6 

y  Fronds  pinnate,  pinns  few,  the  lower  again  divided.    Kative Nos.  7,  S 

y  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  or  completely  tripinnate.    Cultivated Nos.  9—11 


422  Order  159.— FILICES. 

1  P.  aqiiilana  L.     Common  Brake.    Frond  3-parted,  branches  bipinnate,  segmentB 

oblong,  obtuse,  the  terminal  often  elongated.    Abundant  eveiywhere.    2 — Of. 
^.  ciitn^tiSa,    The  terminal  segment  linear-oblong.    Common  South. 

2  P.    CreSica  L.    Pale-bright-grecn,  1— lif,  smooth;  pinnje  lin. -lanceolate,  the  lower 

ones  2-i)arted  and  petiolulate,  serrulate ;  fertile  longer,  linear.    Fla.    Cultivated. 
p.  albi-lineata.    Pinuce  white-banded  in  the  midst  along  the  mid-vein. 

3  P.  SERRULATA.    Bright  green,  1— Hf ;  pinna;  long-linear,  decurrcnt  on  the  rachis,  ex- 

cept the  lowest  pair,  which  are  2-  or  3-parted  and  short-stalked.    China. 
p.  CRISTATA.    Each  segment  expanded  at  apex  into  a  fan-shaped  blade. 

4  P.   QUAUKiAURiTA.    Frond  ample,  ovate,  1— 3f!  smooth;  pinnjc  distinct,  pinnatifid, 

lobes  contiguous,  oblong,  obtuse,  with  the  forked  veins  conspicuous.    Jamaica. 
/3.  ARGTRiA.    Piunre  whitened  in  the  midst  along  the  mid-vein. 

5  P.  loiigilolia  L.    Tall,  2 — 3f,  rigid  ;  pinnse  lance-linear  petiolulate,  obliquely  trun- 

cate at  base  ;  stipe,  rachis,  and  mid-veins  chaffy-hairy.    Fla.,  and  cultivated. 

6  P.  PEDATA.    Bright  green,  4 — 0'.    Frond  3-parted,  as  broad  as  long;  lateral  pinnas  2- 

parted,  all  deeply  lobed,  sori  in  a  broad  band  all  around.    From  the  W.  Indies. 

7  P.  gracilis  Mx.    Delicate,  smooth  and  shining,  4—6' ;  fronds  lanceolate,  the  sterile 

bipinnatifid,  fertile  bipinnate  with  narrow  segments.    Rocks,  Vt.,  and  "W. 

8  P.  atropurpurea  L.    Rock  Brake.    Coriaceous;  rachis  hairy;  lower  pn.  temate 

or  pinnate  ;  segments  opposite,  oblong,  margins  conspicuously  revoUite,  with  edges 
often  meeting  behind,  as  in  Allosorus,  3—6—12'.    On  lime  rocks,  N.  and  S. 
|3.  ^Itabani^ngis  (Buckley).  Taller  (10 — 20'),  bipin.  below,  somepn.  J-auriculate.  S. 

9  P.  EOTUNDiroLiA.    Stipe,  rachis,  and  chaffy  hairs  purple,  1 — IJf ;  frond  narrow,  sim- 

ply pinnate  ;  segments  small,  round  or  oval,  alternate.    From  New  Zealand. 

1 0  P.  TKEMtJLA.    Bright  green,  2 — 3f,  tripinnate  ;  pnl.  or  segments  linear-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, serrulate,  the  lower  ones  again  pinnatifid.    From  N.  S.  Wales. 

IIP.  HASTATA.    Frond  bipinnate,  12—18' ;  pinnae  cordate-hastate  ;  segments  ovate,  the 
terminal  ones  much  larger,  oblong  or  hastate,  or  3-lobed.  Varies  much.  From  S.  Afr. 

20.  CHEILANTHES,  Swtz.  Lip  Fern.  Frouds  small,  mostly  3-3- 
pinnate,  chaffy  or  haiiy,  mid-vein  central.  Sori  on  the  ends  of  the  vein- 
lets,  distinct,  or  some  confluent,  covered  by  au  interrupted  or  continuous 
indusium  from  the  edge  of  the  frond.  Stipes  brown. — Hardly  distinct 
from  the  preceding  genus. 

1  C.  vestita  Sw.    Indusia  separate,— the  reflexed,  unchanged  tips  of  the  ovate  segm. ; 

frond-^  5—12',  bipinnate,  lin. -oblong,  hairy ;  pn.  crenately  lobed.  Rocks,  M.  and  S.,  rare. 

2  C  tomentosaLink.    7rt^«sia  co?iiJnMOM.?,— the  membranous  margin  of  the  small, 

obtuse  segm.  ;  fronds  tripinnate,  lance-oblong,  rusty,  12-18'.    N.  C,  and  W. 

21.  ADIANTUM,  L.  Maiden-hair  Fern.  Sori  oblong  or  round- 
ish, marginal.  Indusia  membranaceous,  formed  from  the  reflexed  margins 
of  distinct  portions  of  the  frond,  and  opening  inwardly.  Stipe  ebony-black, 
polished.  Ultimate  segments  often  dimidiate,  the  mid-vein  on  the  lower 
margin. — A  large  and  beautiful  genus,  much  cultivated. 

*  Fronds  pedately  divided,  the  divisions  1-3-pinnate  ;  segments  oblique — Nos.  1 — 4 

*  Fronds  pinnately  divided  2 — 4  times  ;  segments  subequilateral Nos.  5—8 

*  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  with  very  large  opposite  oblique  segments No.  9 

1  A.  petiatuin  L.    Very  smooth ;  branches  of  the  regularly  pedate  frond  pinnate ; 

segments  rhombic-oblong,  ]',  toothed  on  the  upper  side,  obtuse  at  apex  ;  sori  oblong- 
lunulate,  8—14'.    Damp,  rocky  woods.    Our  most  elegant  native  Fern. 

2  A.  VL'BEscENS.    Stipe  rough-pubescent ;  pn.  5— 7,  irregularly  pedate,  hispid  beneath, 

tt— 0'  long  ;  segments  oblong,  6—8",  contiguous  ;  sori  round,  crowded.    N.  llol.    If. 


Ordek  159.— FILICES.  423 

3  A.  TRAPEziOFORME.    Frond  ample,  decompound,  glabrous,  2f;  se^^ments  light  green, 

large  (12—18"  x  6—10"),  trapezoidal,  some  of  them  fan-shaped  ;  sori  luuulate  on  2  of 
the  4  margins  ;  stipe  jet-black.    Superb  !    Jamaica  (Rev.  S.  B.  Wilson). 

4  A.  Sancta-Kateina,  has  large  obliquely  fan-shaped  segments  cut-lobed  and  toothed, 

with  the  veins  uncommonly  distinct.    Cultivated  in  Bridgmau's  Garden,  Astoria. 

5  A.  Capillus- Veneris  L.    Delicate,  bright  green,  6— IS',  smooth,  thrice  pinnate  at 

base  ;  segments  rouud-cuneate,  lobed,  or  the  sterile  toothed  ;  sori  reniforra,  one  on 
each  lobe  ;  stipe  and  branches  capillary.    Lime-rocks,  S. :  rare.    Eur.    Cultivated. 

6  A.  cnNEATu.M.    Very  delicate.  If,  4  times  pinnate  at  base,  bright  green;  segm.  very 

numerous,  sharply  cuneate,  2-4-cut-lobed,  4—6"  ;  sori  round-reniform.    Brazil. 

7  A.  jEthiopicum,  tinctum  and  callopodes,  are  greenhouse  species  or  varieties,  with 

roundish  segments  more  or  loss  oblique  and  lobed,  4—7",  with  rounded  sori,  6—12'. 

8  A.  ALATUJi,has  the  rachis  narrowly  winged,  segm.  sessile,  obovate-long-wcdge-shaped 

at  base,  coarsely  toothed  at  apes.    (Greenhouse  of  Bridgman  &  Wiegand.) 

9  A.  MACROPHTLLUM.    Stipe  jet-black,  simple,  bearing  about  .3  pairs  of  large,  opposite, 

thick  leaflets,  and  an  odd  one  ;  leaflets  triaug.-hastate,  oblique  ;  sori  linear.  Jamaica. 

22.  DIOKSONIA,  L'Her.  Dickson's  Fern.  Sori  marginal,  round- 
ish, distinct,  terminating  a  vein.  Indusium  double,  the  proper  one  cup- 
shaped,  opening  outward,  the  other  formed  of  a  reflected  lobule  of  the 
margin,  and  opening  inward. 

1  1>.  pilosiiiscula  Wilkl.    Frond  bipinnate,  lanceolate,  2— 3f,  with  minute  glandu- 

lar hairs  ;  pn.  sessile,  lanceolate  ;  segm.  finely  pinnatifid,  lobes  toothed,  each  with  a 
minute  round  sorus.    Rocky  pastures.    Stipe  yellowish. 

2  »,  (BALANTIUM)  Antarctica.     A  beautiful  tree-fern  from  New  Zealand,  3— 20f, 

crowned  with  many  long,  hea^-y,  dark-green,  tripinnate  fronds  ;  pn.  and  pnl.  sessile ; 
segm.  oval,  6-crenate  ;  sori  globular,  with  2  distinct  valves.    (Buchanan's  Conserv.) 

23.  DAVALLIA,  Smith.  Sori  globous,  marginal,  on  the  end  of  a 
vein,  in  a  goblet  or  pyxis,  half  of  which  is  formed  by  the  scarious  indusium 
opening  outward.     Root-stock  creeping  above  ground,  chaffy. 

1  1>.  tenuifolia.    Fronds  delicate,  6—10',  tripinnate  with  few  pinnte,  triangular-lan- 

ceolate ;  rachis  narrowly  winged  ;  segments  spatulate,  toothed.    China. 

2  I>.  C'ANAEiENsis.    Hare's-foot.    Fronds  3-parted,  decompound,  ultimate  segments  el- 

liptical, decurrcnt,  bearing  1  pyxis.    1— 2f.    Canaries. 

3  I>.  DissECTA,  is  very  diflerent,  irregularly  pinnatifid,  or  almost  entire. 

24.  WOODWARDIA,  Sm.  Sori  straight,  linear-oblong,  on  transverse 
veinulets,  parallel  to  the  mid-vein,  in  2  rows.  Indusium  from  the  same 
veinulet,  opening  inwardly. 

§  LORIN^SERIA.    Fronds  of  2  forms,  net-veined  throughout No.  1 

§  ANCHISTEA.    Fronds  all  similar,  netted  only  close  to  mid-vein Nos.  2,  3 

1  W.  angustifolla  Sm.    Fertile  fronds  pinnate,  with  distant  linear  pinnre  covered 

with  the  fruit  beneath  ;  sterile  lance-oblong  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segm.  ob- 
long, 2— 3f.    Resembles  Onoclea.    Mass.  (Dr.  S.  Bowles),  and  S. 

2  "W".  Virgiiiica  Sm.    Fronds  glabrous,  lanceolate,  pinnate;  pinniE  remote,  pinna- 

tifid, lance-linear;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  2— 3f.     Swamps,  E.  and  S. 

3  W.  Japon'ica.    Rachis  chaffy ;  frond  triangular,  as  broad  as  long  ;  pinnre  lanceolate, 

pinnatifid,  with  ovate  segments.    Bright  green.    1— 2f. 

25.  DOODIA  ASPERA.  Fronds  rough,  lanceolate,  pinnate,  If,  in  clumps, 
the  caudex  a  few  inches  above  ground.  PinnEe  oblong-linear,  contiguous,  with  spines- 
cent  teeth.  Sori  in  1  or  2  rows  each  side.— D,  caudata  has  linear-lanceolate,  pinnate 
fronds,  with  remote  serrate  segments,  the  terminal  one  elongated.    Both  from  Australia. 


424  OnnEK  159.— FILICES. 

26.  BLECHNUM,  L.  Soii  continuous  on  the  cross  veinulets,  close  to 
and  parallel  with  the  mid-vein.     Indusia  opening  inward. 

B.  scrriilatum  lis.     Frouds  pinnate,  lanceolate,  erect ;  pinniE  sharply  serrulate, 
those  of  the  fertile  fronds  contracted.    Florida. 

27.  ONYCHIUM  luciduji  (or  Japonicum).  Delicately  beautiful,  from 
E.  Ind.,  and  of  the  easiest  culture.  Fronds  1— 2f,  alternately  pinnate  3  or  4  times  into 
inniunerahle  linear-acute  segments  2  or  3"  long.  Few  of  the  segments  fertile,  with  an 
oblong  bivalved  sorus  on  the  mid-vein  half  its  length. 

28.  ASPLBNIUM,  L.  Spleenwort.  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  straight 
(curved  in  No.  9),  separate,  regularly  arranged,  oblique  to  the  mid-vein, 
each  arising  with  its  indusium  from  the  forward  side  of  a  lateral  vein  and 
opening  forward.     Veins  forked  or  pinnate. 

*  Fronds  simple  and  entire,  with  regular  linear  fruit-dots No.  1 

*  Fronds  simply  pinnate.— a  Pinnie  roundish,  nearly  as  broad  as  long. .  .  ».No9.  2,  3 

—a  Pinnte  long,— much  longer  than  wide Nos.  4,  6 

*  Fronds  partly  bipiunate,  with  few  divisions.    Ferns  small,  2—8'  high Nos.  6,  7 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnate,  with  very  many  divisions.    Large  native  Ferns Nos.  8,  9 

*  Fronds  twice  or  thrice  pinnate.    Exotic  Ferns  cult,  in  conservatories. .  .Nos.  10—12 

1  A.  Nidus.    Bird' s-Nest.    Fronds  thick  and  rigid,  polished  green,  tongue-shaped,  ob- 

tuse, 2 — 4f,  clustered  in  a  circle,  forming  as  it  were  a  nest.    Oahu,  &c.   A  noble  Fern. 

2  A.  FLABELLiroLiDM.    Frouds  very  delicate,  long  and  narrow  (12 — 16');  rachis  pro- 

longed some  5'  beyond  the  pn.,  and  rooting  at  the  end  ;  pn.  broad-cuneate,  lobcd  and 
toothed,  remote  and  alternate  on  the  rachis.    Australia.    Suitable  for  baskets. 

3  A.  Triclionianes  L.    Dwarf  S.    Frond  3—6',  lance-linear,  in  tufts  ;  pn.  roundish, 

small,  subsessile,  bearing  several  sori  each  ;  stipe  and  rachis  polished-black.  Eocks. 

4  A.  ebeiiuiu  Willd.    Ebony  S.    Fronds  8—14',  erect,  lance-linear;  pn.  lance-oblong, 

1',  some  curved,  serrate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  ;  stalk  polished-brown.    Dry. 

5  A.  augiistifolium  Mx.    Fronds  2— 2if,  in  tufts,  the  inner  fertile  ;  pn.  lance-linear, 

alternate,  short-stalked,  2—5',  of  a  thin  texture  ;  stalks  green.    Woods,  E.  and  S. 

6  A.  Ruta-murarla  L.      Wall-nte.     Very  small  and  delicate,  2—3',  2-pinnate  at 

base,  pinnate  above ;  pn.  petiolulate,  cuneate,  erose-dentate,  few,  3—4".    Dry  rocks. 

7  A.  luontanum  Willd.    Glabrous,  2-pinnate  ;  tufts  4—8' ;  pn.  oblong-ovate,  parted 

into  a  few  (,.5  or  6)  2-  or  3-toothed  segm. ;  rachis  green,  winged.   On  clifls,  Penn.,  &  S. 

8  A.  tlielypteroidesMx.    Silvery  S.    Fronds  ample,  ovate-acuminate,  H—3f;  stipe 

pale  ;  pinnie  lance-linear,  pointed,  distinct,  subsessile  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate, sessile  on  the  winged  rachis,  with  2  rows  of  linear  distinct  sori.    Shady  banks. 

9  A.    Fllix-foemlna  Bernh.    Lady  Fern.    Fronds  ample,  1— 2f,  lance-oblong;  pn. 

lanceolate-acuminate,  rachis  not  winged  ;  pnl.  lance-linear,  cut-pinnatifid ;  segments 
minute,  sharply  2-toothed  ;  sori  oblong,  curved,  finally  confluent.    Moist  woods. 

10  A.  GoviNGiANA.  Slender  and  weak  (in  conservatories),  If.  lanceolate-acuminate;  pn. 
lanceolate,  long-pointed,  stalked ;  rach.  winged  ;  seg.  acute,  sharp-serrate  ;  sori  oblong. 

11  A.  BELANGEni.  Fronds  lance-linear,  1— 2fx2— 3',  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid 
pinnae,  segments  linear,  small,  and  very  numerous,  each  with  a  sorus.  From  Java. 
Stipe  stout,  green.    The  upper  base  (or  axillary)  segments  are  2-parted. 

12  A.  BULBiFERUM.  Froud  lanceolate,  bipinnate,  1 — 3f;  pn.  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
base,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  seg.  oblong,  cul-lobed  and  toothed,  bearing  1—6  bold  sori, — 
1  to  a  lobe.    Often  produces  young  plants  from  bulblet ;  on  the  upper  surface.   N.  Hol. 

29.  CAMPTOSORUS,  Link.  Walking  Fern.  Frond  lanceolate,  entire, 
or  pinnatifid,  with  the  apex  prolonged  and  inclined  to  root.  Veins  more 
or  less  netted.  Sori  oblong,  irregularly  scattered,  with  the  indusia  lateral 
on  the  veinlets.     (Antigramma,  C-B.) 


Order  159.— FILICES.  425 

1  C.  rblzopliyllus  Lk.    Frond  &— 12',  snbentire,  at  base  stipitate,  cordate,  or  tmn- 

cate,  or  somewhat  anriculate,  the  apex  attenuated  in  a  long  thread-like  acumination, 
arched,  and  rooting  at  the  point.    Kockj'  woods.    Not  common. 

2  C  pinnatifidus(Nutt).  Frond  4—8',  abrupt  at  base,  pinnatifid,  with  a  long  at- 

tenuated apex  inclined  to  root ;  sori  large,  at  length  confluent.    Pa.  to  Tenn.    Rare. 
)3  ebenoides.    Frond  at  base  pinnate ;  stipe  black  and  polished.    Near  Phila. 

30.  SCOLOPE3NDRIUM,  Smith.    Hart's-tongue.    Sori  linear,  trans- 
verse, scattered  ;  indusium  double  (arising  from  2  contiguous  parallel  veins), 
occupying  both  sides  of  the  sorus,  opening  lengthwise  along  the  middle. 
S.  oJScinarum  Willd.    Frond  simple,  ligulate,  acute,  entire,  cordate  at  br.-e.  8 — 15' ; 

stipe  chafly,  3—5'.    Shady  rocks,  Chittenaugo,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

31.  WCODSIA,  Brown.  Rock  Polypod.  Sori  roundish,  scattered; 
indusium  fixed  beneath  the  sorus,  early  opening  above  it,  with  a  multifid 
or  fringed  margin,  including  the  pedicellate  spore-cases,  like  a  calyx. 
Small,  tufted  ferns,  with  pinnated  fronds. 

§  Indusium  closed  over  the  sorus  at  first,  toothed  when  open No.  1 

§  Indusium  concealed  under  the  sorus,  fringed  with  ciliag Nos.  2 — 4 

1  W.  obtusa  Torr.     Fronds  6—12',  lance-oblong,  smoothish,  almost  tripinnate  ;  pn. 

distant,  sessile ;  segments  pinnatifid,  lobes  rounded,  toothed,  each  bearing  a  round 
fruit-dot,  which  dots  at  length  almost  meet.    Kocks  and  cliffs.    Vt.  to  Car.,  and  W. 

2  "W.  ilvensis  Br.    Frond  4—7',  lanceolate,  bipiniiate,  the  stipe,  rachis,  mid-veins  and 

their  bristly  chaff  rust-colored  ;  pn.  oblong-obtuse,  sessile,  with  13—17  obtuse,  snben- 
tire segments.    Dry  or  rocky  woods,  in  tufts.    Stipe  as  long  as  the  frond. 

3  W.  glabella  Br.    Frond  glabrous,  lance-linear,  ^— 5' ,  pinnate  ;  pn.  ovate,  very  ob- 

tuse, 2—1",  3-7-lobed,  the  upper  only  crenate.    Cliffs,  N.  T.,  Vt.,  and  N.    No  chaff. 

4  "W.  Oregaua  Eaton.    Frond  glabrous,  lance-elliptic,  2—8',  pinnate  ;  pn.  pinnatifid, 

obtuse  ;  segments  ovate,  obtuse,  denticulate  ;  indusia  with  very  short  ciliie.    L.  Sup. 

32.  CISTOPTERIS,  Bernh.  Bladder  Fern.  Sori  roundish.  Indu- 
sium hood-shaped,  vaulted,  fixed  by  the  broad  base  (or  by  the  base  and 
sides),  soon  opening  toward  the  forward  end  of  the  frond  and  thrown  off. 
— Delicate  Ferns,  2-3-pinnate. 

1  C.  fragills  Bernh.    Frond  lance-oblong,  6—10',  on  a  slender  stipe  of  the  same  length, 

with  open  divisions  ;  pn.  lance-ovate  ;  segments  pinnatifid  below,  only  serrate  above, 
oblong,  with  prominent  veins  and  4 — 10  sori.    Shady  rocks.    Common. 

2  C.  bulbifera  Bemh.    Frond  long-lanceolate,  12— 18',  the  stipe  shorter;  pn.  tr.an- 

gular-ovate,  the  lowest  pair  longest ;   segments  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid  below, 
toothed  above,  1  sorus  to  each  lobe.    Bears  some  bulblets.    Shades. 

33.  ASPIDIUM,  L.  Shield  Fern.  Sori  orbicular,  scattered,  termi- 
nal or  lateral  on  the  pinnate  veins.  Indusium  orbicular,  peltate  or  reni- 
form  with  a  daep  sinus,  covering  the  sorus,  opening  all  around. 

§  ASPEDIUM.    Indusium  round,  entire,  centrally  peltate.    Pinnae  mostly  auricled  on 

the  upper  side  at  base. — x  Fronds  simply  pinnate Nos.  1 — 4 

— X  Fronds  bipinnate Nos.  5,  G 

§  NEPHRODIUM.    Indusium  roundish,  with  a  sinus  on  one  side  (subreniform)..  («) 

a  Frond  simply  pinnate,  with  a  few  large  pinnse.    Cultivated No.  7 

a  Frond  once-and-a-half  pinnate. — y  Segments  thin,  quite  entire Nos.  8 — 1 1 

— 2/  Segments  thick,  finely  serrate Nos.  12,  13 

a  Frond  twice  pinnate. — z  Segments  bluntly  lobed,  or  crenate  or  entire. .  .Nos.  14,  15 
— ^  Segments  sharply  serrate,  or  lobed  or  toothed.. Nos.  10,  17 


420  Order  159.— FILICES. 

1  A.  acrostichoides  Swtz.    Frond  narrow-lanceolate,  15—18';  stipe  chaffy;  pn. 

lalcate-lanceolate,  ciliate-serrulate,  1—2',  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  the  up 
per  covered  with  fruit,  smaller  than  the  sterile.    Rocky  shades.    Common. 
p.  incistim.    Segments  incised  and  sharp-toothed,  most  of  them  fertile.  N.  Y.,  &c. 

2  A.  IjonoUitis  Sw.    Frond  linear-lanceolate,  rigidly  erect,  8-18':  pn.  triangular- 

ovate,  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  longest  (1')  in  the  middle,  gradually  les- 
sened to  apex  and  base,  all  densely  fertile.    Lake  Superior,  and  N. 

3  A.  MUNiTUM.    A  splendid  Fern  from  California,  growing  in  clumps,  3— 5f,  smooth, 

rigid,  evergreen,  lance-linear;  segm.  oblong-falcate,  spinnlou«-serrate  ;  son  2-ro\vod. 

4  A.  FALCATUM.    Froud  thick,  rich  green,  lanceolate,  pinnate,  2— 3f  high,  with  ample, 

lance-acuminate  pinn:e.    A  noble,  hardy  Fern  from  Japan. 

5  A.  Floridaiiuin  (Hook).    Rigidly  erect,  lance-oblong,  pinnate  and  barren  below, 

bipinnate,  fertile,  and  contracted  above  ;  lower  pinnte  cut-pinnatifid  ;  indusia  large, 
round,  peltate,  as  in  No.  1.    Ga.,  Fla.,  La.    (A.  Ludoviciana  C-B.) 

6  A.  aculeatum  Sw.    /3.  Braunii.     Fronds  in  tufts,  dark  green,  2— 3f,  pinnate, 

lanceolate,  narrowed  both  ways  ;  stipe  short,  shaggy  with  large  scales  ;  segm.  ovate- 
falcate,  auricled  on  the  upper  side,  bristle-tipped.    Mts.,  Vt.  (Eaton),  N.  Y. 

7  A.  PODOPHYLLUM  (or  SiEEOLDii).    Fronds  of  two  forms,  thick,  smooth,  pinnate,  with 

a  few  large  oblong  pinnas,  in  the  fertile  contracted  and  covered  with  sori.    China. 

8  A.  TlielypterisSw.    Lady  Fern.    Frond  lance-ovate,  10— 16' ;  pn.  narrow,  distant, 

deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lowest  pair  as  long  as  any;  margins  reflesed  in  fruit. 

9  A.  Novaboracense  Willd.    New  York  Fern.    Frond  elliptic-lanceolate,  12—18'; 

pn.  narrow,  gradually  shortening  from  the  middle  both  ways  ;  segm.  oblong,  obtuse, 
flat ;  sori  close  to  the  margin,  at  length  confluent.    Moist  woods  :  com.    Delicate. 

10  A.  patens  Sw.  Frond  soft  and  thin,  downy  with  rusty  hairs,  lance.,  12—18' :  pn. 
linear-oblong,  pinnatifid;  segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  entire;  sori  scattered.    Dry,  Fla. 

1 1  A.  MOLLE,  from  S.  Afr.  and  S.  Am.,  is  divided  just  like  A.  patens,  and  equally  hairy, 
but  is  larger,  finer,  with  straw-colored  stipes,  and  the  sori  in  regular  marginal  rows. 

12  A.  cristatuin  Sw.  Frond  narrowly  lanceolate,  some  2fx6';  pn.  deeply  pinna- 
tifid, triangular-oblong  or  -ovate,  acute  ;  segm.  toothed,  bearing  a  single  row  of  large 
sori  each  side  of  the  mid-vein.    A  beautiful  dark-green  Fern,  common  in  woods. 

13  A.  Goldianum  Hook.  Frond  oval  or  ovate,  about  15x10',  stipe  same  length  •. 
pn.  broad  (H— 2'),  deeply  pinnatifid ;  segm.  subfalcate,  crenate.    Woods,  E.  and  W. 

14  A.  fragrans  Sw.  Fronds  linear-lanceolate,  6— 12',  tapering  both  ways,  bipinnate  ; 
stipe  short,  chaffy ;  pn.  ovate-oblong,  1—10"  ;  segm.  lin. -oblong,  with  a  dozen  round- 
ish crenatures  or  lobes  ;  sori  confluent.    Rocks,  Northern  Mich,  and  Wis. 

15  A.  marglnale  Sw.  Fern  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  thick,  glabrous,  1— 2f,  bipinnate; 
stipe  very  chaffy  at  base  ;  pn.  lanceolate  ;  segm.  oblong-falcate,  obtuse  and  entire  at 
apex,  the  lower  crenate-lobed ;  sori  round,  at  or  near  the  margin.    Rocky  woods. 

16  A.  Filix-mas.  Fern  lanceolate,  1— 3f;  stipe  very  chaffy;  pn.  triaugular-lanc*.. ; 
segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  at  apex  ;  sori  near  the  mid-vein.    N.  J.  to  Va.  ?  N.  W. 

1  7  A.  spinulosum  Willd.    Stipe  elongated,  soon  smooth,  the  chaflf  deciduous';  frond 
1— 2f,  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  or  quite  tripiunate ;  pinnas  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the 
lower  longest ;  pnl.  oblong,  acutish,  segm.  mucronate-serrate.  Woods  and  pastures. 
;3.  dilatattitn.    Stipe  permanently  chafi'y ;  frond  triangular-ovate  ;  pnl.  obtuBC. 
y.  Boottii,    Stipe  chaflfy;  frond  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pnl.  rather  acute. 


LATIN    INDEX: 

INCLUDING   ALSO   A   GLOSSARY   OF   THE   GENERA. 


Abclmoschns,  62.    From  the  Arabic;  a  grain 
Abies,  313.    The  ancient  name.         [of  musk. 
Abronia,  279.     Greek,  delicate. 
Abrotanum.  184.    Absinthium,  184. 
Abutilon,  Gl.    Name  of  obscure  origin. 
Acacia,  99.     Gr.,  to  sharpen  ;  sc.  the  spines. 
Acalypha,  296.     Gr.  word  for  the  Nettle. 
ACANTHACEiE,  2.3,3. 
Acanthus,  2.33.    Classic  for  spine  or  thorn. 
Acer,  74.    The  ancient  name,  sharp  or  strong. 
Acerates,  273.     Gr.,  without  horns. 
Acfueta,  178.     Gr.,  without  chaff. 
Achillea,  183.    Named  for  Achilles. 
Achimenes,  919.    Meaning  unknown. 
Acmella,  ISO.     Gr.,  a  point ;  sense  doubtful. 
Acnida,  289.     Gr.,  negative  of  stinging. 
Aconitum,  22.    The  ancient  Greek  name. 
Acorus,  318.     <?r.,  a  remedy  for  sore  eyes. 
ACROGEN^,  412. 

Acrostichum,  419,     Gr.,  a  row  at  the  top  ? 
Actsea,  23.     Gr.,  resembling  the  Elder. 
Actimeris,  178.    Altered  from  the  next. 
Actinomeris,  178.     (?;•.,  partly  radiate,      [ate 
Actinospermum,  182.     Gr.,  steed  pappus  radi- 
Adenocaulon,  160.     Gr.,  with  stipitate  glands. 
Adiantum,  -ICS,    Gr.,  not  wetted  by  rain. 
Adlumia,  .33.    Named  for  -John  Adlum. 
Adonis,  19.    Sacred  to  Adonis. 
.(Eschynomene.  87.     Gr. ,  modest,  or  sensitive, 
^sculus,  74.    Name  ancient  and  obscure. 
.^Ihusa,  140.     Gr.,  to  burn  ;  poisonous. 
Agapanthus.  345.     Gr.,  a  lovely  flower. 
Agatha;a,  IGO.     Gr.,  good,  or  excellent. 
Agave,  33;^.     Gr.,  admirable. 
Ageratum,  156.     Gr.,  fadeless ;  long  in  flower. 
Agrimonia.  108.     Gr.,  prize  of  the  field  ? 
Agrostemma,  54.     Gr.,  crown  of  the  field. 
Agrostis,  304.     Gr.,  of  the  field. 
Ailanthus,  72.     Chinese;  tree  of  Heaven. 
Aira,  395.     Gr.,  a  weapon;  misapplied. 
Albizzia,  82.    For  an  Italian  botanist. 
Alchemilla,  108.    Arabic,  ""alkemelya. 
Aletris,  335.     Gr.,  a  miller's  wife  ;  sc.  mealy. 
Alisma,  323.     Celtic,  alis,  water. 
ALISMACiiLE,  322. 

Allamanda,  271.  To  Dr.  Allamand,  of  Leyden. 
Allium,  343.     Celt.,  all,  hot  or  burning. 
Allosorus,  421.     Gr.,  changing  sorus,  or  sori. 
Alnus,  308.     Celt.,  al  Ian,  near  the  river. 
Alonsoa,  222.    To  Zanoni  Alonso. 
Alopecurus,  387.    Or.,  fox-tail.  [Spain. 

Aloysia,  236.     To  Maria   Louisa,   Queen   of 
Alpinia,  331.    To  P.  Alpini,  an  Ital.  botanist. 
Alsine,  56.     Gr.,  in  the  grove,  Alsophila,  419. 
Althiea,  60.     Gr.,  to  cure  ;  sc  medicinal. 
Alyssum,  40.     Gr.,  allaying  auger.  ' 


AMARANTACE^,  288. 

Amarantus,  288.     Gr.,  unfading. 

AMARYLLIDACE^,  332. 

Amaryllis,  333.    Dedicated  to  that  nymph. 

Amblygonum,  282.    Gr..,  around  tha  jointa; 

sc.  ochrejE. 
Ambrosia,  174.    Gr..  food  of  the  gods. 
Amelanchier,  110.    The  French  name. 
Amianthium,  348.  Lat.,  flowers  pure,  or  whit«. 
Ammannia,  124,  To  John  Ammann,  a  Russian. 
Ammobium,  186.     Gr.,  living  in  sand. 
Amorpha,  93.     Gr.,  formless  or  deformed. 
Ampelopsis,  78.     Gr.,  resembling  the  Vine. 
Amphianthus,  223.    Gr.,  flowers  of  two  forms. 
Amphicarpasa,  97.     Gr.,  fruit  of  two  forms. 
Amphicarpum,  391.     &>:,  fruit  of  two  forms. 
Amsonia,  270.    To  Chas.  Amson,  of  S.  C. 
Amygdalus,  102.    The  ancient  name. 
Amyris,  72.     Gr.,  myrrh :  perfumed  gum. 
ANACARDIACE.E,  72. 
Auacharis,  324.     Gr.,  uncomely. 
Anagallis,  213.     Gr.,  laughing,  cheering. 
Anahassa,  335.    The  name  in  Guiana  is  anas. 
Anantherix,  273.     Gr.,  beardless. 
Anchusa,  252.    A  name  of  obscure  origin. 
Andromeda,  201.     Like  Andromeda  of  old, 

bound  by  the  waters'  edge. 
Audropogon,  410.     Gr.,  a  man's  beard. 
Androsace,  211.  6>.,  a  man's  buckler,    [cence. 
Aneimia,  419.     Gr.,  naked;   sc.  the  inflores- 
Anemone,  17.     (?;•.,  wind;  or  Wind-flower. 
Anethum,  136, 139.    Gr.,  burning,  stimulating. 
Angelica,  137.    Name  of  excellence. 
ANGIOSPERM^,  15. 

ANONACE^,  26.     [the  bristles  of  the  pappus. 
Antennaria,  185.    Lat.,  antennae  ;  alluding  to 
Anthemis,  1S3.    Flowering  abundantly. 
Anthoxanthum,  395.     Gr..  yellow  flower. 
Antigramma,  372.     Gr.,  like  writing. 
Antirrhinum,  22.3.     Gr.,  like  the  nose. 
Anychia,  57.    Altered  from  Paronychia. 
APETALiE,  278. 

Aphyllon,  217.     Gr.,  without  leaves. 
Apium,  110.     Celt,  upon,  water. 
Aplectrnm,  328.    Gr.,  without  a  spur. 
APOCYNACE^,  269. 
Apocynum,  270.     Gr.,  repelling  dogs. 
Apogon,  190.    Gr.,  without  beard  ;  no  pappus. 
Apteria,  325.     Gr..  without  wings. 
AQUIFOLIACE^,  207.  [eagles'  talons. 

Aquilegia,  22.     Lat.,  an  eagle ;    petals  like 
Arabis,  37.    Originally  from  Arabia. 
ARACE.^.  317. 

Arachis,  87.  Gr.,  without  branches. 
Aralia,  142.  Of  unknown  meaning. 
ARALIACE.E,  142. 


428 


LATIN   INDEX. 


Archangelica,  137.    Name  of  excellence. 
Archemora,  13G.    A  lancifnl  nSme. 
Arctostaphylos.  201.     Gr.,  Bear's  Grape. 
Arcyphytlum,  96.     Gr.,  arched  leaf. 
Arenaria,  5.5,  (."jT).    Lett.,  a  eand  plant. 
Arethiisa,  331.    Named  for  that  nymph. 
Arijemone.  32.    Remedy  for  sore  eyes. 
Arisrema,  318.    Of  unknown  meaning. 
Aristida,  38S.    Lat.,  an  ear  of  wheat. 
Aristolochia.  2T8.     Gr.,  wod  in  parturition. 
ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.  2T8. 
Armeniaca.  103.    Oriijlnally  from  Armenia. 
Armeria,  215.    Latin  "for  the  Sweet-William. 
.■Vrmoracia,  41.    Native  of  Armorica. 
Arnica,  188.    Lai.,  lamb's  skin. 
.ironia,  112.         [the  staminatc  spikes  awncd. 
Arrhenatherum,  396,     Gr.,  male— point — i.  e., 
Artemisia,  1S4.    To  Artemis, =:Diana. 
AHTOCARPE^,  298. 
.\  nindinaria,  404.    Altered  from  the  next. 
Arundo,  398.    Lat.,  a  reed.     Cell.,  an,  water. 
Asarum,  278.    Meaninjr  unexplained. 
ASCLEPlADACByE,  371. 
Asclepias,  273.    Lat.,  yEpculapius. 
Ascyrum,  48.     Gr.,  soft  to  the  touch. 
Asimina,  26.    Of  unknown  meaning. 
Asparairus.  347.  Gr.,  tearing ;  some  are  thorny. 
ASPHOBELE/E,  341.  [indnsinm. 

.\spidinm  425.     Gr.,  a  little  shield  ;  sc.  the 
At»plcniiini.42-t.     Gr.,  without  the  spleen. 
Aster.  181.    Lat.,  a  star. 
ASTEROIDS^,  152. 
.\stilbe,  114.     Gr.,  not  shining  ;  opaque. 
.\stragalns.  iM.     Gr..  the  vertebra. 
Atragene,  It;.     Gr.,  ni<rht-born. 
Atriplex,  2S7.    Lat.,  black  and  stragsling. 
Atropa,  2»i4.  To  Atropos,  one  of  the  Pate#  who 
AURANTIACE.E,  71.     [cut  the  thread  of  life. 
Avena,  396.     Celt.,  atan,  to  eat  ? 
Ayenia,  63.    To  the  DuVie  of  Ayen. 
Azalia,  203.     Gr.,  arid ;  grows  in  dry  places. 
Azolla,  413.     Gr..  killed  by  drought. 
Baccharis,  171.    Dedicated  to  Bacchus. 
Baldwinia,  182.    To  Dr.  Wm.  Baldwin. 
Ballota,  24S.     Gr..  to  cast  away  ;  ill-scented. 
BALSAM  INE.E,  67. 
Baptisia,  84.     Gr..  to  dye,=to  color. 
Barbarea,  30.    Dedicated  to  St.  Barbara. 
Bartonia.  268.    To  Dr.  B.  S.  Barton,  of  Phila. 
Batatas,  259.    Indian  name  of  Potato. 
Batis,  303.    The  Indian  name. 
Batrachivm.  19.     Gr..  the  frog  ;  amphibious. 
Begonia,  131.    To  Michael  Begon,  French,  a 
BEGONIACE/E,  131.       [promoter  of  Botany. 
Bcjaria,  204.  To  M.  Bejar,  a  Spanish  botanist. 
Dcllis,  165.    Lat.,  hellus,  pretty. 
Benzoin,  290.    Fragrant  like  henzohi. 
BERBERIDACE^,  27. 
Berberis.  27.    The  ancient  Arabic  name. 
Berchemia,  77.    To  M.  Berchem,  a  French  bot. 
Berlandiera,  173.    To  M.  Berlaiidier,  French. 
Beta,  285.     Celt.,  belt,  signifying  red. 
Beionica,  249.     Celt.,  beutonic. 
Betula,  308.    From  betu,  its  Celtic  name. 
BETULACE.E,  307. 

Bidens,  180.  Lat.,  two-toothed  ;  sc.  the  seed. 
Bigelovia,  169.  To  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  Boston. 
Bignonia,  21S.  To  Abbe  Bignoii,  librarian  to 
BKiNONIACE^,  218.  [Louis  XIV. 

Blotia,  161.     Gr..  blob,  to  live. 
Blechnum,  (421)  424.     Gr.,  hlechnon.      [calyx. 
Blophilia,  245.     (rr.,  eyelash:  sc.  the  fringed 
Bletia,  328.  To  Louis  Blet,  a  Spanish  botanist. 


Blitnm.  286.    (?/■.,  Wito«,= insipid.  [M  D 

Bocconia,  32.    To  Paolo  Boccone,  a  Sicilian 
Boehmeria,  300.    To  G.  R.  Boehmer,  German. 
Boerhaavia,  279.    To  Boerhaave,  of  Holland. 
Boltonia.  106.  To  J.  B.  Bolton,  an  English  bot. 
BORRAGINACB^,  2.50.  [ing? 

Borrago,  251.    Altered  from  cor  ff/70=nourish- 
Borrcria,  147.    To  J.  W.  Borrer,  F.  L.  S. 
Borrichi.a,  171.    To  Olof  Borrich,  Daniifh. 
Botrychium,  418.     Gr..  a  cluster  of  grapes. 
Bonssingaultia,  285.    To  J.  B.  Boussingault,  a 
Bouteloua,  403.  [eel.  German  natliralist. 

Bouvardia,  l£0.    To  Dr.  Bouvard,  of  Paris. 
Boykinia,  117.    To  Dr.  Boykin,  of  Georgia. 
BrachychiCta,  1G6.   Gr.,  short  hair ;  sc.  pappus. 
Brasenia,  29. 

Brassica,  40.    Bramc  was  the  Celtic  name. 
Brickellia,  158.    To  Dr.  Brickell,  of  Savannah. 
Briza,  403.     (??•.,  to  nod  ;  sc.  the  spikelets. 
Brizopyrum,  402.    Briza  and  mros  (wheat). 
BROiMELIACE.^,  3:35.  [the  Wild  Oat. 

Bromus,  397.     fi'?'.,  food:  anciently  applied  to 
Broussonetia,  299.  To  P.  N.  V.  Broussonet,  Fr. 
Browallia,  221.    To  J.  Browallius,  of  Abo. 
Brunella,  246.     German,  a  throat-disease. 
Brunfelsia,  231.  To  Otho  Brnnsfels,  of  Mentz. 
Bruunichia,  280.    To  F.  Brunnich,  Danish. 
Bryonia.  130.    Gr.,  to  srow  (sc.  rapidly). 
Bryophyllnm,  119.    Gr.',  growing  from  the  leat 
Buchnera,  2;30.    T.  J.  G.  Buchner,  German. 
Buckleya,  291.    To  S.  B.  Buckley,  Texas. 
Bumelia,  210.    Greek  name  of  the  Ash. 
Bupleurum,  138.     Gr.,  ox-rib. 
Burmannia,  325.    To  one  Burmann,  German. 
BURMANNIACE^,  32.5. 
Biirsera,  72     To  Joachim  Burser,  Naples. 
BURSERACE^,  73. 
BUTT0MEJ2,  323. 

Buxus,  298.    Gr.,  dense?  sc.  the  wood. 
CABOMBE.E,  28.    Cabomba,  29. 
Cacalia,  186.     Gr.,  exceedingly  pernicious. 
CACTACE.^,  132. 
Cakile.  43.    The  Arabic  name. 
Caladinm,  .319.    Altered  from  Calla. 
Calamagrostis,  386.    Calamus-Agrostis. 
Calamintha,  243.     Gr.,  beautiful  Mint. 
Calampelis,  219.     Gr.,  pretty  vine. 
Calaudrinia,  53.    To  J.  L.  Calandrini,  Italian. 
Calceolaria,  222.    Lat..  a  little  slipper. 
Calendula,  188.    Lat.,  kalendce,  the  first  of  th« 
Calla,  318  (319).     Gr.,  beautiful.  [month. 

Calliastrum,  161.     Gr..  beautiful  flower. 
Calliearpa,  236.     Gr.,  beautiful  fruit. 
Callirrhoe,  GO,  CI.    A  Greek  name. 
Callistachys,  100.     Gr.,  beautiful  spike. 
Callistemon,  123.     Gr.,  beautiful  stamens. 
Callistephus,  165.     Gr.,  beautiful  crown. 
CALLITRICHACEiE.  301. 
Callitriche,  301.     Gr.,  beautiful  hair. 
Calluna,  200.    Gr.,  to  sweep;  sc.  a  broam. 
Calochortus,  343.     Gr.,  beautiful  grass. 
Calonyction,  260.     Gr.,  "good-night." 
Calophanes,  234.     Gr.,  appearing  beautiful, 
Calopogon,  330.     Gr..  beautiful  beard. 
Caltha,  21.    Syncope  for  calat/ws,  a  goblet. 
CALYCANTriACE^,  2,5. 
Calycanthus,  25.     Gr..  calyx  flower. 
Calycocarpum,  27.     Gr.,  calyx  Iruit. 
Calypso,  336.    Dedicated  to  that  nymph. 
Calyptranthes,  121.     Gr.,  calyptra  flower. 
Calystegia,  260.     Gr.,  calyx  covered. 
Camassia,  343,    Indian,  Quamass. 
Camelina,  42.     Gr.,  dwart  Flax. 


lATIN  INDEX. 


429 


Camellia,  C5.  To  Geo.  J.  Kamel,  a  Moravian 
CAMELLIACEiE,  64.  [monk. 

Campanula.  19G.    Lat.,  a  little  bell. 
CAMPANULACE^.  190. 
Campto?orn-<,  424.    (??•.,  curved  sorns. 
CANELLACE.E,  8. 
Canna,  83i2.    Celtic  for  cane  or  mat. 
Cannabis,  .301.    The  ancient  name. 
CAPPARIDACE^,  44. 
Capparis,  44.    Arabic  for  capera. 
CAPRIFOLIACE^,  144. 
Caprifolium,  145.     Lat.,  goat-leaf. 
Capsella,  42.   iff?.,  a  little  capsule,   [qualities. 
Capsicum,  30-3.     Gr.,  to  bite ;  sc.  its  pungent 
Cardamine,  37.     (?/•.,  heart-subduing. 
Cardiospermum,  75.     ffr.,  heart-seed. 
Carex,  36S.    Lat.,  to  want ;  upper  spike  want- 
Caricese.  356.  [iug  seed. 

Carphephorus,  156.     Gr..  chaff-bearing. 
Carpinus,  307.     Celtic,  head-wood;    sc.  good 
Carthamus,  189.   Arab.,  to  color,      [for  yokes. 
Carum,  13S.    From  Caria,  in  Asia  Minor. 
Carya.  304.     (?r.,  the  walnut. 
CARYOPHYLLACE/E,  52. 
Cassia,  S3.    i/<?J.,  ketzioth;  Za/.,  cassia. 
Cassiope,  201.   Gr.,  the  mother  of  Andromeda. 
Cassyta.  290.  [Thessaly. 

Castanea,  306.  From  Castanea,  a  province  in 
Jastilleja.  232.  To  Don  Castilleja,  a  Spanish 
Oatalpa,  218.  The  Indian  name.  [botanist. 
Catananche,  192.     Gr.,  from  necessity  (must 

be  admired). 
Caulophyllum,  27.     Gr.,  stem-leaf. 
Ceanothus,  77.     Gr.,  to  prick ;  plant  spiny. 
Cedronella,  246.     Gr.,  fragrant  like  cedar. 
Cedrns,  314.  From  the  river  Cedron,  in  Judosa. 
CELASTRACE^E,  75.  [all  winter. 

C«lastrus.  76.  Xai.,  winter;  the  fruit  remains 
Celosia,  288.   Gr.,  burnt ;  appearance  of  the  fls. 
Celtis,  299.    Ancient  name  for  the  T,otiis. 
Cenchrus,  391.     Gr.,  oriental  name  of  Millet. 
Centaurea,  188.  To  the  centaur  Chiron. 
Centradenia,  123.    Gr.,  spur-gland ;  sc.  the  ap- 
Centrosema,  93.         [pendages  of  the  anthers. 
Centuncnlus,  213.    Ancient  Latin  name. 
Cephalanthus,  150.  Gr.,  head-fl.;  fls.  in  a  head. 
Cerastimn,  51.    Gr.,  a  horn  ;  the  shape  of  the 

capsules.  [native  region. 

Cerasus,  102.  From  Cerasus,  in  Pontus,  its 
Ceratiola,  303.  Gr.,  a  little  horn;  sc.  the 
CERATOPHYLLACB.E,  302.  [stigma. 

Ceratophyllum,  302.     Gr.,  horn-leaf.       [fruit. 
Ceratoschijenus,  3ii7.     Gr.,  horn-rush  ;  sc.  the 
Cercis,  &3.     Gr.,  a  shuttle ;  sc.  the  legume. 
Cereiis,  133.  Lat.,  wax ;  the  shoots  are  plastic. 
Cestrum,  265.     Or.  name  for  Betony. 
Chaerophyllum,  137.  Gr.,  rejoice,  leaf;  Ivs.  fra- 
Chamrelirium,  349.     (??'.,  dwarf  lily.       [grant. 
Chamxmelum.  183.    The  Greek  name. 
Chamwrops,  317.     Gr..  dwarf  stem.  [ist. 

Chaptalia.  194.  To  M.  Chaptal,  a  French  chem- 
Chapmania,  87.  To  Dr.  A.  \V.  Chapman,  the 
CHARACEJ3. 14.  [Southern  botanist. 

Cheilanthes,  422.  G^r..  lip-flower  ;  sc.  the  in- 
Cheiranthus,  38.  Gr..  hand-flower,  [dusium. 
Chelidonium,  31.     Gr.,  a  swallow;    flowers 

with  the  arrival  of  that  bird. 
Chelone,  224.      Gr..  tortoise;    form   of  the 
CHENOPODIACE^.  284.  [flower. 

Chenopodina.  287.  Altered  fr.  Chenopodium. 
Chenopodiam,  2S5.    Gr.,  goose-foot ;  shape  of 

the  leaf.  [ter-green. 

Chimaphila,  206.     Gr.,  lover  of  winter;  win- 


Chiococca,  147.     Gr.,  winter-berry. 

Chiogenes,  199.     Gr..  winter-born. 

Chionanthus,  276.     Gr.,  snow  (white)  flower. 

Chloris,  407.     Gr.,  green. 

Chorozema,  100.  Gr.,  dance,  drink;  found 
near  a  spring  iu  a  thirsty  land— N.  Holland. 

Chrysanthemum,  184.    Gr.,  golden  flower. 

Chrysobalanus,  101.    Gr.,  golden  acorn,  or  fr. 

Chrysogouum,  172.  Gr.,  golden  joint;  fls.  in 
the  axils. 

Chrysopsis,  170.    Gr.,  golden  appearance. 

Chrysospleninm,113.  Gi'..  golden  spleen  (wort). 

Chihamalia,  274.   Gr.,  on  the  ground :  trailing. 

Cicer,  85.  ffr.,  strength ;  its  nourishing  quali- 
,  CICHORACE^,  152.  [ties. 

I  Cichorium,  190.  Greek  name,  adopted  from  tha 

Cicuta,  141.  Name  unexplained.     [Egyptians. 

(,'imicifuga,  23.    Gr.,  bug-repelling. 

Cineraria,  160.  Xa^.aslies;  clothed  with  ash- 
colored  down.    See  also  187. 

Cinna,  385.    An  ancient  name  of  a  grass. 

Circosa,  123.    To  the  enchantress  Circe. 

Cirsium,  189.    The  old  Greek  name. 

Cissns,  78.    The  Greek  name  for  the  Ivy. 

CISTACE^,  47.  [slum  inflated. 

Cistopteris,  425.     Gr..  bladder  fern  ;  sc.  indu- 

Citharexylum,  235.     Gr.,  harp-wood;  fiddle- 

Citrullus,  130.  Derived  from  the  next.   [wood. 

Citrus,  71.   From  Citron,  in  Judrea. 

Cladastris,  84.    Or.,  brittle  branches  ? 

Cladium,  367.    Gr.,  a  branch  or  twig. 

Clarkia,  126.  To  Captain  Clark,  the  pioneer 
traveller  in  Oregon. 

Ciaytonia,  .59.    To  John  Clayton,  of  Virginia. 

Clematis,  16.    Gr.,  a  tendril ;  the  petioles  act 

Cleome.  44.    Gr.,  to  shut ;  fls.  closed,  [as  such. 

Clethra,  204.    The  Greek  name  of  the  Alder. 

Clianthus,  100.    Gr.,  the  flower  of  glory. 

Clintonia  (195),  .340.   To  Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton, 

Clitoria,  98.    A  fanciful  name.  [of  N.  Y. 

Clusia,  8.    To  Charles  de  I'EcIuse,  of  Artois. 

Cnicus,  189.     Gr.,  to  prick. 

Cnidostcolus,  299.     Gr.,  nettle-prickle. 

Cobfea,  258.    To  B.  Cobo,  a  Spanish  botanist. 

Cocculus,  27.    Lat.,  cochineal ;  berries  red. 

Coix,  411.    A  Greek  name  of  a  grass.         [try. 

Colchicum,  348.  From  Colchis,  its  native  coun- 

Coleus,  239.    Gr.,  a  sheath ;  of  the  stamens. 

Collinsia,  225.    To  Z.  Collins,  of  Philadelphia. 

Collinsonia.  241 .    To  Peter  CoUinson,  F.  R.  S. 

Collomia,  257.  Gr..  glue;  referring  to  the  seeds. 

Colocasia,  319.  [mens. 

Colubrina.  76.     (?;■.,  snake;  the  twisted  sta- 

Colutea,  95.  [character. 

Comandra,  291.     Gr.,  hair  stamens;   see  the 

Comarum,  107.    Greek  name  of  the  Arbutus. 

COMBRETACE^,  12.  [mous  Dutch  botanists. 

Commelyna,  353.   To  J.  and  G.  Commelyn,  fa- 

COMMELYNACE^,  353. 

COMPOSITE,  152.  [Bishop  of  London. 

Comptonia,  309.     To  Henry  Compton,  Lord 

CONIFERS,  312. 

Conioselinum,  140.    i.  e.,  Conium-Sclinum. 

Conium,  139.     Gr.,  dust ;  unexplained. 

Conobea,  226.    Name  unexplained, 

Conoclinium,  160.    Lai.,  conical  receptacle. 

CONOmE^,  311. 

Conopholis,  217.     Gr.,  scale,  cone. 

Conostijlis,  336.    Gr.,  cone,  style. 

Consolida.  22.    Lat.,  styles  all  in  one  ? 

Convallaria,  346.    Lat.,  a  valley. 

Convolvulus,  260.  Lat.,  to  entwine,  or  involve. 

Couyza,  171.    Unexplained. 


430 


LATIN    INDEX. 


Coptis,  91.    Gt.,  to  cut ;  bc.  the  cleft  leaves. 
Corallorhiza,  328.     ffr.,  coral-root. 
Corchorus,  04.     GV.,  to  purge  ;  laxative. 
Cordia,  250.    To  E.  Cordius,  a  Germ,  botanist. 
Corema,  303.    Lat.^  a  broom ;  bc.  the  habit. 
Coreopsis,  178.     Gr.,  bug-like  ;  so.  the  seeds. 
Coreandrum,  141.     Qr.,  bug;  from  the  odor. 
Corespermum,  287.     Gr.^  bug-seed. 
CORNACE.iE,  142.  [of  the  wood. 

Cornus,  143.    Lat.,  a  horn  ;  from  the  hardness 
Coronilla,  87.    Lat.,  a  little  crown. 
Corydalis,  33.    Greek  name  for  Fumitory. 
Corylus,.307.  (r?'.,  a  helmet;  the  involucrate  fr. 
Corythium,  332.   Gr..  a  helmet ;  sc.  the  flower. 
Cosmanthus,  255.    Gr.,  elegant  flower. 
Coiula,  172.    The  old  Latin  name. 
Cranichis,  330.    Derivation  uncertain. 
Crantzia,  135.    To  Prof.  Crantz,  Eng. 
Crassula,  119.    Lat.,  thick;  leaves  fleshy. 
CRASSULACE^,  117.         [nese  of  the  wood. 
Craticgiis,  110.     G?'.,  strength  ;  from  the  hard- 
Crinura,  333.    The  Greek  name  of  the  Lily. 
Crocus,  :ii7.    The  name  in  Chaldaic. 
Croomia,  330.    To  IL  B.  Croom,  of  Florida. 
Crotalaria,  00.  Gr.,  a  rattle  ;  sc.  the  sds.  in  pod. 
Crotpn,  297.     Gr.,  a  tick  ;  sc.  the  seeds. 
Crotononsis.  297.    Croton-like. 
CRUCIFER^,  34.  [are  in  the  sheathe. 

Crypsis,  387.     Gr.,  concealed;  as  the  flowers 
CRYPTOGAMIA,  412.  [the  calyx). 

Cryptota;nia,  138.     CrV.,  concealed  border  (of 
Ctenium.  409.     Gr.,  a  comb  •  sc.  the  beard. 
CucumJs,  131.    Za<.,  crooked?  (fruit). 
Cuciirbita.  130.    Lat.,  crookedness  ;  the  fruit. 
CUCURBITACE^,  129. 
Cunila,  240. 

Cuphea,  123.     Gr.,  curved;  sc.  the  capsule. 
Cupressus.  315.     ffr.,  equal  growth  ;  referring 
CUPULIFER^.  3U4.       [to  the  reg.  branches. 
Cuscuta,  2(i0.    Name  from  the  Arabic. 
Cyathea,  419.     Gi'.,  little  cup ;  sc.  indusium. 
CYCADACfi^,  311. 

Cycas,  312.    A  name  in  Greek  for  a  Palm. 
Cyclamen,  212.     Cr.,  circular;  sc.  the  leaves. 
Cycloloma.  286.    Gr.,  circle,  border  (of  the  cal.) 
Cydonia,  113.    From  Cydon,  in  Crete. 
Cynara,  188.     Gr.,  a  dog;  involucre  spiny. 
Cyuodon,  407.  ffn, dog  tooth;  sc.  thespikelets. 
Cynoglossum,251.  (?r..  dog  tongue;  sc.  thelvs. 
Cynthia,  191.    A  name  of  Diana. 
CYPERACE^,  356. 
Cyperus,  357.    A  name  of  "Venus. 
Cypripedium,  .326.     Gr.,  Venus'  slipper. 
Cyrilla,  205.    To  Dom.  Cyrillo,  M.  D.,  Naples. 
Cyrtanthera,  23.5.     Gr.,  curved  flower. 
Cytisus,  100.    First  found  in  Isl.  Cythrns. 
Dactylis,  398.    (??•.,  a  finger;  spikes  digitate. 
Dactyloctenium.  408.      Gr.  finger  comb ;   the 

spikes  digitate-pectinate. 
Dahlia,  166.   For  A.  Dahl,  a  Swedish  bot.inist. 
Dalea,  93.  For  Thos.  Dale,  an  English  botanist. 
Dalibarda,  105.    To  Dalibard,  a  Fr.  botanist. 
Danthonia,  396.    To  M.  Danthoine,  a  Fr.  bot. 
Daphne,  292.  A  nymj)h  transformed  by  Apollo. 
Dasystoma,  230.   Gr.,  hairy  mouth ;  sc.  the  cor. 
Datura,  265.    From  the  Arabic,  Totorah. 
Daucus,  139.    The  Greek  name. 
Davallia,  423.    M.  Davall,  a  Swiss  botanist. 
Decumaria,  116.  Lat.,  decern,  ten ;  fls.lO-parted. 
Delphinium,  22.     Gr.,  a  dolphin. 
Dentaria,  37.    Lat.,  a  tooth  ;  the  root  toothed. 
Desmanthus,  82.     Gr.,  bundle  (of)  flowers. 
Desmodium,  88.    Gr.,  a  bond  ;  sc.  the  loment. 


Deutzia,  116.    For  Deutz,  a  Dutch  botanist. 
DIALYPETAL.iE,  15.  [the  pod. 

Diamorpha,  119.     Gr.,  peculiarly  formed  ;  sc. 
Dianthera,  2.34.     Gr.,  two  anthers. 
Dianthus,  52.     Gr.,  the  flower  of  Jove. 
Diapensia,  258.     Gr.,  flowers  by  5's  ;  5-cleft. 
Diarrhena,  399.     Gr.,  two  rough  (keels  in  tha 
Dicentra,  33.    Gh'.,  two  spurs.  [pales. 

Dicerandra,  243.     Gr.,  anthers  two-horned. 
Dichondra,  260.     Gr.,  two  grains  (carpels). 
Dichromena.  364.     Gr.,  two-colored,     [amist. 
Dicksonia.  423.     To  Jas.  Dickson,   crypto^- 
Dicliptera,  2.34.     Gr.,  double-valved  (capsule). 
Dictamnus,  70.    Greek  name  of  the  Ash. 
Didiplis,  124.     Gr.,  twice  double. 
Dielytra,  33.     Gr.,  two  wings. 
Dier'villa,  146.    To  M.  Dierville,  M.D.,  French. 
Digitalis,  228.    Lat.,  fin.Mr  of  a  glove. 
Digitaria,  .389.    Lat.,  a  finger  ;  sc.  the  spikes. 
Diodia,  149.     Gr.,  wayside  (plants). 
Dionaa,  51.    A  name  of  Venus. 
Dioscorea.  338.    To  Pedacius  Dioscorides,  a 
DIOSCOREACE.*:,  3:38.        [Greek  physician. 
Dioppyros,  209.     Gr.,  the  pear  of  Jove. 
Dipho'lis,  210.   Gr.,  two  scales  (bet.  the  petals). 
Diphylleia,  28.     Gr.,  two-leaved. 
Diplopappus,  164.    Gr.,  double  pappus. 
DIPSACE^,  151.  [hold  water. 

Dipsacus,  151.     Gr.,  to  thirst ;  the  leaf-axila 
Dipter acanthus,  2.34.    Gr. ,  2-winged  Acanthus. 
Dirca,  292.     Gr.,  a  fountain. 
Discopleura,  141.     Gr.,  disk,  ribs  (united). 
Dodecatheon,211.  0.,twelve  deities  (flowers). 
Dodonica,  74.    To  R.  Dodonseus,  M.  D. 
Dolichos  98.  Gr.,  long ;  sc.  the  twining  stems. 
Doodia,  423.    To  S.  Doody,  botanist,  Loudon. 
Downingia,  195.    To  J.  Downing,  florist,  &c. 
Draba,  41.    Gr„  acrid  or  biting ;  sc.  the  leaves. 
Dracocephalum,  246.     Gr.,  dragon  head. 
Dracopsis,  176.     Gr.,  dragon-like. 
Dracuneulus,  184.     Gr.,  little  dragon. 
Drosera,  51.     Gr.,  dew  (drops  on  the  leaves). 
DROSERACE^,  50. 

Dryas,  105.     Gr.,  Oak  nymph  ;  sc.  its  leaves. 
Dulichium,  356.    First  found  on  that  island. 
Duranta,  235.    To  Castor  Durant,  1580. 
Dysodia,  181.     Gr.,  ill-scented. 
Eatonia,  400.    To  Prof.  Amos  Eaton,  the  well- 
EBENACE/E,  209.  [known  botanist. 

Eccremocarpus,  218.     Gr.,  pendent  fruit. 
Echeveria,  119.  To  M.  Echeveri,  botanic  artist. 
Echinacea,  175.    Gr.,  hedgehog ;  sc.  the  spines. 
Echinocactus,  132.     Gr.,  hedgehog  cactus. 
Echinocystis,  129.    Gr..  hedgehog  bladder ;  fr. 
Echinodorus,  323.  Gr.,  hedgehog  sac ;  carpels. 
Echinospermum,  251.    Hedgehog  seed. 
Echites,  271.    Gr.,  a  viper ;  the  smooth  shoots. 
Echium,  251.     Gr.,  a  viper ;  sc.  the  seeds. 
Eclipta,  172.     Gr.,  deficient ;  sc.  no  pappus. 
Ehretia,  250.    To  D.  G.  Ehret,  German  artist. 
EL^AGNACE^,  292. 

ElKagnus,  292.     G'r.,  the  olive;  resemblance. 
ELATINACE^,  51. 
Elatine,  51.     Gr.,  the  fir ;  resemblance. 
Eleocharis,  .359.     Gr.,  marsh  delight. 
Elephantopus,  156.     Gr.,  elephant's  foot. 
Eleusine.  407.     A  name  of  Ceres. 
Elliottia,'205.    To  Stephen  Elliott,  S.  Car. 
Ellisia,  254.    To  Joseph  Ellis,  F.  R.  S. 
Elodea,  50.     Gr.,  a  marsh.         [in  the  sheath. 
Elymuo,  405.     Gr.,  enveloped  ;  sc.  the  spika 
Elytraria,  230.  (?r., enveloped ;  the  fls.in  bracts, 
EMPETRACE^,  302. 


LATIN    INDEX. 


431 


Empctrnm.  303.     Or.,  on  a  rock. 
KNDOGEN^E,  316. 
Eiislenia,  273.    To  Aloj-sias  Enslen. 
Epidendrura,  331.     Gr..  on  a  tree. 
Ep:,ir>ea,  200.     Gr.,  on  the  earth  ;  trailing. 
Epih)biura,  124.     Gr.,  on  the  pod  (sc.  the  fls.) 
Epiphefrus,  217.     Gr.,  on  the  Beech  (^■oot^«). 
Epiphyllum.  132.  Gi:,  on  a  leaf  (sc.  the  fls.) 
EQUISETACE^.  415. 
Equisetnm,  415.     Lat..  horse-hair. 
Eras:rosti8. 400.     Gr..  lovely  grass. 
Erectitee,  186.     Gr.,  to  troiible. 
Eiianthus,  410.     (?/•.,  wool-flower. 
Erica.  20!).    Lat.,  the  old  name. 
ERICACE^,  197. 
Erigenia,  140.     Gr.,  spring-born. 
Erigcron,  165.     Gr..  in  spring  (early)  old. 
Eriocaulon,  .3.55.     Gr..  woolly  stem. 
ERIOCAULONACE.B,  .355. 
Eriogonum,  280.     Gr.,  woolly  joint. 
Eriophorum.  362.    Gr.,  wool-bearing. 
Erithalis,  147.     Gr.,  to  grow  green. 
Emodea,  147.    Gr.,  branched ;  much  branched. 
Erodium,  68.     Gr.,  a  heron's  (bill). 
Erophila,  41.     Gr..  lover  of  Spring. 
Eryngium,  135.    Gr.,  to  belch  ;  a  remedy. 
Erysimum,  .39.     Gr.,  to  draw  (blisters). 
Erythraa,  267.     Gr.,  red  ;  sc.  the  flowers. 
Erythrina,  97.    Same  as  the  last. 
Erythrouium,  .341.     Ditto. 
Escallonia,  116.    To  Escallon,  Spanish. 
Eschschoitzia,  S2.    To  Eschscholtz,  German. 
Eucalyptus,  121.  (?r.,  well  covered;  sc.  the  cal. 
Eugenia,  122.    To  Prince  Eugene,  of  Savoy. 
Eulophus,  141.     Gr.,  handsome  crest. 
Euonymus,  7(5.     Gr.,  well  named. 
Eiipatorinm.  158.    Named  for  Eupator. 
Euphorbia,  293.  To  Euphorbus,  of  Mauritania. 
EUPHORBIACE.^,  293, 
Euphrasia,  %ii.    To  the  Muse  Euphrosyne 
Eustachys.  359.     Gr.,  handsome  spike. 
Eiistoma,  267.     Gr..  handsome  mouth. 
Eutoca,  255.     Gr.,  fruitful. 
Euxolus.  2b8.     Gr.,  well  closed. 
Evolvulus,  260.    Lat.,  to  roll  out,  to  trail. 
K.rccecaria.  296.    Lat..  to  blind  ;  the  poisonous 
EXOGEN^E,  15.         [juice  destroys  the  sight. 
Exostemma.  147.     Gr.,  stamens  exserted? 
Faba,  85.     Gr..  to  cat. 
Fabiana,  265.    To  F.  Fabiana,  of  Valencia. 
Fagopyrum,  2S4.     Gr.,  beech-nut  wheat. 
Fagus,  .307.    The  ancient  name. 
FcXiia.  151.    From  fedus,  a  kid. 
Fenzlia,  257.    To  Cr.  Fenzl,  a  botanic  author. 
Fcstuca,  3!9.    CaM. ,fest,  pasture. 
FlCOIDEiE,  133. 

Fl  :u8,  299.    The  ancient  Latin  name. 
Filago,  185.    Lat.,  thread-spinning;  the  plant 
FILlCES,  416.  L's  clothed  in  cotton. 

Fimbristylis,  363.     Gr.,  fringed  style. 
Floerkea,  68.    To  Flcerke,  a  German  botanist. 
FLOREDE^.  .322. 

Foeniculum,  139.    Lat.,  a  kid  ;  why  ? 
Forestiera,  277.    To  iM.  Forestier,  French. 
Forsteronia.  270.  To  T.  F.  Forster,  an  Eng.bot. 
Forsythia,  276.  To  Mr.  Forsyth,  horticulturist. 
Foihergilla,  120.  To  J.  Fothergill,  M.D.,  Lond. 
Fragaria,  1(16.    Lat..  fragrant ;  sc.  the  fruit. 
Francisea.  221.  To  Francis,  Emperor  of  Aust. 
Franklinia,  63.  [plants  in  the  South. 

Frasera,  268.  To  John  Fraser,  collector  of 
Fraxinns,  277.  iMt.,  a  hedge  ;  hed^e  plants. 
Fritjllarin,  342.    Lat.,  a  chess-board. 


Frcelichia,  290.    To  J.  A.  Froelich,  a  Germ.  bot. 

Fuchsia,  127.    To  Leonard  Fiichs.  German. 

Fuirena,  o.t9.    To  G.  Fuiren,  Danish. 

Fiimaria.  34.    Lat..  smoke  ;  sc.  the  smell. 

FUMARIACE^,  33. 

FUNGL  14. 

Fuulda,  31.5.    To  Henry  Funk,  German. 

Oaillardia.  181.    To  M.  Gaillard,  French. 

Galactia,  97.    Gr..  milk. 

Galanthus,  334.     Gr..  milk-flower. 

Galax,  206.     Gr.,  milk  ;  flowers  milk-white  ? 

Galeopsis,  248.     Gr..  weasel-like  ;  sc.  the  fl. 

Gahnsoga,  172.    To  M.  Galinsoga,  Madrid. 

Galium.  14S.     Gr.,  milk  (to  curdle). 

GAMOPETAL.E.  144. 

Gardoquia,  246.  To  Diego  Gardoqul.  Spanish. 

Gaultheria,  201.    To  Dr.  Gaulthier,  Quebec. 

Gaura,  120.     Gr.,  superb.       [French  chemist. 

Gaylussacia,  198.  To  Gaylussac,  the  celebrated 

Gazania,  181.    Lat.,  riches  (richness). 

Gelsemium,  269.    Italian  for  Jessamine. 

Genista,  90.    Celt.,  gen,  a  bush. 

Gentiana,  267.    To  (3entius,  king  of  Illj-ria. 

GENTIANACE.^,  266. 

GERANIACE^,  67. 

Geranium.  68.    Gr.,  crane's  (bill) :  sc.  the  frnit. 

Gerardia,  (230)  231.    To  John  Gerard,  English. 

Gesneria,  219.    To  Conrad  Gesner,  German. 

GESNERL\CE^E,  219.  [of  G.  urbiciim. 

Geum,  105.     Gr..  to  give  relish  ;  sc.  the  roots 

Gilia,  257.    To  P.  S.  Gill,  Spanish. 

Gillenia,  104.    Named  for  A.  Gille,  German. 

Ginkgo,  316.    The  name  in  Japanese. 

Ginseng,  142.    The  name  in  Chinese. 

Gladiolus,  3:«.  Lat.,  a  little  sword  ;  sc.  the  ivs. 

Glaucium,  31.     Gr.,  glaucous  (in  color). 

Glaux,  212.    Ditto. 

Glechoma.  246.    An  old  Greek  name. 

Gleditschia,  83.  To  Prof.  G.  Gleditsch,  Berlin. 

Glottidium.  93.     Gr.,  tongue  ;  sc.  the  pods. 

Gloxinia.  219.    To  P.  B.  Gloxin,  of  Cohnar. 

GLUMIFERJ3.  356. 

Glyceria,  402.     Gr.,  sweet ;  sc.  the  herbage. 

Gnaphalium,  185.     Or.,  soil  down. 

Godttia.  IC'5.    To  M.  Godet,  French. 

Gomphrena,  2S9.    Gr.,  a  club  ;  sc.  the  flowers. 

Gonolobns,  274.     Gr.,  angular  pods. 

GOODENIACE^,  10. 

Goodyera,  330.    To  John  Good3-er.  English. 

Gordonia.  65.    To  Alex.  Gordon.  London. 

Gossipium,  63.    Arabic,  a  softness. 

GRAMINE^,  330. 

GRAMINOIDE^.  353.  [bearded  at  base. 

Graphephorum,  .398.     Or.,  pencil-bearing ;  fls. 

Gratiola,  227.    Lat.,  grace  (medicinally). 

GROSSULACE.E  (ifS). 

Grossularia,  117.   Name  of  doubtful  meaning. 

Gnettarda,  147.   To  Etienne  Guettard,  French. 

Guiacum.  67.    The  aboriginal  name. 

GUTTIFER^,  8. 

Gymnadenia,  3-^6.     Or.,  naked  gland. 

Gymnocladus,  83.     Gr.,  naked  branches. 

Gymnogramma,  420.  (?r.,  naked  writing  (sori) 

Gymnopogon,4J7.     Gr.,  naked  beard. 

Gymnosperms,  311.     Gr.,  naked  seeds. 

Gynandropsis.  44.     Gr.,  like  gynandria. 

Gynerium,  398.     Or.,  style  woolly. 

Gypsophila,  53.     Gr.,  loving  chalk  (cliSs>. 

Habenaria,  326.    Lat..  thong,=the  long  spur. 

Habrothamn-us,  905.     Gr.,  a  gay  branch. 

H^MODORACE.E,  8£5. 

Halenia,  2t)8.    A  personal  name. 

Ilalesia,  209.    To  S.  Hales,  D.  D.,  F.  K.  S. 


432 


LATIN  INDEX. 


HALORAGE^.  120. 
HAMA.MELAOE^.  120. 
Hamameli*.  120.     Gr..  (flower)  ivith  the  fruit. 
Hamelia,  147.    To  H.  L.  Duharr.el.  {hev^. 

Ilanieiiiiergia,  9'J.   To  tlieCoimtess  of  Hardeii- 
Hedeoma.  241.    The  Greek  name  for  Mint. 
lU-dera,  143.     Celt..  &  and. 
Hedychium,  .'531.    Gr.,  pweet  snow  (white  fls.X 
Hedysarum,  87.    An  old  Greek  name. 
Heletiium.  181.    Dedicated  to  Helen. 
Heliantliella,  177.    Diminutive  of  llelianthus. 
Helianthcmum,  47.     Gr.,  Sun-flower. 
Helianthus,  176.    Ditto. 
Ilcliclirysum,  ISO.     Gr.,  polden  snn. 
Heliopliytum.  2ol.     Gr.,  Sun-plant. 
Heliopsis,  175.     Gr..  sun-like, 
lleliotropium.  250.  Gr.  tnrninsr  (with)  the  snn. 
Ilelli-borus.  21.    Gr.,  killing  (poisonous)  food. 
Ilelonias.  34!).     Gr.,  a  marsh. 
Helosciadium.  140.     Gr.,  marsh  umbel. 
Ihmatdia.  3fJ7. 

Ilomerocallis.  345.     Gr.,  boautv  of  a  dav. 
Hemicarpha,  .31  3.     Gr.,  half  (of  the)  chaff. 
Ilcuatica,  18.    Gr.,  of  or  resemblin<r  the  liver. 
HEPATIC^,  14. 

Heracleum,  136.    Sacred  to  Hercules. 
Herpestis,  226.     <??•..  a  creeper. 
Hesperis.  39.     Gr.,  the  evening.         [anthers. 
Heteranthtra.  350.    Gr..  other  (two  kinds  of) 
Heterotheca,  170.  Gr.,  other  (2  kinds  of)  fruits. 
Heuchera.  1!5.  To  Dr.  H.  Heucher,  Wittembg. 
Hiliiscrts,  02.    From  ibis,  the  stork. 
Hieracium,  191.    Gr.,  hierax.  the  liawk. 
Hierochloa,  3.15.     Gr.,  holy  Grass. 
HIPPOCASTANEJE,  73. 
Hippomane,  293.     Gr.,  horse  madnt'ss. 
HippophEB,  293.     Gr.,  hor.-^e  destroyer. 
ni))puris,  121.     Gr.,  mare's  tail. 
Hokus,  3!6.     Gr..  to  extract  (thorns). 
Holosteuni,  54.    Gr.,  all  bone  (by  antithesi.-). 
llon'keiiya,  56.    A  personal  name. 
Hordi-nm.  404.     Gr.,  heavy  (sc.  bread). 
Hottonia,  211.    To  Prof.  P.  Hottcn,  of  Levclen. 
Houstonia,  149.  To  Wm.  Houston,  M.  D.,"Eng. 
Hova.  275.    To  Tho^.  Hov,  P.  L.  S. 
Hudsouia.  4S.    To  Wm.  Hudson.  F.  R.  S. 
Humea.  194.  To  Lady  Hume,  of  Wormleybur}'. 
Hnmulus,  301.  Lat.,  on  the  ground,=trailing. 
Hyaciuthus,  314.    A  boy  killed  by  Zephyrus. 
Hydrangea.  116.    Gr.,  a  water-vessel. 
Hydranthelium.  228.    Gr.,  a  little  water-flower. 
Hvdrastis.  23.    In  or  near  water. 
HVDROCHARIDACE^,  324. 
Hydrocleis,  323.     Gr.,  enclosed  in  water. 
Hydrocotyle,  l:.>5.     Gr.,  a  water-vessel. 
Hydrolea,  9.55.     Gr..  water,  oil:   sc.  an  oily  j 
HYDROPUYLLACE^,  253.         [water-plant. 
Hydrophyllum.  254.    Gr.,  water  leaf. 
HygropWla,  2;i4.     Gr.,  loving  moisture. 
Hymenopappus,  181.     Gr.,  membranous  pap- 
IlyoBcyamus,  264.     Gr..  hog-bean.  [pus. 

llvpelate,  74.    Unexplained. 
I1YPERICACE.E.  48. 

Hypericum,  49.    Not  satisfactorily  explained. 
Ihjpobrychia,  124.  [the  pod). 

Hypoxis,  .334.  Gr.,  sharp  under  ;  (the  base  of 
Hyptis,  239.  (??•..  resupinate:  sc  the  cor.  upper 
Hyssopus,  241.  The  old  Hebrew  name.  [lip. 
Iberis,  42.  From  Iberi.a,  now  Spain. 
Ilex,  207.  The  ancient  name. 
Hlicium,  24.  Lat.,  alluring:  sc.  the  perfume. 
Hysauthes,  227.  Gr.,  mud-flower,  [touched, 
.'•npatitns.  69.     Lat.,  impatient;   not  to  be 


Indlgofera,  95.    Lat.,  indigo-bearing. 

Inula,  171.    A  corruption  of  Hellenium. 

lodamhus.  36.     Gr.,  violet-flower. 

Ipomasa,  259  (260;.     Gr..  like  bindweed. 

Jpomopsis.  257.     Gr.,  like  Ipomssa. 

Iresine,  289.    Gr.,  eiros,  wool. 

IRIDACE^,  3:36. 

Iris,  330.    From  its  varied  colors. 

Isanthus,  239.     Gr.,  equal  (regular)  flower. 

Isatis,  43.     G^'.,  to  smooth  (the  skin) ;  a  cos- 

Isoetes,  412.    Gr.,  equal  (all  the)  year,    [melic. 

Isopappus,  170.    Gr.,  equal  pappus. 

Isopyrum,  20.     Gr.,  equal  wheat. 

Itea,  115.    Greek  name  of  the  Willow. 

Iva,  174.    Leaves  resembling  the  Greek  Iva. 

Isia,  337.    Lat.,  bird-lime :  sc.  stickv. 

Jacquemontia,  258.    To  Victor  Jacquemont. 

Jasminum,  275.   G'r., violet  smell:  sc. fragrant. 

Jatropha,  296.  Gr.,  physician,  food ;  sc.  medi- 
cinal. 

Jeli'ersonia,  28.  To  President  Thos.  Jeft'eraon. 

JUGL.ANDACE^,  303.  [walnut. 

Julians,  304.     Gr.,  the  nut  of  Jove;   sc.  the 

JUNCACE^,  a50. 

JUNCAGINE^,  323.  [of  these  rushes. 

Juncus,  351.    Lat.,  to  join  ;  ropes  were  made 

Juniperus,  314.     Celt.,  rough  or  rude. 

Jussiiea,  125.    To  Antoine  Jussieu,  the  elder. 

Justicia,  235.  To  J.  Justice,  a  Scotch  botanist. 

Kallstroemia,  67.    A  personal  name. 

Kalmia,  200.    To  Prof.  Peter  Kalm,  of  Abo. 

Kennedya,  99.  To  Mr.  Kennedy,  of  Ham- 
mersworlh. 

Kerria,  104.    To  Mr.  Kerr,  botanist,  Ceylon. 

KcEleria,  398.     To  Prof.  Koeler,  of  Mayence. 

Kcelreuteria,  75.   To  J.  G.  Koelreuter,  German 

Kostelletzkya,(>2.  A  personal  name,  [botanist. 

Krameria,  80.  To  J.  G.  and  W.  H.  Kramer,  Ger. 

Krigia,  191.    To  Dr.  David  Kreig,  German. 

Kuhnia,15S.  To  AdamKuhn,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Kvhnistera.  93.    From  Kuhnia. 

Kyllingia,  359.     To  P.  Kylling,  Danish.  1690. 

LABIATE,  237.    LABIATIFLOR^,  153, 155. 

Laburnum,  91.    The  old  Latin  name. 

Lachnocaulon,  3.55.     Gr.,  wool-stem. 

Lachnanthes,  335.     Gr.,  wool-flower. 

Lactuca,  193.    Lat..  /ac,=milk;  sc.  milk-weed. 

Lagenaria,  1.39.    Xa^,  a  bottle  ;  sc.  the  gourd. 

Lagerstrcemia,  123.    To  Marcus  Lagerstrcem, 

Laguncularia.  Lat.,  a  small  bottle.    [Ger. 

Lamium,  248.    Gr.,  throat ;  sc.  gaping-floweru. 

Lampsana,  190.    A  personal  name. 

Lan'ana,  237.   Old  Latin  name  for  Laburnum. 

LapUhaa,  2(;6. 

Laportea,  3U0.    To  M.  Laporte,  French. 

Lappa,  190.    Old  Latin  name  of  Burdock. 

Larix,  314.     Celt.,  fat  cy  resinous ;  from  lar. 

Lathvrus.  85.    Gr.,  stimulating. 

LAURACE.1E,  290.  [made  of  lavender. 

Lavandula,  239.    Lat.,  to  wash;  from  the  use 

Lavatera,  60.   To  the  two  Lavalers,  of  Zurich. 

Leavenworthia,.3S.  ToDr.Leavenworth,U.S.A. 

Lechea,  47.    To  G,  Lcche,  Sweden,  1760. 

Ledum,  204.    An  old  Greek  name.  [nlst. 

Leersia,  .383.    To  J.  D.  Leers,  a  German  bota- 

LEGUMIXOS^,  80. 

Leiophyllum,  204.  G^r.,  smooth  loaf.  [Florida. 

Leiine7-ia,  209.    To  Dr.  Leitner,  collector  in 

Lemna,  319.   The  Greek  name  of  some  water- 

LEMNACEJa,  319.  [plant. 

Lens,  100.    The  seeds  are  shaped  like  a  Un.-'. 

LENT1BULACE.E.,  215. 

Lconotis,  249.    Gr.,  lion's-car ;  sc.  the  fowers 


LATIN  INDEX. 


433 


Lcontodon,  191.    (??•.,  lion's-tooth  ;  sc.  the  Ivs. 
Loonui-us,  219.    (?/■.,  liou's-tail ;  sc.  the  spike 

of  flowers. 
Lepachis,  17<i.    From  lepis,  Gr.  word  for  scale. 
Lepidium,  42.    Gr..  a  little  scale  ;  sc.  the  sili- 
Leptocai/lis,  140.    Gr.,  slender  stem.         [cles. 
Leptochloa,  40fi.     Gr.,  slender  grass. 
Leptopoda,  182.     Gr.,  slender  loot  or  stem. 
Leptoj-iphou,  257.     Gr.,  slender  tube;  sc.  the 

flowers. 
Lepturiis,  404.  (?r.,  slender  tail;  sc.  the  spikes. 
Lepiiropetalon,  115.    Gr.,  husk  petal.        [ida. 
Lespcdeza,  89.  To  .M.  Lespedez,  Gov.  of  Flor- 
Leucanthemum.  18"?.    Gr.,  white  flower. 
Leucas,  238.  &r.,  whiteness ;  sc.  of  the  flowers. 
Leucojum,  3-!l.    Gr..  white  violet. 
Liatris.  15T.    A  name  unexplained. 
LICHENES,  14. 
LIGULIFLOR.^,  152,  155. 
Ligusticum,  140.    Originally  found  in  Liguria. 
Ligusirum,  276.    Lat.,  ligare.  to  tie;   sc.  its 
LfLlACE^.  341.  [flexible  branches. 

Lilium,  342.    Celt.,  li,  whiteness. 
Lirananthemum,  288.     Gr.,  marsh-flower. 
Limnanthes,  6S.    Ditto. 
Llmnobium,  324.     Gr.,  marsh-life. 
Limnocharis.  323.     G?\,  marsh-joy. 
Limosell.a,  228.     Gr.,  little  mud  (plant). 
LINACE.E.  b6.  [resembles. 

Linaria,  222.     From  Linum,  flax ;  which  it 
Lindera,  290.    Name  unexplained. 
Liunsea,  144.  To  the  great  naturalist,  Carl  von 
Linum,  0(i.    Celt.,  lin,=a,  thread.       [Linnajus. 
Liparis,  :^29.    Gr..  liparos,  unctuous. 
Lipocarpha,  SOS.     Or.,  oil  chaff;  why  ? 
Lippia,  -^3(1.    To  Auar.  Lippi,  French  traveller. 
Liquidambar,  120.    ~Zat.,  liquid  amber. 
Liriodeudron,25.    (?A,  lily-tree;  sc.  tulip-tree. 
Listera,  329.    To  Dr.  Martin  Lister,  English. 
Lithosperraum,  252.     Gr.,  stone-seed. 
Loasa,  128.    Name  unexplained. 
LOASACE^,  12S.  [to  James  L 

Lobelia.  194.  To  Matthew  Lobel,  physician 
LOBELIACE^,  194.  [uist.) 

L0GANIACEJ3,  269.   (Jas.  Logan,  Eng.  bota- 
Loiseleuria,  203.    A  mythological  name. 
Lolium,  405.    The  Celtic  nanie  is  loloa.    [eori. 
Lomaria,  42t.     Gr.,  the  edge ;  position  of  the 
Lonicera,  145.  To  Adam  Louicer,  Germ.,  1580. 
Lophanthus.  245.    Gr.,  crest-flower. 
Lophiola,  2;J5.    Lat.,  diminutive  ;  little  crest. 
Lophospermura,  223.     Gr.,  crest-seed. 
LOKANTHACE^,  292.    Lorinseria,  371. 
Ludwigia,  127.  To  Prof.  C.  D.  Ludwig,  Leipsic. 
Lunaria,  40.    Zat.,  the  moon;  sc.  the  silicles. 
Lupinus,  9J     £at.,a,wo\t;  devours  the  soil  ? 
Luziola,  3?;^.    Lat., /wa?,  light ;  sparkling  with 
Lnzula,  351.    Germ.,  the  glow-worm.      [dew. 
Lychnis,  54.     Gr.,  a  lamp  (wick). 
Lycium,  2(54.    The  old  Greek  name. 
Lycopersicum,  S62.     Gr.,  wolf-peach. 
LYCOPODIACE^,  413. 
Lycopodiiim,  361  (362).     Gr.,  wolf-foot. 
Lycopsis,  251.     Gr..  wolf-like ;  the  flower  is 

fancied  to  resemble  a  wolf's  eye. 
Lycopus,  240.     Gr.,  wolf-foot. 
Lygodesmia,  193.     Gr.,  flexible  band. 
Lygodium.  418.     Gr.,  a  flexible  (vine). 
Lyeimachia,  212.     Gr.,  dissolution  of  strife; 
LYTHRACEJi:.  123.  [sc.  loose-strife. 

Lythrum,  123.  Gr.,  black  bloou  ;  sc.  purple. 
Macbridea,  247.  To  Dr.  Jas.  McBride,  of  S.  C. 
Madura,  299.  To Wm.  Maclurc,  Pennsylvania. 


Macranthera,  230.     Gr.,  long  anthers. 
3lacrotU,  23.     Gr.,  long  ears  ;  sc.  racemes. 
Madia,  173.    The  name  in  Chili. 
Magnolia,  24.    To  Prof.  Pierre  Magnol,  Mont- 
MAGNOLIACE^,  24.  [pelier,  France. 

Majanthenmm,  346.  Lat.,  May-flower. 
Malaciiodendron,  65.  Gr.,  Mallow-tree. 
MALPIGHIACE^,  S. 

Malus,  112.    Lat.,  the  apple.  [=soft 

Malva,  60.    Altered  from  the  Greek  malache 
MALVACE^,  59. 
Malvastrum,  61.    From  Malva. 
Malvaviscus,  62.    Lat.,  glue  mallow. 
Mammilaria.  1.32.    Lat.,  7««//i?wa,  nipple;   sc. 
the  protuberances.  [Ayres. 

MandevUla.  271.  To  H.  B.  Mandeville,  Buenos 
IManisuius,  407.     Gr.,  lizard's-tail.  [15.50. 

Maranta,  .331.    To  B.  Maranti,  M.  D.,  Venice, 
Marrubium,  249.    Hebrew,  bitter  juice. 
Marshallia.182.  To  Humphrey  Marshall,  Phila. 
Marsilia,  412.   To  Couut  F.  Marsigli,  Bologna. 
MARSILIACEJS,  412.  [bridge,  1765. 

Martynia,  219.  To  Prof.  John  Martyn,  Cam- 
Maruta,  183.  Meaning  unexplained. 
Matricaria,  183.  An  anatomical  word.  [1750. 
Matthiola,  38.  To  Dr.  P.  A.  Mattliioli,  Italy, 
Maurandia,  223.  To  Prof.  Maurandi,  Cartha- 
Mayaca,  354.    Name  unexplained.  [geua. 

Maytenus,  76.    The  Chilian  name. 
Meconopsis,  32.     Gr.,  poppy-like. 
Medeola,  340.    From  Medea,  the  sorceress. 
Medicago,  92.  An  ancient  name,    [(branches). 
Melaleuca,  122.      Gr..  black    (trunk),    white 
Melampyrum,  233.     Gr.,  black  wheat. 
MELANTHACE.E.  347. 
Melanihera,  174.    Gr.,  black  anthers. 
Melanthium,  348.    Gr.,  black  flower. 
MELASTOMACEyE,  122.  [Ash. 

Melia.  6.5.    The  Greek  name  for  the  Manna 
MELIACE^,  65. 

Melica,403.     Italian,  from  met,  honey. 
Melilotus,  92.    Lat.,  honey  lotus. 
Jlelissa,  243.    Lat..  a  bee ;  yields  honey. 
Melocactus.  133.     Gr.,  melon  cactus. 
Melothria,  130.    The  old  Greek  name. 
MENISPERMACE.E,  26. 
Menispermum,  26.     Gr.,  moon-seed. 
Mentha.  240.    Miuthe,  daughter  of  Cocyton. 
Mentzelia,128.  To  C.Mentzel,  of  Brandenburg. 
Menyanthes,  268  (260).     Gr.,  moon-flower. 
Meuziesia,  201.  To  Archibald  Menziu*,  F.  L.S. 
Mercurialis,  297.    Dedicated  to  Mercury. 
Mertensia,253.  To  Prof.  F.  C.  Mertens,Di-emon 
Mesembryanthemuni,133.  &';•.,  mid-day  flower 
Metastelma,  274.     Gr.,  with  a  girdle. 
Micranthemum,  227.     Gr..  minute  flower. 
Microstylis,  329.     Gr.,  miuute  style. 
Mikania,  160.  To  Prof.  Joseph  Mikan,  Prague. 
Milium,  391,    Lat.,  a  thousand  (seeds). 
Mimosa,  82.    Gr.,  a  mimic ;  sc.  its  motions. 
Mimulus,  226.    Gr.,  an  ape  ;  sc.  its  flowers. 
Mimusops,  210.    Gr.,  ape-like. 
Mirabilis,  279.    Lat.,  wonderful;  sc.  the  fls. 
Mitchella,  148.    To  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  Va. 
Mitella,  113.    Lat.,  a  little  mitre  ;  sc.  the  fruit. 
Mitreola,  269.    Ditto. 

Modiola,  61.  Lat.,  a  little  measure  or  cup. 
Mcenchia,  56.  To  the  Germ,  botanist,  Moench. 
Moeringia,  55.  To  Dr.  P.  H.  G.  Moehring,  Germ., 
MoUugo.  58.  Name  applied  by  Pliny.  [1730. 
Moluccella,  248.  Natives  of  the  Moluccas. 
Monarda,  245.  To  Dr.  N.  Monardez,  Seville. 
Moneses,  206.    From  nionos,=ov.e ;  sc.  1-fld. 


434 


LATIN    INDEX. 


Monotropa.  206.  Or.,  one,  tnruing :  flowers 
.VonMia,  2P9.  rtiirnea  oue  way. 

Morinda.  147.    i.  e..  Indian  Mulberry. 
Moniif.  300.     Celt.,  black :  sc.  the  fruit. 
SluhU-nbcrcia,  S85.    To  Rev.  Henry  Mublen- 
MULISIACE^,  15.3.  [berg,  D.  D. 

Mulgedinm,  193.    Meanino;  nnknown. 
Musa,  3:^1.    To  Antonius  Musa. 
.MUSACE^,  331. 

Muscari,  .344.    From  moschus,  musk. 
MUSCI,  14. 

.MvKinda,  70.  To  Francis  von  Myjrind,  Gei-m. 
.Mvlocarium,  205.    Gr.,  mill-nut;  form  of  the 

fruit. 
Myosotis,  252.    GV.,  mouse-ear ;  sc.  the  Ivs. 
Mvosurus,  20.    Gr.,  mouse-tail ;  sc.  the  torus. 
.Mvrica,  .309.     Gr.,  (On  the  banks  of)  flowing 
MYRICACE.E,  .308.  [(risers). 

Mvriophyllum,  121.     Gr..  a  thousand  leaves. 
MYRSINACEyE,  10.     (Gr.,  myrrh.) 
MYRTACEiE,  121. 
Myrtus,  122.      Gr.,  perfume. 
N'abalu^,  192.    The  meaning  nnhuown. 
NAIADACE^,  320. 
Najas,  320.     Gr.,  a  water-nymph. 
Naptea,  (il.    Gr.,  dell-nymph,    [on  the  ner^-es. 
Narcissus,  3:32.  From  narke,  stupor ;  its  cftVct 
Nardosmia,  1(50.    Gr.,  smell  of  nard,  or  spike- 
Xarthccium,  351.    Gr.,  a  rod,  or  wand.    [nard. 
Nasturtium,  30.    Lat.,  twisted  nose ;  on  ac- 
■Vaumbergia,  212.  [count  of  its  acridity. 

Negundo,  74.    Of  unknown  meaning. 
.Velumbium,  29.     Nelumlx)  is  the  Cingalese 
Xomastylis,  .337.     Gr..  thread  style.       [name. 
.V'eniesia,  222.    An  old  name  revived. 
.Vemopanthes,  2U8.     Gr.,  grove-flower. 
.Vemophila,  254.     Gr..  loving  the  grove. 
N'epeta.  245.  From  Nepet,  a  town  in  Tuscany. 
Vei>hrodium,  4S5.  Gr.,  the  kidney ;  sc.  the  sori. 
.Vephrolepis,  266.    Gr.,  kidney  scale. 
Neptuuea.  82.    Dedicated  to  Neptune. 
Xerium.  271.     Gr.,  humid;  sc.  the  habit. 
N'esrea,  124.    The  name  of  a  sea-nymph. 
Xeurophyllurn,  180.     Gr..  nerve-leaf. 
Neviusia,  104.    To  Rev.  R.  Nevius. 
N'icandra,  263.       [duced  tobacco  into  France. 
N'icotiana,  265.     To  John  Nicot,  who  intro- 
Xierembergia,  264.     To   J.  E.  Nieremberg, 
.Vigella,21.  iaC,  black;  the  seeds.    [Spanish. 
.Xolana,  262.    Lat.,  a  little  bell ;  sc.  corolla. 
.Volina.  343.    To  P.  C.  Nolin,  American. 
Notholajna,  420.  Gr.,  false  cloak  :  the  indnsia. 
Nuphar,  29.   The  Arabic  name  of  Water-lily. 
N'YCTAGINACE^,  279. 

VYMPHJSACE^,  23.  | 

N'ymphwa,  29.     Gr.,  a  water-nymph.  } 

.■"Cyssa,  143.    The  name  of  a  water-nvmph.        - 
Obione,  2.S7.    Gr.,  a  shield ;  the  round  leaves. 
'  )bolaria,  26S.     ffr.,  a  pieee  of  money.  I 

Ocimum,  2:^.  Gr.,  to  smell ;  strong-scented. 
<^nothera,  125.  (rr.,  wine-hunting;  incentive 
OLACACE^,  10.  [to  wiue-drinking. 

Oldenlandia,  150.  To  H.  B.  Oldenland,  Danish, 
•Jlea,276.  TheGreeknameof  the  Olive.  [1693. 
OLEACE^,  275. 

Omphalodes,  251.    Gr.,  navel-like. 
(JNAGRACE.E,  121. 
Oncidium,  328.    Gr.,  a  tumor ;  EC.  the  form  of 

the  depressed  stem. 
Onoclea,421.    <?r.,  closed  vessel;  sc.  the  fruit. 
Onopordon,  189.     Gr.,  an  ass,  to  explode  ;  its 

supposed  efl"ects. 
Onosmodium.  252.    Compared  to  the  Onosma. 


Onychium,  421.  Gr.,  the  finger  nail ;  a  fand 
ful  name.  [the  frond, 

Ophioglossum,  418.    Gr.,  scrnent's  tongue  ;  sc. 

Oplisraenns.S93.     Gr.,  strong  weapon ;  cock- 

Opuntia,  132.    From  Opus,  in  Locris.     [spur. 

ORCHIDACE^,  325. 

Orchis,  326.    Name  a  physiological  conceit. 

Origanum,  242.     Gr.,  mountain  joy. 

Oniithogalura,  .3-1:3.     Gr.,  bird  milk. 

OROBA'NCHACE^,  217.  [sc.  the  Vetch. 

Orobus,  100.     Gr..  to  e.xcite  (nourish)  the  ox ; 

Orontinm,  318.  Name  adopted  from  the  Greek. 

Orthodanum.  96.     Gr..  a  true  gift. 

Oryza,  3S3.    The  Arabic  name  is  6r!/2,=Rice. 

Oryzopsis,  388.     Gr.,  Oryza-like,=Rice-like. 

Osmant/ivs,  276.     Gr.,  fragrant  flower. 

Osmorhiza,  137.     Gr.,  fragrant  root. 

Osniunda,  418.  Osmunder  was  a  Celtic  divinity. 

Ostrva,  .307.  Gr.,  a  scale ;  sc.  the  scaly  catkins. 

Otophvlla.  2.31.     Gr.,  ear-leaf. 

OXALIDE^,  67.  [taste. 

Oxalis,  07.     Gr.,  acid ;  the  plant  has  a  sour 

Oxybaphns,  279.     Gr.,  acid  dye. 

O.xycoccus,  199.     Gr.,  acid  berry. 

O.xydendrum,  203.     Gr.,  acid  tree. 

Oxvria,  280.     G?:,  acid. 

Pachysandra,  21)8.     Gr.,  thick  stamens. 

P;eonia,  23.    To  the  physician  Pseon.      [ance. 

Ptepalanthns,  355.  GV.,  dust-flower;  itsappcar- 

Palafoxia,  ISl.  To  Palafox,  a  Spanish  general. 

PALMACEiE.  316. 

Panax,  142.    Gr.,  all-healing ;  sc.  the  Ginseng. 

Pancratium.  3:33.     Gr.,  all-potent. 

Panicum,  .391.    Lat..  a  panicle. 

Papaver.  32.    Laf.,  pap.  or  thick  milk  ;  Poppy 

PAPAVERACE^E.  31.  [seeds  were  used  in  pap 

PAPILTONACE^.  80.  [for  children. 

Pardanthus,  a37.  &'r.,  leopard  flower,     [cality. 

Parietaria,  .301.    G?:,  a  wall ;  their  frequent  lo- 

Pamassia,  115.  Mt.Parnassus  was  feigned  their 
nativity.  [dy  for  felon. 

Paronychia,  57  (58).    Gr.,  near  the  nail ;  reme- 

Parthenium,  17:3.  Gr.,  a  virgin ;  sc.  lis  medi- 
cinal properties.  [Millet. 

Paspalum,  389.    One  of  the  Greek  names  for 

Passifloi-a,  129.  Lat.,  passion-flower ;  the  flora) 
ortrans  resembling  the  Cross  and  nails. 

PASSIFLORACEX  129.  [its  form. 

Pastinaca,  136.    Lat.,  a  garden  dibble;  from 

Paulownia.  225.  To  Paulownia,  princess  of  Rus- 

Pavia,  75.  To  Prof  Peter  Paiv,  Leyden.      [sia. 

Pedicularis,  232.  i«<.,  alonse ;  sc.  Lousewort. 

Pelargonium,  6S.    Gr..  a  stork;  sc.  Stork-bill. 

P€i.laa,Ai\.     Gr.,  little  cup.  [character. 

Peltandra,  318.     Gr.,  shield  anther;  from  the 

Penicillaria,  3!»:3.  Lat..  a  pencil ;  sc.  the  spikes. 

Penthorum.  119.  &r..  five  bounds  ;  sc.ostj'les. 

Pcntstemoii,  224.     Gr..  five  stamens. 

Perilla,  240.    A  word  unexplained.  , 

Puriploca,  274.     Or.,  intertwining. 

Persea,  290.    Adopted  from  the  Egj'ptian. 

Persicaria.  2S2.    Lai.,  Peach-like. 

PETALIFER^,  316.  [mens. 

Petalostemon,  93.     Gr.,  petals  (joined  to)  eta- 

Petiveria,  284.    To  Dr.  J.  Petiver,  F.  R.  S. 

Petunia,  264.  Adopted  from  the  Braziruije^J^n. 

Peucedanum,  136.     Gr..  parched  pine  ;  sc.  its 

Phaca.  94.  Gr.,  to  eat ;  food,     [resinous  smell. 

Phacelia.  255.     Gr..  a  bundle ;  sc.  the  flowers. 

PH^NOGAMIA,  15. 

Phalaris,  394.   Gr.,  brilliant ;  its  shining  seeds. 

Pharbitis,  259.    Meaning  not  known. 

Phaseolus,  96.  Lat.,  a  little  boat ;  8C.  the  pods. 


LATIN    INDEX. 


435 


Phc-!liKTr>.  21'..  To  L.  &  J.  Phelipanx,  French. 
I'liiiadelphiis,  116.    Adopted  from  Aristotle. 
Phlegoiite?)-',  3G8.    Gr.^  burning  wins;  or  lern. 
Phleiim,  :87.    Adopted  from  the  Greek. 
Plilomi.s.  '^iS.  Gr.,  llame :  Ui^ed  for  lamp-wicks. 
Phlo.x,2:)(i.  6'r., flame:  the  appearance  of  the  lis. 
Phoro  lendron.  291.  Gr.,  thief  of  the  tree:  tree 
Phrajrmitet*,  404.  Gr.,  a  hedge ;  its  use.     [thief. 
Phrvma,  2:i(i.    The  meanins'  unknown. 
Phylrelius,  225.  [on  the  leaf-like  stems. 

PhvlIautliHs,  297.  (?r..  leaf-flower ;  the  flowers 
Phyllocactiis,  133.  (?/•.,  leaf  Cactus,  [leaves. 
Phyllodendron,  319.  (?;■.,  leaf-tree  ;  immense 
Phyllodoce,  201.  A  mythological  name. 
Pliysalis,  203.  Gr.,  a  bladder ;  sc.  the  calyx. 
Physo:'tegia,  247.  Gr.,  bladder  covering ;  calyx. 
Pliytolacca,  264.  Gr.,  plant  lac;  the  crimson 
PHYTOLACC.\CE.E.  284.  [fruit. 

Pilea,  31)0.    Lat.,  a  cap  ;  one  of  the  sepals. 
Pirapinella,  139.    Altered  Irom  bipiimate" 
Pinckneya,  l.iO.  To  Gen.  Piuckney,  of  S.  Car. 
Piiiguicula,  215.    Lat.,  fat ;  the  greasy  leaves. 
Pinus,  312.    The  ancient  Greek  name. 
PiHqveta,  129.    Cleaning  unknown. 
Pisoiiin,  279.    To  M.  Piso,  M.  D.,  Amsterdam. 
Plstia,  318.    Meaning  unexplained. 
Pi-um,  85.    Celt.,  »i.'(,=a  pea. 
PITTOSPORACEzE.  9. 

Planera.  299.  To  J.  Plauer.  a  German  botanist. 
rLAINTAGINACE.5!;.  213.  [in  footpaths. 

Plantago  213.  Lat.,  the  sole  of  the  foot :  grows 
PLATANACE^,  303. 
Plalanthera,  326.     Gr.,  broad  anther. 
Platanus,  303.  Gr.,  ample  ;  the  branches  &  Ivs. 
Platycerium,  419.    67-.,  broad  horn  ;  the  split 
Platycodon,  197.     Gr.,  broad  bell.  [frond. 

Pleea.  .349.  Gr.,  the  Pleiades  ;  seven  white  fls. 
Pluchea.  171.    Meaning  Huexplained. 
PLUMBAQINACE^,  214.       [dor  of  the  eyes. 
Plumbago,  215.    A  cure  for  plumbago,  a  disor- 
Poa,  401.    The  general  Greek  word  for  grass. 
Podocarpus,  316.     Gr.,  fruit-stalks  (long). 
Podophyllum,  28.     Gr.,  foot  leaf;  duck"s-foot. 
PODOSTEMIACKE.  302. 
Podostemum.  302.     Gr.,  foot  stem  ? 
Podostigma,  273.     Gr.,  foot  (stalked)  stigma. 
Pogonia,  330.     Gr.,  beard  ;  flower.-  fringed. 
I'oinciana,  99.    To  M.  dc  Poinci,  gov.  Antille.-. 
Polani-ia,  44.     Gr.,  many  unequal  (stamens). 
POLEMONIACEJ3,  256. 
Polemonium,  257.     Gr.,  war:  Pliny  says  that 

two  kings  fought  for  its  honors. 
Polianthen,  334.     Gr.,  polished  flower. 
Polyanihes,  334.     Gr.,  many  (lowers. 
Polycarpon,  57.     Gt-.,  mtich  tii'.it. 
Polvgala,  78.    Gr.,  much  milk  ;  elTect  on  goats. 
POLYGALACE^E,  78. 
POLYGON ACE^,  2S0. 
Polygonatum,  346.     Or.,  many  joints. 
Polygonella,  282.    From  Polygonum. 
Polygonum,  282.     Gr.,  many  joints. 
Polymnia,  172.  The  name  of  one  of  the  Muses. 
Polypodium,  420.     Gr.,  many  feet  (roots). 
Polypogon,  3S6.     Gr.,  much  beard. 
Polypremum,  269.     Gr.,  many  stems. 
PolypteHs,  181.     Gr.,  maiiy  wings. 
Polytienia,  136.     Gr.,  many  fillets  (vitt:c). 
Pontederia,  3.50.    To  Prof.  Julius  Pontedcra, 
PONTEDEPJACE.E.  350.  [of  I'adua. 

Ponthieva.  330.    To  M.  ile  Ponthieu,  W.  India. 
Populus,  311.   The  arboi'  pojndi  of  the  Romans. 
Portulaca,  59.    Lat.,  to  cairy  milk,  or  juice. 
PORTULACACE^,  58. 


I  Potamogeton,  321 .  Gr.,  neighbor  of  the  river. 
j  Poteiitiila,  107.  Lat..  powerful  (in  medicine). 
I  Poterium.  108.  Lat.,  a  cup ;  used  in  cool  drinks. 

Primula.  211.    Lat.,  the  lirst;  early  flowering. 

PRIMULACE^,  210. 

Prinos.  208.    The  Greek  name  of  the  Holly. 

Priva,  235.    Derivation  unknown.        [dulons. 

Prosarles,  347.     Gr.,  to  suspend  ;  sc.  fls.  pen- 

Proserpinaca,  120.  Lat..  to  creep  :  sc.  the  roots. 

Prunus,  101.    The  old  Greek  name. 

Psilocarya,  SGI.     Gr.,  slender  Carex. 
!  Psilotum.  415.     Gr.,  naked  (of  leaves). 

P<oralea,  9>.  Gr.,  scurfy;  from  the  appear- 
I  Psycotria,  147.    Or.,  paijche,  life  ?  [ancc 

I  Ptelea,  71.    The  Greek  name  for  the  Elm. 
I  Pteris,421.     Or.,  a  wing;  the  fronds. 
j  Pterocaulon,  171.     Gr.,  wimred  stem. 

Ptcrospora,  207.     Gr.,  winged  seed. 

Pulsatilla.  17.    A  coined  name. 

Puiiica,  123.    Lat..  of  or  near  Carthage. 

Pycnaiithemnm,  241.     Gr.,  dense  flowers. 

Pyrethrum,  1S4.   Gr..  fire  ;  taste  of  the  roots. 

Pyrola,  205.    From  Pijnts,  pear-tree  ;  its  Ivs. 

Pyrrhopappus,  193.  Gr..  flamc-colorod  pappus. 

Pyrularia,  292.    Meaning  unexplained. 

Pyrus,  113.  Peren  was  the  Celtic  word  for  Pear. 

Pyxidanthera.'ioS.  Gr,  box  anther,    [cyamos. 

Quamoclit.  258.    Resembles  the  bean-vine,= 

Quercus,  305.  The  orig.  name,  from  the  Celtic. 

Randia.  To  .J.  Rand,  a  London  botanist. 

RANUNCULACE.B,  15.  [phibious. 

Ranunculus.  19.    Lat..  a  little  frog;  sc.  am- 

Raphanus,  43.     Gr.,  quick  to  appear  ;   rapid 

Reseda,  45.   i«^,  to  calm,  or  soolhe.   [growth. 

RESEDACE^,  44. 

RHAMNACE.E.  70. 

Rhamnus,  77.    The  old  name,  from  the  Celtic. 

Rheum,  281.     First  found  on  the  banks  of  th^ 
River  Rha  (Volga). 

Rhexia,  122.    Ixit.,  a  rupture  ;  an  astringent. 

Rhinanthus,  232.     Gr..  snout-flower. 

RHIZOPORACEJB,  8. 

Rhodanthe,  180.     Gr.,  rose-flower. 

Rhododendron,  203.     Gr.,  rose-tree. 

Rhodora,  204.     Gr.,  the  rose  ;  sc.  the  color. 

Rhus,  72.    From  the  Celtic  rhvdd,  red. 

Rhynchosia,  96.     (xr.,  a  beak  ;  flower  beaked. 

Rhyuchospora,  365.     Gr.,  beak-seed. 

lihytiglosHa,  231.     Gr.,  wrinkled  touErue. 

Ribes,  117.    Adopted  from  the  Arabic. 

Richardia.  319.    To  L.  C.  Richard.  French. 

Ricinus,  297.    iMt.,  a  tick  ;  sc.  the  seeds. 

Rivina,  284.    To  A.  Q,.  Riviuus.  of  Saxony. 

Robinia,  95.  To  Jean  Robin,  bot.  to  Henry  IV. 

Rochea,  119.    To  M.  de  la  Roche.  French. 

Rosa,  108.    C(?rt.,red;  the  prevailing  color  ol 

ROSACEA,  101.  [the  flowers. 

Rosmarinus,  244.    IM.,  dew  of  the  sea. 

Rottbtt'llia,  409.    To  C.  F.  Rotthrell,  Danish. 

Roubieva,  286     To  G.  J.  Roubieu,  French. 

ROXBURGHIACE^,  3;W. 

Rubia,  148.    Lat.,  red  ;  the  color  of  the  roots. 

RUBIACE.J;,  147. 

Rubus,  104.     Velt.,  red  ;  color  of  the  fruit. 

Rudbeckia,  175.   To  Prof.  Olaf  Rudbec,  Upsal. 

Ruellia,  2:S.  To  John  Ruelle,  bot.  to  Francis  I. 

Rngelia,  188.    To  Mr.  Rugel,  collector  in  Fla. 

Rumex,  281.  Lat.,  to  suck;  th=!  Ivs.  allay  thirst. 

Ruppia,  3.'1.    To  II.  B.  Ruppia,  German. 

Russelia.  225.    To  Alex.  Russel,  M.D.,  F.  R.  S. 

Ruta,  TO.     Gr..  to  flov,- ;  Eng.,  Rue. 

RUTACE^.  70. 

Sabal,  317.    Word  not  explained. 


436 


LATIN  INDEX. 


Sahhatia.  2f)fi.  To  L.  Sabhati,  an  Italian  bot. 
Siicchanim.  '110.  The  Arabic  name  is  sotikar; 
Saserelia.  76.  To  M.  Saireret.  Fr.  [Eng.,  sugar. 
Sa<rina,  5(5  (.5.5).  Lat.,  latness  ;  for  pasturage. 
Sa'littariji.  323.  iai.,  au  arrow  ;  sliapcofthe 
SALICACEJi;,  309.  [leaves. 

Salicornia,  287.    Lat.,  salt  hom;  the  locality 

and  shape.  [Salisbury,  Eng. 

Salisbnria,  316.  To  the  digtinguished  R.  A. 
Salix,  3U9.     CeUic,  near  the  water.  [style. 

Salpiirlossis,  221.     Gr.,  tube  tongne;  so.  the 
Salsola,  2S8.  Laf.,  salt;  grows  in  salt  marshes. 
Salvia,  241.    Lat.,  salvo,  to  save  ;  salutary. 
Sambucus,  116.    Lat.,  a  musical  instrument, 

made  of  elderwood. 
Saniohis,  213.     C'el/ic,  pig's  food.  [juice. 

Siinguiiiaria.  31.  Laf.,  blood  ;  tilled  with  red 
f>'a?if/inf09'ba,  108.  Lat,  to  absorb  (stanch) 
Sanicnla,  135.     Laf..  to  heal.  [blood. 

S.A.NTALACE.E,  291. 
SAPINDACEiE,  7,3. 

Sapindus,  75.    Sapo  Ii.dicus  ;  Indian  soap. 
Saponaria,  53.    7-0^.,  soap:  sc.  feoapwort. 
SAPOTACE.^,  210.  [corona. 

S^rcostemnia,  2'2.      Gr..  fleshy  crown  ;    the 
Sarracenii.  3  ).    To  Dr.  Sarrasin,  of  Quebec. 
SAKRACENIACE^i;,  30. 
Sassairas,  2!)0.    Tlie  aboriginal  name. 
Satnreja,  24-'.    The  Arabic  Sal.tar,  a  labiate 
SAURUUACE.E.  301.  [plant. 

Saurunis,  301.     Gr'.,  lizard-tail. 
Sa.xirraga.  113.    Lat.,  to  break  a  stone:  grow- 
ing in  the  clefts  of  rocks. 
KAXlFUAGACEyE,  112. 
Scabiosa.  152.    Lat.,  the  itch  :  which  it  cures. 
Scievola,  10.  Z«'.,  the  left  hand;  sc.  the  corolla. 
Scaiidi.K,  137.    The  Greek  name  of  an  eatable 

plant.  [a  German  botanist. 

SclutfTeria,  76.  To  Jos.  Christian  Schiefter, 
Scheuchzeria.  324.  To  John  and  Jas.  Scheuch- 

zer,  Gorman.  [flowers. 

Schiziiea,  419.     Laf.,  to  cut:   applied  to  the 
Schizandra,  2.5.    Lat..  to  cleave  (.the  stamens). 
Schizanthus,  221.    Lat.,  cut  flower. 
Schizopetalon.  40.    Lat.,  cut  petals. 
Schizostylis,  33T.    Lat.,  cut  style. 
Schrenocaulon,  31S.    Gr.,  rush-stem. 
Schcenoliriou,  314.     Gr.,  Rush-lily. 
Schollera,  350.    To  one  Scholler.  a  Germ.  bot. 
tjchranUia,  82.  To  F.  de  Paula  Schrank.  Germ. 
Schwalbea,  232.    To  one  Schwalb,  Germ.  bot. 
Schweinitzia.  207.    To  Rev.  Lewis  da  Schwei- 

nitz,  North  Carolina. 
Scilla,  .343.     Gr.,  to  injure:  bulb  paisonous. 
Scirpus,  :5C1.     Coll.,  cirs,  rushes. 
SCITAMINE^,  331. 
Scleranlhus,  58.     Gr.,  hard  flower. 
Scleria,  :i>7.    Gr.,  hard ;  referring  to  the  fruit. 
Sclerolepis.  156.     Gr.,  hard  scales. 
Scolopendrium,  425.    Lat.,  a  centipede ;   its 

appearance  beneath. 
Scrophtilaria,  224.    Good  in  the  scrofula. 
SCROPHULAUIACE.^,  220.      [^c.  tlie  calyx. 
Scutellaria,  246.    Lat.,  a  little  cup,  or  vizor ; 
Seutia.  76.    /-«<.,  a  shield.  [lian. 

Sebastiana,  293  (296).   Dedicated  to  St.  Sebas- 
Secale.  4  )(i.    The  ancient  name  of  Rye. 
Sedum.  118.   Lat.,  to  sit ;  habit  of  the  plants. 
Selaginella,  414.     Diminutive,   from  Selago, 

club-moss.  [ley. 

Selinmu,  139.    Selinon  is  the  Greek  for  Pars- 
Seinpervivura,  119.     Lat,,  to  live  forever, 
benebicra,  43.    To  John  de  Senebier,  Geneva. 


Senecio,  187.  Laf.,  an  old  man ;  the  receptacle 

Sequoya.  315.    The  Indian  name.         [naked. 

Suricocarpus,  100.    Lat.,  silken  frnit. 

Sesamum,  219.  From  the  Egyptian,  Sempsen. 

Sesbania,  93.    The  Arabic  name  is  Sesban. 

Sesnvium.  1$3.    Not  explained. 

Setaiia,  394.    Lat.,  a  bristle  ;  sc.  the  involucre. 

Seutera,  274.    Not  explained. 

Seymeria,  2311.    To  Henrv  Seymcr,  English. 

Slwpherdia.  203.     To  John  Shepherd,  Liver- 

Shortia,  206.    To  Dr.  Short,  Kentucky,    [pool, 

Sibbaldla,  107.  To  Prof.  Robert  Sibbald.  Edin- 

Sicyos,  130.  The  Greek  for  Cucumber,  [burgh. 

Sida.  01.    Adopted  from  Theophrastus. 

Sideroxylon,  2l0.    Gr.,  iron-wood.         [tions, 

Silcne,  53.    Gr.,  saliva ;  from  the  viscid  secre- 

Silphium,  172.    Adopted  from  the  Greek. 

Simaruba,  72.    The  name  in  the  West  Indies. 

SIMARUBACE^,  71.  [bage-plants. 

iSinapis,  40.   A  general  name  in  Greek  for  cab- 

Siphonych'a,  &^.     Gr..  tube,  and  Anychia. 

Sisymbrium,  39  (37).    The  old  Greek  name. 

Sisyrinchium,  337.      Gr.,  pig-snout ;    sc.  the 
spathe. 

Slum,  141  (140).  From  a  Celtic  word  for  water. 

SMILACE/E,  :338. 

Smilacina,  .346.    Derived  from  Smila.v. 

SmiU.x,  3.3S.    Gr..  a  scraper:  from  its  rough- 

SOLANAriE.^,  261.  [ness. 

Solanum,  262.    Etymolnsrv  doubtful. 

Solea,  45.    To  W.  Sole,  of  England. 

Solidago.  166.  Lat. .toiuiUe;  good  for  wounds. 

Soliva,  185.  To  Salvator  Soliva,  M.  D.,  Spain. 

Sonchus,  194.    Gr.,  hollow;  its  stems  are  hoi- 

Sophora,  100.  Adapted  f.om  the  Arabic,   [low. 

Sot-bus,  112.    Old  name  for  Mountain  Ash. 

S{)rghiim.  411.    The  Italian  name  is  Sorghi. 

SPADICIFLOR^,  Sid.  [like  leaves. 

Sparganium, 320.   Gr.,  a  fillet ;  for  the  ribbtm- 

Spartina,  408.     Gr.,  a  rope ;  the  use  of  its  Ivs. 

Spartiutn,  90.     Gr.,  a  rope ;  use  of  its  twigs. 

Specularia,  190.    Za^.,  a  mirror;  suggested  by 
the  flowers. 

Spergula,  57.    Laf ,  to  scatter  (its  seeds). 

Spurgularia,  57.    From  Spergula. 

Spermacoce,  119.     Gr.,  seed-points  ;  the  pod 
pointed  with  the  calyx  lobes. 

Sphenogyno,  173.     (?r.,  wedge-shaped  pistil. 

Spigelia",  269.    To  Prof.  Adrien  Spigelius,  Pa  ■ 
diia,  1620.  [brow  j. 

Spilanthes.  180.     Gr.,  spot-flower;   the  d'sk 

Spinacia.  287.    Laf..  a  spine  or  prickle. 

Spir;ca,  103.     6'?'..  to  wind;  sc.  into  wreaths. 

Spiranthes,  .329.  Gr.,  spiral  fls. ;  spike  twisted. 

iS}nroUela, '319.    (rr,  spiral  bait;  duck-meat. 

Sporobolus,  ?JS4.    Gr.,  to  cast  the  seeds ;  drnp- 
I  Sprekelia,  .334.    A  personal  name.  [seed. 

I  Stachys,  248.    A  spike  (of  flowers). 
:  Stachytarpha,  235.    Gr.,  spikes  dense,    [dam. 
I  Stapelia,  275.  To  Dr.  Boderus  Stapel,  Anister- 
'  Staphylea,  74.    Gr..  a  cluster  (the  scarlet  fr.) 

Staticc,  215.     Gr..  to  stop;  an  astringent. 

Stellaria,  55.    Laf.,  a  star. 

Stmaiithiwn,  319.    Gr.,  narrow  flower. 

Ste;iotaphrum.410. 

Stephanotis.  275.      Gr..   crown,   ear;    crown 
with  ear-shaped  segments. 

Sterculia,  (B.   Lat.,  stercus:  from  its  bad  odor. 

STEKCULIACEyE.  (53. 

Stillingia,  296.  To  Dr.  Benj.  Stillingflect.  Eng. 

Siipa,  388.    Lat.,  something  silky  or  leathery. 

Stipulicida,  57.    Lat.,  cut  stipules. 

Stokcsia,  156.    To  Dr.  Jonathan  Stokes.  Kng. 


LATIN    INDEX. 


437 


Sti-elitzi.1.  331.    To  tho  Queen  of  George  in., 

of  Mecklenbm-g-Strelitz. 
Streptopus,  347.     ff;-.,  twisted  foot  (-stalk). 
Stnini|)iia.  147.    A  personal  name. 
Struthioptori-,  '.'21.     Gr.,  osiricli-win<}:  (fern). 
Stuartia,  (ii.  To  John  Stuart,  Marquis  of  Bute. 
Stylisma.  ifiO.    Refers  to  the  two  styles. 
Stvlo<anthes.R7.  G?'., style, flower;  stjlelong. 
STYRAC.\CE.E.  203. 

Styrax.  209.    The  Arabic  name  i<  Assthiac. 
Siihularia,  42.    Suhnla  is  the  Latin  for  an  awl. 
Sullivantia,  114.    To  Wm.  S.  Sullivant,  Ohio. 
Swietenia.  CO.    To  Gerard  van  Swieten,  Hol- 
SURIANACE.?:,  8.  [land. 

Symphoricarpns.  144.  Or.,  to  accumulate  fruit. 
Symphytum,  25-J.   Gr..  to  cause  to  unite ;  heal- 
Symplocarpns.  318.  (??•..  connected  fruit,  [ing. 
Symplocos,  20S.     Gr.,  c(nir.eCLed  (stamens). 
Synandra,  247.     Gr.,  united  anthers. 
Sj/ndesmon.  17.     Gr.,  with  a  bond. 
Synthyris.  228.     Gr.,  door  (valves)  closed. 
Syriuga.  2T6.    Gr..  a  pipe  ;  the  slender  shoots 

are  "filled  only  with  pith.  [god. 

Tagetes,  18S.    Dedicated  to  Tags?,  a  Tuscan 
Talinum,  5n.    From  thalia.  a  green  branch? 
Tamarix.  (i4.    Foimd  on  the  river  Tamaris, 
TAMARISCINE.5-::.  tiS.  [France. 

Tanacetum,  183.    Altered  from  Athanasia  ? 
Taraxacum.  133.     &)'.,  a  cathartic. 
TAXACE^,  315. 

Taxodinm,  315.     Gr.,  like  the  Tew. 
Taxus.  316.    Gr..  the  bow  ;  used  for  making. 
Tecoma,  218.    The  Mexican  name,     [flowers. 
Telanlhera,  280.     Gr..   complete   or   perfect 
Tephrosia,  94.     Gr..  ash-colored  (herbage). 
Tetra2:nnothecn.    175.     Gr.,    four-angled    en- 
Tetranthera.  2!)1.    Or.,  four  anthers,  "[vclope. 
Tencrium.  2».    To  Teuccr,  founder  of  Troy. 
Thalia.  .3.32.   To  J.  TIkiHus,  M.  D.,  Germ.,  1.5S5. 
Thalictrum,  18.    Gr..  to  grow  green. 
Thaspium,  13-i.    From  the  Isle  of  Tha.=pia  or 

Thapsu*. 
Then.  «">.     Telia  is  tlie  Chinese  for  Tea. 
TIIEOPHRASTACE^,  210. 
Tliermopsis,  S.5.     Gr..  like  a  Lupine.  [F.  K.  S. 
Thunberaria.  233.    To  Charles  P.  Thunberg. 
Thuj'a,  315.    Gr.  thijov.  a  sacrifice  ;  the  wood 
T/>in/op'is.  S^'^.    LikeThnva.  [soused. 

THYMELACE.^.  2J2.  [Thyme  is  reviving. 
Thymus.  213.  Gr.,  courage;  the  smell  of 
Thysanella,  2S2.  Gr.  thysdnoius.  fringed. 
Tiarella,  113.  7'iara.  a  Persian  diadem,  [burg. 
Tiednumnia,  ISti.  To  Prof.  Tiedmann,  Ileidel- 
Tigridia.  .337.  Lat.,  like  a  tiger;  fls.  spotted. 
Tilia.  ()4.  Etymology  unknow'n. 
TILIACE.E,(i4. 

TilLe.i.  lis.     To  M.  A.  TilH.  Italian. 
Tiilaudsia,  .3.3.5.    To  Prof.  Elias  TiUauds.  Abo. 
Tipnlaria,  323.    Lat..  Tipula,  the  crane-fly. 
Toiieldia.  34'.).    Dedicated  to  a  Mr.  Tofield. 
Torreya  3i6.    Dedicated  to  Dr.  John  Torrey. 
Touriiefortia,  250.  To  Joseph  P.  de  Tournefort. 
Trade^cantia.  353.  To  J.Tradescant,  gardener. 
Ti  agia.  29b.  To  Jerome  Bock  Tragus.  German. 
Tragopo;ron.l91.  Gr..  goafs  beard;  the  pappus. 
Traiitvetteria,  19.    To  one  Trautvetter,  Germ. 
Tiibnlus,  67.     (rr.,3-pointfd;  sc.  each  carpel. 
Trichelostylis,  3(3.     Gr.,  triple  style. 
Trichomaiies.  41.>.     ffr.,  soft  hair;  the  stipes. 
Trichostema,  239.     Gr.,  hair  stamens. 
Tricnspis,  3!I8.     Gr..  3-cucped  ;  the  chaff. 
Trientalis,  212.    Lat.,  triens,  3  inches  (high),     j 
Trifolinm,  91.    Laf.,  three-leaf;  Irs.  3-foliate. 


Triglochin.  3.M.   (;;•.,  three  points  ;  pod  3-angl. 

Triironella.  100.     Gr.,  .3-angled  ;  so  the  corolla. 

TRILLIACE^.  340. 

Trill inm,  340.    Parts  of  the  plant  all  in  3s. 

Triosteum,  144.    Gr.,  three  bones  (bony  seeds). 

Tripsacum.  4C9.     Gr.,  to  thresh. 

Trisetnm,  :^)7.    Lat.,  three  bristles  (awns). 

Triticura,  406.     Lat.  trilo,  to  rub  or  grind. 

Tritoma,  315.  Gr.,  thrice-cutting;  Ivs.  .3-ed£red. 

Trollius,  21.    German,  ti'ol,  sohiethinc:  round. 

Tropa3olum.  69.     Gr.,  trophy  ;  shield  and  hel- 

Troximon.  193.  (rr..  something  eatable,  [met. 

TUBULIFLOR.^,  152,  153. 

Tulipa,  311.    The  Persian  name  is  Thmtlpban. 

Turnera.  129.  To  Wm.  Turner,  Z\I.  D.,  London, 

TURNERACE.E,  128.  [1550. 

Turritis,  36.    Lat.,  a  tower  ;  remarkably  erect. 

Tus'^ilasrn.  liiO.    Lat.,  tuxsU,  a  coni.'h  :  cure  for. 

Tvpha.  320.     Gr..  a  marsh ;  the  habitat. 

TYPnACK.-E.  319. 

ULMACE.E,  29S. 

nmns.  2f!8.    The  Saxon  name  was  iilm. 

TTMBELLIFER/E,  133. 

T'niola,  403.    LMt.,  unity;  many  fls.  in  one  ? 

Urtica.  .300.    Lat..  to  biiru  iuro) ;  stinging. 

URTICACE/E.  29S. 

ITtriculana.2I6.  Lat..  w/7-?cv;</.  a  lit  tie  bladder. 

Uvularia.  347.    Usi-d  for  diseases  of  the  xtviUa. 

Vaccinium.  108.    The  ancient  name. 

Vaehellia,  99.    Not  explaijied. 

Valeriana,  1.50.    To  King  Valerius. 

VALERIANACE^.  150. 

Valerianella,  151.     Derived  from  Valeriana. 

Vallesia,  270.  ToF.Vallesio.  phys.  to  Philip II. 

Vallisneria.  325.    To  Ant.  Vallisner.  Italv. 

Vallota,  333.    To  Pierre  Vallo,  French,   [root. 

Veratrum,  348.    Lat..  true  black  ;  the  fls.  oi 

Veibascum,  222.    ia^,  beard;  plant  woolly. 

Verbena.  235.    From  the  Celtic  i^er^fn. 

VERBENACE.^.  235. 

Verbesina.  ISO.    Same  meaning  as  Verbena. 

Vernonia.  1.55.    To  Wra.  Vernon,  collector  la 

North  America. 
Veronica,  229.    Not  well  explained. 
Vesicaria.  42.  Za/..  a  blister;  the  inflated  pods. 
Viburnum,  14li.   Lat..  to  tie :  twisrs  pliant. 
Vicia,  S6.    Lat..  vhwio,  to  bind  :  its  tendrils. 
Victoria.  30.    To  Queen  Victoria,  of  England. 
Viu'na.  96.    To  Dominic  Vigni. 
Vilfa,  35!4.     Of  unknown  meaning. 
Vinca,  270.    Lat.  ■vinculum,  a  band. 
Vincetoxicum,  274.    Meaning  unexplained. 
Viola,  4.5.    The  old  Latin  name. 
VIOLACE.E,  45. 

Vl^iana.  276.    To  Prof.  Visiani,  Patavia. 
VITACE^,  77.  [ible. 

Vitex,  237.    Lat.,  vieo,  to  bind  ;  branches  flex- 
Vitis,  77.    Celtic,  gwi/d,  =  best  of  trees. 
Vittaria.  .365.    Lat.,  liUtn,  a  riband  ;  its  form. 
Waldsteiuia.  107.    To  Franz  de  Walds-tein. 
Waltheria,  63.  To  Prof.  A.  F.  Wallher,  Leipsic. 
Warea,  .39.    To  Mr.  Ware,  its  discoverer, 
Whitlavia,  255.    A  personal  name. 
TVieciefa.  41.5.    A  personal  name.  [rania. 

Wisfandia.  250.    To  Bishop  Wigand,  of  Pome- 
Wistaria.  98.    To  Prof.  Caspar  V.'islar.  Phila. 
Wolflia.  319.    A  nersonal  name. 
Vroodsia,  42".     To  Joseph  Woods.  English. 
Woodwardia,  423.    To  Thomas  J.  Woodward, 
Xanthium,  174.    Said  to  dye  the  hair  yellow. ' 
Xanthosoma,  318.     Gr.,  yellow  mouth. 
Xant.hoxylum.    See  Zanthoxylum. 
Xcranthemum,  186.     Gr.,  dry  flowers. 


438 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


Xerophyllum,  349.     Gr.,  dry  leaf.  [monk. 

Ximenia.    10.     To   F.  Ximenes,    a    Spanish 
Xi/losteon,  145.     Gr.,  wood  bone  ;  hard  wood. 
XYRIDACE^,  354. 
Xyris,  354.     G^.,  acute  ;  sc.  the  leaves. 
Viicca,  345.    The  Peruvian  name.  [I'ab'- 

Zannichellia,  321.    To  John  J.  Zannichelli, 
Zanthorhiza,  21.     Chr.,  yellow  root. 
Zanthoxylum,  70.     Gr.,  yellow  wood. 
ZauBchneria,  125.    A  personal  narae. 


Zea,  4W).    Or.,  sao,  to  live  ;  plants  nnfritive. 
ZephyranthuK,  Z'-IZ.    Gr.,  z»phyr  tiower. 
Zigadcnus,  348.     Gr.',  joined  glands  (on  the 

petals). 
Zinnia,  175.  To  Prof.  John  G.  Zinn,  Gottingen 
Zizania,  363.    A  Greek  name  adopted. 
Zizirt,  138  (139).     To  J.  B.  Zizi,  German. 
Zomia,  86.    To  John  Zom,  Bavaria. 
Zostera,  3-31.     6V.,  a  riband  ;  sc.  the  long  h'8. 
ZYGOPHYLLACE^,  66. 


ENGLISH    INDEX, 


\belc  Poplar 

Acacia.  Rose 

\CANTIIADS 

Aconite 

VOROGENS 

Adam  and  Eve 

Adder's-tongue 

\iXrimony 

Alder (21:8) 

-Alexanders 

All-seed 

Almond 

Aloe 

Aliim-root 

AMARANTHS 

Amaranth,  Globe 

A.VIARYLLIDS 

American  Centaury 

Ami'rican  Laurel 

Angelica 

Angelica-tree 

Angelico 

\uise (24) 

ANONADS 

Apple 

\.pp1e  Haw 

Apple  of  Peru 

Apple  of  Sodom 

Apricot 

\rtALIADS 

■  rbor-vita; 

VROIDS 

\rro\v  Grass 

\rrow-head 

Arrow-root 

Arrow-wood 

Artichoke (177) 

ASCLEPIADS 

Ash (70,  112) 

Ash  Maple 

-Vspen 

Aster 

ASTERWORTS 

Atamasco  Lily   

Auricula 

Aveus 

Awlwort 

Bachelor's  Button 

Balm (72,241,311) 

Batm-of-Gilead 72, 

Balsamine 

Baltimore  Belle 


Banana  

R31 

Black  Grass 

352 

Baneberry 

Black  Hav/ 

147 

Banyan  

a'.c.i 

Black  Hoarhound  . . 

248 

Barley 

Basil 

404 

(23S,  213)  241 

Blackjack  

305 

Blackroot  

171 

X 

64 
2H1 
340 

Black  Snakeroot. 

.    23 

Ill 

Bath-llower 

Bladder  Campion  . . 

53 

Bay 24,65 

12J,  203 

2!)() 

Bladder  Fern 

425 

Bayberry 

K(«) 

Bladder-nut 

74 

Bay-galls 

2i»0 

Bladder-pod 

12 

Bayonet  Rush . . . 

^x^^ 

Bladder  Senna 

95 

Bean 

...(26S)    9(i 

Bladderwort 

216 

BEAN  CAPERS. 

66 

Blazing  Star 

..157,  349 

201 

3:i 

388 
224 

Blessed  Thistle  .... 
Blite 

.....  286 

315 
345 

Blood-root 

BLOOD  WORTS... 

31 

Bear's  Thread... 

335 

14H 

Bluebell 

196 

307 
217 

Blueberry 

Blue-curls 

198 

239 

....(207 

Beet 

2M5 

Blue  Dangles 

Blue-eyed  Grass.... 
Blue  Flag 

198 

206 
251 

337 

Beggar- ticks 

\m 

3;36 

BEGONIADS  . . . 

131 

Blue  Grass 

403 

BELLWORTS... 

196 

Blue-hearts 

2:50 

Bellwort 

317 

Blue  Palmetto 

317 

Bent  Grass 

3H4 

Bluets 

149 

BERBERIDS  . . . 

27 

Bog  Rush 

367 

Berberry 

27 

Boneset 

(160)  158 

Bergamot 

245 

Borrage 

BOR^AGEWORTS 

251 

Betony 

24!) 

2.50 

Bhotan  Pine 

31'^, 

Boston  Iris 

336 

Big  Laurel 

24 

Bottle-brush 

122 

IMS 

Bouncing  Bet 

Boursault 

53 

Bindweed  

....(2S3)  260 

109 

BINDWEEDS  . . 

258 

Bowman's-rodt 

104 

Birch 

30S 

Box  Elder 

74 

BHiCHWORTS. 

307 

Boxwood 

298 

Bird's-nest 

208 

424 

Brake 

421 

Birthvvort 

27M 

Bramble 

104 

BIRTH  WORTS. 

278 

Bridal  Rose 

105 

Bishop's-cap 

113 

Brier 

.(S2)  109 

Bishopweed 

141 

Broccoli 

40 

Bitter  Cres8 

37 

Brome  Grass 

3(17 

Bitter-nut 

304 

BROMELIADS  .... 

335 

Bittersweet 

262 

Brooklime 

229 

Bitter  Vetch 

100 

Broom 

...90,  100 

Black  Alder 

208 
104 

Broom  Com  

Broom  Grass 

....!  411 

Blackberry 

411 

Blackberry  Lily 

3;j7 

Broom-rape 

217 

ENGLISH     INDEX. 


439 


nnOOMRAPES 217 

Biyoiiy 130 

Buck  Beau 268 

Buckeye 74 

Buckthorn 77 

BUCKTHORNS 76 

Buckwheat 284 

Buckwheat-tree 205 

Buffalo-berry 293 

Bugbane    2;3 

Bugleweed 240 

BprIoss (251)  252 

Call  Rush 361 

Burdock (173)  190 

Burnet 108 

Cnrning-bush 76 

Burr  Grass 394 

Burr  Marigold ISO 

Burr  Reed 320 

Burr-seed '-iol 

BURSERIDS 72 

Bush  Clover 89 

Bush  Honeysuckle 146 

Bush  Trefoil 88 

Buttercups 19 

Buttertly-wced 273 

Butternut 304 

Bntterweed 187 

BUTTERWORTS 215 

Putton-bush 150 

Buttonwood 303 

Cabbage 40 

Cactus 1:^2 

Cajsput 122 

Cale 40 

Cjilaminth 243 

Calamus 319 

Calico-bush 200 

California  Poppy 32 

CALYCANTHS 25 

CAMELLIAS 64 

Cunipion 53.  54 

Canada  Thistle 190 

C;anary-bird 09 

Canary  Grass 394 

Candleberry 309 

Candytuft 42 

'.'ane 404 

Canterbury  Bells 196 

CAPERS 66 

Caper  Spurge 295 

CAPPARIDS 44 

Caraway 133 

Cardinal-flower 195 

Cardoon 18S 

Carnation 52 

Carolina  Beech-drops 207 

Carpet  Cress 43 

Carpet-weed 58 

Carrion-flower 275,  S39 

Carrot 139 

Cassena  Tea 2US 

Castor-oil  Plant 297 

Catalpa 218 

Catchtly 53 

Catchfly  Grass 383 

Cat-£rut 94 

Catiiiint 245 

Catnep 246 

Cat-tail .S87,  320 

Cauliflower 40 

Cayenne  Pepper. 263  i 

Cedar 314,315  ' 


Cedar-of-Lebanon. 

314 

Crape  Myrtle 

153 

Celandine 

31 

Creeping  Greenhead 

150 

Celery 

140 

Cress 36,37 

39,  43,  69 

Centaury 

Century  Plant 

266 

334 

.....  335 

Crookneck  Squash. 
CROWBERRLES... 

130 

Chaff-seed 

232 

302 

Chamomile 

183 

Crowberry 

30:i 

Chaste-tree 

2:37 

Crowfoot 

19 

Cheat 

358 

!  CROWFOOTS 

15 

Checkerberry 

201 

1  Crow  Garlic  

344 

CHENOPOD8 

284 

1  Crownbeard 

180 

Cherry (262,  203)  102 

Crown  Imperial 

i  CRUCIFERS 

343 

Cherry  Laurel 

102 

34 

Chequered  Lily  ... 
Chervil 

342 

137 

'  Cuckoo-flower 

38 

1  Cucumber 

(130)  131 

Chess 

s;i7 

1  Cucumber-root 

340 

Chestnut 

306 

24 

Chick  Pea 

85 

1  CUCURBITS 

129 

Chickweed 54,55 

ChickweedWintergreen..  212 

Cudweed .... 

185 

Culver's  Physic... 

229 

Chicorv 

.   190 

Cup-plant 

173 

China  Aster 

165 

Cupseed 

27 

Chinquapin 

307 

Currants 

117 

Chokeberry 

112 

Cutflower 

221 

Chokecherry 

Christmas  Rose... 
Cinnamon  Fern. .. 

102 

21 

360 

383 

CYCADS 

Cypress 

(257)  315 

Cinquefoil 

107 

Cypress  Vine 

2.58 

(71)  130 

Datfbdil 

Dahlia 

333 

166 

Gives 

.'.....  344 

Cleavers 

148 

Dahoon 

207 

Climbing  Boneset. 

160 

Daisy 

Dandelion 

165 

Climbing  Fern 

418 

.(191)  193 

Clotwecd 

174 

DAPHNADS  

...  .292 

Cloudberry 

Clover  

......    105 

.(89,92)91 

Darnel 

405 

Daughter-of-Spring. 

140 

Club  Moss 

413 

DavLilv  ..   .   ...   . 

345 

CLUB  MOSSES... 

413 

Deadly  Nightshade. 

284 

Club  Rush 

3!il 

Deerberry 

198 

Cock's-conib 

283 

122 

393 

Deer's-tongue 

Cocoa  Plum 

Coffee  Bean 

Coffee-tree 

101 

85 

Dickson's  Peru. 

423 

Dill 

136 

Cohosh 

27 

Ditch  Grass 

321 

Colic-root 

Colocynth 

3a5 

131 

Ditch  Moss 

.     324 

Dittany 

240 

Colt's-foot 

160 

Dock 

281 

Columbine 

Columbo 

Comfrey 

22 

268 

252 

Dogbane.. 

270 

Cone-flower 

CONIFERS 

175 

312 

DOGBANES . 

269 

Dog  Fennel 

.181,  183 

Coontie 

312 

Dogwood 

..73,  14:i 

Coral-root 

3-8 

Doorweed 

2S2 

Coriander 

Corn  Cockle. 

Ill 

54 

246 

Dragon-root 

318 

Cornel 

143 

Drop-flower 

192 

CORNELS 

142 

Dropseed 

..385,  384 

Corn  Flag 

338 

Dry  Strawberry 

107 

Cotton 

63 

Duckmeat 

319 

Cotton  Grass 

362 

Dundee  Rambler 

1(19 

Cotton  Rose 

185 

Dutchman's  Pipe 

278 

Cotton  Thistle  .... 

189 

Dwarf  Clubmoss 

414 

Cottonwood 

311 

Dwarf  Dandelion — 

191 

Couch  Grass 

406 

Dwarf  Pink  

....   149 

136 

....     90 

Cowslip 

Cow-wheat 

...(211)21 

Dyer's  Cleavers 

....  148 

233 

Dyer's-weed 

45 

Crab  Grass 

407 

Ear-drop 

.  33,  127 

192 

Cranberry 

CraneVbilL........ 

.(146)  199 

EBONADS 

209 

Eel-grass 

325 

440 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


Eg?-plant 

Eglaiiiine 

Egyptian  Calla  

Ekiur (74,  142,  174) 

Elecampane 

Elephant' ^^-ea^• 

ElephantV-tbot 

Elm  

Enchanters'  Nightshade.. 

Endive 

ENDOGENS 

En^rlisli  Mint 

Elijlli^h  Mo:*.-«    

Eu-rnal  Flower 

Evening  Primrose 

Everliifiting 

Everlastinij  Pea 

EXOGtNS 

Eyebright     

VaUe  Doirfennel 

False  Fla.\- 

Fal^c  Goklenrod 

False  Hellebore 

Fal>e  Mermaid 

False  XetOe 

False  Pennyroyal 

False  Pimpernel 

false  Redtop 

False  Rice 

False  Rocket 

False  Rue-Anemone 

False  Svringa 

False  Violet 

False  Wallflower 

Felwort 

Fennel 

Fennel-ilower 

Fenufrreek 

FERNS 

Fescue  Gniss 

Festoon  Pine 

F'etter-biish 

Feverfew 

Feverwort 

Fitr 

Fisrwort 

FIGWORTS 

Filbert 

Finger  Gras? 

Fireweed 

Fir 

Firl'alsam 

Flag 3!8, 

Flaming  Piiixlcr 

FLAXWORTy.  Flax 

Fleabane 

Fleur-i!e-lis 

Flixweed 

Floating-heart 

Florida  Arrowroot 

Florin  Grass 

Flower-de-luce 

Flowering  Fern  

FLOUBRING  PLANTS. 
FLOWERLESS  PLANTS 

Flower-of-aa-hour 

Fly-poison 

Fo-fruit 

Fobrs  Parsley 

Forget-me-not 

Forked  Spike 

Foul-meadow 

Four-o'clock 


Foxglove (230)  iSS 

Foxtail 394,  3S7 

Fraxiuella 7i) 

Frenclj  Mulberry 236 

Fringe  Grass 358 

Frinire-tree 271) 

FROGBITS 32 1 

Frost-plant 47 

FUMEWORTS 33 

Fumitory 34 

GALEWORTS 3(!8 

Gale 309 

Galingale 357 

Gargctweed 284 

Garileu  Orache £87 

Garlic 314 

Gr:iv-feather 157 

Gentian 2()7 

GEXTIANWORTS 2fi« 

GERANIA C7 

Geranium ('8 

Germander 2:^9 

OESNERWORTS i.'i9 

Gilia 2:7 

Gill-over-tiie-ground •:»; 

Ginger.  Wild   r,8 

GINGERWORTS 331 

Ginseng M2 

Glasswort 287 

Globe  Amaranth 2trfl 

Globe-flower  21 

Glue  Mallow fiS 

Gnatbane 171 

Goat's-beard 104 

Goafs  Rue 94 

Golden  Alexanders 138 

Golden  Bartonia l-'S 

Golden-chain 91 

GoUleuClub 318 

Golden  Feni 450 

Goklenrod IW! 

Goldtliread 21 

Good-ldng-IIenry 28(> 

G<^od-night 260 

Goose  iierry 117 

Goose'oot " 285 

(JOOSEFOOTS 284 

Goosvgrass 107,  148 

Gourd 130 

GRAMINOIDS 3.->(i 

Grape 77 

Grape  Feni 418 

Grape  Hyacinth 344 

GRASSES 380 

Grass  of  Parnassus 115 

Grass  Pink 330 

Grass-poly 12;} 

Greek  Valerian 257 

Green  Brier S-.S 

Green  Dragon 318 

Green-head i:)0 

Green  Violet 45 

Gromwell 252 

Ground  Cherry 2(13 

Ground  Fir 414 

Ground  Pine 414 

Ground  Ivv 245 

Ground-nut 96,  142 

Groundsel 187 

Groundsel-tree 171 

Guava 122 

Gum-tree (120)143 

GYMNOSPERMS 311 


Hair  Grass .384.  380 

Hardback 103 

Hare-bell 196 

Hart's-loot 91,423 

Hart's-tongue 4-i5 

Haw (146,147)  111 

Hawthorn 110,  111 

Hawkweed 191 

Hazelnut 307 

Heart's-ease 47 

Heart-seed 75 

Heath.  Heather 200 

HEATHWORTS 197 

Hedgehog 92 

Hed^'chog  Grass 405 

Hedge  Hyssop 227.  245 

Hedge  M  ustard 39 

Hedge  Nettle 248 

Hedge  Bindweed 283 

Heliotrope 2.50 

Hellebore (348)  21 

Hemlock (139,  14!)  313 

Hemp (289)  301 

Hemp  Nettle 248 

Henbane 264 

Henbit 243 

Herb  Robert 68 

Hercules'  Club 142 

Herd's  Grass 337 

Heron's-b:ll 68 

Hickory 304 

Ili-h  cVanbeny 146 

Hi'_'h-water  Shrub 174 

HIPPURIDS 120 

Hoarbonnd (159,  248)  249 

Hobble-bush 146 

Hogweed 174 

HOLLYWORTS,  Holly...  207 

Hollyhock t;o 

Honesty 40 

Honewort 138 

Honey  Locust 83 

HoD.ey.'--nckle 144-6 

HONEYSUCKLES 144 

Hoop-petiitoat 333 

Hop 301 

Hop  Hornbeam . .  3'.)7 

Hornbeam 307 

Horn  Pondweed 321 

Horn  Poppy 21 

HORNWORTS 302 

Horse  Balm 241 

Horse  Chestnut 74 

Horsemint 240,  245 

Horse  Nettie  263 

Horse  Radish 4t 

Horse-tail 415 

Horse-weed 174 

Honnd'g-tongue   251 

Houseleek 119 

HOUSELEEKS 117 

Huckleberry 198 

Hyacinth 344 

Hydrangea 116 

HYDROPHYLLS 2.>3 

Hyssop (227,  245)  241 

Immortal-flower 186 

Indian  Corn 409 

Indian  Cress 69 

Indian  Cucnmber-root 340 

INDIAN  FIGS 133 

Indian  ]^IaIlow 61 

Indian  Millet 411 


ENGLISH   INDEX. 


441 


ludian  Phytic lOi 

Indian  Pipe 2(Hi 

Indian  Rice 3R3 

Indian  Shot 332 

Indian  'i'obacco 195 

Indian  Turnip 31S 

India-rubber  tree 299 

India  WlK-at 284 

Indi-fo  Plant (S4)   95 

Inkberry 20S 

Innocence 149,  225 

IRIDS 336 

Ironwced 155 

Iniuwood 307 

Ivy (73,  ISS)  142 

Ivy.  PoifOn 73 

Jack-in-ihe-pulpit 318 

Jacobiea 187 

JaiobtEa  Lily »34 

Japan  Globe-flower 10 1 

Japan  Quince 112 

Japan  lio.-e (iO 

Japimica 65 

Jersey  Tea 77 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 177 

Jcrut^alcm  Cherry 2ii2 

Jerusalem  Sage 248 

Jessamine (269,  392)  2.5 

Jewel  weed 69 

Jinison-weed 265 

JoD's-tears "311 

Jonquil   333 

Juilas-tree 83 

July-flouer Si 

June  Grass 402 

Juniper 314 

Kidney  Bean 96 

Knap-wecd 188 

Knawel 58 

Knot  Bindweed    2,3 

Knotgrass 2«2 

Labrador  Tea 204 

Lady-Ftrn  424,  4S6 

Lady's  Eardrop 127 

Lady"s  Mantle 108 

Lady's  Slipper 3^6 

Lady's  Tresses :i29 

Lamb  Lettuce 151 

1-arch 314 

Larkspur 22 

Laurel  24.  .02,200 

L4JUriELS 290 

Laurestine 147 

Lavender 239 

Lead  Plant 93 

Leaclwort 215 

LKADWOllTS 214 

Leaf-cup 172 

Leather-flower 17 

Leather-leaf 202 

Leather-wood 2.i2 

Leek 344 

LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS    80 

Lemon 71 

Lentil 100 

Lettuce (151,192,)  193 

Leverwood 307 

Lignum-vitai   67 

Lilac 276 

Lily (.333-4,  337,  345,)  342 

Lily-ol-the- valley 346 

LILYWOKTS 341 

Lime .- 71 


Lime-tree (143)  64 

Linden 64 

LINDENBLOOMS 64 

Lion's-cars 249 

Lion's-foot 192 

Lion"s-heart 247 

Lip  Fern 422 

Liquorice 148 

Live-forever 118,  119 

Liver-leaf,  Liverwort 18 

Lizard-tail 407,  301 

LOAS.\DS 128 

LOBELIADS 194 

Loblolly  Bay —     65 

Locust (S3)  95 

Long  Moss 3:>5 

Loosestrife 212 

LOOSESTRIFES 123 

Lopseed 2.36 

LORANTHS 291 

Lousewort ^^32 

Lovaire 140 

Love-lies-bleeding 2s9 

Lucerne 92 

Lungwort 2."j3 

Lupine 90 

Lyciinidea SSii 

Madder (283)  148 

MADDERWORTS 147 

Mad-dog  Skull-cap 247 

Mad  wort 40 

MAGNOLIADS 24 

Mahogany 6(i 

Maidenhair 422 

Maize o5.i 

Mallow 60-62 

MALLOWS 59 

Mangel-wurzel 285 

Manna  Grass 432 

Maple 74 

MAPLEWORTS 73 

Mare's-tail 121 

Marigold (21)  188 

Marjoram 242 

Mar.-h  Cress   36 

Marsh  Elder 174 

Marsh  Mallow 60 

Marsh  Marigold 21 

Marsh  Rosemary 215 

Marvel-ol-Peru 279 

MARVELWORTS 279 

M  A  S  TWORTS 304 

Matrimony-vine 264 

Mav  Apple 28 

May-flower 200 

May-weed 183 

Meadow-Rue 18 

Meadow-sweet 104 

Medick 92 

MELANTHS 347 

MELASTOMES 122 

Melic  Grass 400 

Melilot 92 

MENISPERMADS 26 

Mercury 296 

Mermaid 68 

Mermai  i-weed 120 

ME8EMBRYANTHS  ...     133 

Mexican  Tea 286 

Mexican-vine 2.S5 

Miami-mist 255 

MIGNONETTES 44 

Milkweed 272 


Milkworts    

....     73 

Milk  Vetch 

....     94 

Millet  Ml, 

393.  39 1 

Millfoil 

121)  US3 

Mint (183, 

245)  24!) 

Mi.-tletoe 

....  291 

Mitrewort 

....  113 

Mockernut 

.304 

Mock-Orange 

....   116 

Molucca  Balm 

....  248 

Moneywort 

.   ..  212 

Monk's-hood 

....     22 

Moon-seed 

....     Srt 

.Moonwort 

....  418 

Morello 

....    it.2 

Morning-glory 

259 

-Moss  Campion 

...     53 

Moss  Pink  

....  257 

Mother  Carey 

....  183 

Motlierwort 

....  249 

Moth  Mullein 

....  222 

Mountain  Ash 

....   112 

Mountain  Fringe 

Mountain  Heath 

....    33 

....  201 

Mountain  Mint 

...  245 

Mountain  Sorrel 

....  280 

Mourning  Bride...   . 

....  152 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed  ...     5i 

Mouse-tail 

....     20 

Moving-plant 

....     89 

Mud  Purslane 

....     51 

Mud  wort 

....  228 

Mugwort 

184 

Mulberry...  (105,  2:^6, 

299)  300 

Mullein 

....  i22 

Mullein  Pink 

54 

Muscadine 

....     78 

Musk  Melon    

..   131 

Musk-plant 

....  226 

Musiard (3 

i.39)    40 

My  rile (123.  2,14 

309)  122 

MYRTLJiBLOOMS. 

....  121 

NAIADS 

.   .  320 

Nailwort 

....     57 

Narcissus 

....   332 

Nasturtion 

Navehvort 

....  251 

Neapolitan 

47 

Neckweed 

....  229 

Nectarine 

....   Iit3 

Nelumbo 

..   ..    29 

Netlle (243,  263 

296)  30J 

Nettle-tree 

....  299 

NETTLEWORTS.. 

298 

New  York  Fern 

....    426 

Nightshade (128 

-64)  262 

NIGHTSHADES.... 

...  261 

Ninebark 

....   103 

Nipplewort 

....  190 

110 

Nonesuch 

....     92 

Nutmeg-flower 

NYMP&IADS 

....     21 

Oak 

305 

Oak,  Poison 

73 

Oak-of-Jernsalcm . . . 

....  286 

Oat                         .   . 

(347)  396 
14:J 

OgeecheeLime 

63 

Oil-nut 

292 

Oil-seed 

219 

Oleander 

271 

442 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


Oleaster 292 

Olive 276 

OLIVEWORTS 275 

ONAGRADS 124 

Onion 343 

Ooium  Poppy 32 

Orache..... 2S7 

Orange (llC,  2".)9)    71 

ORANGEWORTS 71 

ORCHIDS 325 

Orris-root 337 

Osage  Orange S99 

Osier (143)  309 

Ostrich  Fern 421 

Oxoye (171)  175 

Oxheart 102 

Preony 23 

Painted-cup 232 

Palmetto 317 

PALMS 316 

Pampas  Grass 398 

Panic  Grass 391 

Panev 45 

Paper  Mulberry 299 

Pappoose-root 28 

Parsley ViS 

Parslev-piert 108 

Parsnip (141)  137 

Partridge-berry 148 

Pasque-flower 17 

Passion-flower 129 

PASS  ION  WORTS 129 

Pawpaw 26 

Pea (83,86)85 

Peach  1&3 

Peanut 87 

Pear 112 

Pearlwort 56 

Pea-vine 97 

Pecan-nut 304 

Pellitory 301 

Pencil-flower 87 

Pennyroyal (239)  241 

Pennywort 135,  268 

Pepper 263 

Pepper-and-Salt. 140 

Pepper-bush 204 

Pepper-grass 42 

Peppermint 240 

PEPPERWORTS 412 

Periwinkle 270 

Persimmon 209 

Pettimorrel 142 

Pheasant's-eyc 19,  52 

Phlox (39)  256 

PHLOXVVORTS 256 

Pickerel-weed 350 

Pie-plant 281 

Pigmy-weed 118 

Pignut 304 

Pigweed (2S9)  285 

Pimpernel 213 

Pine 312 

Pineapple 335 

Pine-sap 206 

Pink (54,  203.  257,  330)  52 

Pink-root 269 

PINKWORTS 52 

Pinweed 47 

Pinxter-bloom 203 

Pipes 416 

Pipewdod 202 

Pipcworts      355 


Pipsessiwa 206 

Pitcher-plant SO 

Plane-tree 303 

Plantain (323,  3:J0)  213 

Plum 101 

Plume  Grass 410 

Poet's  Narcissus 333 

Poison  Haw 146 

Poison  Hemlock 130 

Poison  Ivy 73 

Poison  Oak 73 

Poke 284 

Pokeworts  284 

Polar-plant 173 

Polypody (373)  4£0 

Pomegranate 12;? 

Pond  Lily 29 

Pond  Spice 291 

Pond-weed  321 

PONTEDERIADS 350 

Poor-man"s-weather-glass  213 

Poplar 311 

Poppy 32 

POPPYWORTS 31 

Possum  Haw 147 

Potato (259>  262 

Poverty  Grass 368 

Prairie  Burdock 173 

Prairie  Queen 109 

Prickly  Ash 70 

Prickly  Pear 132 

Prickly  Poppy 32 

Pride-of-India 65 

Pride-of-Ohio 211 

Pride-of-the-Meadow 104 

Prim 27(i 

Primrose (125)  211 

Primrose-peerless 333 

Primworts 210 

Prince's-feather 288,  287 

Prince's  Pine 206 

Privet 276 

Puccoon 252 

Pumpkin 130 

Purple  Cone-flower 175 

Purple  Jacobiea 187 

Purslane (51,  127,133)59 

PURSLANES 58 

Putty-root 328 

Quake  Grass  403 

Quamash 343 

Quassia 72 

QUASSIA  WORTS 71 

Queen-of-the-Prairie 101 

QuilUvort 412 

Quince 112 

Radish 43 

Ragsred  Lady 21 

Ram's-head 326 

Raspberry 105 

Rattle-pod    90 

Rattlesnake  Fern 418 

Rattlesnake  Plantain :J30 

Red  Bay 290 

Red-bud m 

Red  Osier 143 

Red  Pepper 2<)3 

Red-root (77)  335 

Redtop 384 

Red-wood 315 

Reed (357)  404 

Reed-mace  320 

Re»arrection  Moss 415 


Rheumatism-root S3 

Rhubarb 2^1 

RIBWORTS 213 

Rice 35^3 

Richweed 300 

Ri verweed 302 

Robin's  Plantain 165 

Rock  Cress 37 

Rocket (30,43)39 

RockPolypod 426 

ROCK  ROSES,  Rock  Rose    47 

Roman  Wormwood 184 

Rose (21,105)  103 

Rose  Acacia 95 

Rose  Apple 122 

Rose  Bay 124,  2a3 

Rose  Campion 54 

Rosemary... (202,  215,  303)  244 

ROSEWORTS 101 

Rosin-weed 172 

Rue (18,  M,  3721  70 

Rue  Anemone (20)  18 

RUEWORTS 70 

Rush ^0,356,  3(i3 

Rushes 350 

Rutland  Beauty 2<;0 

Rye 406 

Saffron 189,337 

Sa<re 248,244 

Saltwort 212,  287,  288 

Samphire 287 

SANDALWORTS 291 

Sand-hill  Rosemary 303 

SandMvrtle 204 

Sand  Orache 2S7 

Sand  Reed S58 

Sand  Spurry 57 

Sandwort 55 

Sanicle 135 

Sarsaparilla 142,  3:^8 

Sassafras 290 

Satin-flower 41 

SAURURAD8 301 

Savory 242 

Saxifrage 113 

SAXIFRAGES  112 

Scabish 152,  182 

Scarcity 285 

Scorpion  Senna 87 

Scotch  Broom 100 

Scouring  Rush 415 

Scratch-grass 284 

Screw-stem 268 

Scuppernong 78 

Scurvy-grass 39 

Sea  Aster IM 

Sea  Oxeye 171 

Sea  Purslane 133 

Sea  Rocket 43 

Sea  Wormwood If-S 

Sea-wrack 321 

SEDGES,  Sedge 356,  357 

Seed-box 127 

Self-heal 2^6 

Seneca  Snakeroot 79 

Senna (87,  95)  S3 

Sensitive  Brier 82 

Sensitive  Fern 421 

Sensitive  Pea 83 

Sensitive  Plant 82 

Serpent  Cucumber 131 

Service-tree 110 

Sesame  Graes 403 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


443 


Sliacldo';k-tree 71 

fehad-.lower 110 

Sliagbark 304 

Shamrock 91 

Sheep-poison 200 

Sheep  Sorrel 281 

Shell-nower 248 

Shepherd's-purse 42 

Shield  Fern 425 

Shrub  Trefoil 71 

Sickle-pod 37 

SidKf  addle-flower 30 

SilkCottous 63 

Silk-tree 82 

Silk-weed 272 

Silver-berry 292 

Silver  Fern 420 

Silver-weed 107 

Si  nele-seed  Cucumber 130 

SkuUcap 216 

Skunk  Cabbage 318 

Sloe 147 

Slipper-flower 222 

Sniartweed 2*3 

Smoke-tree 73 

Smooth  Lungwort 253 

Snails 92 

Snake-head . .  224 

Snake-root 23,  79,  192,  278 

Snapdragon 2".'3 

Snapdragon  Catchfly 53 

Sneezewort 1S3 

Snowball 146 

Suo  wberry 144 

Snowdrop 334 

Snowdrop-tree 209 

Snow-flake 334 

Soapberry 75 

Soapwort 53 

SOAPWOKTS 210 

Soft  Grass    395 

Solomon's  Seal 346 

Sorrel  (07)  281 

Sorrel-tree 203 

SORRELWORTS 280 

Southernwood 184 

Sow-Thistle 194 

Spanish-daggers 345 

Spauish-needles  ISO 

Spear  Grass 401 

Spearmint 210 

Spcarwort 19 

Speedwell 229 

Spice-wood 290,  291 

Spider-flower 44 

SPIDERWORTS 353 

Spinach,  Spinnge 28" 

Spleeuwort (.133)  424 

Sponge-tree 99 

Spoonwood 20J 

Spnug-beauty 59 

Spruce 313 

Spurge  293 

Spurge  Nettle 296 

SPUKGEWORTS 293 

Spurry 57 

Squash 13J 

Squaw-root 217 

Squill 343 

Squirrel  Corn 33 

Stafl-tree 76 

STAFF-TREES 75 

Stagger-bush 202 


Standing  Cvprc?8 257 

Staghorn  Fern 419 

St.  Andrew's  Cross 48 

Star  Anise 24 

Star-of-Bethlehem 343 

Star-grass 334,  335 

StarThistle 189 

STARWORTS 301 

St.  John's- wort 49 

ST.  JOHN'S-WORTS ....    48 

Stock 38 

Stone-crop 118,  119 

Stork's-bill 68 

St.  Peter' s-wort 48 

St.  Peter's-wreath 103 

Strawberry { 107)  106 

Strawberry  Blite 286 

Strawberry  Tomato 2e:i 

Succory  (Chicory) 1!K) 

Sugar-berry 299 

Sugar  Cane 410 

Su-jar-tree  (Maple) 74 

SlTM ACS,  Sumac 72 

Summer  Savory  242 

SUNDEWS,  Sundew 50 

Sunflower 176 

Supplejack 77 

Swamp  Laurel 200 

Swamp  Pink 203 

Sweet  Basil 238 

Sweet  Brier 109 

Sweet  Cicely 137 

Sweet  Fern 309 

Sweet  Flag 318 

Sweet  Gale 309 

Sweet  Gum 120 

Sweet  Pea S(i 

Sweet  Pepperbush 204 

Sweet  Potato 259 

Sweet  Reed 385 

Sweet-scented  Clover 92 

Sweet-scented  Shrub 25 

Sweet  Sultan 1S9 

Sweet  Vernal  Grass 395 

Sweet  Viburnum 147 

Sweet  William 52 

Swine  Cress 43 

Sycamore 74,  303 

SYCAMORES .303 

Tacmehac 311 

Tallow-tree 296 

Tamarac 314 

TAMARISKS 63 

Tdusy 183 

Tansy  Mustard 39 

Tares 86 

Tassel-flower 186 

Tassel-tree 62 

Tea (77,204,286)  65 

TEAWORTS,Tea-Rose.  .64, 65 
TEASELWORTS,Teasel.  151 

Thimbieberry 105 

Thistle 189 

Thorn 110 

Thorn  Apple £65 

Thorough  wax 138 

Thoroughwort 15£ 

Threadloot 302 

THREADFOOTS 302 

Three-birds  223,  SSO 

Three-seed  Mercury 296 

Thrift 215 

Thyme 243 


Tick-seed 1T3 

Tiger-flower 337 

Timothy. .  387 

Toad  Flax (291)  222 

Tobacco (19.5)  265 

Tomato (263)  262 

Tou^e-grass 43 

Toothache  Grass 409 

Touch-me-not 69 

Touch-wood 72 

Tower  Mustard .36 

Trailing  Arbutus 200 

Tree  Fern 367 

Tree  Hibiscus 63 

Tree  of  Heaven 72 

Tree  Orchis 331 

Trefoil 71,  88 

TRILLIADS 340 

Trumpet-flower 218 

Trumpet-leaf 30 

Trumpet  Milkweed 193 

Trumpet-tongue 221 

Trumpet- weed 159 

Tuberose 334 

Tulip 341 

Tulip-tree 25 

Turk's-cap 342 

Turmeric-root 2:} 

Turnip  40 

Turnip  Beet 285 

Turtle-head 2-'4 

Twayblade 329 

Twin-flower 144 

Twin-leaf 28 

Twist-foot S47 

TYPHADS 319 

UMBEL  WORTS laS 

Umbrella-leaf 28 

Umbrella-tree 25 

Unicorn-plant 219 

Valerian (257)  150 

Vanilla-plant 167 

Vegetable  ^larrow 130 

Vegetable  Oyster 191 

Venus'  Comb 137 

Venus' Flytrap 51 

Venus'  Looking-glass 197 

Vervain 235 

Vetch (94,100)  86 

Victoria  Lily 30 

VINES 77 

VIOLETS,  Violet (105)  45 

Viper's  Bit  gloss 251 

Virginia  Creeper 78 

Virginia  Lass 109 

Virginia  Snakeroot  .   2T8 

Virginia  Stonecrop 119 

Virgin's-bower 16 

V/ake  Robin 340 

Walking Firii 424 

Wall-flowei (39)  38 

Wall  Rue 424 

Walnut 304 

WALJa^TS 303 

Water-carpet 113 

Water  Cress 36 

Water-feather 211 

Water  Hemlock 141 

Water  Hemp 289 

Water  Hoarhouud 240 

Water-leaf 254 

Water  Lily 29 

Water  Melon 130 


444 


ADDENDA. 


Water  Milfoil 121 

Water  Nymph 320 

Water  Parsnip 141 

Water  Peppm- 283 

WATER  PEPPERS 51 

Water  Pimpernel 213 

WATER  PITCH  ERS 30 

WATER  PLANTAINS...  322 

Water  Plantain 3-.>3 

Water  Purslane .   127 

Water  Smartwecd 283 

Water  Tar-et 2!) 

Wax-plant 275 

Whahoo 299 

M' heat 406 

Wheat-thief  253 

Whisillewootl 74 

White  Bay 24 

White  Lettuce 1!)2 

White-tipped  Aster IfiO 

Whitcweed 165,  183 

Wliitowood 25 

Whitlow-ffias* 41 

Wild  Basil 243 

Wild  Ber<;aniot 245 

WUd  BujfloM 251 


Wild  Elder 142 

Wild  Foxglove 230 

Wild  Ginger 278 

Wild  Indigo S4 

Wild  Liquorice 148 

Wildcats 347 

Wild  Pink 54 

Wild  Potato 259 

Wild  Rosemary 202 

Wild  Sarsaparilla 142 

Wild  Sensitive-plant S3 

V/ild  Service 110 

Willow 309 

Willow-herb 124 

WILLOW- WORTS 309 

Wind-flower 17 

Winter-berry 208 

Winter  Cress 39 

Winter-green 201,  £05 

Witch  Grass :i50 

Witch  Hazel 120 

WITCH  HAZELWORTS,  12) 

Woad 43 

Woad-waxeu 90 

Wolfbane 22 

Wolfberry 145 


Woodbine 145 

Wood  Cress 36 

Wood  Nettle 300 

WoodSorrel U7 

Woolraonth 230 

Worm-seed 2S6 

Wormwood 184 

XYRIDS 354 

Yam 338 

Yarrow l&i 

Yellow-eyed  Grass 3.54 

Yellow  Jessamine 269 

Yellow  Phlox 39 

Yellow  Poud-lily 29 

Yellow  Poppy "i 

Yellow  Rattle 232 

,  Yellow-root 21 

1  Yellow-seed 43 

i  Yellow  Sweet  Sultan 189 

!  Yellow-wood f>4 

i  Y'ew 310 

I  YEWS 315 

Yulan 25 

Zigadine 348 

\-Zliia 139 


ADDITIONAL  INDEX.— Latin  akd  English. 

^aironsiis.  396.  Ammophlla,  386.  Atheropoqoru  408.  Bengal  Grass.  394.  Bermuda  Grass, 
407.  Bird-seed,  395.  Black  Oat-grass.  388.  Bottle  Grass.  394.  Brachyebjtrtim,  385.  Bull- 
rush  361  Cape  Jessamine,  445.  Carduus,  445.  Chsetospora,  3()8.  Cliondrofivm.  4(i8. 
ChitGrass,  359.  Club  Rush,  361.  Cord  Grass,  408.  Iteyeuxia.  388.  Dog's  Bent,  384.  Egj'p- 
tian  Grass,  408.  Feather  Grass,  388.  Gardener's  Garters,  398.  Gardenia,  445.  Glumaceous 
Eudoo^ens,  3.56.  (Jymiwslidnim,  4(j5.  Hedgehog  Grass,  405.  Hijpoi>orum,  367.  Ziipocarp/ia, 
?,M  Lvrae  Grass,  405.  JfiarifCUf,  357.  Marsh  Grass,  408.  Meadow  Grass,  401.  Mountain 
Rice,  388  Musket  Grass,  408.  Nut  Sedge,  3i)7.  Nut  Grass,  358.  Oat  Grass,  396.  Orchard 
Grass,  398.  Polvpog  Grass.  3S6.  Fycrew,  .357.  Quick  Grass,  406.  Rat-tail  Grass,  409. 
Rescue  G  rass,  3.>7.  Ribbon  Grass,  394.  Rough  Meadow  Grass,  402.  Saw  Grass,  367.  Sea- 
side Oats.  404.  Seneca  Grass,  395.  Spiked  Rush,  .359.  Squirrel-tail  Grass,  404.  Tricho- 
chloa.cBo.  Tnchcdiiim,WA.  rricAo/Vfori/m,  361.  Union  Grass,  403.  Uralepis.  Z99,.  Whip 
Grass,  367.  Weather  Grass,  388.  Wild  Rye,  405.  Wild  Timothy,  394.  Windsoria,  39ii. 
Vard  Grass,  407. 


ADDENDA. 

After  G.  album,  page  lOG,  add, 

p.  liiteum,    A  variety  with  yellow  flowers  rarely  occurs  in  Pennsylvania. 
After  C.  (Crataegus)  spatulata,  page  111,  insert — 
9a     C.  Pyracantba  Pers.    Slirub  lOf,  thorny  ;  Ivs.  evergreen,  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 
creuulate-serrate,  smooth  and  shining.    §  Near  Philadelphia,  and  southward. 

On  page  175,  after  E.  (Echinacea)  atrorubens,  add, 
4  E.  Porterl  (Gray).    Leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-lincar,  remotely  toothed,  the  highest 
entire  ;  heads  corymbed.  1'  broad  ;  scales  about  9,  lance-linear ;  rays  6—8,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, yellow  ;  chaff  spinescerU.    Stone  Mountain,  Ga.  (Prof.  Porter).    Has  the  habit 
of  Rudbeckia,  but  its  chaff  is  plainly  that  of  Echinacea. 

On  page  190,  before  Lappa,  may  be  inserted — 

99a.  C  ARDUUS  nutans,  L.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  not  plumom,  nearly- 
naked.  Stem  2f,  slender ;  Ivs.  narrow,  sinuate-spinescent,  decnrrent,  2—3'.  Heads  few, 
large,  nodding,  purple-.  Ach.  lincar-obloi>g,  rugulous,  2",  crowned  with  a  many-bristled 
deciduous  pappus  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long.    Harrisburg,  Pa.  (Prof.  Porter).    §  Ear. 

Page  208,  after  P.  (Prinos)  laBvigatus,  add, 
3a  P.  pnbescens  Mx.    Shrub  6— Sf,  with  smooth,  virgate  branches  ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate, 
acuminate,  serrulate,  soft  pubescent  beneath ;  clusters  umbellate,  axillary,  shorter 
than  the  petioles  ;  berries  dark  red,  2—3"  in  diameter.    Alleghanies,  Pa. 

Page  14G,  after  D.  (Diervilla)  sessilifolia,  add, 
4  D.  Jap6nica,  p.  ROSEA.     Wiegela.    Shrub  from  Japan,  4— 6f,  with  straight  branches  ; 
Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  large;  flowers  funnelform,  rose-colored,  1'  broad,  cover- 
ing the  plant  in  Spring ;  ovaries  and  pods  linear.    Common  in  cultivation. 
Page  150,  after  Bouvardia,  add, 

11.  GARDENIA  Florida.  Cape  Jessamine.  From  China.  Much 
cultivated  South.  Shrubby  evergreen,  2-4f.  Lvs.  elliptical,  acute  both  ways,  very  smooth. 
Flowers  white,  corolla  5-lobed  or  often  many-lobed  and  double,  salverform,  2'  broad. 


'^mHn  dilafknialics. 

And  Only  Thorough  and  Complete  Mathematical  Series. 


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IL  Outlines  o?  Mathematics,  IV.  MATHEMATicii-  Pictionary. 


KBYS   mat   be   obtained  yiiOM   Tnn   rusrianEES 
BY   TEACHERS    OMLY. 


FOURTEEN  WEEKS"  IN  NATURAL  SCIENCE. 


J.  i30RMAN  STEELE,  A.M. 


14 


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NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY, 
ASTRONOMY. 

CHEMISTRY, 

GEOLOGY. 

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THE  FAMOUS  PRACTICAL   QUESTIONS 
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ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSIOLOGY, 
ii*i**iw  jii^     PHYSIOLOGY  AND  LAWS  OF  HEALTH. 

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"^onsidcii  the  Jiilies." 

BOTANY. 

WOOD'S  AMERICAN  BOTANIST  AND  FLORIST. 

This  new  and  eagerly  expected  work  is  the  result  of  the  author's  experience  and 
life-long  labors  in 

CLASSIFYING    THE  SCIENCE   OF  BOTANY. 
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The  treatises  en  Descriptive  and  Structural  Botany  are  models  of  concise  statement, 
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variation  in  the  type. 

Prof,  Wood,  by  this  work,  establishes  a  just  claim  to  his  title  of  the  great 

AMERICAN  EXPONENT  OF  BOTANY. 


iir 


